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语用学

语用学

THE GOALS OF THE COURSE ARE THE FOLLOWING: ?

understand core assumptions, concepts, and issues typically covered in the field of pragmatics ?

be able to analyze presuppositions, implicatures, deixis and speech acts ?

learn how meaning and communication are related to texts and contexts ?

learn about the relationship between language form and meaning and how they (separately and together) are related to communicative and contextual meaning ? become aware of the challenge of relating the philosophical bases of

pragmatics to linguistic theories, and the related challenge of assessing theories through empirical modes of inquiry

THE LEVELS OF LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTIC

pragmatics

? The word pragmatics derives from the Greek word ‘pragma’, which m eans ‘matter’, ‘thing’, but also ‘action’.

Question 1: two groups of students come to blackboard to write down their own definition of meaning , others look up the definition given for

meaning in dictionaries. Purpose, significance, signification, intention and sense Question 2: What does cat mean?

Question 3: What does cream mean?

Question 4: What does to drink mean?

A cat is a domestic feline;

Cream is the liquid fat of milk;

T o drink is to consume liquid.

QUESTION 5 What does cats drink cream mean {paraphrase} ?

? Domestic felines consume the liquid fat of milk.

? Cream is drunk by cats.

? The liquid fat of milk is drunk by domestic felines.

? Mike, Annie and Mike’s cat, Felix are in Mike’s kitchen. What did A nnie mean? Mike: What happened to that bowl of cream?

Annie: Cats drink cream.

Cats drink cream.

语言学期末考试

1. The study of language development over a period of time is generally termed as _____linguistics. D A. applied B. diachronic C. comparative D. synchronic 2. The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a __C__ formula "S→NP VP". A. hierarchical B. linear C. tree diagram D. vertical 3. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A A. [p] B.[m] C.[b] D.[t] 4. The words ―make‖ and ―bus‖ are called _____D____because they can occur unattached. A. derivational morphemes B .inflectional morphemes C. bound morphemes D. free morphemes 5. The pair of words ―lend‖ and ―borrow‖ are____B______. A. gradable antonymy B. relational (converse) antonymy C. synonyms D. co-hyponyms 6. The semantic components of the word ―man‖ can be expressed as ____C___. A.+animate,+human,+male,-adult; B.+animate,+human,-male,-adult; C.+animate,+human,+male,+adult D.—animate,+human,-male,-adult 7. What kind of function does the sentence ―How do you do?‖ have? B A. Directive B. Phatic C. Informative D. Evocative 8. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as_______A____. A. lexical words B. grammatical words C. function words D. form words 9. Which of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?______A_. A. Language acquisition is a process of habit formation B. Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use 10. The branch of linguistics that studies meaning of language in context is called __C? A. morphology B. sociolinguistics C. pragmatics D. psycholinguistics 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language.

语言学考试试题

Model 1 I. Define the following terms, giving examples for illustration if it is necessary. 1. macrolinguistics::_______________________ 2. compound:_____________________________ 3. Reference: _____________________________ 4. Idiolect:________________________________ 5. Minimal pair:___________________________ 6. Competence:___________________________ 7. Diglossia: _____________________________ 8. Sound assimilation:______________________ 9. Arbitrariness:___________________________ 10. Semantic shift:_________________________ II. Indicate the following statements true or false. 1. Language use is both systematic and non-systematic, subject to external as well as to internal variation. 2. Corpus is a collection of texts input into a computer. Language corpora make it possible for material developers to select authentic, natural and typical language. 3. Mistakes often occur when learners fail to perform their competence. 4. Root is understood in terms of meanings while syem is understood with emphasis on affix. Sometimes a linguistic element is both a root and stem. 5. All instances of NP--movement are related to changing a sentence from the active voice to the passive voice. 6. Word lays in the central position in language comprehension because of its extremely important role in transmitting the meaning.

语用学课程教学大纲

“语用学”课程教学大纲 教研室主任:唐建萍执笔人:唐建萍 一、课程基本信息 开课单位:外国语学院 课程名称:语用学 课程编号:043103 英文名称:Pragmatics 课程类型:专业方向限选课 总学时:18 理论学时:18实验学时: 学分:1 开设专业:英语 先修课程:语言学导论 二、课程任务目标 (一)课程任务 语用学是英语专业语言学方向的一门专业限选课。本课程主要通过语用学中两个重要的概念,即“言语行为”和“语境”使学生掌握其相互作用和构成在话语交际中的核心作用,通过对语用学中指示、预设、言语行为理论、会话合作原则、话语逻辑等若干论题的研究,使学生可以从说话者和听话者的角度,知晓语言行为是受各种社会规约制约的行为,并可以运用社会规约结合语用知识去解释某些语言现象。让语言研究变成“语言—使用者—语境”这样一个三位一体的立体研究,对语言的认识从必然性跨越到自由性,从静态到动态,从单向分析向整体扩展,凝结出跨文化交际行为适合性的精髓。 (二)课程目标 在学完本课程之后,学生能够: 1. 区分语用学与语义学和其它相关学科在研究意义上的差别; 2. 在了解英语语言的基本特征以后,从语言使用的各种情况解释语言使用的意义、规 则和条件,从而以更高、更广的视角了解语言的特征; 3. 了解近二、三十年来语用学的发展、目前最新的研究动态及趋势,增强外语教学与

学习中的语用观念。 三、教学内容和要求 第一章引论 使学生了解语用学的起源和发展,并初步了解语用学中的几个基本概念及语用学同其它交叉学科的关系与学习意义 第一节语用学的起源及发展 第二节语用学的定义 第二章指示现象 使学生从语用角度了解指示词语的功能,脱离结构主义对指示词语的狭义理解,把话语和周围的世界联系起来。 第一节指示语的定义、分类和特点 第二节人称指示 第三节时间指示和空间指示 第四节语篇指示和社交指示 第三章语用预设 使学生了解预设、前提的定义及前提的反射问题。培养学生对话语命题进行逻辑切分的能力和逻辑推理能力 第一节前提的定义 第二节前提的种类 第三节前提的映射问题 第四节前提与蕴涵的关系 第四章会话含义(I):合作原则 要求学生掌握会话合作原则,并能应用到话语交际中,在话语轮回中动态的判断信息量,信息的真实性、相关性及谈话方式,发现话语的隐含意义 第一节合作原则的四项准则 第二节违反合作原则产生的语用效果 第三节隐含意义的定义及分类

语言学基础期末复习提纲(整理版)

题型:填空题10,20%;选择题10,20%;判断4,20%(3句话解释原因);简答3,18%(四句话作答);论述1,22%(1/4页纸作答)。 导论 1、中国、印度和希腊-罗马在传统语言文学的研究上都取得了辉煌的成就,是语言学的三大发源地。 2、中国传统语言研究主要抓住汉字,分析它的形体,探求它的古代读音和意义,形成了统称“小学”的文字、音韵和训诂之学,也就是中国传统的语文学。 3、历史比较语言学标志着语言学不再是其他学科的附庸,已经发展成为一门独立的学科。 4、20世纪初,瑞士语言学家索绪尔在《普通语言学教程》中提出观点,语言学从此成为一门现代学科。 5、理论语言学,也称普通语言学,是关于语言的一般规律的理论研究。 第一章语言的功能 1、语言是一种社会现象,和人类社会有着紧密联系。 2、语言的社会功能中最基本的是信息传递功能。 3、如果一个病人大脑左半球发生损伤,他尽管说不出医院的名称、病房、床号,却能找得到。相反,如果大脑右半球受损,尽管能找到医院的名称、病房、床号,却找不到,能说出家的位置却找不到,这说明语言功能存在大脑左边。 4、儿童学习语言的过程是考察语言与思维关系的一条很好途径。 5、儿童语言的习得一定具有先天生理基础,也离不开外界的社会条件。 6、儿童语言能力的开发还有时间的限制,最迟到十二三岁,如果在此之前没有机会学习语言,那么之后其语言习得和心智发展的潜能就失去了。十二三岁是语言习得的关键时期,之一临界期的分工时间也是一致的。 第二章语言是符号系统 1、符号包含形式和意义两个方面。(能指形式,形指意义,符号构成的两个方面,语言学上通常用形式和意义来表述。形式也叫能指,是符号的外壳,是可以被人的感觉器官感知的,因而形式具有物质性。意义也叫所指,是符号形式所代表的内容,也就是现实现象事物。) 2、符号的形式和意义之间是没有本质上、自然属性上的必要联系,在这一点上符号和隐含某种信息的自然的征候不同。 3、语言符号的任意性和线条性,是20世纪初瑞士的语言学家家得·索绪尔作为语言符号的基本性质提出来的。 4、语言符号的语音形式和意义之间没有自然属性上的必然联系,只有社会约定的关系 5、符号和符号组合起来,结构中各个成分的关系称为组合关系,符号在结构中就具有某种相同的作用,它们自然地聚集成群,彼此的关系叫做聚合关系。 第三章语音和音系 1、语音具有自然属性、社会属性的双重属性,从自然属性出发,针对所有人类语言的语音研究,属于语音学的研究;从社会属性出发,针对语音在某一个具体语言的系统中其什么作用的研究,属于音系学的研究。 2、音系学的出发点在于语音在语言系统中的组织方式,属于语言学的核心部分。 3、以语音的自然属性和人类语言共性为研究对象的语音学,把语音最小的线性单位叫做音素。以语音的社会属性和语音在具体语言中的作用为研究对象的音系学,把语音最小的线性单位叫做音位。

高三语文复习课教案:修辞(修辞方法)

高三语文复习课教案:修辞(修辞方法) 课题:修辞(修辞方法)复习第一课时 课型:复习策略指导课 教学目标: 学会理清修辞方法部分的复习目标; 学会把握修辞方法部分的复习重点; 学会设计修辞方法部分的复习方法; 学会调控修辞方法部分的训练内容。 教学重点: 如何引导学生把握复习重点。 教学难点: 如何指导学生设计合理的复习方法。 课前预习: 学生解答近几年高中会考、高考中有关修辞方法部分的试题(印成讲义),教师借此了解学生的现有认知水平(统计分数);学生分析试题中的考查内容、考查形式,形成对修辞方法部分考核的初步感知,以便在课堂上深入讨论。 教学过程: 理清修辞方法部分的复习目标 教师提问:大家知道修辞方法部分的复习目标是什么吗? 学生回答: 可能一:不知道,或不太知道。

可能二:根据高考说明回答“辨析并运用常见的修辞方法”。 教师提示:要理清一个知识点的复习目标,其根据有哪些? 学生讨论: 教师小结:应该根据以下两方面—— 考试说明(包括会考高考) B、考试试题 结合以上两方面,我们可以分解出如下4个能力考核点:(幻灯投影) 能够辨识常见的修辞方法(高考列出8种,会考列出12种); 能够理解修辞所表达的内容和表达作用; 能够评价修辞运用的优劣; 能够根据要求运用修辞方法。 本环节小结:有效的复习,其前提就是要有明确的复习目标,所以每一个同学在进行每一个知识点的复习时,都应该首先要理清复习目标。从以上的分析操作,我们也基本了解了理清复习目标的方法。 二、把握修辞部分的复习重点 教师提引:目标的确立,为我们把握复习重点提供了范围。目标是针对所有学生的,而复习重点则应该是针对个人的。所以我们还有必要围绕目标,确立自己的复习重点。那么我们应该怎样确立自己的复习重点? 学生讨论:各抒己见,说说各自的想法及做法。 根据学生的讨论,小结如下: 根据考试命题的倾向:

《语用学》复习提纲

本次考试共四种题型:填空题、名词解释、简答题、应用题 填空题:(举例如:)(每空1分,共10分) 1.语用学源于哲学家对语言的探索。“语用学”这一术语是由美国哲学家(莫里斯)于1938年首先提出的。 2. 1977年,(《语用学杂志》)在荷兰正式出版发行,“语用学成为语言学的一门独立新兴学科”最终得到认可。 名词解释:(每个4分,共20分) ?语用学:研究在不同语境中话语意义的恰当地表达和准确地理解,寻找并确立使话语意义得以恰当地表达和准确地理解的基本原则和准则。 ?语境:语境是人们运用自然语言进行言语交际的言语环境。语境是人们在语言交际中理解和运用语言所依赖的各种表现为言辞的上下文或不表现为言辞的主观因素。 ?指示词语:指示词语就是表示指示信息的词语。? ?隐性施为句:人们在言语交际中实际上更经常使用一些不那么明确、不那么特定的语言手段来实施某种行为。 ?优选结构:相邻对中所有可能跟始发语配对的应答语并不具有同等地位,有一组优选结构在起作用,即各种可能的应答语中至少有一类是“合意的”(即听话人的应答能满足说话人发话的期待),有一类是“不合意的”(即听话人的应答不是说话人所期待的)。 ?预示序列:说话人在以言行事之前用以探听虚实的一类话语。说话人使用这类话语的主要动机是考察有无向听话人实施某一言语行为的可能性,即说话人实施某一言语行为能否从听话人那里得到“期待的”反应。 ?会话含义:格赖斯将会话含义分为两类:一般性会话含义和特殊性会话含义。一般性会话含义:不需要特殊语境就能推导出来的含义。特殊性会话含义:需要依赖特殊语境才能推导出来的含义。? ?直接言语行为:字面意义和说话意图相吻合,也就是句子的结构和功能之间存在着直接的关系。 ?间接言语行为:人们是通过间接的表达方式实现说话的意图,也可以说句子的结构和功能之间存在着间接的关系

浅议语用学与外语教学

浅议语用学与外语教学 1.语用学相关定义 语用学是语言学各分支中一个以语言意义为研究对象的新兴学科领域,是专门研究语言的理解和使用的学问,它研究在特定情景中的特定话语,研究如何通过语境来理解和使用语言。语用学因其本身的目的性和价值性而不同于语法研究,它是关于人类语言本身的研究。在语言的使用中,说话人往往并不是单纯地要表达语言成分和符号单位的静态意义,听话人通常要通过一系列心理推断,去理解说话人的实际意图。要做到真正理解和恰当使用一门语言,仅仅懂得构成这门语言的发音、词汇和语法是远远不够的。 近年来,越来越多的英语教师已认识到语言与语用学的密切关系,英语教学如果只停留在语音、词汇、语法等语言知识层面上,学生即使掌握了标准的语言、丰富的词汇、正确的语法,也不能很好地理解语言,更不能进行成功而有效的交际。因此,为了准确地理解和使用语言,学习者应在交际中运用语用策略消除歧义,提高跨文化交际的能力。 虽然迄今为止,语言学界对语用学的定义和范畴尚没有统一的见解,但却有一种共识,即“语境是语用学的核心概念之一”。是一门专门研究语境在交际过程中的作用的新学科。人们的正常语言交流总离不开特定的语境,“这里的语境包括交际的场合(时间、地点等),交际的性质(话题),交际的参与者(相互间的关系、对客观世界的认识和信念、过去的经验、当时的情绪等)以及上下文。语境直接影响着人们对话语的理解和使用”(金定元,1992:171)。换言之,要判断某些具体的言语行为是否得体须依据其使用的语境,离开了语境就使判断本身失真或失去意义。 语用学的另一核心概念就是意义。何兆熊先生(1987)在他的语用学概要一书中指出:“在众多的语用学定义中,有两个概念是十分基本的,一个是意义,另一个是语境。”从发展的观点看,语用学的崛起是语义研究的发展和延伸的结果,因此可以说语用学是一种对意义的研究。但语用学所研究的意义不同于形式语义学所研究的意义,它所研究的是语言在一定的语境中使用时体现出来的具体意义。由此可知,语境对意义的作用在语用学研究中十分重要。

语言学简答(期末)

1. Communication can take many forms, such as sign, speech, body language and facial expression. Do nobody language and facial expression share or lack the distinctive properties of human language 答:On the whole, body language and facial expression lack most of the distinctive properties of human language such as duality, displacement, creativity and so on. Body language exhibits arbitrariness a little bit. For instance, nod means OK/YES for us but in Arabian world it is equal to saying NO. Some facial expressions have non-arbitrariness because they are instinctive such as the cry and laugh of a newborn infant. 2. Do you think they are descriptive and prescriptive What’s your comment on them (1)Do not use man to mean humanity in general. Use person, people, human beings, men and women, humanity and humankind. (2)colored: This term is regarded as outdated in the UK and should be avoided as it is generally viewed as offensive to many black people. (3)civilized : This term can still carry racist overtones which derive from a colonialist perception of the world. It is often associated with social Darwinist thought and is full of implicit value judgments and ignorance of the history of the non-industrialized world. 答:They are undoubtedly descriptive, Guidelines are not rules that can determine whether a sentence is right or not. The guidelines advise you to avoid the use of particular words that are grammatically correct but offensive to some certain groups. Actually, they describe the way antisexist advocators speak and write. 3.(1)What organs are involved in speech production 答:Quite a few human organs are involved in the production of speech: the luns, the trachea, the throat, the nose, and the mouth. (2)Why did George Bernard Shaw say he could spell the word ‘fish’ as ‘ghoti’ 答:This is because gh is pronounced as [f] in ‘enough’, o as [I] in women, and ti as [?] in nation. (3)How is the description of consonants different from that of vowels 答:Consonants are produced by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction. By contrast, a vowel is produced without such stricture so that air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or nose. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream. (4)To what extent is phonology related to phonetics and how do they differ 答:Both phonetics and phonology study human speech sounds but they differ in the levels of analysis. Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur. (5)’Assimilation is often used synonymously with coarticulation’. Discuss. 答:Assimilation is a phonological term, often used synonymously with coarticulation,

语用学练习题

英语语言学练习----语用学 一、Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. 1.The contextual view is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense. ( ) 2.Pragmatics is related to and also different from semantics. ( ) 3.The notion of context is not important to the pragmatic study of language. ( ) 4.All utterances take the form of sentences. ( ) 5.Speech act theory was proposed by the British philosopher John Austin in the late 1950s. ( ) 6.Grice made a distinction between what he called “constatives” and “performatives”. () 7.A locutionary act is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology. ( ) 8.In their study of language communication, linguists are only interested in how a speaker expresses his intention and pay no attention to how his intention is recognized by the hearer. ( ) 9.Directives are attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do something. ( ) 10.The Cooperative principle was proposed by John Searle. ( ) 11.There are four maxims under the Cooperative principle. ( ) 12.The violations of the maxims make our language indirect. ( ) 13.All the utterances take the form of sentences. ( ) 14.Austin thought that stating was also a kind of act, and that we can perform with language. ( )

语用学研究方向必读之物

语用学方向必读之物 1. Austin, J. L. 196 2. How to Do Things with Words[M]. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2. Brown, G. & G. Yule. 198 3. Discourse Analysis[M]. Cambridge: CUP. 3. Grice, H. P. 1975[1991]. Logic and conversation[A]. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (eds).Syntax and Semantics,V ol. 3: Speech Acts[C]. NY: Academic Press:43-58. reprinted in S. Davis (ed). Pragmatics: a Reader[C]. NY & Oxford: OUP:305-315. 4. Halliday, M. A. K. 1994/2000. An Introduction to Functional Grammar[M]. London: Edward Arnold; 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社. 5. Leech, G. 1974/1981. Semantics: the Study of Meaning[M]. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, UK: Penguin. 6. Leech, G. 1983. Principles of Pragmatics[M]. London: Longman. 7. Leech, G. 2005. Politeness: is there an east-west divide?[J]. 外国语(6):3-31. 8. Levinson, S. C. 1983. Pragmatics[M]. Cambridge: CUP. 9. Lyons, J. 1977[2000]. Semantics[M]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社& CUP. 10. Mey, J. 1993. Pragmatics: an Introduction[M]. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. 11. Peccei, J. S. 2000. Pragmatics[M]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社& Routledge. 12. Saeed, J. L. 1997. Semantics[M]. Oxford: Blackwell. 13. Searle, J. 1969[2001]. Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language[M]. Cambridge: CUP; 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社& CUP. 14. Searle, J. 1979[1981]. Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts[M]. Cambridge: CUP. 15. Sperber, D. & D. Wilson. J. 1986/1995/2001 Relevance: Communication and Cognition[M]. Oxford: Basil Blackwell; 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社& Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 16. Thomas, J. 1995. Meaning in Interaction: an Introduction to Pragmatics[M]. London and NY: Longman. 17. Ungerer, F. & J. Schmid. 2001. An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics[M]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社. 18. Verschueren. J. 2000. Understanding Pragmatics[M]. 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社& Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. 19. Wilson, D. 2000. Relevance and understanding[A]. In G. Brown et al. (eds). Language andUnderstanding[C]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社:35-58. 20. Yule, G. 2000. Pragmatics[M]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社. 21. 何兆熊. 2003. 语用学文献选读[M]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社. 22. 何兆熊等. 2000. 新编语用学概要[M] . 上海: 上海外语教育出版社. 23. 何自然. 1988. 语用学概论[M]. 长沙: 湖南教育出版社. 24. 何自然. 1997. 语用学与英语学习[M]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社. 25. 何自然. 2003. 语用学讲稿[M]. 南京: 南京师范大学出版社.

语言学期末(这份是正确的)

一. What is language? 1. Language can be generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Systematic---- rule-governed, elements in it are arranged according to certain rules; can’t be combined at will. e.g. *bkli, *I apple eat. Arbitrary---- no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it denotes, e.g. “pen”by any other name is the thing we use to write with. Symbolic---- words are associated with objects, actions ideas by convention. “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”----Shakespeare Vocal---- the primary medium is sound for all languages; writing system came much later than spoken form. Human-specific---- different from the communication systems other forms of life possess, e.g. bird songs, bee dance, animal cries. The design/defining /distinctive features of human language: Arbitrariness (任意性) Productivity/Creativity(创造性) Duality (二元性、二层性) Displacement (移位性) Cultural transmission(文化传递性) 2.语言&言语 Langue--- the language system shared by a community of speakers Parole--- the concrete act of speaking in actual situations by an individual speaker. 3. Synchronic vs. diachronic Synchronic (linguistics)---languages are studied at a theoretic point in time: one describes a ‘state’of language, disregarding whatever changes might be taking place. Diachronic----languages are studied from point of view of their historical development –for example, the changes which have taken place between Old and Modern English could be described in phonological, grammatical and semantic terms. 二.语音学(选择题) 三.音位学Phonology 1.音位变体 Allophones ---- the phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments. 同一音位在不同环境中表现出来的两个或多个语音上不同的音段. 例如,在英语里,音位/t/在tin里是送气的[th], 在stand里是不送气的[t],在eighth里是齿化的[t],在cotton里是鼻除阻的[tn],在bottle里是边除阻的[tl],在hit里则表现为声门化的[t]. 此外,随着说话人口音的不同,可能还会有其他的语音形式. 这样一套在说话人话语中的语音形式就是音位/t/的音位变体. 把两个音素划归成同一音位的两个音位变体必须满足语音相似性原则,而且它们不能处于对比分布. [p, ph] are two different phones 音子and are variants of the phoneme /p/. Such variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme. In this case the allophones are said to be in complementary distribution 互补分布because they never occur in the same context: [p] occurs after [s] while [ph] occurs in other places. /p/ [p] / [s] _____

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语言学考试要点(考试重点整理)

Chapter 1 Introduction 1. What is linguistics? Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.The scope of linguistics: (1 ). phonetics 语音学;phonology 音位学;morphology 形态学;syntax 句法学; pragmatics 语用学 (2). sociolinguistics 社会语言学;psycholinguistics 心理语言学; applied linguistics应用语言学 3.Some important distinction in linguistics (1)Descriptive vs. prescriptive 描述性与规定性 ①If a linguistics study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive; ②If the linguistics study aims to lay down rules for” correct and standard” behavior in using language, i.e. to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive. (2)Synchronic vs. diachronic 共时性与历时性 ①A synchronic description takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind. ②Diachronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history. (2)Langue & parole 语言与会话 ①Language refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. ②Parole refers to the realization of language in actual use. (4)Competence and performance 语言能力与语言运用 ①A language user's unconscious knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic competence. ②Performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations. (5)speech and writing 语言与文字 Speech and writing are the two major media of communication. (6)traditional grammar and modern linguistic 传统语法与现代语言学 4.Definition of language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Language is a system, i.e., elements of language are combined according to rules. Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistics symbol and what the symbol stands. Language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound. The term “human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human-specific. 5.Design features of language 6.(1) Arbitrariness 任意性refers to the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. (sounds and meanings) (2) Productivity(creativity)能产性Language is productive in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. (3) duality双重性The property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the

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