Prison Studies
1 Many who today hear me somewhere in person, or on television, or those who read something I’ve said, will think I went to school far beyond the eighth grade. This impression is due entirely to my prison studies.
狱中学习
今天，许多在什么地方直接听我讲话的人，或在电视上听我讲话的人，或读过我写的东西的人，都会以为我上学远不止只读到8年级。这一印象完全归之于我在监狱里的学习。
2 It had really begun back in the Charlestown Prison, when Bimbi first made me feel envy of his stock of knowledge. Bimbi had always taken charge of any conversation he was in, and I had tried to emulate him. But every book I picked up had few sentences which didn’t contain anywhere from one to nearly all of the words that might as well have been in Chinese[2 … the words that might as well have been in Chinese: … it would have made no difference if the English words had been i n Chinese, because I didn’t have the slightest knowledge of either.]2. When I just skipped those words, of course, I really ended up with little idea of what the book said. So I had come to the Norfolk Prison Colony still going through only
book-reading motions. Pretty soon, I would have quit even these motions, unless I had received the motivation that I did.
其实这事要从查尔斯顿监狱说起，一开始宾比就让我对他的知识渊博羡慕不已。宾比总是主宰谈话话题，我总想效仿他。可是，我随便打开一本书，几乎没有一个句子不是少则一两个字，多则差不多所有的字都不认识。我只好跳过这些字，结果自然是对书上说的几乎一无所知了。因此，我被解送到诺福克拘留所时，读书还只是为了摆摆样子而已。要不是我真的获得了学习动力，我恐怕没多久就会连读书的样子也懒得去摆了。
3 I saw that the best thing I could do was get hold of a dictionary—to study, to learn some words. I was lucky enough to reason also that I should try to improve my penmanship. It was sad. I couldn’t even write in a straight line. It was both ideas together that moved me to request a dictionary along with some tablets and pencils from the Norfolk Prison Colony school.
我认识到，最要紧的是得到一本字典好认字学字。幸好我还认识到得好好练习写字。说来悲伤，我写字都不能写得齐整成行。这两个想法促使我向诺福克拘留所学校要了字典，还有本子和笔。
4 I spent two days just riffling uncertainly through the dictionary’s pages. I’d never realized so many words existed! I didn’t know which words I ne eded to learn. Finally, just to start some kind of action, I began copying.
整整两天，我把字典一页页翻了个遍，不知该怎么学。我压根儿没想过会有那么多字。我不知道自己需要学哪些字。最后，总得有所行动吧，我便开始抄写。
5 In my slow, painstaking, ragged handwriting, I copied into my tablet everything printed on that first page, down to the punctuation marks.
我写字又慢又费劲，而且歪歪斜斜，但我在本子上抄写下了第一页上包括标点在内的所有印刷符号。
6 I believe it took me a day. Then, aloud, I read back, to myself, everything I’d written on the tablet. Over and over, aloud, to myself, I read my own handwriting.
记得我抄写了一天。然后,我把本子上抄写下的所有字大声朗读给自己听。一遍又一遍，我大声朗读自己抄写的字。
7 I woke up the next morning, thinking about those words—immensely proud to realize that not only had I written so much at one time, but I’d written words that I never knew were in the world. Moreover, with a little effort, I also could remember what many of these words meant. I reviewed the words whose meanings I didn’t remember. Funny thing, from the dictionary first page right now, that “aardvark” springs to my mind. The dictionary had a picture of it, a long-tailed, long-eared, burrowing African mammal, which lives off termites caught by sticking out its tongue as an anteater does for ants.
我第二天早上醒来，仍想着那些字——想到自己不仅一次写了那么多字，而且还写了以前根本不认识的字，不由得深感自豪。更何况，略加回想，我还能记住其中许多字的意思。没记住的字我都复习了一遍。有趣的是，此时此刻，那本字典第一页上“aardvark”这个字跃入了我的脑海。字典上有一幅画它的插图，那是一种长尾巴长耳朵会掘洞的非洲哺乳动物，像食蚁兽捕食蚂蚁那样伸出舌头捕食白蚁。
8 I was so fascinated that I went on—I copied the dictionary’s next page. And the same experience came when I studied that. With every succeeding page, I also learned of people and places and events from history. Actually the dictionary is like a miniature encyclopedia. Finally the dictionary’s A section had filled a whole tablet—and I went on into the B’s. That was the way I started copying what eventually became the entire dictionary. It went a lot faster after so much practice helped me to pick up handwriting speed. Between what I wrote in my tablet, and writing letters, during the rest of my time in prison I would guess I wrote a million words.
我完全着迷了，于是继续抄——我又抄写了字典的第二页。我学这一页上的字时体验到了同样的感受。每学一页字，我还学到了一点有关人物、地方和历史事件的知识。字典实际上就像是一部小型百科全书。最后，字典上A那部分字的条目抄满了整整一个本子——接着我抄写B 字部。我就是这样开始抄写的，最后抄完了整本字典。大量的抄写帮助我提高了书写速度，以后抄写起来就快了许多。从在本子上抄写，到后来在那段余下的服刑时间里写信，我估计自己在监狱里写了一百万字。
9 I suppose it was inevitable that as my word-base broadened, I could for the first time pick up a book and read and now begin to understand what the book was saying. Anyone who has read a great deal can imagine the new world that opened. Let me tell you something: from then until I left that prison, in every free moment I had, if I was not reading in the library, I was reading on my bunk. You couldn’t have gotten me out of books with a wedge. Between Mr. Muhammad’s teachings,
my correspondence, my visitors—usually Ella and Reginald—and my reading of books, months passed without my even thinking about being imprisoned. In fact, up to then, I never had been so truly free in my life.
想来也是自然而然的，随着词汇的增加，我第一次能够拿起一本书读下去，开始明白书上说的是什么。任何阅读广泛的人都想象得出在我面前展现的崭新世界。我不妨告诉你：从那时起，直到我离开那座监狱，在任何可以自由支配的时间里，我不是在图书室里，就是在自己的铺位上看书。真的是手不释卷。我的日常活动就是听穆罕默德先生传道，写写信，会会客——来探视的一般都是埃拉和雷金纳德——加上读书，几个月一晃而过，我甚至没想过自己是在坐牢。事实上，在这之前，我从来没觉得自己是如此自由。
10 The Norfolk Prison Colony’s library was in the school building. A variety of classes were taught there by instructors who came from such places as Harvard and Boston universities. The weekly debates between inmate teams were also held in the school building. You would be astonished to know how worked up convict debaters and audiences would get over subjects like “Should Babies Be Fed Milk?”
诺福克拘留所的图书室在教学楼里。来自哈佛大学、波士顿大学等等院校的教员教授不同的课程。每周还在教学楼里举行囚犯间的辩论会。想必你听了会大吃一惊，那些囚犯辩手和听众会对诸如“该不该给婴儿喂牛奶”这类辩题争得面红耳赤。
11 Available on the prison library’s shelves were books on just about every general subject. Much of the big private collection that Parkhurst had willed to the prison[ Much of the big private collection that Parkhurst had willed to the prison: Many of the books that had been bought and kept by Parkhusrt and later given to the prison according to his will] was still in crates and boxes in the library—thousands of old books. Some of them looked ancient: covers faded,
old-time parchment-looking binding. Parkhurst, I’ve mentioned, seemed to have been principally interested in history and religion. He had the money and the special interest to have a lot of books that you wouldn’t have in general circulation. Any college library would have been lucky to get that collection.
拘留所图书室架子上书的种类几乎包罗万象。帕克赫斯特遗赠给拘留所的为数可观的私人藏书中的大多数仍在图书室的板箱及盒子里搁着——成千上万本旧书。有些看上去年代久远：封面褪了色，像是用旧式的羊皮纸装订的。我刚才说过，帕克赫斯特的兴趣似乎主要在历史和宗教方面。他有财力，有与众不同的兴趣，得以收藏了许多外面一般见不到的书。任何一家大学图书馆若能得到这批收藏，都不失为一桩幸事。
12 As you can imagine, especially in a prison where there was heavy emphasis on rehabilitation, an inmate was smiled upon if he demonstrated an unusually intense interest in books. There was a sizable number of well-read inmates, especially the popular debaters. Some were said by many to be practically walking encyclopedias. They were almost celebrities. No university would ask any student to devour literature as I did when this new world opened to me, of being able to read and understand.
你可以想象，在一座着重强调改造罪犯的监狱里，一个囚犯要是表现出对书本不同寻常的强烈兴趣，自然会大受赞许。囚犯中有不少人读过许多书，尤其是那些最受欢迎的辩手。在不少人看来，有些简直称得上是活的百科全书。他们差不多就是名人。我能读书能读懂了，一个崭新的世界展现在我的面前；那时，我那么贪婪地阅读文学作品，没有一所大学能让其学生这么做。
13 I read more in my room than in the library itself. An inmate who was known
to read a lot could check out more than the permitted maximum number of books.
I preferred reading in the total isolation of my own room.
我在自己囚室里读书比在图书室里更快。爱读书的囚犯可以借走超出最大规定数量的图书。我更喜欢独自一人在自己囚室里读书。
14 When I had progressed to really serious reading, every night at about ten p.m. I would be outraged with the “lights out.” It always seemed to catch me right in the middle of something engrossing.
当我水平提高到能阅读真正的严肃读物之后，每天晚上10点左右听到喊“熄灯”，我就非常气恼。似乎每次都是在我读得最入神的时候喊“熄灯”。
15 Fortunately, right outside my door was a corridor light that cast a glow into my room. The glow was enough to read by, once my eyes adjusted to it. So when “lights out” came, I would sit on the floor where I could continue reading in that glow.
幸好我门外正好有个过道灯，囚室透进一点灯光。眼睛适应后，那光线看书还可凑和。于是喊过“熄灯”后，我就坐在地板上借着微光继续阅读。
16 At one-hour intervals the night guards paced past every room. Each time I heard the approaching footsteps, I jumped into bed and feigned sleep. And as soon as the guard passed, I got back out of bed onto the floor area of that light-glow, where I would read for another fifty-eight minutes—until the guard approached again. That went on until three or four every morning. Three or four hours of sleep a night was enough for me. Often in the years in the streets I had slept less than that….
夜班看守每隔一小时在各个囚室外巡查。每次听到脚步声走近，我就跳到床上装睡。等看守一走，我就下床，回到照到灯光的地板上，再读上58分钟——直到看守又来巡查。这样一直持续到每天凌晨三四点钟。我晚上睡3、4个小时就够了。在流浪街头的岁月里，我常常睡得还要少贩贩贩
17 I have often reflected upon the new vistas that reading opened to me. I knew right there in prison that reading had changed forever the course of my life. As I see it today, the ability to read awoke inside me some long dormant craving to be mentally alive. I certainly wasn’t seeking any degree, the way a college confers a status symbol upon its students. My homemade education gave me, with every additional book that I read, a little bit more sensitivity to the deafness, dumbness, and blindness that was afflicting the black race in America. Not long ago, an English writer telephoned me from London, asking questi ons. One was, “What’s your alma mater?” I told him, “Books.” You will never catch me with a free fifteen minutes in which I’m not studying something I feel might be able to help the black man.
我常常思忆阅读为我打开的新天地。还在狱中时，我就认识到阅读已经不可逆转地改变了自己的人生历程。今天想来，阅读唤醒了自己内心蛰伏已久的对精神生活的渴望。当然我不是想追求什么学位，像大学授予学生学位那样。我的自学经历使我每读一本书，就加深一点对美国黑人深受其苦的那种聋、哑、盲的认识。不久前，一位英国作家从伦敦打来电话问了一些问题。其中一个是：“你曾在哪所学校就读？”我回答说，“书本。”你不会看到我有一刻钟空闲着，而不去用来学习我觉得对黑人或许有所帮助的知识。
18 Every time I catch a plane, I have with me a book that I want to read—and that’s a lot of books these days. If I weren’t out here every day battling the white
man, I could spend the rest of my life reading, just satisfying my curiosity—because you can hardly mention anything I’m not curious about. I don’t think anybody ever got more out of going to prison than I did. In fact, prison enabled me to study far more intensively than I would have if my life had gone differently and I had attended some college. I imagine that one of the biggest troubles with colleges is there are too many distractions, too much panty-raiding, fraternities, and boola-boola and all of that. Where else but in prison could I have attacked my ignorance by being able to study intensely sometimes as much as fifteen hours a day?
每次坐飞机，我都随身携带一本要读的书——到今天已读了不少书。要不是我每天都出来跟白人做斗争，我会在余生把时间都花在读书上，仅仅是为了满足自己的好奇心——因为你几乎说不出有什么东西是我不感到好奇的。我想没有人像我那样在狱中获得如此多的裨益。事实上，监禁使我得以一心读书，如果我有着不同的人生历程，如果我上过大学，我未必能如此专心致志。我想，大学生活最大的弊端之一在于分心的事太多，“抢短衬裤”闹个没完，联谊会活动太频繁，种种胡闹，不一而足。除了监狱，还有什么地方我能有时一天专心攻读15小时之多，借以攻克
自己的无知？
Let's Go Veggie!
1 If there was a single act that would improve your health, cut your risk of food-borne illnesses, and help preserve the environment and the welfare of millions of animals, would you do it?
咱们吃素吧!
如果有一件事，既能增进健康、减少患上食物引起的疾病的危险，又有助于保护环境、保护千万动物安全生存，你做不做？
2 The act I'm referring to is the choice you make every time you sit down to a meal.
我说的这件事就是每次坐下来就餐时挑选菜肴。
3 More than a million Canadians have already acted: They have chosen to not eat meat. And the pace of change has been dramatic.
一百多万加拿大人已经行动起来：他们决定不吃肉。变化速度之快令人惊叹。
4 Vegetarian food sales are showing unparalleled growth. Especially popular are meat-free burgers and hot dogs, and the plant-based cuisines of India, China, Mexico, Italy and Japan.
素食品的销售额大大增加，前所未有。尤受欢迎的是无肉汉堡包和热狗，以及以蔬为主的印度、中国、墨西哥、意大利和日本的菜肴。
5 Fuelling the shift toward vegetarianism have been the health recommendations of medical research. Study after study has uncovered the same basic truth: Plant foods lower your risk of chronic disease; animal foods increase it.
推动人们转向素食的是医学研究提出的关于如何增进健康的建议。一项又一项的研究都揭示了同样的基本事实：果蔬降低患慢性病的危险；肉类食品则增加这种危险。
6 The American Dietetic Association says: "Scientific data suggest positive relationships between a vegetarian diet and reduced risk for several chronic degenerative diseases."
美国饮食学协会指出，“科学资料表明，素食与降低多种慢性变性疾病的患病危险肯定有关系。”
7 This past fall, after reviewing 4,500 studies on diet and cancer, the World Cancer Research Fund flatly stated: "We've been running the human biological engine on the wrong fuel."
去年秋天，在检验了4500个饮食与癌症的研究报告之后，世界癌症研究基金会直截了当地指出：“我们一向利用不合适的养料来维持人类生理引擎的运转。”
8 This "wrong fuel" has helped boost the cost of degenerative disease in Canada to an estimated $400 billion a year, according to Bruce Holub, a professor of nutritional science at the University of Guelph.
据威尔夫大学营养科学教授布鲁斯·霍拉勃称，这一“不合适的养料”致使加拿大每年用于治疗变性疾病的费用高达4000亿（加）元。
9 Animal foods have serious nutritional drawbacks: They are devoid of fiber, contain far too much saturated fat and cholesterol, and may even carry traces of hormones, steroids and antibiotics. It makes little difference whether you eat beef, pork, chicken or fish.
肉类食品存在严重的营养缺陷：它们不含纤维，含有过多的饱和脂肪和胆固醇，甚至可能含有微量的激素、类固醇和抗菌素。牛肉、猪肉、鸡肉或鱼肉都一样。
10 Animal foods are also gaining notoriety as breeding grounds for E. coli, campylobacter and other bacteria that cause illness. According to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, six out of ten chickens are infected with salmonella. It's
like playing Russian roulette with your health.
肉类食品也是越来越广为人知的大肠杆菌、弯曲菌以及其他致病细菌的孳生地。据加拿大食品检验机构称，十分之六的鸡染有沙门氏菌。吃肉无异于玩俄式轮盘赌，拿你的健康做赌资。
11 So why aren't governments doing anything about this? Unfortunately, they have bowed to pressure from powerful lobby groups such as the Beef Information Center, the Canadian Egg Marketing Agency and the Dairy Farmers of Canada. According to documents retrieved through the Freedom of Information Act, these groups forced changes to Canada's latest food guide before it was released in 1993.
既然如此，政府为什么不采取任何措施？很遗憾，政府屈服于强有力的院外活动集团的压力，如牛肉信息中心、加拿大禽蛋营销公司、加拿大乳牛场场主协会等。根据信息自由法案获得的有关文件记载，这些集团迫使加拿大最新食品指南在1993年公布前作出修改。
12 This should come as no surprise: Even a minor reduction in recommended intakes of animal protein could cost these industries billions of dollars a year.
这并不奇怪。即使建议动物蛋白质的摄入量减少一丁点儿都会给这些企业带来每年数十亿元的损失。
13 While health and food safety are compelling reasons for choosing a vegetarian lifestyle, there are also larger issues to consider. Animal-based agriculture is one of the most environmentally destructive industries on the face of the Earth.
健康和食品安全是选择素食生活方式令人信服的理由，但此外还有更为重大的因素要考虑。以饲养动物为基础的农业是世界上对环境破坏最严重的产业之一。
14 Think for a moment about the vast resources required to raise, feed, shelter, transport, process and package the 500 million Canadian farm animals slaughtered
each year. Water and energy are used at every step of the way. Alberta Agriculture calculates that it takes 10 to 20 times more energy to produce meat than to produce grain.
想一想培育、饲养、建牲畜栏、运输、加工和包装加拿大每年宰杀的5亿头牲畜所需的巨大资源。其中的每一个环节都耗费水和能源。阿尔伯达农业署估计，生产肉耗费的能源比生产谷物多10－20倍。
15 Less than a quarter of our agricultural land is used to feed people directly. The rest is devoted to grazing and growing food for animals. Ecosystems of forest, wetland and grassland have been decimated to fuel the demand for land. Using so much land heightens topsoil loss, the use of harsh fertilizers and pesticides, and the need for irrigation water from dammed rivers. If people can shift away from meat, much of this land could be converted back to wilderness.
用于直接为人们提供食物的土地还不到农业用地的四分之一。其余的都用来放牧和种饲料。森林、湿地和草原的生态系统遭受相当严重的破坏，以满足对土地的需求。土地的大量利用加剧了表土的流失，增加了会带来负面作用的化肥和杀虫剂的施用，增加了从筑有水坝的河流中引水灌溉的需求。如果人们能摒弃肉食，许多土地就能回复到未开垦状态。
16 The problem is that animals are inefficient at converting plants to edible flesh. It takes, for example, 8.4 kilograms of grain to produce one kilogram of pork, the U. S. government estimates.
问题在于，动物在把植物转化为可食用的肉类这方面的效率很低。举例来说，美国政府估测，生产1公斤猪肉需要耗费8.4 公斤的谷物。
17 After putting so many resources into animals, what do we get out? Manure—at a rate of over 10,000 kilograms per second in Canada alone, according to the government. Environment Canada says cattle excrete 40 kilograms of manure for every kilogram of edible beef. A large egg factory can produce 50 to 100 tonnes of waste per week, the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture estimates.
我们把这么多资源耗费在动物身上，又得到什么回报呢？粪肥——据官方资料，仅加拿大，就以每秒10,000多公斤的速度排出。加拿大环境部称，牛每产1公斤可食牛肉需排出40公斤粪便。安大略省农业部估测，一家大型禽蛋工厂每星期可产出50－100吨禽粪。
18 And where does it go? In the 1992 Ontario Groundwater Survey, 43 per cent of tested wells were contaminated with agricultural run-off containing fecal coliform bacteria and nitrates. Earlier this month, charges were laid against a large Alberta feedlot operator for dumping 30 million litres of cattle manure into the Bow River, "killing everything in its path," as a news story described it.
这些粪便都到哪儿去了？1992年安大略省地下水调查发现，43%的被测试水井都受到含有粪便大肠杆菌和硝酸盐等农业生产排出的废物的污染。本月初，阿尔伯达一家大型围栏肥育地经营者被指控将3千万升牛粪排入博河，“沿途生灵悉数被毁”，一则新闻这么报道。
19 And then there is methane, a primary contributing gas in global warming and ozone layer depletion. Excluding natural sources, 27 per cent of Canada's and 20 per cent of the world's methane comes from livestock.
此外还有沼气，那是促使全球气候变暖和臭氧层减少的主要气体。不把天然沼气资源包括在内，加拿大27%的沼气、全世界20%的沼气都来自牲畜。
20 John Robbins, author of the Pulitzer prize-nominated book Diet for a New America (Group West), said it best when he stated: "Eating lower on the food chain
is perhaps the most potent single act we can take to halt the destruction of our environment and preserve our natural resources."
获普利策提名奖的《新美洲饮食》一书作者约翰·罗宾斯说得好：“食用食物链较低部分的食物或许是我们可用以阻止环境破坏、保护自然资源的最最有效的行动。”
21 Our environment also includes the animals killed for their meat. It has become an accepted fact that today's factory-farmed animals live short, miserable, unnatural lives.
我们的环境也包括为食其肉而被宰杀的动物。当今工厂化农场的牲畜寿命极短，过着悲惨的、不正常的生活，这已是公认的事实。
22 As part of my research at the University of Waterloo, I toured some of the country's largest "processing" plants. The experience has left me with recurring nightmares.
作为我在沃特卢大学研究工作的一部分，我参观过一些全国最大的“加工”厂。这个经历让我日后尽做噩梦。
23 I saw "stubborn" cows being beaten and squealing pigs chased around the killing floor with electric calipers.
我见到“固执”的牛被打、尖叫着的猪在屠宰室被人用电卡钳追逐。
24 I looked on in utter shock as a cow missed the stun gun and was hoisted fully conscious upside down by its hind leg and cut to pieces, thrashing until its last breath.
我万分震惊地目睹一头牛躲过了眩晕枪，结果被缚住后腿倒挂起来，惨遭活剐，一直挣扎到断气。
25 Noticing my shock, the foreman remarked: "Who cares? They're going to die anyway."
工头见我惊骇不已，便说：“管它呢！它们反正得死。”
26 Because it can cost hundreds of dollars per minute to stop the conveyor line, animal welfare comes second to profit. Over 150,000 animals are "processed" every hour of every working day in Canada, according to Agriculture Canada.
由于传送线停转一分钟就要损失好几百元，家畜的利益就变得不如利润重要。据加拿大农业署称，在加拿大，每个工作日，每小时有150,000多头家畜被“加工”。
27 The picture gets uglier still. En route to slaughter, farm animals may legally spend anywhere from 36 to 72 hours without food, water or rest. They're not even afforded the "luxury" of temperature controlled trucks in extreme summer heat or sub-zero cold.
情况变得甚至更可怕。家畜在宰杀前的运输途中，法律允许在36－72小时内不给进食、进水，不让休息。即使在炎夏或零度以下的严冬，它们连乘温控卡车的“奢侈”也不让享受。
28 Agriculture Canada has estimated that more than 3 million Canadian farm animals die slow and painful deaths en route to slaughter each year.
加拿大农业署估计，加拿大每年有3百多万头家畜在宰杀前的运输途中痛苦地慢慢死去。
29 I've also visited typical Canadian farms. Gone are the days when piglets snorted and roosters strutted their way about the barnyard. Most of today's modernized farms have long, windowless sheds in which animals live like prisoners their entire lives. I have seen chickens crammed four to a cage, nursing pigs separated from their young by iron bars and veal calves confined to crates so
narrow they couldn't turn around. Few of these animals ever experience sunlight or fresh air — and most of their natural urges are denied.
本人还参观过一些典型的加拿大农场。猪崽喷着鼻息、公鸡在粮仓的空场上昂首行走的日子已经一去不复返。而今大多数的现代化农场都有一个个狭长的、没有窗户的牲畜棚，牲畜一生关在棚里，如囚犯一般。我见到过四只鸡挤在一个笼里，喂奶的母猪与猪崽被铁条隔开，肉用小牛关在狭窄得转不过身来的板条箱里。这些牲畜几乎都终年不见阳光，呼吸不到新鲜空气——它们天生的欲望大都得不到满足。
30 Although it is difficult to face these harsh realities, it is even more difficult to ignore them. Three times a day, you make a decision that not only affects the quality of your life, but the rest of the living world. We hold in our knives and forks the power to change this world.
面对这种严峻的现实固然困难，置之不理更是难上加难。一日三次，你要做出不仅影响自身生活质量、更是事关整个有生命世界的决定。我们手里的餐刀餐叉拥有改变这个世界的力量。
31 Consider the words of Albert Einstein: "Nothing will benefit human health and increase the chances for survival of life on Earth as the Evolution to a vegetarian diet."
让我们想一想阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦的话吧：“没有什么比转向素食更有益于人类健康，更能增加世间万物的生存机会。”
32 Bon appetite.
祝君胃口好。
Where’s the Beef?
Alan Herscovici
1 With summer comes that most wonderful of North American traditions, the backyard barbecue. The succulent aroma of fresh grilled steak, sausages, chicken and fish draws family, friends and neighbours together for a communal feast. Inevitably, in these politically correct times the conversation may drift to the question of whether we really ought to be eating meat at all.
牛肉在哪里？
阿伦泛兆瓤宋 ?
随夏日而来的是北美传统习俗中最美妙的一件事，后院烤肉餐。刚下烤架的牛排、香肠、鸡肉、鱼肉鲜美无比，引来了亲朋好友、左邻右舍，大家一起欢宴。不用说，在如今这个讲求政治正确的时代，聊着聊着就可能聊到我们究竟该不该吃肉的问题。
2 The following guide should help see you through until the burgers are done.
以下的指南想必会帮助你捱过等待汉堡牛排烤熟的那段时间。
3 Appealing to self-interest, a common opening line for proselytizing vegetarians is to claim that “eating meat is bad for us.” They have trouble explaining, however, why human health and longevity have improved steadily as animal products became more readily available throughout this century. In fact, meat is an excellent source of 12 essential nutrients, including protein, iron, zinc and B vitamins.
出于人们往往考虑自身利益这一点，那些劝人茹素的素食者通常一开口就声称“肉食有害健康”。然而，他们难以解释，为什么本世纪动物源性食品日益普及，人们的健康水平和寿命却持续上升。事实上，肉类富含12种人体必需的营养成分，其中包括蛋白质、铁、锌和各种维生素B。
4 It is true that excessive fats can be harmful, but today’s meats are lean. Based on equal-size servings, tofu has more fat than a sirloin steak and only half the protein. (Tofu also makes a mess of the grill.)
不错，过多的脂肪有害健康，但如今的肉都是瘦肉。以同样大小的一份计，豆腐比一块后腿部牛排的脂肪含量多，而蛋白质含量仅是其一半。(何况豆腐会把烤架弄得一团糟。)
5 With the exception of certain religious sects, people have rarely been vegetarian by choice. Most often, vegetarianism is the unfortunate result of poverty. Yet the veggie crowd also clai ms that “humans are not natural meat-eaters.” Our teeth are not as sharp and our intestinal tracts not as short as those of cats and other pure carnivores. But we are not equipped to be herbivores, either. Like other omnivores (such as bears or racoons), our digestive equipment allows us to tackle a wide range of foods.
除了某些宗教派别，很少有人自愿吃素。素食主义往往是贫穷的不幸产物。然而，那伙吃素的还说什么“人类并非天生的肉食者”。相比那些猫科动物及其他纯食肉动物，我们的牙齿不够锋利，我们的肠道又过长。但人类也并非理想的食草动物。如同其他杂食动物(如熊和浣熊)一样，我们的消化系统可以应付多种多样的食物。
6 If we were not designed to eat meat, why do we produce large quantities of the enzymes required to break down such foods? Why is vitamin B12 (found only in animal products) essential to human life? If we were not natural meat-eaters, or at least bug and grub eaters, our species would have died out long ago. If we did not develop as hunters, why are our eyes in the front to our heads like those of other predators (tigers, wolves or owls)? Why does the mere smell of a sizzling steak set my saliva glands watering?
如果我们生来不吃肉，那人体何以会产生大量分解肉食所必需的消化酶？为什么维生素
B12(仅含于动物源性食品中)为人体不可或缺？如果人类并非天生的肉食者——至少要会吃昆虫——那人类这一物种早就灭绝了。如果人类不曾进化为猎食其他物种的动物，那为什么如其他食肉动物(如虎、狼或猫头鹰)一样，我们的眼睛长在头的前部？为什么一块烤得咝咝作响的牛排的香味就会让我的唾液分泌腺流出口水？
7 Shifting their ground, animal activists now charge that livestock threatens the environment. But much of the world’s arable land is best suited to be used as pasture. It is too hilly, fragile, dry or cold for cultivation. Cattle convert grass into nutrients that can be digested by humans. Those who promote organic agriculture understand that livestock completes the nutrient cycle by returning organic matter to the soil with manure.
动物保护主义者换了个进攻方向，指责牲畜威胁环境。然而，世界上许多可耕地用作牧场最适合。那些土地起伏不平，土质贫瘠，不是太干就是气候太冷，不宜耕种。牲畜把牧草转化为人类能够消化的食物。那些提倡有机农业的人深知，牲畜通过粪肥把有机物质返回土壤，以此完成食物循环的过程。
8 Other anti-meat myths can also be dismissed. For example: · Whatever you may think about fast food hamburgers, eating them does not encourage the
destruction of Amazon rainforests. Because of disease-control measures, no unprocessed South American beef products at all may be imported into Canada. · Livestock do not use up grains that could otherwise feed starving people in Third World countries. The main diet of cattle is grass and hay. Pigs, chickens and other farm animals are generally fed corn and barley, while people eat mainly wheat and rice. Animals also consume pest-and weather-damaged grains, crop residues (corn stalks and leaves) and by-products from food processing, such as unusable grains (or parts of grains) left over from producing breakfast cereals and other human foods. Raising livestock in Canada does not prevent us from shipping emergency supplies to people in need. Hunger today, however, is usually the result of political, economic and distribution problems, not a lack of production capacity. · The production of methane gas by livestock is not a major contributor to global warming. Methane gas is only one of many possible “greenhouse” gases. It is produced by all sorts of decomposition of organic matter, including normal digestion (even by vegetarians). Main sources of greenhouse gases include wetlands, forest fires, landfills, rice paddies, the extraction of gas, oil and coal—and even termites. · Meat does not contain harmful pesticide, antibiotic or other residues. This is assured by stringent Agriculture Canada and Health Canada regulations and inspection. Concerns about dangerous bacteria are easily addressed by cooking your meat well. (Fruit and raw vegetables, in fact, present a more difficult problem.) 其他反对肉食的奇谈怪论也都不值一驳。如：l 无论你对快餐食品汉堡包好恶如何，食用汉堡包并不会加快对亚马孙雨林的破坏。由于采取了各种控制疾病的措施，未经加工的南美牛肉制品根本不能进入加拿大。l 牲畜并不曾消耗掉原本可用于赈济第三世界饥民的粮食。牲畜的主要饲料是青草和干草。猪、鸡和其他家畜通常用玉米和大麦饲养，而人食用的主要是小麦和稻米。动物还吃遭受虫灾和灾害气候的粮食、庄稼的残留物(如玉米的梗和叶)，还有食品加工的副产品，如加工早餐谷类食品和其他人类食品的剩下的不能用的粮食(或部分粮食)。在加拿大，饲养牲畜毫不妨碍我们将紧急救援物资运送给急需的人。事实上，当今的粮荒往往是政治、经济、分配不公造成的结果，而非生产力不足所致。l 牲畜产生的沼气并非全球气候变暖的祸首。沼气只是许多潜在的“温室”气体中的一种。沼气由各种有机物在分解过程中生成，其中包括正常的(甚至包括素食者的)消化过程产生的部分。温室气体的主要来源包括湿地、森林火灾、垃圾埋填地、水稻田以及气体、石油和煤炭的开采，甚至包括白蚁。l 食用肉并不含有于健康有害的杀虫剂、抗菌素或其他残留物。这由加拿大农业部和加拿大卫生部严格的规定和检查制度所确保。至于对危险的细菌的担心，只需将肉煮熟煮透即可轻易解决。(事实上，水果和生食蔬菜带来的问题更不易解决。)
9 One study that is not often cited by animal activists is a recent report by the Centre for Energy and the Environment at the University of Exeter in England. David Coley and his associates analyzed how much fuel energy is used to produce and process different foods. Burning fuel releases carbon into the atmosphere, the major suspected cause of global warming.
动物保护主义者很少引用一项研究，那就是英格兰埃克塞特大学能源与环境中心最近的一份报告。戴维房评 捌浜献髡叻治隽松 爰庸げ煌 称匪 姆训娜剂夏茉础H忌杖加徒 寂湃氪笃 悖 四巳 蚱 虮渑 闹饕 尚住?
10 To the dismay of the politically correct set, meat scores far better than vegetables on this environmental-impact scale. It requires eight megajoules of fuel
energy to produce enough beef or burgers to provide one megajoule of food energy. The fuel energy costs of chicken and lamb are seven megajoules and six megajoules respectively. Typical salad vegetables, however, require as much as 45 megajoules of fuel energy for each energy unit of food intake provided.
令那些讲求政治正确的人感到沮丧的是，在对环境的影响方面，肉要比蔬菜得分高得多。提供1兆焦耳食物能量的牛肉或汉堡牛排需耗费8兆焦耳的燃料能源。鸡肉和羊肉的耗能分别为7和6兆焦耳。而常见的色拉蔬菜却需要耗费多达45兆焦耳的燃料能源才能提供一个能量单位的食物摄入。
11 “Meat does well because it is not highly processed, provides a lot of calories and is often produced locally.” Coley reported in New Scientist last December.
“肉耗能少，因为肉加工程度不高，能提供大量的卡路里，而且常常是本地加工生产。”科利在去年12月的《新科学家》上著文说。
12 It would require more ink than is available to us here to respond to all the claims animal activists have made about the supposed evils of modern livestock husbandry methods, what they misleadingly label “factory farming.” For example, they criticize the caging of laying hens, while ignoring the fact that such systems improve hygiene, preventing disease and reducing the need for antibiotics.
我们在此无法花费过多的笔墨逐一反驳动物保护主义者指控现代家畜饲养方法，即他们误导性地称作的“工厂化养殖”的种种莫须有的危害。例如，他们抨击蛋禽的笼养化，却忽视了这样的事实，即此类系统能改善卫生，预防疾病，减少对抗生素的需求。
13 Detailed responses to animal-welfare concerns are provided in Food for Thought: Facts about Food and Farming, published by the Ontario Farm Animal Council.
安大略禽畜饲养会社发表的《应有的思考：食物与饲养业的基本情况》对有关动物生存状况的关注作了详细解答。
14 For debate around the barbecue, suffice it to say that animals cannot be productive unless they receive excellent nutrition and care. Farmers who do not provide good care for their animals will not remain in business for long.
至于围绕烤肉餐的争论，只需这样说就够了：动物得不到精良的食物和精心的照料就不长肉。饲养场主不精心饲养禽畜则无法长期经营。
15 Once fallacious claims about health, environment and animal welfare are stripped away, the heart of the animal-rights argument is exposed. What right, they ask, do we have to use animals at all?
一旦有关健康、环境以及动物生存状况的谬论被揭穿，有关动物权益的争论的核心便一清二楚了。他们质问道：我们究竟有什么权利去吃禽畜？
16 The central fallacy of this argument is that it ignores basic principles of biology and ecology. Every plant and animal species naturally produces far more offspring than their environment can support to maturity. Th is “surplus” provides food for other species. Aboriginal people called this “the cycle of life.” We now usually call it “the food chain.” We are part of this cycle, like every other living organism on the planet. The domestication of livestock has been a very successful survival strategy, not only for humans, but also for the other species involved.
这一论点的主要谬误在于忽视了生物学与生态学的基本原理。各类动植物物种自然而然地繁衍出大量后代，远远超出环境允许其长到成熟的数量。“过剩部分”则为其他物种提供了食物。
土著人称其为“生命的循环”。我们现在通常名之曰“食物链”。如同地球上其他各种有机生命体一样，我们人类是这一循环的一个组成部分。驯养动物向来就是一种极为成功的生存策略，对人类如此，对有关的其他物种也如此。
17 The squeamishness some people now feel about eating animals does not represent a more evolved sensitivity to nature. It is a symptom of how cut off some people have become from nature.
如今有些人对吃肉觉得反感，这并不反映出他们对自然变得更加敏感。这表明了他们离开自然已经何等之远。
18 Thanks to modern agriculture, many city people now take our abundant food supply for granted. We forget that all our food must still be wrested from the land. Even our vegetables must be protected from other creatures. Even a carrot clings to the soil with all its strength. Like other animals, we kill to eat. But because we are human, we can also give thanks and treat the animals that feed us with respect.
多亏了现代农业，如今许多城镇居民对充足的食品供应习以为常，认为理当如此。我们已经忘却，凡人所食仍得靠土地出产。即便人类所食的蔬菜也必须加以守护，以防其他动物侵犯。即便生长中的胡萝卜也竭尽全力紧贴大地。一如其他动物，我们为吃肉而宰杀禽畜。然而，我们有幸为人，因而还能为此感恩，还能慎重地对待给我们提供肉食的动物。
19 I think those burgers should be ready about now…
我看那些汉堡牛排这会儿该烤熟了……
The Truth About Lying
Judith Viorst
1. I've been wanting to write on a subject that intrigues and challenges me: the subject of lying. I've found it very difficult to do. Everyone I've talked to has a quite intense and personal but often rather intolerant point of view about what we can — and can never never— tell lies about. I've finally reached the conclusion that I can't present any ultimate conclusions, for too many people would promptly disagree. Instead, I'd like to present a series of moral puzzles, all concerned with lying. I'll tell you what I think about them. Do you agree?
关于说谎的真相
朱迪斯·维奥斯特我一直想写一个令我深感兴趣的话题：关于说谎的问题。我觉得这个题目很难写。所有我交谈过的人都对什么事情可以说谎——什么事情绝对不可以说谎——持有强烈的、常常不容别人分说的个人意见。最后我得出结论，我不能下任何定论，因为这样做就会有太多的人立即反对。我想我还是提出若干都与说谎有关的道义上的难题吧。我将向读者阐明我对这些难题的个人看法。你们觉得对吗？
Social Lies
2. Most of the people I've talked with say that they find social lying acceptable and necessary. They think it's the civilized way for folks to behave. Without these little white lies, they say, our relationships would be short and brutish and nasty. It's arrogant, they say, to insist on being so incorruptible and so brave that you
cause other people unnecessary embarrassment or pain by compulsively assailing them with your honesty. I basically agree. What about you?
社交性谎言
和我交谈过的大多数人都说，他们认为旨在促进社会交际的谎言是可以接受的，也是必要的。他们认为这是一种文明的行为。他们说，要不是这类无关紧要的谎言，人与人之间的关系就会变得粗野不快，无法持久。他们说，如果你要做到十二分正直、十二分无畏，不由自主地用你的诚实使他人陷入不必要的窘境或痛苦之中，这只能说你是傲慢自大。对此，我基本赞同。你呢？
3. Will you say to people, when it simply isn't true, "I like your new hairdo," "You're looking much better," "it's so nice to see you," "I had a wonderful time"?
你会不会跟人说：“我喜欢你的新发型，”“你气色好多了，”“见到你真高兴，”“我玩得很尽兴，”而实际上根本不是这么回事儿？
4. Will you praise hideous presents and homely kids?
你会不会对令人憎厌的礼物，或相貌平平的孩子称赞有加？
5. Will you decline invitations with "We're busy that night — so sorry we can't come," when the truth is you'd rather stay home than dine with the So-and-sos?
你婉辞邀请时会不会说“那天晚上我们正好没空——真对不起，我们不能来，”而实际上你是宁肯呆在家里也不想跟某某夫妇一起进餐？
6. And even though, as I do, you may prefer the polite evasion of "You really
cooked up a storm "instead of "The soup" — which tastes like warmed-over coffee — "is wonderful," will you, if you must, proclaim it wonderful?
虽然像我那样，你也想用“太丰盛了”这种委婉的托辞，而不是盛赞“那汤味道好极了”(其实味同重新热过的咖啡)，但如果你必须赞美那汤，你会说它鲜美吗?
7. There's one man I know who absolutely refuses to tell social lies. "I can't play that game," he says; "I'm simply not made that way." And his answer to the argument that saying nice things to someone doesn't cost anything is, "Yes, it does — it destroys your credibility." Now, he won't, unsolicited, offer his views on the painting you just bought, but you don't ask his frank opinion unless you want frank, and his silence at those moments when the rest of us liars are muttering, "Isn't it lovely?" is, for the most part, eloquent enough. My friend does not indulge in what he calls "flattery, false praise and mellifluous comments." When others tell fibs he will not go along. He says that social lying is lying, that little white lies are still lies. And he feels that telling lies is morally wrong. What about you?
我认识一个人，他完全拒绝说这类社交性谎言。“我不会那一套，”他说，“我生来就不会那一套。”讲到对人家说几句好听的话并不失去什么，他的回答是：“不对，当然有损失——那会损害你的诚信度。”因此你不问他，他不会对你刚买来的画发表意见，但除非你想听老实话，否则你也不会去问他的真实想法。当我们这些说谎者轻声称赞着“多美啊”的时候，他的沉默往往是极能说明问题的。我的这位朋友从来不讲他所说的“奉承话、虚假的赞美话和动听话”。别人说些无伤大雅的谎言，他则不。他说社交性谎言还是谎言，无关紧要的小小谎言还是谎言。他认为说谎不合道德。你呢？
Peace-Keeping Lies
8. Many people tell peace-keeping lies: lies designed to avoid irritation or argument, lies designed to shelter the liar from possible blame or pain; lies (or so it is rationalized) designed to keep trouble at bay without hurting anyone.
息事宁人的谎言
不少人为了息事宁人而说谎：那种意在避免生气或争吵的谎言，意在使说谎者免受可能的责备或烦恼的谎言；意在(或据认为理应)不伤害他人而又能帮助避免麻烦的谎言。
9. I tell these lies at times, and yet I always feel they're wrong. I understand why we tell them, but still they feel wrong. And whenever I lie so that someone won't disapprove of me or think less of me or holler at me, I feel I'm a bit of a coward, I feel I'm dodging responsibility, I feel...guilty. What about you?
我有时也说这种谎，不过我总觉得不该说。我知道为什么要说这种谎，但说这种谎终究不对。每当我为了不让别人讨厌自己、看轻自己、或冲着自己嚷嚷而说谎时，我总觉得自己有点像个懦夫，觉得自己是在逃避责任，觉得……愧疚。你呢？
10. Do you, when you're late for a date because you overslept, say that you're late because you got caught in a traffic jam?
你由于睡过头赴约会迟到了，会不会说是因为碰上堵车才晚到的？
11. Do you, when you forget to call a friend, say that you called several times but the line was busy?
你忘了给朋友打电话，会不会谎称打过好几次，可电话老占线？
12. Do you, when you didn't remember that it was your father's birthday, say that his present must be delayed in the mail?
你忘了父亲的生日，会不会说寄给他的礼物准是给耽搁了？
13. And when you're planning a weekend in New York City and you're not in the mood to visit your mother, who lives there, do you conceal — with a lie, if you must — the fact that you'll be in New York? Or do you have the courage — or is it the cruelty? — to say, "I'll be in New York, but sorry — I don't plan on seeing you"?
你打算去纽约市度周末，但又不想去看望住在那里的母亲，你会——必要的话用谎言——隐瞒你将到纽约的事实，还是会勇敢地——或者说狠心地——说：“我要来纽约，可是抱歉，我不打算来看望你”？
14. (Dave and his wife Elaine have two quite different points of view on this very subject. He calls her a coward. She says she's being wise. He says she must assert her right to visit New York sometimes and not see her mother. To which she always patiently replies: "Why should we have useless fights? My mother's too old to change. We get along much better when I lie to her.")
(戴夫和妻子伊莱恩正是在这个问题上有两种颇不相同的观点。他称她为懦夫。她说自己处理这事是明智的。他说她应该维护自己有的时候去纽约但不去看望母亲的权利。对此她总是耐心地回答说：“我们何必无谓地争吵呢？我母亲年纪大了，不会改了。我对她说个谎，我们相处得就更好。”)
15. Finally, do you keep the peace by telling your husband lies on the subject of money? Do you reduce what you really paid for your shoes? And in general do you find yourself ready, willing and able to lie to him when you make absurd mistakes or lose or break things?
最后一点，你会不会在钱的问题上对丈夫说谎，以求太平？你会不会少报买鞋子的钱？你出了什么荒唐的错误或丢失了物品打碎了器皿时是不是常常想对他撒谎，而且会对他撒谎？
16. "I used to have a romantic idea that part of intimacy was confessing every dumb thing that you did to your husband. But after a couple of years of that," says Laura, "have I changed my mind!"
“过去我往往不切实际地以为亲密关系的一个组成部分就是把自己做的每件蠢事都如实告
诉丈夫。可这么过了几年之后，”劳拉说，“我就改了主意!”
17. And having changed her mind, she finds herself telling peacekeeping lies. And yes, I tell them too. What about you?
改主意后，她在不知不觉中说谎话求太平了。没错，我也说这种谎。你呢？
Protective Lies
18. Protective lies are lies folks tell — often quite serious lies — because
they're convinced that the truth would be too damaging. They lie because they feel there are certain human values that supersede the wrong of having lied. They lie, not for personal gain, but because they believe it's for the good of the person they're lying to. They lie to those they love, to those who trust them most of all, on the grounds that breaking this trust is justified.
保护性谎言
保护性谎言就是因为人们认为事实真相危害性太大而说的谎言，这类谎言通常事关重大。他们说谎，因为他们认为，人的某些价值观念压倒了说谎这一错误行为本身。他们说谎不是为个人私利，而是因为他们相信，那是为他们对之说谎的人好。他们对自己所爱的人撒谎，对最信任自己的人撒谎，就是因为他们认为这样做是有正当理由的。
19. They may lie to their children on money or marital matters.
他们会在金钱或婚姻问题上对子女说谎。
20. They may lie to the dying about the state of their health.
他们会对垂死者隐瞒真实病情。
21. They may lie to their closest friend because the truth about her talents or son or psyche would be — or so they insist — utterly devastating.
他们会对密友说谎，因为关于其才能、其爱子或其精神状态的实话会——不妨说他们坚持这么认为——使其身心受到极大伤害。
22. I sometimes tell such lies, but I'm aware that it's quite presumptuous to
claim I know what's best for others to know. That's called playing God . That's called manipulation and control. And we never can be sure, once we start to juggle lies, just where they'll land, exactly where they'll roll.
有时我也说这种谎，可我明白，声称自己懂得什么事他人应该知道，这未免太自以为是了。这无异于充当上帝。这无异于操纵和控制他人。而我们一旦开始玩起谎言戏法，就再也无法知道谎言何时会收场，究竟会滑向何方。
23. And furthermore, we may find ourselves lying in order to back up the lies that are backing up the lie we initially told.
而且，我们会不知不觉地为了圆先前说的谎言而说谎。
24. And furthermore — let's be honest — if conditions were reversed, we certainly wouldn't want anyone lying to us.
而且——我们不妨直说——如果情形倒过来，我们当然不愿意别人对自己说谎。
25. Yet, having said all that, I still believe that there are times when protective lies must nonetheless be told. What about you?
不过，话虽如此，我还是觉得有时保护性谎言还非说不可。你呢？
Trust-Keeping Lies
26. Another group of lies are trust-keeping lies, lies that involve triangulation, with A (that's you) telling lies to B on behalf of C (whose trust you'd promised to keep). Most people concede that once you've agreed not to betray a friend's confidence, you can't betray it, even if you must lie. But I've talked with people who don't want you telling them anything that they might be called on to lie about.
信守承诺的谎言
另一类谎言是信守承诺的谎言，涉及三方的谎言，即A（你）为了C（你答应为其信守承诺者）而对B说谎。大多数人承认，一旦你答应不背叛朋友的信任，你就不能背叛，哪怕你必须说谎。但我与之交谈过的人中也有人不想听那些他们也许得为之说谎的事。
27. "I don't tell lies for myself," says Fran, "and I don't want to have to tell them for other people." Which means, she agrees, that if her best friend is having an affair, she absolutely doesn't want to know about it.
“我不为自己说谎，”弗兰说，“我也不愿为别人说谎。”她承认，这就意味着如果她最好的朋友有风流韵事的话，她绝对不想知道。
28. "Are you saying," her best friend asks, "that you'd betray me?"
“你是说，”她最好的朋友问，“你会出卖我？”
29. Fran is very pained but very adamant. "I wouldn't want to betray you, so…don't tell me anything about it."
弗兰心里很为难，但态度十分坚决。“我不想出卖你，所以……别跟我说这事。”
30. Fran's best friend is shocked. What about you?
弗兰最好的朋友深感震惊。你呢？
31. Do you believe you can have close friends if you're not prepared to receive their deepest secrets?
你是不是认为，如果你不愿意了解朋友最深的隐密，你仍会有好朋友？
32. Do you believe you must always lie for your friends?
你是不是认为你必须一直为朋友说谎？
33. Do you believe, if your friend tells a secret that turns out to be quite immoral or illegal, that once you've promised to keep it, you must keep it?
你是不是认为，如果朋友透露的一个秘密是违反道德或法律的，而一旦你答应保密，你就得真的保密？
34. And what if your friend were your boss — if you were perhaps one of the
President's men — would you betray or lie for him over, say, Watergate?
如果你的朋友正好是你的上司——如果你恰好就是总统班底的人——比如说在水门事件这个问题上，你是背叛他还是为他说谎？
35. As you can see, these issues get terribly sticky.
可以想见这些问题非常棘手。
36. It's my belief that once we've promised to keep a trust, we must tell lies to keep it. I also believe that we can't tell Watergate lies. And if these two statements strike you as quite contradictory, you're right — they're quite contradictory. But for now they're the best I can do. What about you?
我以为，一旦我们答应信守承诺，我们就是说谎也得信守承诺。同时我也认为，在水门事件这类事情上我们不能说谎。如果你觉得这两点自相矛盾，那你就对了——这两者的确自相矛盾。但目前我只能如此。你呢？
37. There are those who have no talent for lying.
有些人不擅说谎。
38. "Over the years, I tried to lie," a friend of mine explained, "but I always got found out and I always got punished. I guess I gave myself away because I feel guilty about any kind of lying. It looks as if I'm stuck with telling the truth."
“许多年来，我一直试图说谎，”一位朋友解释说，“可我总是露馅，总是为此受罚。我想人家看出我说谎是因为我一说谎就觉得内疚。看来我只能说真话了。”
39. For those of us, however, who are good at telling lies, for those of us who lie and don't get caught, the question of whether or not to lie can be a hard and serious moral problem. I liked the remark of a friend of mine who said, "I'm willing to lie. But just as a last resort— the truth's always better."
可是，对我们这种擅于说谎的人来说，对我们这种说谎又不露馅的人来说，说谎还是不说谎会成为一个严肃的道德难题。我颇为赞同一位朋友的话，他说，“我愿意说谎。但只把这作为最后一手——真话总比谎话好。”
40. "Because," he explained, "though others may completely accept the lie I'm telling, I don't."
“因为，”他解释说，“哪怕别人对我的谎话完全信以为真，我自己可无法相信。”
41. I tend to feel that way too.
本人也有同感。
42. What about you?
你呢？
White Lies
Sissela Bok
1 White lies are at the other end of the spectrum of deception from lies in a serious crisis. They are the most common and the most trivial forms that duplicity can take. The fact that they are so common provides their protective coloring. And their very triviality, when compared to more threatening lies, makes it seem unnecessary or even absurd to condemn them. Some consider all well-intentioned lies, however momentous, to be white; in this book, I shall adhere to the narrower usage: a white lie, in this sense, is a falsehood not meant to injure anyone, and of little moral import. I want to ask whether there are such lies; and if there are,
whether their cumulative consequences are still without harm; and, finally, whether many lies are not defended as “white” which are in fact harmful in their own right.
无伤大雅的小谎
西塞拉·博克无伤大雅的小谎处于欺骗这个范畴的另一端，与重大时刻撒谎大不一样。它们是最常见的、最轻微的欺骗行为。这类小谎经常听到，这一事实本身就使之披上一层保护色。相比那些更具危害性的谎言，小谎的无关紧要使得对其进行谴责都显得没有必要甚至荒唐。有人把所有用心良善的谎言，无论多么事关重大，都看作是无伤大雅的小谎。在本书中，笔者取的是较为狭窄的意义：在这一意义上，无伤大雅的小谎指的是无意伤害他人的、没有道德含义的谎言。我想问, 是否真有这类谎言；如果有的话，其日积月累的最终结果是否果然不具有伤害性；最后，许多实际上原本就具有伤害性的谎言是否没有被说成“无伤大雅”。
2 Many small subterfuges may not even be intended to mislead. They are only “white lies” in the most marginal sense. Take, for example, the many social exchanges: “How nice to see you!” or “Cordially yours.” These and a thousand other polite expressions are so much taken for granted that if someone decided, in the name of total honesty, not to employ them, he might well give the impression of an indifference he did not possess. The justification for continuing to use such accepted formulations is that they deceive no one, except possibly those unfamiliar with the language.
许多无关紧要的遁词也许根本就无意误导他人。它们不过勉强算是无伤大雅的小谎。如许多客套话：“见到你真高兴!”或信末写的“你至诚的”。这些和许许多多其他礼貌用语并无不妥，理当使用。要是有人为了要绝对诚实决定不用的话，他很可能给人一种为人冷漠的印象，而实际上此人并非如此。一直使用这些公众认可的套语的理由是它们骗不了人，那些并不通晓这一语言的人或许是例外。
3 A social practice more clearly deceptive is that of giving a false excuse so as not to hurt the feelings of someone making an invitation or request: to say one “can’t” do what in reality one may not want to do. Once again, the false excuse may prevent unwarranted inferences of greater hostility to the undertaking than one may well feel. Merely to say that one can’t do something, moreover, is not deceptive in the sense that an elaborately concocted story can be.
一种显然更具有欺骗性质的社会惯例是假造一个理由，以便不伤害邀请人或请求者的感情：对自己其实不欲为的事推托说“不能为”。同样的，这一假造的理由或许会防止他人莫须有地推断自己对所说之事抵触多多。再者，仅仅说一句自己不能做某事，不像煞费苦心编造的一通谎话那样带有欺骗性。
4 Still other white lies are told in an effort to flatter, to throw a cheerful interpretation on depressing circumstances, or to show gratitude for unwanted gifts. In the eyes of many, such white lies do no harm, provide needed support and cheer, and help dispel gloom and boredom. They preserve the equilibrium and often the humaneness of social relationships, and are usually accepted as excusable so long as they do not become excessive. Many argue, moreover, that such deception is so helpful and at times so necessary that it must be tolerated as an exception to a general policy against lying. Thus Bacon observed: Doth any man doubt, that if
there were taken out of men’s minds vain opinions, flattering hopes, false valuations, imaginations as one would, and the like, but it would leave the minds of a number of men poor shrunken things, full of melancholy and indisposition, and unpleasing to themselves?
还有一些无伤大雅的小谎旨在讨好他人、对令人沮丧的境况做出使人高兴的解释，或者对别人赠送的无用礼物表示感谢。在许多人看来，这类无伤大雅的小谎没有害处，给人以必要的支持和安慰，有助于驱除忧郁和厌烦。它们保障人际关系的平衡，而且常常帮助人们在交往中保住人情味。只要不过分，这类谎话一般被看作是可以原谅的。更有甚者，许多人认为，这类欺骗行为裨益良多，有时还必不可少，故应作为反对撒谎这一总原则的例外加以容忍。培根曾这样说：如果把自视过高的看法、奢望、不实的评价、一厢情愿的想法等等都从人们的脑海里赶走，那会使一些人感到空虚、悲哀、不舒服、讨厌自己，对此有人怀疑过吗？
5 Another kind of lie may actually be advocated as bringing a more substantial benefit, or avoiding a real harm, while seeming quite innocuous to those who tell the lies. Such are the placebos given for innumerable common ailments, and the pervasive use of inflated grades and recommendations for employment and promotion.
另一种谎言，实际上人们也许认为，既能带来更为实在的好处，或能避免真正的伤害，而对那些撒谎者又看似无害。比如对无数常见疾病开的并无药效的安慰剂，以及为了求职或提升而普遍拔高的成绩和多有溢美之词的推荐信。
6 A large number of lies without such redeeming features are nevertheless often regarded as so trivial that they should be grouped with white lies. They are the lies told on the spur of the moment, for want of reflection, or to get out of a scrape, or even simply to pass the time. Such are the lies told to boast or exaggerate, or on the contrary to deprecate and understate; the many lies told or repeated in gossip; Rousseau’s lies[1 Rousseaus’ lies: Rousseau /ru:s/ 卢梭（Jean Jacques Rousseau, 1712-1778），法国启蒙思想家、哲学家、教育家和文学家. In Reveries of the Solitary Stroller, Jean Jacques Rousseau says: “Never have I lied in my own interest; but often I have lied through shame in order to draw myself from embarrassment in indifferent matters…when, having to sustain discussion, the slowness of my ideas and the dryness of my conversation forced me to have recourse to fictions in order to say something.”]1 told simply “in order to say something”; the embroidering on facts that seem too tedious in their own right; and the substitution of a quick lie for the lengthy explanations one might otherwise have to provide for something not worth spending time on.
然而，许多谎言并不像上述那样尚有好处可言，但人们常常认为它们无关紧要，所以应归为无伤大雅的谎言一类。那都是些脱口而出、不假思索的谎言，或是为了摆脱窘境、甚或仅仅是为了打发时间而说的谎言。这类谎言有的出于溢美夸大，有的则相反，出于有意贬低或缩小事态；许多来自流言蜚语；而卢梭式的谎言仅仅是“为有话可说”；有的则是对本身太乏味的事实添油加醋；还有的则是因为与其为了不足道的事情费过多口舌还不如找个简短的托词了事。
7 Utilitarians often cite white lies as the kind of deception where their theory shows the benefits of common sense and clear thinking. A white lie, they hold, is trivial; it is either completely harmless, or so marginally harmful that the cost of detecting and evaluating the harm is much greater than the minute harm itself. In addition, the white lie can often actually be beneficial, thus further tipping the scales
学外语 学习外语是我一生中最艰苦也是最有意义的经历之一。虽然时常遭遇挫折，但却非常有价值。 我学外语的经历始于初中的第一堂英语课。老师很慈祥耐心，时常表扬学生。由于这种积极的教学方法，我踊跃回答各种问题，从不怕答错。两年中，我的成绩一直名列前茅。 到了高中后，我渴望继续学习英语。然而，高中时的经历与以前大不相同。以前，老师对所有的学生都很耐心，而新老师则总是惩罚答错的学生。每当有谁回答错了，她就会用长教鞭指着我们，上下挥舞大喊：“错！错！错！”没有多久，我便不再渴望回答问题了。我不仅失去了回答问题的乐趣，而且根本就不想再用英语说半个字。 好在这种情况没持续多久。到了大学，我了解到所有学生必须上英语课。与高中老师不同，大学英语老师非常耐心和蔼，而且从来不带教鞭！不过情况却远不尽如人意。由于班大，每堂课能轮到我回答的问题寥寥无几。上了几周课后，我还发现许多同学的英语说得比我要好得多。我开始产生一种畏惧感。虽然原因与高中时不同，但我却又一次不敢开口了。看来我的英语水平要永远停步不前了。 直到几年后我有机会参加远程英语课程，情况才有所改善。这种课程的媒介是一台电脑、一条电话线和一个调制解调器。我很快配齐了必要的设备并跟一个朋友学会了电脑操作技术，于是我每周用5到7天在网上的虚拟课堂里学习英语。 网上学习并不比普通的课堂学习容易。它需要花许多的时间，需要学习者专心自律，以跟上课程进度。我尽力达到课程的最低要求，并按时完成作业。 我随时随地都在学习。不管去哪里，我都随身携带一本袖珍字典和笔记本，笔记本上记着我遇到的生词。我学习中出过许多错，有时是令人尴尬的错误。有时我会因挫折而哭泣，有时甚至想放弃。但我从未因别的同学英语说得比我快而感到畏惧，因为在电脑屏幕上作出回答之前，我可以根据自己的需要花时间去琢磨自己的想法。突然有一天我发现自己什么都懂了，更重要的是，我说起英语来灵活自如。尽管我还是常常出错，还有很多东西要学，但我已尝到了刻苦学习的甜头。 学习外语对我来说是非常艰辛的经历，但它又无比珍贵。它不仅使我懂得了艰苦努力的意义，而且让我了解了不同的文化，让我以一种全新的思维去看待事物。学习一门外语最令人兴奋的收获是我能与更多的人交流。与人交谈是我最喜欢的一项活动，新的语言使我能与陌生人交往，参与他们的谈话，并建立新的难以忘怀的友谊。由于我已能说英语，别人讲英语时我不再茫然不解了。我能够参与其中，并结交朋友。我能与人交流，并能够弥合我所说的语言和所处的文化与他们的语言和文化之间的鸿沟。
BOOK TWO Unit 5 丝绸之路（Silk Road）是我国古代一条连接中国和欧亚大陆（Eurasia）的交通线路，由于这条商路以丝绸贸易为主，故称"丝绸之路"。作为国际贸易的通道和文化交流的桥梁，丝绸之路有效地促进了东西方经济文化交流和发展，对世界文明进程有着深远影响。当前，在新的历史条件下，我国提出了"一带一路"（One Belt, One Road）（即"丝绸之路经济带"和"21世纪海上丝绸之路"）的战略构想。"一带一路"以合作共赢为核心，强调相关各国的互利共赢和共同发展。这一战略一经提出即受到沿线各国的积极响应。 The Silk Road is a traffic route in the ancient times connecting China and Eurasia. This trade route focuses on the trade of silk, hence the name "the Silk Road". As an international trade channel and a bridge of cultural exchanges, the Silk Road effectively improved the economic and cultural exchanges and development between the East and the West, exerting a profound impact on the progress of the world civilization. Nowadays, under the new historical circumstances, our country proposes the strategy of "One Belt, One Road" (namely the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road). The strategy of "One Belt, One Road" focuses on cooperation and mutual benefits, emphasizing mutual benefits, win-win, as well as common development of the related countries. Once proposed, the strategy has received positive responses from the related countries along the road. Unit 6 国民幸福指数（National Happiness Index，NHI）是衡量人们幸福感的一种指数，也是衡量一个国家或地区经济发展、居民生活与幸福水平的指标工具。随着中国经济的高速增长，中国政府越来越重视人民群众生活质量和幸福指数的提升。政府注重改善民生，努力改善人民群众的经济状况，满足人民群众日益增长的物质文化需求。当前，中国政府提倡释放改革红利，让人民群众得到更多实惠。所有这些都将有效促进我国国民幸福指数不断提升。 National Happiness Index (NHI) is an index that measures how happy people are. It is also a tool that measures the levels of economic development and people's livelihood and happiness in a country or region. With the fast growth of Chinese economy, the Chinese government has been paying more and more attention to people's living quality and the increase of happiness index. The government stresses improvement of its people's livelihood, striving to improve their economic conditions and meet their growing material and cultural needs. Currently, the Chinese government advocates the unleashing of more reform dividends, with the aim of offering more real benefits to its people. All these measures will combine to effectively increase the NHI of our people.
目录 Unit1-奔向更加光明的未来 (1) Unit2-儿时百宝箱，老大归家梦 (2) Unit3-互联网时代的大学生活 (3) Unit4-我们身边的英雄 (4) Unit1-奔向更加光明的未来 1下午好！作为校长，我非常自豪地欢迎你们来到这所大学。你们所取得的成就是你们自己多年努力的结果,也是你们的父母和老师们多年努力的结果。在这所大学里,我们承诺将使你们学有所成。 2在欢迎你们到来的这一刻,我想起自己高中毕业时的情景,还有妈妈为我和爸爸拍的合影。妈妈吩咐我们:“姿势自然点。"等一等,爸爸说,“把我递给他闹钟的情景拍下来。“在大学期间,那个闹钟每天早晨叫醒我。至今它还放在我办公室的桌子上。 3让我来告诉你们一些你们未必预料得到的事情。你们将会怀念以前的生活习惯,怀念父母曾经提醒你们要刻苦学习、取得佳绩。你们可能因为高中生活终于结束而喜极而泣,你们的父母也可能因为终于不用再给你们洗衣服而喜极而泣!但是要记住:未来是建立在过去扎实的基础上的。 4对你们而言,接下来的四年将会是无与伦比的一段时光。在这里,你们拥有丰富的资源:有来自全国各地的有趣的学生,有学识渊博又充满爱心的老师,有综合性图书馆,有完备的运动设施,还有针对不同兴趣的学生社团一一从文科社团到理科社团、到社区服务等等。你们将自由地探索、学习新科目。你们要学着习惯点灯熬油,学着结交充满魅力的人,学着去追求新的爱好。我想鼓励你们充分利用这一特殊的经历,并用你们的干劲和热情去收获这一机会所带来的丰硕成果。 5有这么多课程可供选择,你可能会不知所措。你不可能选修所有的课程,但是要尽可能体验更多的课程!大学里有很多事情可做可学,每件事情都会为你提供不同视角来审视世界。如果我只能给你们一条选课建议的话,那就是:挑战自己!不要认为你早就了解自己对什么样的领域最感兴趣。选择一些你从未接触过的领域的课程。这样,你不仅会变得更加博学,而且更有可能发现一个你未曾想到的、能成就你未来的爱好。一个绝佳的例子就是时装设计师王薇薇。她最初学的是艺术史。随着时间的推移,王薇薇把艺术史硏究和对时装的热爱结合起来,并将其转化为对设计的热情,从而使她成为全球闻名的设计师。 6 在大学里,一下子拥有这么多新鲜体驴可能不会总是令人愉快的。在你的宿舍楼里,住在你隔壁寝室的同学可能会反复播放同一首歌,令你头痛欲裂!你可能喜欢早起,而你的室友却是个夜猫子!尽管如此,你和你的室友仍然可能成为最要好的朋友。如果有些新的经历让你感觉不那么舒心,不要担心。我保证快乐的经历会多于不快的经历。而且我保证几乎所有这些经历都会给你带来宝贵的经验教训l,从而使你的生活更加丰富多彩。所以,带着热切的目光和欢乐的心情,去拥抱这些新的体验吧! 7我们相信,你们的自我发现之旅和对爱好的寻求带给你们的将不仅仅是个人的进步。我们相信,当你们成为我们的学者群体中的一员时,你们很快就会认识
Unit 1 A Technological Revolution in Education 教育界的科技革命 如果让生活在1900年的人来到我们这个时代，他会辨认出我们当前课堂里发生的许多事情——那盛行的讲座、对操练的强调、从基础读本到每周的拼写测试在内的教学材料和教学活动。可能除了教堂以外，很少有机构像主管下一代正规教育的学校那样缺乏变化了。 让我们把上述一贯性与校园外孩子们的经历作一番比较吧。在现代社会，孩子们有机会接触广泛的媒体，而在早些年代这些媒体简直就是奇迹。来自过去的参观者一眼就能辨认出现在的课堂，但很难适应现今一个10岁孩子的校外世界。 学校——如果不是一般意义上的教育界——天生是保守的机构。我会在很大程度上为这种保守的趋势辩护。但变化在我们的世界中是如此迅速而明确，学校不可能维持现状或仅仅做一些表面的改善而生存下去。的确，如果学校不迅速、彻底地变革，就有可能被其他较灵活的机构取代。 计算机的变革力 当今时代最重要的科技事件要数计算机的崛起。计算机已渗透到我们生活的诸多方面，从交通、电讯到娱乐等等。许多学校当然不能漠视这种趋势，于是也配备了计算机和网络。在某种程度上，这些科技辅助设施已被吸纳到校园生活中，尽管他们往往只是用一种更方便、更有效的模式教授旧课程。 然而，未来将以计算机为基础组织教学。计算机将在一定程度上允许针对个人的授课，这种授课形式以往只向有钱人提供。所有的学生都会得到符合自身需要的、适合自己学习方法和进度的课程设置，以及对先前所学材料、课程的成绩记录。 毫不夸张地说，计算机科技可将世界上所有的信息置于人们的指尖。这既是幸事又是灾难。我们再也无须花费很长时间查找某个出处或某个人——现在，信息的传递是瞬时的。不久，我们甚至无须键入指令，只需大声提出问题，计算机就会打印或说出答案，这样，人们就可实现即时的"文化脱盲"。 美中不足的是，因特网没有质量控制手段；"任何人都可以拨弄"。信息和虚假信息往往混杂在一起，现在还没有将网上十分普遍的被歪曲的事实和一派胡言与真实含义区分开来的可靠手段。要识别出真的、美的、好的信息，并挑出其中那些值得知晓的, 这对人们构成巨大的挑战。 对此也许有人会说，这个世界一直充斥着错误的信息。的确如此，但以前教育当局至少能选择他们中意的课本。而今天的形势则是每个人都拥有瞬时可得的数以百万计的信息源，这种情况是史无前例的。 教育的客户化 与以往的趋势不同，从授权机构获取证书可能会变得不再重要。每个人都能在模拟的环境中自学并展示个人才能。如果一个人能像早些时候那样"读法律"，然后通过计算机模拟的实践考试展现自己的全部法律技能，为什么还要花12万美元去上法学院呢？用类似的方法学开飞机或学做外科手术不同样可行吗？ 在过去，大部分教育基本是职业性的：目的是确保个人在其年富力强的整个成人阶段能可靠地从事某项工作。现在，这种设想有了缺陷。很少有人会一生只从事一种职业；许多人都会频繁地从一个职位、公司或经济部门跳到另一个。 在经济中，这些新的、迅速变换的角色的激增使教育变得大为复杂。大部分老成持重的教师和家长对帮助青年一代应对这个会经常变换工作的世界缺乏经验。由于没有先例，青少年们只有自己为快速变化的"事业之路"和生活状况作准备。 技术的更深远影响
新编大学英语（第二版）第一册阅读文参考译文 Unit One 以生命相赠 1 炸弹落在了这个小村庄里。在可怕的越南战争期间，谁也不知道这些炸弹要轰炸什么目标，而他们却落在了一所有传教士们办的小孤儿院内。 2 传教士和一两个孩子已经丧生，还有几个孩子受了伤，其中有一个小女孩，8岁左右，她的双腿被炸伤。 3 几小时后，医疗救援小组到了。救援小组由一名年轻的美国海军医生和一名同样年轻的海军护士组成。他们很快发现有个小女孩伤势严重。如果不立即采取行动，显然她就会因失血过多和休克而死亡。 4 他们明白必须给小女孩输血，但是他们的医药用品很有限，没有血浆，因此需要相配血型的血。快速的血型测定显示两名美国人的血型都不合适，而几个没有受伤的孤儿却有相配的血型。 5 这位医生会讲一点越南语，忽视会讲一点法语，但只有中学的法语水平。孩子们不会说英语，只会说一点法语。医生和护士用少得可怜的一点共同语言，结合大量的手势，努力向这些受惊吓的孩子们解释说，除非他们能输一些血给自己的小伙伴，否则她将必死无疑。接着问他们是否有人愿意献血来救小女孩。 6 对医生和护士的请求，孩子们（只是）瞪大眼睛，一声不吭。此时小病人生命垂危。然而，只有这些受惊吓的孩子中有人自愿献血，他们才能够得到血。过了好一会儿，一只小手慢慢地举了起来，然后垂了下去，一会儿又举了起来。 7 “噢，谢谢，”护士用法语说。“你叫什么名字？” 8 “兴，”小男孩回答道。 9 兴很快被抱到一张床上，手臂用酒精消毒后，针就扎了进去。在整个过程中，兴僵直地躺着，没有出声。 10 过了一会儿，他发出了一声长长的抽泣，但立即用那只可以活动的手捂住了自己的脸。 11 “兴，疼吗？”医生问。 12 兴默默地摇了摇头，但一会儿忍不住又抽泣起来，并又一次试图掩饰自己的哭声。医生又问是不是插在手臂上的针弄疼了他，兴又摇了摇头。
第一册Book1Unit1~Unit10 翻译答案 Unit1 翻译 1) 史密斯太太对我抱怨说，她经常发现与自己十六岁的女儿简直无法沟通。 Mrs. Smith complained to me that she often found it simply impossible to communicate with her 16-year-old daughter. 2) 我坚信，阅读简写的(simplified) 英文小说是扩大我们词汇量的一种轻松愉快的方法。 I firmly believe that reading simplified English novels is an easy and enjoyable way of enlarging our vocabulary. 3) 我认为我们在保护环境不受污染(pollution) 方面还做得不够。 I don’t think we’re doing enough to protect our environment from pollution. 4) 除了每周写作文外，我们的英语老师还给我们布置了八本书在暑假里阅读。 In addition to/Apart from writing compositions on a weekly basis, our English teacher assigned us eight books to read during the summer vacation. 5) 我们从可靠的消息来源获悉下学期一位以英语为母语的人将要教我们英语口语。 We’ve learned from reliable sources that a native English speaker is going to te ach us spoken English next term/semester. 6) 经常看英语电影不仅会提高你的听力，而且还会帮助你培养说的技能。 Seeing English movies on a regular basis will not only improve your ear, but will also help you build your speaking skills. 7) 如果你们对这些学习策略有什么问题，请随便问我。我将更详细地进行讲解。 If you have any q uestions about these learning strategies, please feel free to ask me. And I’ll explain them in greater detail. 8) 那个加拿大女孩善于抓住每个机会讲汉语。这就是她为什么三年不到就熟练地掌握了汉语口语的原因。 The Canadian girl is good at seizing every opportunity to speak Chinese. That’s why she has gained a good command of spoken Chinese in less than three years. Unit2 翻译 1) 幸好附近有家医院，我们立刻把他送到了那里。 Fortunately there was a hospital nearby and we took him there at once. 2) 胜利登上乔治岛(George Island) 后，船长向指挥部(the headquarters) 发了一份无线电报。 After succeeding in landing on George Island, the captain sent a radio message to the headquarters. 3) 他决心继续他的实验，不过这一次他将用另一种方法来做。 He is determined to continue his experiment but this time he'll do it another way. 4) 她在读这部小说时，不禁想起了她在农村度过的那五年。 When she read the novel, she couldn't help thinking of the five years she had spent in the countryside. 5) 玛丽觉得单靠自己的力量执行她的计划是困难的。 Mary thought it difficult to carry out her plan all by herself. 6) 我们认为他不能在一刻钟内走完那段距离，但他却成功地做到了这一点。 We didn't think he could cover the distance in a quarter of an hour, but he succeeded in doing it. 7) 甚至在他的医生告诉他患有肺癌之后，奇切斯特仍不肯放弃环球航行的宿愿。
Mastering a large number of words is essential to achieving fluency in a foreign language. An unofficial, but often quoted, figure for the Cambridge First Certificate examination suggests that students with a vocabulary of less than 3,500 words are unlikely to be successful in the exam. Current research also suggests that native English speakers who have been educated up to 18 years old or beyond know at least 16000 English words. And unless you already speak a language like Spanish or German, there are no shortcuts to a large vocabulary in English; you just have to rely on diligence and dedication. Of course you can figure out from the context the meanings of some new words you come across in your reading, but more often than not you have to look them up in a dictionary in order to be clear about their accurate meanings. A practicable way to pick up new words is, perhaps, to read a lot, preferably stories that you find interesting or exciting. It often pays to read the same book over and over again: each time you read it you will learn different new words, and the familiar context helps to fix them in your mind. 掌握大量的词汇对于达到一门外语的流利程度是至关重要的。一个非官方的但却是经常被引用的有关剑桥初级证书英语考试（Cambridge First Certificate examination）的数字表明，词汇量少于三千五百词的学生不大可能在这项考试中成功。最近的研究也表明，其母语为英语的受教育至18岁或18岁以上的人至少认识一万六千个英语词。除非你已经会讲一种像西班牙语或德语这样的语言，要获得大的英语词汇量是没有捷径可走的：你就得依靠勤奋和专注。当然，你可以从上下文猜出你阅读中遇到的一些生词的意思，但往往你得查词典才能搞清楚它们的确切意思。一个切实可行的学习新词的方法或许就是大量阅读，最好是读那些你觉得有趣或刺激的故事。反复阅读同一本书常常是很有好处的：你每读一次都会学到不同的生词，而熟悉的背景又有助于将这些新词牢牢地印在你的脑海中。 Unit2 1.我认为向他求助是不现实的。事实上，他自己也需要帮助。 I don’t think it is realistic to turn to him for help. As a matter of fact, he himself is in need of help. 2.越来越多的人正在意识到与空气污染作斗争的迫切需要。 More and more people are being awakened to the urgent need of combating air pollution. 3.有明显的迹象表明一些古老的传统和价值观念不再被年轻人珍视。 There are visible signs that some of the time-honored old traditions and values are no longer cherished by the young people. 4.我们许多人觉得宇宙无限这一概念难以理解。 Many of us find the notion of a boundless universe hard to grasp. 5.因为在法律和规章中有许多漏洞，一小撮投机倒把者一夜之间暴富就没有什么奇怪了。There being so many loopholes in the laws and regulations, it is little wonder that a handful of speculators got rich overnight. 6.旅游事业的空前兴旺使这个从前只住有三百人的边境小镇突然繁荣起来。 An unprecedented boom in tourism brought sudden prosperity to the small border town, which was formerly inhabited by only three hundred people. 7.根据这一信息，该国已经具有制造核武器的能力。 In the light of this information, that country already has the capabilities to make nuclear weapons. 8.他不顾朋友们的反复警告，把所有的钱都投向了高风险企业。 Regardless of repeated warnings from his friends, he staked all his money on high-risk ventures.
大学英语课文翻译及习 题答案 标准化管理部编码-[99968T-6889628-J68568-1689N]
Unit 1 1. A very curious boy, Tom, is interested not only in whats but also in whys and hows. 汤姆是个非常好奇的男孩，他不仅对“是什么”感兴趣，而且也对“为什么”和“怎么会”感兴趣。 2. Happiness, according to Prof. Smith, is the ability to make the most of what you have. 据史密斯教授说，幸福就是你能充分利用你所有的一切。 3. You’d better keep the book where your 15-year-old son can’t get his hands on. 你最好把这本书放在你15岁的儿子找不到的地方。 4. The story was very funny and Bill kept laughing while reading it. 这故事非常滑稽，比尔一边读一边不停地笑。 5. High-achieving students do not necessarily put in more time at their studies than their lower-scoring classmates. 成绩优秀的学生未必比他们得分较低的同学在学习上花费更多的时间。 6. How did you manage to persuade these students to take the speed-reading course 你是怎样设法说服这些学生修读快速阅读课的 7. Working hard is important, but knowing how to make the most of one's abilities counts for much more. 用功是重要的，但知道如何充分利用自己的才能更重要得多。 8. She asked her students to think for themselves rather than telling them what to think. 她要求学生独立思考，而不是告诉他们该思考什么。 Unit 2 1. Referring to the differences between American English and British English, he said, “The United States and Britain are, after all, two different countries.” 在谈及美国英语和英国英语的差别时，他说：“美国和英国毕竟是两个不同的国家。” 2. Prof. Smith encourages his students to think for themselves. “I am just as happy,” he often says, “even if you challenge me or completely disagree with me.” 史密斯教授鼓励他的学生独立思考。他常说：“即使你们对我提出质疑或者完全不同意我的看法，我也同样高兴。” 3. We called on him to take part in our conversation about pop music, but as soon as he joined in, he introduced a new topic and referred to the NBA finals of the previous week. 我们请他参加我们关于流行音乐的谈话，但他一参加进来就引入一个新的话题，谈起了上周的NBA决赛。 4. The driver is responsible for this accident. His car knocked down a tree and a man on his bike. 司机应对这次事故负责。他的车撞倒了一棵树和一个骑车的人。
Unit1奔向更加光明的未来 1 下午好！作为校长，我非常自豪地欢迎你们来到这所大学。你们所取得的成就是你们自己多年努力的结果，也是你们的父母和老师们多年努力的结果。在这所大学里，我们承诺 将使你们学有所成。 2 在欢迎你们到来的这一刻，我想起自己高中毕业时的情景，还有妈妈为我和爸爸拍的合影。妈妈吩咐我们：“姿势自然点。” “等一等 , ”爸爸说，“把我递给他闹钟的情景拍下来。” 在大学期间，那个闹钟每天早晨叫醒我。至今它还放在我办公室的桌子上。 3 让我来告诉你们, 一些你们未必预料得到的事情。你们将会怀念以前的生活习惯，怀念父母曾经提醒你们要刻苦学习、取得佳绩。你们可能因为高中生活终于结束而喜极而泣，你 们的父母也可能因为终于不用再给你们洗衣服而喜极而泣！但是要记住：未来是建立在过 去扎实的基础上的。 4 对你们而言，接下来的四年将会是无与伦比的一段时光。在这里，你们拥有丰富的资源：有来自全国各地的有趣的学生，有学识渊博又充满爱心的老师，有综合性图书馆，有完备的运动设施，还有针对不同兴趣的学生社团——从文科社团到理科社团、到社区服务等等。你们将自由地探索、学习新科目。你们要学着习惯点灯熬油，学着结交充满魅力的人，学着 去追求新的爱好。我想鼓励你们充分利用这一特殊的经历，并用你们的干劲和热情去收获 这一机会所带来的丰硕成果。 5 有这么多课程可供选择，你可能会不知所措。你不可能选修所有的课程，但是要尽可能 体验更多的课程！大学里有很多事情可做可学，每件事情都会为你提供不同视角来审视世 界。如果我只能给你们一条选课建议的话，那就是：挑战自己！不要认为你早就了解自己对什么样的领域最感兴趣。选择一些你从未接触过的领域的课程。这样，你不仅会变得更加博学，而且更有可能发现一个你未曾想到的、能成就你未来的爱好。一个绝佳的例子就是时装设计师王薇薇，她最初学的是艺术史。随着时间的推移，王薇薇把艺术史研究和对时装的热爱结合起来，并将其转化为对设计的热情，从而使她成为全球闻名的设计师。 6 在大学里，一下子拥有这么多新鲜体验可能不会总是令人愉快的。在你的宿舍楼里，住在你 隔壁寝室的同学可能会反复播放同一首歌，令你头痛欲裂！你可能喜欢早起，而你的室友 却是个夜猫子！尽管如此，你和你的室友仍然可能成为最要好的朋友。如果有些新的经历让你感觉不那么舒心，不要担心。我保证快乐的经历会多于不快的经历。而且我保证几乎所有这些经历都会给你带来宝贵的经验教训，从而使你的生活更加丰富多彩。所以，带着热切的目光和欢乐的心情，勇敢向前去拥抱这些新的体验吧！ 7 我们相信，你们的自我发现之旅和对爱好的寻求带给你们的将不仅仅是个人的进步。我们相信，当你们成为我们的学者群体中的一员时，你们很快就会认识到，大学不仅提供大量自我充实的机会，同时也带来了责任。一位智者说过：“教育代代相传，它就是社会的灵魂。”你们是你们家庭辛勤劳动成果的传承者，也是无数前辈辛勤劳动成果的传承者。他们积累了知识，并把知识传递给你们，而这些知识正是你们取得成功所必需的。现在轮到你们了。你们会获取什么样的知识？你们会发现什么样的兴趣爱好？你们怎样做才能为你们的子孙后代创造一个强大昌盛的未来？ 8 我们很高兴能为你们人生旅途中这一重大阶段开启大门。我们很高兴你们将获得许多机会，也很高兴你们将作为社区、国家乃至世界的公民承担起应有的责任。欢迎你们！
Unit1 1.在一个充斥着错误信息的世界, 让学生学会识别真的、美的、好的信息是一个巨大的挑战。 (a formidable challenge, identify) In a world full of misinformation it is a formidable challenge for the students to learn to identify the true, the beautiful, and the good 2.任何形式的登山运动(mountaineering)都有其内在的危险性，毕竟它是一项冒险运动。(inherent) Any form of mountaineering has its inherent danger .After all ，it is an advantage sport 3.那所大学将在一定程度上允许针对个人的授课，学生会得到符合自身需要的、适合自己学习方法和进度的课程设置。(tailored to) The university will permit a degree of individual instruction and the students may receive a curriculum tailored to their needs, learning style and pace 4.据说对学习过程的基因基础的理解能告诉我们哪些年青学子可能更快取得进步，哪些注定要有“艰难的”求学历程。(the understanding of the genetic basis of learning, doomed to) It is said that the understanding of the genetic basis of learning will tell us which youngsters are likely to advance quickly and which ones seem doomed to difficult school experience 5.据报道，在加拿大几乎有数以千计的江、湖不再能维持鱼和植物的生长。(literally） It has been reported that in Canada literally thousands of lakes and rivers are no longer able to support fish or plants 6.在文化普及率相对高的国家中，书籍对丰富人们的生活起着重要作用。(literacy rate) In countries with relatively high literacy rates, books play an important part in enriching people’s lives 7.政府干预的实质向来都是限制和歪曲竞争，而不是鼓励竞争。(distort) The essence of government intervention has been to limit and distort competition rather than to encourage it 8. 中国人民所从事的伟大改革事业是史无前例的。(without precedent in history) The great cause of reform being carried out by Chinese people is without precedent in history 9.模拟考试训练不得推迟到临近正式考试时进行。(simulated examination) Practice in simulated examination conditions must not be delayed until close to the examination time 10.人们发现，在那个森林里狮子和狼常常协作搜寻活食。（hunt down） People have found that the lions and wolves in the forest often hunt down live animals by cooperative efforts VII Translation The Internet's speed, vast resources, and its ability to directly communicate with others are its greatest benefits. Because the Internet uses the quickness of computers to transmit its data, information can travel at tremendous speeds. Speed is not the only benefit. The Internet uses hundreds of thousands of computers all connected to each other to store vast amount of information. And finally, because the Internet allows individuals to have specific electronic mail addresses, people can easily communicate with one another. 1 可能除了教会以外，很少有机构像主管下一代正规教育的学校/教育机构那样缺乏变化了 2 来自过去的参观者一眼就能辨认出现在的课程，但很难适应现今一个10岁孩子的校外世界 3 但变化在我们的世界中是如此迅速和明确，以至于学校不可能维持现状或仅仅做一些表面
Unit 1 这样，我的履历上没有留下犯罪的记录。但当时最令人震惊的，是那些显然导致宣布我无罪的证据。我讲话的口音“表明我受过良好教养”，到庭的有体面的中产阶级的双亲，有可靠的证人，还有，我显然请得起一名很好的律师。从对我指控的这种捕风捉影的做法来看，我肯定，如果我出身在另一种背景的家庭里，并且真的是失了业的话，我完全可能被判有罪。当我的律师要求赔偿诉讼费时，他公然把辩护的证据建立在我“学业优异”这一事实上。 Unit 2 毫无疑问，这里正发生着什么事儿。这事儿比争抢食物还乱，比西红柿是水果还是蔬菜还要重要。哥白尼把太阳视为宇宙中心，重新调整了地心说这一长达数世纪的范式，我的孩子们正做着哥白尼当年所做的事。鲁宾·马修斯把他的布朗克斯冰激凌改名为哈根达斯，在不变换产品的情况下提高了价格，我的孩子们正在做着鲁宾·马修斯所做过的事。爱德华·詹纳放弃了寻找治疗天花的特效药，从而发现了能预防这一疾病的疫苗，我的孩子们正做着爱德华·詹纳所做过的事。 他不去研究得了天花的患者，而是去研究接触天花却从未染上此病的人。他发现他们都患了一种类似天花但比较轻微的疾病：牛痘；这使得他们对致命的天花得以免疫。 Unit 3 这些在我眼前成长、变化的人，便是我要当教师的真正原因。当一名教师意味着是创造的见证人，他目睹人体开始呼吸，开始了生命 “提升了”，不再教书了，也许会给我带来金钱和权力。可是我现在也有钱c我拿了薪金去做自己乐意做的事：读书、交谈、提问，比如问：“做个富翁有什么意思呢？” 我现在还有权呢。我有权启迪，有权激发才智9有权开出书目，有权指矽支迷津。还有其他什么权力更值得考虑呢？ 但教书还会带来金钱和权力以外的东西：那便是爱。不仅是爱学习、爱书本、爱思想，而且还有老师对出类拔萃的学生的爱。这样的学生走进了老师的生活，自己也开始成长了。爱这个字也许用得不恰当：说是魔力可能更为贴切。 我教书，是因为与开始戚长的学生朝夕相处，我有时感到自己也和他们一起开始成长了。 Unit 4 我从太阳光下走进去，打开一扇破烂的屏门，走进了阴暗的棚子，棚子里蜷缩在轮椅上的是一个87磅重的躯体。 她的四肢扭了一扭。她的头转了一转。我们无法拥抱，甚至也无法握手。她只能张大眼睛看我，向我微笑。可她那微笑里充满了光芒！它穿透了由破烂的木地板、旧躺椅和结满蜘蛛网的窗户围起来的黑暗空间。 我不忍心看别的任何东西，所以我的眼睛只盯住她那微笑，它是那么清晰，那么自信，它甚至令我的多数怀疑一扫而光。但我还是要问，这就是莎拉·莫里斯吗？ Unit 5 星期三，当发现妈哭时我所感到的震惊和窘迫，完全表明了我对妈所承受的压力是多么的不理解。我坐在她的身旁，慢慢开始理解了。 “我想我们都不免有失败的时候，”妈平静地说。我可以感觉到她的痛苦，也感觉到她在极方抑制着由于我闯进来而被打断的强烈情感的发泄。突然，我心里一酸，伸开双臂，把妈搂在怀里。 妈再也控制不住了。她把脸贴着我的肩膀，抽泣着。我紧紧抱着她，没有说话。我明白我是在做我应该做的和我所能做的，这就够了。妈非常激动，我感到她的背在颤抖。就在那一时刻，我第一次明白妈也有弱J点。她还是我的妈，但又不仅如此：她和我一样也是一个普通的人，会害怕，会受到伤害，会遭到失败。我感觉到她的痛苦，就像我千百次在她怀里寻求安慰时，她感到我的痛苦一样。 Unit 6 “你为什么不睡一会儿呢？到吃药时，我会叫醒你的。” “我宁愿醒着。” 过了一会儿，他对我说：“你不必呆在这里陪我，爸爸，要是这事令你烦恼的话。” “没有什么可烦恼的。” “不，我是说，要是这事终将给你带来烦恼的话，你就不必呆在这里。” 我想，或许他有，点儿神志不清了。11点钟，照规定给他服药后，我便出去了一会儿。那是个晴朗而又寒冷的日子，地上覆盖着一层已结成冰的冻雨，就像那光秃秃的树木，那灌木丛，那砍下的树枝，以及所有的草坪和空地都用冰漆过似的。我带着我那条幼小的爱尔兰猎犬，沿着大路和一条冰冻的小溪散步。但在这玻璃般平滑的地面上站立和行走是很因难的。红毛狗一路上连跌带滑，我自己也摔倒了两次，都是挺重的。一次猎枪也摔丢了，在冰上滑出去老远。 高高的土堤上长着倒垂下来的灌木丛，我们从那下面撵起了一群鹌鹑。当它们快要从堤岸上消失时，我击落了两只。有几只鹌鹑停落在树上，但大部分飞散了，钻进了灌木丛。你得在这些被冰裹着