过去分词的用法
一、构成：规则动词的过去分词是有动词原形+ed构成的，不规则动词则有各自构成。
二、基本特点：过去分词在句子中的基本用法有两点：1.与逻辑主语之间是被动关系 2.表示完成的动作
三、过去分词的用法：
1.作表语：过去分词作表语时，一般同时具备被动与完成的含义
例如：（1）The cup is broken.（2）He is retired. （3）After running,he is tired.
【注意】过去分词作表语时，已经变成形容词性质，主要表示主语的状态（被动完成）,而被动语态则表示动作. 例如：(1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被动语态,表示动作) （2）The cup is now broken. 茶杯碎了.(过去分词作表语,表示状态)
【注意】有些动词如interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人,表示“感到……”
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用-ing 形式来修饰物，表示“令人……”
例如：The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. 这本书很有趣,我对它很感兴趣.
2.做定语
作定语用的过去分词其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词.及物动词的过去分词作定语,既表被动又表完成;不及物动词的过去分词作定语,只表完成.
1）单一过去分词作定语,常置于其所修饰的名词之前，称作前置定语。
例如：We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况.
2）过去分词短语用作定语时,一般置于其所修饰的名词之后,相当于一个定语从句,称作后置定语。
例如：The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功.
3）过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语,前后常有逗号.
例如：The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero.
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4）用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以修饰与人有关的表情，面貌，举止行为以及感觉等，这时不能用v-ing形式例如：The boy looked up with a pleased expression. His satisfied look showed that he had passed this exam. 3.作状语
作状语的过去分词在句子中多表示被动和完成两重含义。
1）时间状语：A.当和谓语动词动作同时发生时，一般仅表示被动,可以用when从句代替。
例如：Faced with difficulties,we shouldn’t withdraw for any excuse.
B.当表示动作发生在谓语动词之前时，通常既表被动又表完成，可用after从句代替，也可用现在分词的被动完成形式代替。
例如：Caught by the police,the thief lay on the ground,crying and shouting.
2）原因状语：过去分词所表示的动作多有被动和完成两重含义。
例如：Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好.
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Welcomed by all the students,we expressed own true thanks to them.被全体同学欢迎，我们表达真挚的感激
【注意】有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动而表主动.这样的过去分词及短语常见的有:
lost (迷路); seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (驻扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦). 等，这种结构可以改写成一个because引导的主系表结构句子。
例如：Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音.
Tired of the noise,he decided to move to the country.因厌倦了噪音，他决定搬到农村去。
Dressed in an orange dress,she looked more beautiful than before.穿上橘红色连衣裙，她看起来比以前更美3）条件状语：作条件状语时，一般只表被动含义。相当于if引导的条件状语从句。
例如：Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快.
4）伴随情况：表示伴随谓语动词发生的另外动作，位于主语之后，用逗号隔开，可以同时表示被动与完成，
例如：The mother ran across the street,followed by her little son.
5）结果状语：表示发生在谓语动词后的动作，位于主句后用都逗号分开，也可以同时表示被动与完成。
例如：He listened to the hero’s story,moved to tears.
【注意】状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词,构成"连词+过去分词"结构作状语.
例如：When given a medical examination, you should keep calm. 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定.
After seated in the sofa,he bagan to feel comfortable. If permitted,he was sure to come with us.
4.作宾语补足语：常见的带过去分词作宾补的动词有两类：
1）感官动词.如:see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等.
例如：I heard the song sung in English. He found his hometown greatly changed.
2）使役动词.如:have, make, get, keep, leave等.
例如：I'll have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要理发. Don't leave those things undone. 要把那些事情做完.
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注意：使役动词have接过去分词作宾补有两种情况.
1）过去分词所表示的动作由他人完成. 例如：He had his money stolen.他的钱给偷了.(被别人偷去了)
2）过去分词所表示的动作由句中的主语所经历.如: He had his leg broken.他的腿断了. (自己的经历)
5."with +宾语+过去分词"结构
"with +宾语+过去分词"结构中,过去分词用作介词with的宾语补足语.这一结构通常在句中作时间,方式,条件,原因等状语.例如:
(1) The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 凶手被带进来,他的双手被绑在背后.(表方式)
(2) With water heated, we can see the steam. 水一被加热,我们就会看到水蒸气.(表条件)
(3) With the matter settled, we all went home. 事情得到解决,我们都回家了.(表原因)
(4) She stood in front of him, with her eyes fixed on his face. 她站在他面前,眼睛注视着他.（表伴随）
(5) He stood for an instant with his hand still raised. 他仍然举着手站了一会儿. （表伴随）
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分词使用技巧
一、现在分词和过去分词的两大区别：
1. 现在分词与过去分词的最大差别在语态上：现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动。
2. 现在分词与过去分词的第二大差别在时态上：现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成。
二、现在分词和过去分词的逻辑主语
逻辑主语就是与分词具有主、被动关系的名词或代词。它既可能是句子主语，又可能是句中宾语，或者是句中的表语（不要理解成句子主语）；它既可能是动作行为的发出者，也有可能是动作行为的承受者。
如果是动作的发出者，与分词构成主谓关系。如果是动作的承受者，与分词构成动宾关系。
（1）作状语时
Seeing the teacher come in, all the students stood up. the students是seeing的逻辑主语，主谓（主动）关系
Heated, the metal expands. the metal是heated的逻辑主语，动宾（被动）关系
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结论：分词作状语，其逻辑主语是句子主语。
（2）作宾补时
I saw him reading last night. him 是reading的逻辑主语，主谓（主动）关系
His wife found his hair dyed black. hair是dyed的逻辑主语，动宾（被动）关系
结论：分词作宾补，其逻辑主语是句子宾语。
（3）作表语时
The film is moving. the film是moving的逻辑主语，主谓（主动）关系
The visitors looked surprised. the visitors是surprised的逻辑主语，动宾（被动）关系
结论：分词作表语，其逻辑主语是句子主语。
（4）作定语时
This is an interesting book. book是interesting的逻辑主语，主谓（主动）关系
The moved children looked serious. children是moved的逻辑主语，动宾（被动）关系
结论：分词作定语，其逻辑主语是被修饰词（即中心词）。
（5）用于复合结构中时（即在独立主格中与with复合结构中）
With the task completed, we went out to take some fresh air. task是completed的逻辑主语，动宾（被动）关系
Weather permitted,we’ll go skiing this Sunday. Weather是permitted的逻辑主语，动宾（被动）关系
结论：分词用于复合结构，逻辑主语是复合结构中的逻辑主语
三、确定分词的使用的具体步骤:
1、确定分词的语法成分
2、找准逻辑主语
3、判断主、被动关系
4、选定现在或过去分词
一、分词选择填空练习
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1. All things ____, the planned trip will have to be called off.
A) considered B) be considered C) considering D) having considered
2. The house was very quiet, ____as it was on the side of a mountain.
A) isolated B) isolating C) being isolated D) having been isolated
crop has similar qualities to the previous one, ____both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil.
A) being B) been C) to be D) having been
originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it ____ in Cuba.
A) being cultivated B) been cultivated C) having cultivated D) cultivating
5. ____in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing.
A) To look B) Looking at C) Looked at D) To be looked at
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6. You will see this product ____ wherever you go. A) to be advertised B) advertised C) advertise D) advertising
7. ____in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarship totaling 21,000 dollars.
A) To be judged the best B) having judged the best C) Judged the best D) Judging the best
8. From the dates ____ on the plates, we decided that they were made in Song Dynasty.
A) marking B) having been marked C) marked D) to be marked
9. ____ to meet anybody, he went in from the back Not wishing B) Wishing C) Not wished D) No wishing
10. The editorial ____ now will appear in tomorrow's newspaper.
A) writing B) to write C) being written D) write
11. ____ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all.
A) When compared B) While comparing C) Compare D) Comparing
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12. The old man came upstairs with great strength, his right hand ____ a stick for support.
A) held B) holding C) being holding D) was holding
13. ____ three times in a row, the boxer decide to give up fighting.
A) having defeated B) To have defeated C) having been defeated D) To have been defeated
14. ____neglecting our education, my father sent me to school.
A) Accused of B) Accusing of C) To be accused of D) That he was accused of
15. ___ mainly for the invention of the telephone, Alexander Graham Bell devoted his life to helping the deaf.
A) He is remembered B) While being remembered C) To be remembered D) Though remembered
16. ___ on a clear day, far from the city crowds, the mountains give him a sense of infinite peace.
A) If walking B) While walking C) Walking D) When one is walking
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17. A cool rain was falling, ___ with snow. A) mixed B) mixing C) to mix D) having mixed
18. ____ by the police, the kidnappers had no choice but to surrender.
A) Surrounded B) Surrounding C) having surrounded D) To be surrounded
19. All the exam papers ____, the teacher sent the class home.
A) having been handed in B) having hands in C) handing in D) being handed in
20. ____ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.
A) Founding B) It was founded C) Being founded D) Founded
21. There ____ no fresh drinking water and no good farm land, it was not a comfortable place in which to live.
A) be B) was C) were D) being
22. ___ in Beijing for quite a few years, Mr. Park had little difficulty understanding Chinese.
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A) having lived B) Lived C) Living D) To live
23. Any packet ____ properly will not be accepted by the post office.
A) not to be wrapped B) not being wrapped C) not wrapped D) not having been wrapped
24. The lab ____ next year will be more advanced than the old one.
A) built B) to be built C) being built D) to build
25. Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely ____ to the outside world.
A) being lost B) losing C) having lost D) lost
二、翻译句子练习：根据过去分词的用法翻译下列句子
1.你认识那个穿着红衣服的妇女吗
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__________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.舒服地坐在椅子上,他在沉思.
_________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.对于昨天发生的事故,我很震惊.
_________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.给予更多的关心的话,这些树会长得更好.
_________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.他作了自我介绍,以便使自己被大家认识.
_________________________________________________________________________________________ 6.昨天,我把衣服让人洗了.
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_________________________________________________________________________________________ 7.上周一,我看到你兄弟被一个陌生人打了.
_________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.将书合上背诵这篇课文.
_________________________________________________________________________________________ 9.我提高了声音以便使自己被听见.
_________________________________________________________________________________________ 10.如果被问及,你不要说我在家里.
_________________________________________________________________________________________ 11.你参加了昨天举行的会议吗
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_________________________________________________________________________________________ 12.从日本引进的这些种子已经坏了.
_________________________________________________________________________________________ 13.我想把这封信寄出去.
_________________________________________________________________________________________ 14.女工人将头发扎在后面来上班.
_________________________________________________________________________________________ 15.我们没有足够的食物吃的日子一去部复返了.
_________________________________________________________________________________________ 16.我们必须适应改变了的形式.
_________________________________________________________________________________________ 17.用所给的动词写出两个句子.
_________________________________________________________________________________________ 18.他们在看足球比赛,兴奋而又满意.
_________________________________________________________________________________________ 19.他说爬山很累.但是我一点也不累.
_________________________________________________________________________________________ 20.即使在森林里迷路了,他也不担心.
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