Chapter 7 语篇翻译——衔接与连贯
语篇通常指一系列连续的语段或句子构成的语言整体。它可以是独白、对话，也可以是众人交谈；可以说文字标志，也可以是诗歌、小说。它可以是讲话，也可以是文章；短者一两句可成篇，长者可洋洋万言以上。所以，可以说，无论是一句问候、一次谈话、一场论文答辩、一次记者招待会的问答，还是一张便条、一封书信、一份科研报告、一本文稿，都可以是语篇。
语篇包括“话语”（discourse）和“篇章”（text）。
7.1 衔接与连贯(Cohesion vs Coherence)
衔接体现在语篇的表层结构上，是语篇的有形网络；连贯存在于语篇的底层，是语篇的无形网络。
衔接与连贯密不可分，衔接是实现语篇连贯的一个重要前提，但并不是说，连贯必须要以衔接为前提。
7.2 衔接(Cohesion)
7.2.1 定义
衔接是将语句聚合在一起的语法及词汇手段的统称，是语篇表层的可见语言现象。
e.g. Paris? I’ve always wanted to go there.
7.2.2 分类
衔接手段大致可分为语法衔接手段（grammatical cohesion）和词汇衔接手段（lexical cohesion）两种。前者包括指称(reference)、替代(substitution)、省略(ellipsis)和关联/连接词(conjunction)；（后者指复现(reiteration)和同现(collocation)）。（Halliday & Hason）这些语言手段形成一个有形的完整网络，使篇章的各组成部分有机地衔接起来，从而增强整个篇章的内聚力。
7.2.3英汉语衔接方式的差异
1.就语句连接方式来说，英语多用连接词来连接，而汉语则通过意义来连接。
2.在语法方面，英语语法是显性的，而汉语语法则属隐性。
3.对英汉互译的启示。
7.2.4指称/照应(reference)
指称是指一个语言成分与另一语言成分产生关联。
e.g. Tommy likes ice-cream and he has always an appetite for it.
e.g. Whenever he saw an ice cream, Tommy would like to taste it.
e.g. Proverbs are heirlooms, treasured and passed on from generation to generation. We assume these pithy phrases sum up timeless wisdom. But are the truisms really true? Psychologists have found they’re pretty hit-or-miss. Still, they persist. After all, you know what they say: old habits—and old sayings—die hard.
e.g. The patient shook her head and stretched out her hands towards the baby. The doctor put it in her arms. She kissed it on the forehead.
e.g “But if a woman is partial to a man, and does not endeavor to conceal it, he must find it out.”“Perhaps he must, if he sees enough of her.”
---Jane Austen: Pride and prejudice
7.2.5 省略(ellipsis)
省略是用词项空缺的方式达到上下文衔接的目的。省略是在简洁和清晰两者间的一种协调。它往往包括名词性省略、动词性省略和分句性省略。
e.g. Because Alice won’t, Mary has to dust the furniture.
e.g. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend.
e.g. A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps; for there is a companionship of books as well as of men; and one should always live in the best company, whether it be of books or of men.
7.2.6 替代（substitution）
替代指用较简短的语言形式替代上文中的某些词语，使行文简练流畅。它分为名词性替代、动词性替代和分句性替代。
A: Will we get there on time?
B: I think so.
甲：我们能准时到达吗？
乙：我想能.
e.g. As for the soul of man, the Eskimos do not claim to know exactly what it is … but then who does? They see it, however, as the beginning of life, the initiator of all activities within a being and the energy without which life cannot continue.
e.g. I never met a more interesting man than Mayhew. He was a lawyer in Detroit. He was an able and successful one. By the time he was thirty-five he had a large and a lucrative practice, he had amassed a competence, and he stood on the threshold of a distinguished career. (Mayhew, William S. Naugham)
7.2.7 连词（conjunction）
连词作为衔接手段，是“使句子、分句和段落相互联系的形式标记”（Mona Baker）。可以分为四类：增补、转折、因果和时间（Halliday &Hason）。
e.g. Our arguments were often brought before our father, and I guess I was either generally in the right, or else a better debater, because the judgment was usually in my favor. (Three Great Rolls, Benjamin Franklin)
e.g. We tend to treat persons like goods. We even speak of children “belonging” to their parents. But nobod y is “belonging” to anyone else. (Love Is Not Like Merchandise, Sydney J. Harris)
e.g. With night approaching, the boatman and I had no choice but to wait until the wind stopped. (Three Great Rolls, Benjamin Franklin)
7.2.8 词汇衔接（lexical cohesion）
指运用词语达到语篇衔接目的的手段
包括同义衔接和组合衔接
同义衔接：
指运用同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词、概况词等所构成的词汇链。
组合衔接：
词语一旦进入语篇生成过程，它们便不再是一个个孤立的词语，它们的意义也不在是字典上所罗列的孤立的、静态的意义。词语的意义是不同词语组合的结果，是受不同的上下文，或者说语言语境的制约而生成的。语篇中的词语处于一种动态的组合状态中，它们的意义是相互紧密衔接的，这便是所谓的组合衔接。
e.g. One hundred hours a week were devoted to study and 45 minutes to football. This bias was not wholly popular.
e.g. There is nothing in the high comedy of the world so admirably as the special department called Fame.
e.g. It is a very long time since I attended a Mass. In this pilgrimage town you get the real thing,
with a crowd of real worshippers; and because of the shrine, those who come to church include the paralyzed, the crippled, the blind, the deformed, the dying, a terrible parade…
7.3 连贯(Coherence)
是指以信息发出者和接受者双方共同了解的情景为基础，铜鼓逻辑推理来达到予以的连贯。是词语，小句，句群在概念、逻辑上合理、恰当地连为一体的语篇特征。
e.g. Wife ( in the bedroom): There’s the doorbell.
Husband (in the study): I’m checking my e-mail.
Wife: Okay.
连贯不当
影响译文连贯的因素有如下几个：
7.3.1衔接
试改译：
e.g. 蜜蜂这物件，最爱劳动。广东天气好，花又多，蜜蜂一年四季都不闲着。酿的蜜多，自己吃的可有限。每回割蜜，给它们留一点点糖，够他们吃的就行了。它们从来不争，也不计较什么，还是继续劳动、继续酿蜜，整日整月不辞劳苦……（杨朔：《荔枝蜜》）
—The bees are industrious while our province has good weather and plenty of flowers. They work the whole year round, and eat only a fraction of the honey they produce. Each time we extract it we leave them a little sugar. They never argue or complain, just go on producing honey day after day. (《英汉对照中国文学现代散文卷》，281页）
7.3.2 信息结构
试改译
e.g. 恰逢山外集会，猎手一不做二不休骑着自行车驮着4只狼仔上了路。4只狼仔当做4只狼狗仔很快就出了手。每只60元，4只240元。一卷票子塞进了猎人的腰包。（张增有：“猎手”，见《大学英语》98/6，48页）
—It happened to be the time of the country fair outside the mountains. In for a penny, in for a pound. The hunter put his game on his bike and set out on his journey. The four whelps were soon sold as four baby wolfhounds, 60 yuan for each, 240 yuan in all. A wad of money was squeezed into his pocket.
联系信息的主位(Theme)、述位(rheme)（optional）
补充：A message is made up of a topic and what is said about the topic. Similarly, a clause is made up of a theme, i.e., its topic, and rheme, i.e., what is said about the topic.
e.g. Jonny failed the exam.
—THEME：Jonny；RHEME：failed the exam.
e.g. Once I found a cave in a mountain outside the city.
e.g. Sing a happy song to us.
e.g. What words shall I say to her?
中英文的信息结构差异：
*Topic-prominent vs Subject-prominent
e.g. There was a heightened awareness of each sunny day, the beauty of flowers, the song of bird. How often do we reflect on the joy of breathing easily, of swallowing without effort and discomfort, of walking without pain, of a complete and peaceful night’s sleep?
7.3.3 逻辑关系
翻译过程不仅是一种语言符号的转换过程，也是逻辑关系的转换过程。翻译时要对原文进行逻辑重组。
e.g. He wanted to join the Chinese Communist Party group in Berlin, he would study and work hard, he would do anything he was asked to do but return to his old life, which had turned to ashes beneath his feet.
—他要求加入中国共产党在柏林的党组织，他一定会努力学习和工作，（1）只要不再回到旧的生活里去－－（2）它已经在他的脚下化为尘埃了，（3）派他做什么工作都行。（张培基等，《英汉翻译教程》，288页）
问题：谁与谁的逻辑关系更近？可否重组？
e.g. 为了逃避那一双双熟悉的眼睛，释放后经人介绍他来到湖南南县一家木器厂做临时工。
7.3.4 文化背景信息
e.g. On the subject of extra-terrestrial life—something about which the cosmologist is frequently asked—he said he did not believe aliens had visited Earth. If they had, he added, it would have been “more like Independent Day than ET.”
总结：翻译的着眼点不应只局限于词汇意义的层面，而应该有语篇意识，也就是说要使译文在语篇的层面更好地传达原文的意义，最大限度地做到等值。
*总结：译者，必须是一个很好的协调者（coordinator）和媒介人（mediator）
Chapter 7
衔接
e.g. The sacred cows in India are well known. Cows can go everywhere they want to in the street of India, and they can eat anything they want to from the supplies of the foodsellers on the street. As a result, the cows are a problem. However, no one in India will kill them or eat them. It is taboo to do so. This custom seems strange to other people, but anthropologist believe that there are reasons for it. First, cows are valuable because the farmers need them to help plow their fields. Second, cow manure is used as a fertilizer on the fields. In India, many farmers cannot afford to spend money on fertilizer. Third, the cow manure can be dried and burned to make cooking fires. Therefore, farmers that kill their cows for meat soon find that they cannot plow or fertilize their fields or make a cooking fire.
e.g. Before college, the only people I had ever known who were interested in art or music or literature, the only ones who read books, the only ones who ever seemed to enjoy a sense of ease and grace were the mothers and daughters. Like the menfolk, they fretted about money, they scrimped and made-do. But, when the pay stopped coming in, they were not the ones who had failed. Nor did they have to go to war, and that seemed to me a blessed fact. By comparison with the narrow, ironclad days of fathers, there was an expansiveness, I thought, in the days of mothers. They went to see neighbors, to shop in town, to run errands at school, at the library, at church.
《语篇分析》教学大纲 课程名称：语篇分析 授课教师：丁言仁 教学对象：语言学方向（含翻译学方向）学生 教学时间：春季学期 课程类型：专业选修 总学时：36 学分：2 教学目的： 1）介绍关于英语语篇和语篇分析的基本概念、基本方法以及主要流派； 2）培养学生分析英语本族语者文本和中国学生英语文本的结构、连贯和衔接以及其中存在的问题； 3）提高学生组织口语和书面语文本的水平以及他们教授英语口语和写作的能力。 教学形式及要求： 课堂讲课、讨论、学生报告、评议 教学安排： Week 1: Discourse and Situation Week 2: Organization of Text Week 3: The Underlying Organization Week 4: Functions of a Clause Week 5: Reference (1) Week 6: Reference (2) Week 7: Substitution (1) Week 8: Substitution (2) Week 9: Ellipsis Week 10: Conjunction (1) Week 11: Conjunction (2) Week 12: Lexical Cohesion Week 13: Discourse Coherence Week 14: Project Work: Analyzing Actual Discourse Week 15: Project Work: Reading Week 16-18: Project Presentation 考核方法: 出勤及课堂参与(10%) + 作业(10%) + 课程论文(40% + 40%) 教材: 丁言仁，2001，语篇分析，南京：南京师范大学出版社
山东外语教学 Shandong Fore ign Language Teaching Jour nal 2004年第3期( 总第100期) 语篇翻译中的衔接与连贯 刘庆元 (湖南理工学院外语系,湖南岳阳 414006) 收稿时间:2003-12-01 作者简介:刘庆元(1962-),男,硕士,副教授。研究方向:话语翻译。 摘要:语篇翻译中,衔接与连贯虽属两个不同的概念,但两者在构成语篇时关系是非常紧密的。由于每一种语言都有其特定的表达习惯,因此,译者在翻译过程中要根据目的语的要求采取不同的策略,对译文的衔接进行重组,从而达到语义上的连贯。关键词:语篇翻译;衔接;连贯 中图分类号:H059 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1002-2643(2004)03-0095-05 1.0引言 语篇是翻译的对象和基本单位,作为一种交际活动,它具有七项标准:衔接性,连贯性,意向性,可接受性,语境性,信息性和互文性,“如果其中的任何一项标准没有达到,语篇就失去了交际性”(Beaugrande &Dressler ,1981:3)。语篇的衔接性与连贯性虽属两个不同的概念,但两者构成语篇时关系是非常紧密的。“衔接体现在语篇的表层结构上,是语篇的有形网络;连贯存在于语篇的底层,是语篇的无形网络。”(方梦之,2002:326)在语篇翻译中,译者要考虑用适合目的语读者的语言把原文信息重新表达出来。重新表达不仅需要词汇方面的转换,还需采取一些相应的策略对译文的衔接进行重组,从而达到译文的连贯。 本文拟就衔接与连贯在译文中的表现方式及转换手段进行讨论,是把语篇分析理论运用于翻译研究的一种尝试。2.0译文的衔接 衔接(cohesion )或称词语连接,是指一段话中各部分在语法或词汇方面有联系或两方面都有联系。这种联系可能存在于不同的句子之间,也可能存在于一个句子的几个部分之间。衔接是语段、篇章的重要特征,是语篇研究的核心。语言学界普遍认为韩礼德和哈桑的Cohesion in English 是衔接理论创立的标志。他们认为,衔接是产生语篇的必要(尽管不足)的条件。在他们看来,有了衔接不一定产生语篇,但是如果没有衔接则一定不会产生语篇。他们将衔接分为五大类:照应(reference ),替代(substitution ),省略(ellipsis ),连接(conjunction )及词汇衔接(lexical cohesion )。(Halliday &Hason ,2001:6)其中前四类属于语法衔接手段,后一类属于词汇衔接手段。语法衔接是语篇具有的典型特征之一。在语篇翻译 中,语篇特征原则可用来解释如何获得原文和译文在语篇层面上的对等。衔接的优劣,关系到译文是否被接受者理解和接受。因此,译文要根据目的语的语篇特征,借助恰当的衔接手段,将句子与句子、语段与语段逻辑地粘连起来,构成一个完整或相对完整的语义单位。下面我们从语篇翻译的角度对汉英语法衔接手段中的照应及连接的特征和译文中的转换策略进行讨论。2.1语法衔接2.1.1照应的增减 无论是严复的“信、达、雅”,还是刘重德教授的“信、达、切”,以及奈达的“等值翻译”,都强调了译文必须忠实于原文,做不到这一点就不能视为翻译。最大限度的意义和形式对等是语篇翻译的终极目标。然而,由于源语和目的语的个性,衔接手段上会存在一定的差异性,这种差异性处理得是否得当直接影响到翻译质量。就英汉语而言,“现代英语在语句衔接方式上来说多用形合方法(hypataxis ),即用连接词语将句子衔接起来;而汉语既用形合方法,又用意合方法(parataxis ),但重意合法”(胡曙中,1993:601)。鉴于汉语衔接的“意合”性,语篇构建时少用照应手段,转换成英语时,应根据“形合”的特点予以补充。下面分别举例说明: (1)昨奉大函,诵悉一是。尊稿极佳,唯篇幅甚长,本志地位有限,故不克刊登,良用歉然。 I received your letter yesterday .Your article is very good ,but I am sorry that owing to pressure of space ,I find it too long to be published . 例(1)的源语中,没有一个代词,是汉语中典型的“意合”照应方式。但是,为了符合英文的“形合”粘连原则,译文用
Chapter 7 语篇翻译——衔接与连贯 语篇通常指一系列连续的语段或句子构成的语言整体。它可以是独白、对话，也可以是众人交谈；可以说文字标志，也可以是诗歌、小说。它可以是讲话，也可以是文章；短者一两句可成篇，长者可洋洋万言以上。所以，可以说，无论是一句问候、一次谈话、一场论文答辩、一次记者招待会的问答，还是一张便条、一封书信、一份科研报告、一本文稿，都可以是语篇。 语篇包括“话语”（discourse）和“篇章”（text）。 衔接与连贯(Cohesion vs Coherence) 衔接体现在语篇的表层结构上，是语篇的有形网络；连贯存在于语篇的底层，是语篇的无形网络。 衔接与连贯密不可分，衔接是实现语篇连贯的一个重要前提，但并不是说，连贯必须要以衔接为前提。 衔接(Cohesion) 7.2.1 定义 衔接是将语句聚合在一起的语法及词汇手段的统称，是语篇表层的可见语言现象。 . Paris I’ve always wanted to go there. 7.2.2 分类 衔接手段大致可分为语法衔接手段（grammatical cohesion）和词汇衔接手段（lexical cohesion）两种。前者包括指称(reference)、替代(substitution)、省略(ellipsis)和关联/连接词(conjunction)；（后者指复现(reiteration)和同现(collocation)）。（Halliday & Hason）这些语言手段形成一个有形的完整网络，使篇章的各组成部分有机地衔接起来，从而增强整个篇章的内聚力。 7.2.3英汉语衔接方式的差异 1.就语句连接方式来说，英语多用连接词来连接，而汉语则通过意义来连接。 2.在语法方面，英语语法是显性的，而汉语语法则属隐性。 3.对英汉互译的启示。 7.2.4指称/照应(reference) 指称是指一个语言成分与另一语言成分产生关联。 . Tommy likes ice-cream and he has always an appetite for it. .Whenever he saw an ice cream, Tommy would like to taste it. . Proverbs are heirlooms, treasured and passed on from generation to generation. We assume these pithy phrases sum up timeless wisdom. But are the truisms really true Psychologists have found they’re pretty hit-or-miss. Still, they persist. After all, you know what they say: old habits—and old sayings—die hard.
经典中文的英译 但愿人长久，千里共婵娟。 We wish each other a long life so as to share the beauty of this graceful moonlight, even though miles apart. 独在异乡为异客，每逢佳节倍思亲。 A lonely stranger in a strange land I am cast, I miss my family all the more on every festive day. 大江东去，浪淘尽，千古风流人物。 The endless river eastward flows; with its huge waves are gone all those gallant heroes of bygone years. 二人同心，其利断金。 If two people are of the same mind, their sharpness can cut through metal. 富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能曲，此之谓大丈夫。 It is a true great man whom no money and rank can confuse, no poverty and hardship can shake, and no power and force can suffocate. 海内存知己，天涯若比邻。 A bosom friend afar brings distance near.
合抱之木，生于毫末，九层之台，起于累土；千里之行始于足下。 A huge tree that fills one’s arms grows f rom a tiny seedling; a nine-storied tower rises from a heap of earth; a thousand li journey starts with the first step. 祸兮，福之所依；福兮，祸之所伏。 Misfortune, that is where happiness depends; happiness, that is where misfortune underlies. 见贤思齐焉，见不贤而内自省也。 On seeing a man of virtue, try to become his equal; on seeing a man without virtue, examine yourself not to have the same defects. 江山如此多娇，引无数英雄尽折腰。 This land so rich in beauty has made countless heroes bow in homage. 举头望明月，低头思故乡。 Raising my head, I see the moon so bright; withdrawing my eyes, my nostalgia comes around. 俱往矣，数风流人物，还看今朝。 All are past and gone; we look to this age for truly great men.
●英语与汉语在指代衔接手段的运用方面确实存在差异。英语中，为了实现衔接，在某 一意义名词出现后，除非是要达到某种修辞效果，一般尽量采用代词指代。这样，一方面避免语篇的累赘，繁复；同时也可以使语篇主题鲜明，读起来逻辑清晰。 ●相比之下，汉语倾向于重复前文出现的名词，或者采用“零式指称”（胡壮麟1994： 64-66），省略主语。请看下例： 幻灯片9 ● A green caterpillar was slowly crawling out from under the lettuce. It was huge, fat, and apparently well-fed. It paused in its travels to survey the scene. Purple with fury, Henry could barely find his voice. (A Hard Day in the Kitchen, Shannon Hodge) 幻灯片10 ●[参考译文1] 一条绿色蠕虫正慢慢地从生菜下面爬出来，很大，很肥，显然吃得 很好。它在旅途中停下来以观察周围的环境，亨利气得脸色发紫，话都差点说不出来。 ●或者重复前面的名词，将其译为： ●[参考译文2] 一条绿虫子正慢吞吞地从生菜底下爬出来。那虫子又大又肥，显然吃 得很好，在途中还停下来审视周围的环境。亨利此时气得脸色发青，话都差点说不出来了。 幻灯片11 ●为了更加清楚地看出英汉两种语言在行文上的差异，我们再看两个汉译英的例子： ● 1. 朋友有点不好意思地解释说，买这座房子时，孩子们还上着学，如今都成家立业了。 ●My friend looked somewhat ill at ease when he told me this: At the time when he bought this big house, his children had all been at school. Now they had their own homes and jobs. ● 2. 杨志取路，不数日，来到东京。入得城来，选个客店，安歇下。 ●Yang Zhi thus journeyed on for many days and he went toward the eastern capital and he came into the city and found an inn and there settled himself to rest. 幻灯片12 ●由此可见，代词是现代英语语篇中的重要衔接手段，在某一意义名词出现后，英语中 一般使用代词指代前面出现的名词。 ●汉语倾向于重复前文出现的名词，或者省略主语。 ●因而，在英汉互译中我们要注意两种语言在衔接手段使用上的差异，使译文更加符合 译入语语篇的行文习惯。 幻灯片13 7.1.2省略 ●省略指某结构中未出现的词语可从语篇的其他小句或句子中找回（胡壮麟，1994）。 ●一般来说，省略的内容可以从篇章语境中推知，这就要求在翻译时要考虑全文框架， 把握具体语境。 ●根据韩礼德和哈桑（1976）的解释，这种省略也可以认为是“零式指称”（zero
一、韩礼德语篇分析模式对翻译研究的影响 1．关于语篇分析 语篇分析是一门新兴的、尚未定性的学科，它没有一个单一的理论作指导，也没有公认的分析步骤和分析方法(见黄国文1988：7，Hatch 1992：1，Schiffrin 1994：1)。 进行语篇分析有多种方法。美国著名语篇分析学者斯夫术(D．Schiffrin)在《语篇分析途径》(Approaches to Discourse。1994)一书中介绍了六种可用于语篇分析的理论：言语行为理论(speech act theory)、互动社会语言学(interactional sociolinguistics)、交际文化学(the ethnography of communication)、语用学(pragmatics)、会话分析(conversation analysis)、变异分析(variation analysis)。 韩礼德在《功能语法导论》(An Introduction to Functional Grammar，1985／1994)一书的前言中指出，他建构功能语法的目的是为语篇分析提供一个理论框架，这个框架可用来分析英语中任何口头语篇或书面语篇。韩礼德的理论框架成了很多中外学者研究语言的工具，我国有很多语篇分析学者都是韩礼德的理论的支持者和应用者，如胡壮麟、朱永生、黄国文等。 不少学者认为，系统功能语法是一种比其他理论更适合于语篇分析的理论。在翻译研究界，也有越来越多的学者选择功能语言学理论作为分析和研究的框架，因为功能语言学的最大关注点与翻译的目的一样，都是运用语言进行交际。 到目前为止，比较成功地把韩礼德的语篇分析思想应用于翻译研究的著作有：《语篇与译者》(Hatim＆Mason，1990)、《翻译与翻译过程：理论与实践》》(Bell，1991)、《换言之：翻译教程》(Baker，1992)、《译者即交际者》(Hatim＆Mason,1997)、《跨文化交际：翻译理论与对比语篇语言学》(Hatim，1997)以及《再论翻译质量评估的模式》(House，1997)。 2．关于语言功能 一般说来，语言是一个有规则的系统结构，是一种代码。它由不同的成分组合而成，可用来表达语义。同时，语言又是一个用于交际的系统，可以运用不同的代码形式来指称具体的和抽象的东西，并可创造具有交际价值的信号。语言可以用来(1)描述主观世界和客观世界；(2)建立和保持人际关系；(3)组织信息。这三种纯理功能分别属于韩礼德所说的“概念功能”(ideational metafunction)、“人际功能”(interpersonal metafunction)、“语篇功能”(也称为“谋篇功能”)(textual metafunction)(见Halliday，1994)。 概念功能是指语言可以用来表达对事物的认识和感受(包括感情、信息、思想等)，语言的这种功能在功能语法中称为“经验功能”，韩礼德(1985，1994)在论述语言纯理功能时，认为经验功能和逻辑功能一起构成了概念功能；人际功能指人们使用语言来表现、建立或维持人际关系，用语言来影响别人的行为，或用语言来表达对世界的看法，其方法是使用各种称谓、语气、措辞方式；语篇功能是纯理功能的核心，它使语言与语境发生联系，从而使得说话人创造与情景一致或相称的语篇。 3．什么是语篇? 韩礼德(1989)以社会符号学的观点解释，“语篇是在某个语境中起作用的语言”(Halliday&Hasan 1989：10)。根据系统功能语法的观点，语篇是一个语言使用单位，是一个语义单位，它不是一个比句子大的语法单位。因此，严格地说，语篇和句子之间不存在着大小高低的关系，而是体现关系，即句子或小句体现语篇(见黄国文2001：5—6)。一个语篇必须是逻辑连贯并意义完整，因此，一整篇
如何将汉语翻译成英语 将汉语翻译成英语的技巧 一、代入法 这是进行英语写作时最常用的方法。同学们在掌握一定的词汇和短语之后，结合一定的语法知识，按照句子的结构特点，直接用英语代入相应的句式即可。如： ◎他从不承认自己的失败。 He never admits his failure. ◎那项比赛吸引了大批观众。 The match attracted a large crowd. ◎他把蛋糕分成4块。 He divided the cake intofour pieces. 二、还原法 即把疑问句、强调句、倒装句等还原成基本结构。这是避免写错句子的一种有效的办法。如： ◎这是开往格拉斯哥的火车吗? Is this the train forGlasgow? 还原为陈述句：This isthe train for Glasgow. ◎他是因为爱我的钱才同我结了婚。 It was because he lovedmy money that he married me. 还原为非强调句：Becausehe loved my money, he married me.
◎光速很快，我们几乎没法想象它的速度。 So fast does lighttravel that we can hardly imagine its speed. 还原为正常语序：Lighttravels so fast that we can hardly imagine its speed. 三、分解法 就是把一个句子分成两个或两个以上的句子。这样既能把意思表达得更明了，又能减少写错句子的几率。如： ◎我们要干就要干好。 If we do a thing, weshould do it well. ◎从各地来的学生中有许多是北方人。 There are students fromall over the country. Many of them are from the North. 四、合并法 就是把两个或两个以上的简单句用一个复合句或较复杂的简单句表达出来。这种方法最能体现学生的英语表达能力，同时也最能提高文章的可读性。如： ◎我们迷路了，这使我们的野营旅行变成了一次冒险。 Our camping trip turnedinto an adventure when we got lost. ◎天气转晴了，这是我们没有想到的。 The weather turned outto be very good, which was more than we could expect. ◎狼是高度群体化的动物，它们的成功依赖于合作。 Wolves are highly socialanimals whose success depends upon their cooperation.
英语和汉语的区别 一、英语重结构，汉语重语义 我国著名语言学家王力先生曾经说过：“就句子的结构而论，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。”(《中国语法理论》，《王力文集》第一卷，第35页，山东教育出版社，1984年) 我们看一看下面的例子： Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with inbuilt （成为固定装置的，嵌入墙内的；内在的，固有的）personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived。 译文：儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视前休闲，到这时数字时代就来到了。 这句英语是由四个独立句构成的并列句，前三个句子都用简单将来时，最后一个句子用的是将来完成时，句子之间的关系通过时态、逗号和并列连词and表示得一清二楚。而汉语译文明显就是简单的叙述，至于句子之间的关系完全通过句子的语义表现出来：前三个句子可以看成是并列关系，最后一个句子则表示结果。 二、英语多长句，汉语多短句 由于英语是"法治"的语言，只要结构上没有出现错误，许多意思往往可以放在一个长句中表达；汉语则正好相反，由于是"人治"，语义通过字词直接表达，不同的意思往往通过不同的短句表达出来。正是由于这个原因，考研英译汉试题几乎百分之百都是长而复杂的句子，而翻译成中文经常就成了许多短小的句子。 例如：Interest in historical methods had arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline （身心的锻炼，训练；纪律，风纪，命令服从；惩戒，惩罚；学科，科目）and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. 译文：人们对历史研究方法产生了兴趣，这与其说是因为外部对历史作为一门知识学科的有效性提出了挑战，还不如说是因为历史学家内部发生了争吵。 英文原句是个典型的长句，由27个词组成，中间没有使用任何标点符号，完全靠语法结构使整个句子的意思化零为整：less through...and more from构成一个复杂的状语修饰动词arisen。在中文翻译中，"产生兴趣"这一重要内容通过一个独立的句子表达，两个不同的原因则分别由不同的句子表达，整个句子被化整为零。 三、英语多从句，汉语多分句 英语句子不仅可以在简单句中使用很长的修饰语使句子变长，同时也可以用从句使句子变复杂，而这些从句往往通过从句引导词与主句或其它从句连接，整个句子尽管表面上看错综复杂却是一个整体。汉语本来就喜欢用短句，加上表达结构相对松散，英语句子中的从句
[转] 英语中常见的123个中国成语写作就不用愁字数啦 1.爱屋及乌 Love me, love my dog. 2.百闻不如一见 Seeing is believing. 3.比上不足比下有余 worse off than some, better off than many; to fall short of the best, but be better than the worst. 4.笨鸟先飞 A slow sparrow should make an early start. 5.不眠之夜 white night 6.不以物喜不以己悲 not pleased by external gains, not saddened by personnal losses 7.不遗余力 spare no effort; go all out; do one's best 8.不打不成交 No discord, no concord. 9.拆东墙补西墙 rob Peter to pay Paul 10.辞旧迎新 bid farewell to the old and usher in the new; ring out the old year and ring in the new 11.大事化小小事化了 try first to make their mistake sound less serious and then to reduce it to nothing at all 12.大开眼界 open one's eyes; broaden one's horizon; be an eye-opener 13.国泰民安 The country flourishes and people live in peace 14.过犹不及 going too far is as bad as not going far enough; beyond is as wrong as falling short; too much is as bad as too little 15.功夫不负有心人 Everything comes to him who waits. 16.好了伤疤忘了疼 once on shore, one prays no more 17.好事不出门恶事传千里 Good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad
Modern Foreign Languages (Quarterly) Vol.24, No.1 January 2001: 78-84 Guangzhou, China Aspects of Translation from a Discoursal Perspective ZHANG Mei-fang Translation is a new discipline in academic terms. It is just starting to feature as a subject of study in its own right. Like other new disciplines, it needs to draw on the findings and t heories of other related disciplines in order to develop its own methods. But which disciplines it can be naturally and effectively related to is still a matter of some controversy. Linguistics is a discipline which studies language both in its own right and as a tool for communication. It should therefore have a great deal to offer to the budding discipline of translation studies. This is particularly true of functional linguistics which no longer restricts itself to the study of linguistic structure and phenomena, but extends itself to the study of language in use. In creating a new text out of a previously existing one, translators inevitably go beyond what is said and written in the original text, trying to see the context in which the text unfolds and in which it is to be interpreted. In studying this complex process at work, we are in effect seeking insights which take us beyond translation itself towards the whole relationship between language activity and the social context in which it takes place. This paper aims at introducing M.A.K. Halliday’s systemic functional linguistics to explain some aspects of translation. According to Halliday and Hasan (1989), language is either for action or for information, so it is organized by the function it is called on to serve and shaped by its purposes. All use s of language have a context. The textual features enable the discourse to cohere not only with itself but also with its context of situation which is analyzed by Halliday and Hasan into three components (field of discourse, tenor of discourse and mode of discourse), corresponding to the three metafunctions of language (ideational function, interpersonal function and textual function). Apart from the context of situation which is the immediate environment, there is also a broader background against which the text has to be interpreted: its context of culture. The context of culture is the institutional and ideological background that gives value to the text and constrains its interpretation. In this paper, the theory of context of culture and context of situation will be briefly examined and an English TEXT and its two Chinese versions will be analyzed. It is not the aim of this short paper to build any translation theory in relation to discourse analysis, but rather to look into detailed analysis for areas where the discoursal theory of language can bring insights to English/Chinese translation. Keywords: discourse analysis context of situation context of culturetranslation Correspondence: Department of English School of Foreign Languages Zhongshan University Guangzhou,Guangdong 510275 P .R .China
语篇的衔接与翻译 In the last 20 years or so, some underdeveloped countries have increased their food production. Their populations, (however,) have at the same time grown faster. (And so) The standard of living hasn’t improved. (What’s more) The increase in food production has been achieved at the expense of using up marginal lands. (As a result,) There has been no gain in the productivity of land labor. Most of those who have watched enviously from the sidelines sense that gravity will assert itself sooner of later. Many of the online gamblers who have earned a fortune in paper profits betting their savings on shares in Yahoo. Amazon and the rest will never get their money out. For the very features that have led to a near-vertical climb of internet share prices also favor its precipitous collapse. In addition English is the language of commerce and the second language of many countries which formerly had French or German in that position. Credit cards enable their holders to obtain goods and services on credits. They are issued by retail stores, banks, credit card companies to approved clients. The bank or credit card company settles the client’s bill, invoicing him monthly and charging interest on any outstanding debts. Their profit comes from the high rate of interest charged, the card-holder’s subscriptions, and the fees paid by some organizations that accept cards. According to an Asian woman’s website poll, more than half of the respondents suggested that the new economy dress code should be comfortable. Even employers agree with that. In future trade, the key development to watch is the relationship between the industrial…and the developing nations. Historical evidence shows that birth… and death rates level off as countries move into the industrial age. He wants the maximum responsibility and …the maximum reward; he does not mind the risk. This is the year, they predict, that Web-enabled phones will take off, both here and in Europe. If you don’t already have one, you’ll probably find one under the Chri stmas tree. Under all the measures of industrial promise, a key one must be investment in upgrading plant, machinery and skills. Venture capitalists generally do not run companies; managements do. Thus, the success of any venture capital investment is dependent, in large part, on the strength of the related management team. Is a quiet revolution under way in the nations shopping habits? Are we gradually allowing an increasingly select number of large companies to take care of all our basic requirements? The supermarket chains certainly hope so. The truth of course is that you have to pay a professional to do it for you. This should be looked at as another investment: you have to spend money in short term to save money in the long term. Now some observers say that supermarket chains risk damaging their brands by moving into a sector which they have no experience of. How do you react to that?
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