50个学术用语，让你英语论文更专业
论文写作可能是英语精进的最难关之一。要掌握这项高级写作技能，需要有完美的英语的语法，精准的词汇和对主题深刻的理解。另外，论文写作还是一种专门的文体（正式和专业性），这一点对于英语非母语的作者来说可能比较难拿捏（甚至对英语母语的作者也一样很难！)。
想要提升学术英语写作，其中一个方法就是学习一些有用的固定搭配，这样一来文章就会显得更自信、更专业，论文的专业度和正式性恰到好处。
下文我们会列举50个最有用的论文写作固定搭配，附有定义和例子，全都取材于真实的学术论文。
学习要点：将下列固定搭配用到你写的文章中去。想一想语法上对不对？内容上说不说得通？把自己写的句子和下面的例子比较下，看看用得对不对。
Accurate assessment - correct and precise evaluation of something or someone 准确评价：对某事或某人进行正确而精准的评估
- E.g. “Accurate assessment of head motion can be a useful tool in clinical studies”.
例子：对头部运动的准确评价可以作为临床研究的有用手段。
Address the issue - consider or deal with the matter at hand
解决问题：考虑或者解决棘手的问题
- E.g. “To help address this issue, we have extended our previous study and examined in detail the…”.
例子：为了帮助解决问题，我们对之前的研究作了拓展，继续探究细节方面……
Adversely affect - change in a negative way
产生不利影响：作出不良改变
- E.g. “A literature search was performed to determine whether non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) adversely affect the healing of stress fractures”.
例子：经过文献检索，我们发现抗炎药（NSAIDs）是否对应力性骨折产生不良影响。
Become apparent - to be suddenly clear or obvious
显性化：突然变得清晰或者明显
- E.g. “They become apparent, however, when a new molecular species is introduced into the atmosphere...”.
例子：当一种新的分子种类进入大气层，分子们就成显性。
Brief overview - a non-detailed look at the subject as a whole
概述：对事物进行笼统的描述。
- E.g. “This paper offers a brief but broad overview of the field of individual of language learning”.
例如：这篇论文对某一种独立的语言学习进行了概述。
Broad range - of extensive scope
广泛：涉及大面积领域
- E.g. “The colour produced from this reaction is stable and increases in a proportional fashion over a broad range of increasing protein concentrations”.
例如：反应所产生的颜色很稳定，成比例地且大量增加了蛋白质的浓度。
Causal link - one thing being responsible for another
因果联系：两件事有因果联系
- E.g. “A causal link between high need for achievement and small business ownership is not found”.
例如：我们并没有找到成功的高需求和小企业的拥有权之间的因果关系。
Characteristic feature - a feature which distinguishes or defines something or someone
本质特征：能够体现或者定义某个人或某件事情的特征
- E.g. “The characteristic feature of the book is the effort to explain the mathematical origins of the most widely used statistical formulas in terms that persons with comparatively little mathematical training can easily follow”.
例子：此书的本质特征旨在阐述最广泛应用的统计公式的数学起源，即便读者相对来说没有太多数学背景，也可以读懂此书。
Deeply rooted - firmly implanted or established
根深蒂固：深深地扎根或建立
- E.g. “This book describes efforts to develop an approach to teaching and teacher education that is deeply rooted in the study of practice”.
例子：此书力求开发一种教学和教师教育手段，此方法源于实践深处。
Detailed analysis - an in-depth study
细部分析：详细而深刻的研究
- E.g. “The major difference between my book and others at this level is its coverage of the detailed analysis of experiments”.
例子：在这个层面上，我的书和其他人的区别就在于对于实验的细部分析。
Essential component - a vital part of something
重要组成部分：某事物的重要部分
- E.g. “We show here that these proteins are an essential component of the cell surface receptor”.
例子：我们这里显示，这些蛋白质是细胞表面受体的重要组成部分。
Establish a relationship - to prove or show a link between two things
建立联系：证明二者之间有关系。
- E.g. “Our aim was to establish the relationship between aortic stiffness and stroke death in hypertensive patients”.
例子：我们的目标是证明主动脉硬化和中风死亡在高血压患者中存在联系。
Existing research - previous academic work on the same subject
现有研究：对同一问题先前做的研究。
- E.g. “This working paper reviews the existing research evidence about the additional costs or deprivation that disabled people face”.
例子：这篇研究审议了关于残疾人面临的额外开支和贫困状况的现有研究。
First impression - initial thought on a subject, prior to any detailed analysis 最初观点：在任何细节分析之前，对一个主题的最先的看法。
- E.g. “Our first impression was strengthened by the fact that we were aware a condition existed in Povoa de Varzim”.
例子：我们发现曾经出现在波瓦珍的病情，这印证了我们的最初观点。
Frequently cited - often quoted or referred to in reference to something 频频引用：多次被引用
- E.g. “It should be recognized that other systems are frequently cited, particularly in engineering literature”.
例子：我们应该认识到，其他的系统经常被引用，尤其在工程学得文献中。
Fundamental principle - principle from which other principles can be derived 基本原理：最最基础的原理，其他原理从其中得来。
- E.g. “The authors argue for the restoration of beneficence to its place as the fundamental principle of medical ethics”.
例子：作者论证指出，医学伦理的基本原理在于对善心的重建归位。
General consensus - the majority opinion on a topic
普遍认同：对此话题的普遍意见
- E.g. “There is a general consensus that forward exchange rates have little, if any power as forecasts of future spot exchange rates”.
例如：大家普遍认同，远期汇率对预测未来现汇汇率几乎没有影响。
Gain insight - achieve a more profound understanding
获得真知灼见：得到更深刻的理解
- E.g. “Through this comparison we hope to gain insight into the way they perform specific tasks”.
例如：通过此次对比，我们希望对他们进行这次实验有更深刻的认识。
Hierarchical structure - a system where elements are subordinate to other elements
阶层结构：在系统中一个要素与另一个要素呈现下属关系。
- E.g. “After reviewing their theoretical approach, the authors present four kinds of hierarchical structure in music”.
例如：在探讨理论手段后，作者提出了在音乐中有4种阶层结构。
Highly controversial - tending to provoke fierce disagreement
高度争议：可能会产生强烈的不认同
- E.g. “A highly controversial issue in financial economies is whether stocks overreact”.
例如：在金融经济中有一个具有高度争议的话题，就是股票是否反应过激。
Immediately apparent - obvious and clear at that moment
立即显现：当即变得明显、清晰
- E.g. “The reasons for this are not immediately apparent and deserve further investigation”.
例如：对此的理由没有立刻显现出来，需要进一步调查
Increase the likelihood - to make more likely or plausible
几率增加：变得更可能
- E.g. “Numerous high school students engage in behaviours that increase their likelihood of death from these four causes”.
例子：无数的高中学生都会做这些事情，从这四件事中他们死亡的几率会增加。
江苏大学XXXX级研究生期末考试卷样卷 课程：英语学术论文写作时间：XXXX 1. What are the general linguistic features of English academic writing?(10%） A1: There are eight main features that are often discussed to represent the style of academic writing: complex, formal, objective, explicit, accurate, hedged, responsible and making reference to other writers’ work. 2. Compare the stylistic features of the following two passages . (15%) (1) With the maid holding the umbrella over her, she walked along the gravel path until she was under their window. The table was there, washed bright green in the rain, but the cat was gone. She was suddenly disappointed. The maid looked up at her. “Ha perduto qualque cosa, Signora? [Have you lost something, Madam?]” “There was a cat,” said the? American girl. “A cat?” “Si, il gatto. [Yes, a cat.]” “A cat?” the maid laughed. “A cat in the rain?” “Yes,” she said, “under the table.” Then: “Oh. I wanted it so much. I wanted a kitty.” When she spoke English the maid’s face tightened. “Come, Signora,” she said. “We must get back inside. You will be wet.” “I suppose so,” said the American girl. They went back along the gravel path and passed in the door. The maid stayed outside to close the umbrella. As the American girl passed the office, the padrone bowed from his desk. Something felt very small and tight inside the girl. The padrone made her feel very small and at the same time
考研英语写作议论文常见话题经典句型示例 1. When asked about..., most people say... But many other people regard...as... I personally think... 当被问及对......有什么看法时，大多数人认为......但是，还有很多人认为......我个人认为...... 2. When it comes to..., some people think that... Others argue that the opposite is true. There is probably some truth to both arguments, but... 涉及......这一问题，有的人认为应该......另一些人持相反意见。也许双方的观点都有一定道理，但是...... 3. It is widely acknowledged that...contributed to... Experts argue that China must introduce... But I doubt whether...alone will solve the problem。 人们普遍认为......专家认为中国必须推行......但我对仅仅......就能解决问题表示怀疑。 4. An increasing number of people are joining... In reaction to the phenomenon, some say... But do they realize that...can also lead to... 越来越多的人......进入了......针对这一现象，一些人认为......但是，他们有没有意识到......也能导致...... 5. One of the pressing problem facing our nation (China) today is...and... 我们国家(中国)如今面临的紧迫问题之一是...... 6. Perhaps the most dangerous phenomenon gripping the nation today is... 也许当今困扰国家的最危险的现象是...... 7. Never before in history has the issue of...been more evident than now。 历，......的问题从来没有比现在更加突出。 8. Perhaps it is time to reexamine the idea that... 也许现在是应该重新考虑......的时候了。 9. A growing number of people are beginning to realize that...is not the sole prerequisite for happiness。
在这篇文章中，我们说明（介绍）了一种……方法 In this work ,we address the problem of +doing sth In this paper , we propose the ... 在这一章节，我们介绍…… In this section , we present ... We demonstrate out algorithm on two tasks : A被认为是B A can be regarded as B 为了这个目的，我们提出了A To this end ,we propose A. 在样本的……和……上都很有效 make effective use of both ...and ...among samples. 当应用到……中的时候When applied to... 通过将……和……结合起来，…… By combining ...and ... , .... A是B中的一个基本问题之一A is one of the fundamental problems in B 目的在于…… Its goal is to do ... We aim at doing... Our target is ... Our basic notion is to do... 为了达到……的目的To achieve ... To achieve this , 因为……，做什么是困难的 As .... , it is very difficult to do .... As..., ir is usually hard to ... Due to ... e.g.:As the variance of object shape and color within an object class can be large,it is very difficult to obtain class-specific features that can describe the object class accurately. 就这点而言，…… In this regard, ... 一方面来说，……，另一方面来说，……On the one hand , ... , on the other hand , ... 1
Ⅰ. Gone up → increased set up → established Put up with → tolerate looking into → investigating Figure out → determine put into practice → implement Come up with → developed make up → constitute Get rid of → eliminate keep up → maintain Gone down → decrease thinking → considering Ⅱ. Structure of Data Commentary Data commentaries usually has these elements in the following order. 1.location elements and/or summary statements 2.highlighting statements 3.discussions of implications,problems,exceptions,recommendations,or other interesting aspects of the data 可能涉及到排序题，有例如下： ①A computer virus is a program that is specifically and maliciously designed to attack a computer system,destroying data.②As business have become inceasingly dependent on computers,e-mail,and the Internet,concern over the potential destructiveness of such viruses has also grown.③Table X shows the most common sources of infection for U.S. businesses.④As can be seen, in a great majority of cases,the entry point of the virus infection can be detected,with e-mail attachments being responsible for nearly 9 out of 10 viruses.⑤This very high percentage is increasingly alarming,especially since with a certain amount of caution such infections are largely preventable.⑥In consequence,e-mail users should be wary of all attachments,even thoes from a trusted colleague or a known sender.⑦In addition,all computers used for e-mail need to have a current version of a good antivirus progarm whose virus definitions are updated regularly.⑧While it may be possible to lessen the likelihood of downloading an infected file,businesses are still vulnerable to computer virus problems because of human error and the threat of new,quickly spreading viruses that cannot be identified by antivvirus software. ①②→Theory and common beliefs. ③→The start ④⑤⑥⑦⑧→Implications Ⅲ.信息性摘要 An informative abstract,as its name implies,summarizes the key points in the RP.It is an overview that briefly state the purpose,methods,results and conclutions with quantitative information. 信息性摘要主要报道论文的研究目的、研究方法、研究结果与结论。它是论文全文的高度浓缩，相当于论文的简介或概要，但它又不是简单对原文篇幅进行按比例的缩减，而是要进行深入加工。 比较流行的信息性摘要架构有： ①Objective→Methodology→Results→Conclusions ②Background→Purpose and aim→Methods→Results→Conclusions ③Background+purpose→Methodology→Result→Conclusion
英语学术论文常用词句 1. 常用词汇与短语 差别：gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup difference 存在，出现：occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present 多数，少数：the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handful 方法：approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools 发生率：Incidence, frequency, prevalence 发现，阐明，报道，证实：verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening ，isolation 改变：change, alteration, 高，增加：high, enhanced, elevated, increased, forced 各种，多种：in multiple types of, in various types of, in a variety of 关系，相关，参与：closely involved in, associated, 广泛的：in an extensive survey 执行：perform, carry out 降，少，缺：decrease, reduction, reduced, diminish, loss, suppression, deficient, low, weak, faint, light, absence, absent, undetectable, lack ,defective, negative,poor,impaired, greatly reduced or completely absent, frequently lost or down-expressed 角色，起作用：role, part （limited, potential, early, possible role） 可能性：feasibility 密切地：intimately 难理解的，似谜的：enigmatic (x remains enigmatic)
1、研究目的的表示方法 The purpose of this investigation was to ... It was the purpose of the studies reported here to ... The main focus of this study was ... The objective of the present work is to ... The aim of the present study was to ... The present study was aimed at ... The present study was designed to ... The present study is an attempt to ... It was the intent of this study to determine if ... We have embarked on research attempting to ... This study was undertaken with the intent of ... The present investigation was conducted to ... This study was undertaken to ... To gain a better understanding of ... The investigation concentrated on efforts to ... The present study was performed in an effort to ... 2、研究动机的表示方法 Since the early literature contained a few reports of ... Because of the potential importance of ..., we have investigaed ... Because of the economic potential of ..., we decided to study ... Current work in this laboratory ..., stimulated interest in determining some of ... Prompted by ..., we initiated an examination of ... In view of ..., this study was conducted to examine ... The finding of ..., led us to reinvestigate ... A recent report ..., encouraged us to ... Little attention/effort has been given to ... ... are poorly understood ... ... have been poorly characterized ... The question have been raised as to whether or not ... ... the question arose... 3、研究内容的表示方法 This article examines ... This research assessed ... This study documents ... The present work has shown ... This report describes ... The paper presents ... Work presented here introduces ... Our forthcoming studies will establish ... In this report, we report ... Here we describe ... In this report we examine ... In this reprot we describe ...
英语学术论文写作实践作业 作者 系（院）外国语学院 专业英语 年级2xxx级 学号 写作意向 旅游的快速发展以及随着中国融入全球化经济，中国与世界各国的交流不断增多，例如，加入WTO、2008年北京成功举办奥运会及上海世博会等，这些显示了中国在国际舞台上扮演越来越重要的角色。近些年来，越来越多的国家希望了解中国，许多外国朋友纷至沓来。特别是中国旅游风景名胜区，每年接待的外国游客越来越多。为了方便外国友人，我国旅游景区就必须提供英语景点导游词。旅游景点导游词主要指的是旅游景区公开和面对旅游者的告示、指示、提示、警示、标示等文字及图形信息，涉及到食、宿、行、游、娱、购等日常生活的方方面面。在旅游景区内，游客最为集中，与旅游宣传册、地图、宣传单等相比，景点导游词更加引人注目集中，更加直截了当地发挥其信息指示功能。由于旅游景点导游词需要及时满足的是社会公众和旅游者的直接社会、行为和心理需求，也反映了生活在这个社会群体的整体文化素质、道德修养和精神面貌，是一个国家对外交流水平和人文环境的具体体现。因此其翻译质量将会响到游客的旅游线路、兴致、感受及印象，进而间接影响我国旅游业的发展。因此，对旅游景点导游词的特点、翻译策略进行探讨具有一定的现实意义。 资料的初步整理 对于英语景点导游词，许多中外学者都做出自己的研究，提出自己的观点。以下是中外学术界的众多研究和观点。 蔡媛媛（2007）《英语景点导游词的语言特点》一文中指出，英语景点导游词具有相应的功能特点。（1）指示性。指示性景点导游词主要是提供给公众一些信息服务，没有任何限制或强制在内，同时也不强制要求公众采取任何行动，其功能只是指示服务内容。因此，指示性景点导游词也被称为指导性或引导性景点导游词。这也是景点导游词最基本、最主要的功能。例如：One Way （单行线）、Tickets （售票处）、Department Store （百货商场）。（2）提示性。提示性景点导游词提示性景点导游词提醒公众注意某些事情，同时提示性景点导游词也并不针对特殊或个别人群。这类景点导游词应用非常广泛，通过提示性景点导游词可以了解什么该做什么不该做，但是这种提示性景点导游词并不具有强制性，公众可根据实际情况来选择执行或不执行。例如：Caution！Radiation（当心射线）、Watch Your Hand（当心夹手）、Don’t Touch（请勿手扶）。（3）限制性。限制性景点导游词对有关公众提出限制或约束的要求，希望有关公众为了大众的利益遵守一定的规则。多数情况下限制性景点导游词语气较为直接，一目了然，但不会让人感到强硬、粗暴或无理。例如：Athletes Only （运动员专用通道）、Large Vehicles Keep Right （大型车靠右）。（4）强制性。强制性景点导游词对有关公众有较大约束力，要求有关公众必须或不得采取任何行动或严格遵守规则。这类景点导游词的语言直接、强制，没有任何商量的余地。例如：No Parking （禁止停车）。 上面是学者对景点导游词特点的研究，对于翻译，颜莉（2008）《英语景点导游词的文体特点及汉英翻译》一文中说到，在进行景点导游词的汉英翻译前，应先了解英语景点导游词的文体特点，这样才能更加准确地将汉语景点导游词译为地道的英语表达方式。代博君（2010）在《景点导游词的语言特征及翻译策略》一文中指出，景点导游词的翻译应属于实用翻译，也称语用翻译。法国翻译理论家Jean Delisle 将语用翻译界定为：运用语用学知识对语用文
《研究生英语学术论文写作基础》教师参考 作者：杨炳钧 复旦大学出版社，2009年 第一部分学术论文基本构件及其写法 课前准备 【提示】该环节可以让学生充分表达自己的看法，对错可以先不判定，本章学完之后再回过头加以分析。 1) The Methods of Improve your Oral English in Native Chinese-speaking School 【解答】首先，这个标题有语法错误和大小写错误，应当修改为The Methods of Improving Your Oral English in Native Chinese-speaking School；其次，其中的代词your用得不合适，因为它是一种对话口吻，一般不适宜于学术论文；另外，标题中一般尽可能不用功能词，即介词、冠词、连词等。如果要改进这个标题，可以表达为Methods of Improving College Students’ Oral English in China等。 2) The study of Chinese Teaching in Thailand Overseas School 【解答】该标题修饰关系不清，大小写有误，study等多余。可以改进为Teaching Chinese in Schools in Thailand等。 3) A New Opportunity to the moral development of rural left-behind children
【解答】该标题大小写有误；new的用法值得考虑，因为除非已经有所谓的opportunity，否则就没有什么new；修饰关系也有问题，尤其是to用得不对。可以改进为Opportunity for the Moral Development of Left-behind Children in Rural Regions等。 4) The H2O2-biosensor based on PVP and Nano-Au 【解答】这个标题相对较好，但大小写还有问题，冠词多余，限定不够明确。可以修改为Developing H2O2-biosensor Based on PVP and Nano-Au等。 5) The identification of PCV2 Gene 【解答】该标题主要毛病是冠词多余，限定不够。如果是研究如何辨别，那么可以修改为How to identify PCV2 Gene?或Identifying PCV2 Gene等。 6) advantages and challenges of electroplating on Magnesium alloys 【解答】这个标题的问题是大小写不规范。应当修改为Advantages and Challenges of Electroplating on Magnesium Alloys等。 7) The impact of threatening information on pain recover time 【解答】按照英式大小写，该标题大小写是规范的，但recover的修饰关系不明确；另外，冠词the可以省略。修改为Impact of threatening information on pain recovery time或Impact of Threatening Information on Pain Recovery Time等。 8) The Issues of Copyright in Cyber-space 【解答】这个标题相对较好，没太大问题。可以把the省略。 9) Research on student’s achievement assessment in mathematics.
英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning 1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods. Body 1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. 2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic. 3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.
外国语学院英语系 英语学术论文写作课程论文 题目:The Correlation between English Majors’ English Learning Motivation and Their Learning Strategies 姓名: 学号： 班级：2011级6班 日期: 2013年12月 评 语
成绩 教师签名：
Contents Abstract (i) 摘要 (ii) 1.Introduction (1) 1.1 Background of the Study (1) 1.2 Significance of the Study (2) 1.3 Purpose of the Study (2) 1.4 Overview of the Thesis (2) 2.Literature Review (3) 2.1Research on English Learning Motivation (3) 2.1.1 Definition of ELM (3) 2.1.2 Classification of ELM (4) 2.1.2.1 Integrative Motivation and Instrumental Motivation (4) 2.1.2.2 Intrinsic Motivation and Extrinsic Motivation (5) 2.1.2.3 The Relationship between the Two Motivational Dichotomies.6 2.2 Research on English Learning Strategies (6) 2.2.1 Definition of ELS (7) 2.2.2 Classification of ELS (7) 2.3 Research on the Relationship of English Learning Motivation and English Learning strategies (10) 3. Methodology (11) 3.1Question.... . (11) 3.2 Subjects (12) 3.3 Instruments (12) 3.4 Data Collection (13) 3.5 Data Analysis (13) 4.Results and Discussion (13) 4.1 Results from ELM Questionnaire (13) 4.2 Results from ELS Questionnaire (16)
研究生英语学术论文写 作考试大概 集团文件发布号：（9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-
Ⅰ. Gone up → increased set up →established Put up with → tolerate looking into →investigating Figure out → determine put into practice → implement Come up with → developed make up →constitute Get rid of → eliminate keep up →maintain Gone down → decrease thinking →considering Ⅱ. Structure of Data Commentary Data commentaries usually has these elements in the following order. 1.location elements and/or summary statements 2.highlighting statements 3.discussions of implications,problems,exceptions,recommendations,or other interesting aspects of the data
可能涉及到排序题，有例如下： ①A computer virus is a program that is specifically and maliciously designed to attack a computer system,destroying data.②As business have become inceasingly dependent on computers,e-mail,and the Internet,concern over the potential destructiveness of such viruses has also grown.③Table X shows the most common sources of infection for U.S. businesses.④As can be seen, in a great majority of cases,the entry point of the virus infection can be detected,with e-mail attachments being responsible for nearly 9 out of 10 viruses.⑤This very high percentage is increasingly alarming,especially since with a certain amount of caution such infections are largely preventable.⑥In consequence,e-mail users should be wary of all attachments,even thoes from a trusted colleague or a known sender.⑦In addition,all computers used for e-mail need to have a current version of a good antivirus progarm whose virus definitions are updated regularly.⑧While it may be possible to lessen the likelihood of downloading an infected file,businesses are still vulnerable to computer virus problems because of human error and the threat of new,quickly spreading viruses that cannot be identified by antivvirus software.
学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型 英文摘要虽然不像公文文体那样程序化,但由于它在语法结构上有较强的倾向性,因此英文摘要许多句型模式出现的频率很高,熟练掌握这些常用句型模式,有助于提高英文摘要写作质量和速度,进而能保证其可读性。下面举一些有代表性和常用的句式供参考。 1)常用于摘要开头部分的有4类。 A. (In this paper,…) The results of A simple method for...cases of The...approach for An attempt to (do)... presented described (through…) is(are) reported (under...) discussed (along with...) analyzed 例如:The results of analyses carried out on the process waters generated during the hydrolysis of oil shale from Rundle, Australia via the Fischer assay retorting process are presented. 对用费希尔试料蒸馏法热解澳大利亚鲁德尔页岩所产生的工业废水提出了分析结果。 B. The chief aim purpose object objective the present study of this investigation the research these studies to obtain… to evaluate… is (was/has been/will be) to find out… to establish… to asses… 例如:The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and utility of tread ill exercise testing prior to the discharge of patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction. 研究旨在对因急性心肌梗塞住院的患者在出院前进行踏旋器运动试验的安全性与效用做出评价。
英语学术论文写作学术论文的写作要求及 写作方法 (一）题名（Title,Topic） 题名又称题目或标题。题名是以最恰当、最简明的词语反映论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合。 论文题目是一篇论文给出的涉及论文范围与水平的第一个重要信息，也是必须考虑到有助于选定关键词不达意和编制题录、索引等二次文献可以提供检索的特定实用信息。 论文题目十分重要，必须用心斟酌选定。有人描述其重要性，用了下面的一句话："论文题目是文章的一半"。 对论文题目的要求是：准确得体：简短精炼：外延和内涵恰如其分：醒目。对这四方面的要求分述如下。 1．准确得体 要求论文题目能准确表达论文内容，恰当反映所研究的范围和深度。常见毛病是：过于笼统，题不扣文。如："金属疲劳强度的研究"过于笼统，若改为针对研究的具体对象来命题。效果会好得多，例如"含镍名牌的合金材料疲劳强度的研究"，这样的题名就要贴切得多。再如："35Ni-15Cr型铁基高温合金中铝和钛含量对高温长期性能和组织稳定性能的影响的研究"这样的论文题目，既长又不准确，题名中的35Ni-15Cr是何含义，令人费解，是百分含量？是重量比？体积比？金属牌号？或是其它什么，请教不得而知，这就叫题目含混不清，解决的办法就是要站在读者的角度，清晰地点示出论文研究的内容。假
如上面的题目中，指的是百分含量，可放在内文中说明，不必写在标题中，标题中只需反映含Ni和Cr这一事实即可。可参考的修改方案为："Ni、Cr合金中Al和Ti含量对高温性能和组织稳定性的影响"。关键问题在于题目要紧扣论文内容，或论文内容民论文题目要互相匹配、紧扣，即题要扣文，文也要扣题。这是撰写论文的基本准则。2．简短精炼 力求题目的字数要少，用词需要精选。至于多少字算是合乎要求，并无统一的"硬性"规定，一般希望一篇论文题目不要超出20个字，不过，不能由于一味追求字数少而影响题目对内容的恰当反映，在遇到两者确有矛时，宁可多用几个字也要力求表达明确。若简短题名不足以显示论文内容或反映出属于系列研究的性质，则可利用正、副标题的方法解决，以加副标题来补充说明特定的实验材料，方法及内容等信息，使标题成为既充实准确又不流于笼统和一般化。如?q（主标题）有源位错群的动力学特性--（副标题）用电子计算机模拟有源位错群的滑移特性"。 3．外延和内涵要恰如其分 "外延"和"内涵"属于形式逻辑中的概念。所谓外延，是指一个概念所反映的每一个对象；而所谓内涵，则是指对每一个概念对象特有属性的反映。 命题时，若不考虑逻辑上有关外延和内涵的恰当运用，则有可能出现谬误，至少是不当。如："对农村合理的全、畜、机动力组合的设计"这一标题即存在逻辑上的错误。题名中的"人"，其外延可能是青壮年，