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英语医学科技论文写作中的常见错误(I)
国内英语医学科技论文，尤其是尚未经过编辑加工的稿件中几乎都存在许多各种各样的错误，下面是基于我们学校学报的作者来稿，总结的在在编辑工作中常见的一些错误。
医学英语写作中用词方而的一些问题。
1.动词搭配不当，词不达意
如“…and mean survival days of the mice were improved (P<0.05).”一句，谓语动词跟主语就搭配不当。习惯上，我们不讲“时间(the mean survival days)"得到“改善(improve)"，只讲时间“延长”或“缩短”了。因此，应把句中的谓语动词improved改为prolonged.
2.把及物动词当不及物动词用
The alcohol acetylates easily一句，acetylate是及物动词，它的对象是alcohol，但这里用的是主动态，缺了宾语，应改为被动态才合acetylate的用法。故此句应改为The alcohol is acetylated easily.又如The esters hydrolyze with great difficulty.同理，应改写为The esters are hydrolyzed with great difficulty.
Acetylate vt.加乙酰基于
Hydrolyze v. 水解
3.把不及物动词当及物动词用
英语中很多动词可既做不及物动词，又做及物动词用，但却不是所有的动词都有这样的特点，而且有时同一个词的及物和不及物用法会有意义上的差别。我们先看几个误用的例子:
①It has already been known that the meniscal(半月板的)arteries are originated from the 5 genicular(膝的) branches of the popliteal artery (腘动脉) and descending branch of the femoral artery.
Originate作“起源”解时是不及物动词，没有被动态，所以此句需变被动为主动语态，即去掉are。
②However, the controversy for its diagnostic value has been continued. (continued——continuing)
continue在这里是不及物动词，不能用被动语态。此句除词法错误外，从含义上讲也不应该用被动语态。
另外，常常在一些作者的文稿中见到在appear,exist , happen , occur等不及物动词后而带有宾语。
4.选词不当
①A very similar phenotype（表型） is found in patients with keratin（角蛋白） K16 gene variations.
②Ras oncogene and p53 gene hotspot variations in colorectal cancers.
“基因突变”是一个比较定型的专业名词，“突变”一般用mutation表达。
③在作者的来稿中，常常能见到这样的句子:…observed with/under electron microscopy或…明was observed by electron microscope。这几种表达是错误的。microscopy和microscope虽然只一字母之差，但前者指一种技术，后者指一种仪器。正确的表达如下：
用显微镜检查或观察. … be examined / observed with /using/…microscope;
在显微镜下检查或观察到:…be examined observed under /in … microscope;
使用显微镜技术检查或观察:…examined /observed by /using … microscopy.
例如:
Virus target cells in the bursa, thymus, spleen, and bone marrow were examined by
transmission electron microscopy.
Sloughing of the tracheal epithelium was visible by light microscopy.
Specimens were embedded and examined using transmission electron microscopy and x ray microanalysis.
5.复合名词(名词连缀)组合不当
当名词用作定语时，实际上没有了数的概念而起着形容词的作用，不能用复数，所以不可以说mice peritoneal macrophages，而应该说mouse peritoneal macrophage（小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞）。另外，有些名词如rate的定语是不能用形容词的，因为这类名词词组所表示的是某种事物的类别，而不是它的性质，所以我们通常不说pregnant rate而用pregnancy rate。
在医学领域里，复合名词的使用越来越多，合成词中的词序错误也很常见，如应将emission fluorescence intensity荧光强度改为fluorescence emission intensity，将epithelium cell malignancies改为epithelial malignancies。对于不常阅读相关专业英文文献的作者，要准确使用这种专业术语几乎是不可能的，所以，广泛的阅读和平时的积累才是最终的解决办法。如果平时阅读和积累不够的话，写论文时相关的文献一定要细读。
6.主语与表语搭配不当
如Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator is an important method to treat ventricular tachycardia in patients with structural heart diseases.“仪器”不是“方法”。另外，用不定式短语作method的定语也不妥。修改:①在is前加therapy或改method为means ;②改to treat 为for treating.
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator植入式复律除颤器
7.abundant和rich
很多人常常在表达“A中富含B”或“A中B物质很丰富”这类句意时出错，而错误往往是主语跟状语成分的倒置，如:
细胞浆(A)中含有丰富的游离核糖体(B) 。
有人把它译成”Free ribosomes (B) is rich in the cytoplasm (A).”。
实际上，这种句子的含义是;A在某方而是很富有的。它的表达形式是:A is rich in B.因此，上句应改为”The cytoplasm is rich in free ribosomes."。又如:
This fish is rich in oil.这种鱼含油量大。
abundant虽也为“大量的”、“丰富的”之意，但在某些句子里用法与rich是相反的。如前而的例句
"Free ribosomes is abundant in the cytoplasm."是讲得通的。又如”In the pseudopod and cytoplasm projections, microtubulin(微管蛋白) was abundant and highly concentrated."是可以的;若用rich取代abundant，则此句可以改为:
“The projections were rich in microtubulins, which were highly concentrated.”
若用There be句型表达则两词可以互换，如”there were abundant and highly concentrated microtubulins in the projections."
8.动词与介词搭配不当
动词与介词的搭配，由于绝大部分可从词典中查到，一般不太容易出错。错误常
常发生在一个动词有多个介词搭配的时候，例如agree with与agree to / on ,根据其后续名词，究竟选择哪一个介词，就不是那么好决断的了。关于动词与介词的搭配，说实话，我也很多记不清楚，可以借助语料库。
9.名词与介词搭配不当
例句:The difficulty of doing research related to dehydration is that there is no good standard of determining the level of dehydration.
此句中，第一个of应为in ,第一个of应为for.
10.复杂介词based on..基于
11.对等翻译的例子比较常见，在医学论文中，尤其是在材料和方法部分表现得比较典型。
如:“将pCEA424/2CAT大量扩增，以Hind III和BamH I酶切。在低熔点胶中回收纯化得到420 bp的CEA基因5'端转录调控序列TRS片段，克隆入pUC118的多克隆位点中;再以Hind III, EcoR I酶切得到Hind III-EcoR ICEA片段。”对这段话作者是这样翻译的: Amplified pCEA424/2CAT, digested with Hind III and BamH I，purified in low melting point agarose to harvest a 420 by 5'TRS fragment of CEA, inserted into the polyclone sites of pUC118, digested with Hind III，EcoR I to harvest Hind III -EcoR I CEA fragment.
这段译文专业词汇选择还是比较得当的，但逻辑关系和动宾关系混乱不清。经分析整理，以下面的方式表达为好:
pCEA424/2CAT was amplified in a large number, digested with Hind III and BamH I，and purified in low meltingpoint agarose to harvest a 420 by 5'TRS fragment of CEA, which was then inserted into polyclone sites of pUC118. The recombinant was digested with Hind III and EcoR I to harvest Hind III-EcoR ICEA fragments.
12.“对称结构”不对称
False-positive responses were found in 4 (10%) of the control group, and 8 (38%) in the HT group.(假阳性反应，在对照组有4(10%)例，高血压组8(38%)例。
上句两相同状语结构未保持对应，应改为:False positive responses were found in 4 (10%) of the control group, and in 8 (38%) of the HT group.
13.词义或符号的重复
①Each group was further randomly subdivided into 2 groups of 10 animals for the hemodynamic and hormonal(激素的) studies.
②…and then put into hot water bathes of 93。C for 45 seconds,…
③Compared with ultrasonic examination, CTSP could find more foci than the former could.
下划线部分纯属多余，因为compared with…已经有了这层意思，而且the former 指代不清。
14.结构混乱，因果关系不清楚
When the ST response to exercise is normal or borderline, diagnostic criterion of SBP recovery ratio is used, it can increase sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the exercise test.(当运动试验ST段反应正常或可疑时，使用这个指标能提高运动试验的敏感度、特异度和准确度。) 这种英文表达方式既繁复，语义还不清楚，而且代词it所指也不明确。根据中文可改
为:When the ST response to exercise is normal or borderline, using the diagnostic criterion for SBP recovery ratio can increase sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the exercise test.
15.逻辑错误
如:So it should be careful to use methylene blue for patients with pulmonary hypertension during NO inhalation therapy.(因此，对正在接受一氧化氮吸入治疗的肺高压病人，应慎用亚甲蓝。)
在这里作者可能想用it作形式卞语来代替to use，但却是不合逻辑的，因为“To use is careful" 讲不通。倒是可以说carefully use二。因此，这个句子应改为:Therefore, methylene blue should be administered carefully for pulmonary hypertension patients receiving NO-inhalation therapy.
16.动名词后接of短语，并在动名词前加上一个不适当的the
如:In view of these findings, comparison between results before and after synaptic blockade is necessary for些studying可the effects of transmitters or drugs.
动名词能起名词作用，可以作介词的宾语，但又不完全等同于名词，因为它还有动作的含义，可以带自己的宾语。既然有动作含义，前加the，后加of都是错误的。
17.赘词性错误
有的句子要去掉一个或几个词才更精练，而有些句子要去掉一个或几个词才能成立。
①The data of many foreign authors have suggested that there exists a close relationship between hepatitis C virus infection and development of primary hepatic carcinoma.
②Of 12 cases being subjected to Southern blot hybridization, HBV DNA was detected in 7 by this technique, in 10 by PCR and in 7 with both methods of DNA extraction,…
过去分词subjected本身就有被动含义，而加了being后反而成了现在分词subjecting 的被动态了。另外，“Of+总数”放在句首作状语，分句的主语应该是分数，这样才显得对称。因此，例②除了去掉being之外，对整个句子的结构及用词也应作适当调整: Of the 12 patients subjected to Southern blot hybridization, 7 were detected having HB V DNA by this technique, 10 by PCR and 7 by both of the methods for DNA extraction…
18.错将both当two用
Both表示“两者都”，用法比较复杂，而two仅表示“2”这个数的概念，一般来讲，不应该发生棍淆。但是，从作者的来稿中常常能见到错把both当two用的情况。
①We found no statistical difference in<50- or>50-year-old patients in the frequency of the diagnosis of breast cancer when comparing the both types of biopsies.
②Functional respiratory test showed both patients with a slight restrictive pattern, one patient with very severe restriction and six patients with low DLCO.
③The majority (495, or 86.3%) had a normal genetic sonogram (absence of abnormal ultrasound markers); 51(9%) had one marker present, and 27 (4.7%) had both or more markers present.
以上三例纯粹表达数的概念，这三个both都应改成two。
19.一句中多种错误并存
一句中多种错误并存的例子，在作者的初稿中屡见不鲜，限于篇幅，这里仅举两例: 例1 ; The results suggest that EGF/TGF-EGF-R autocrine cycle is related to the advance of colorectal cancer.(结果提示EGF/TGF-EGF-R自分泌环在大肠癌的发展中起一定作用。) 错误所在:
①to be related to的因果关系应为前果后因，而该句用反了;
②is改为may或might be语气较婉转些;
③advance前以用零冠词为宜;
④advance应换成development;
⑤根据句意以把to be related to换成may play a role in…为妥。
故此句应改为:The results suggest that EGF/TGF-R autocrine cycle may play a role in development of colorectal carcinoma.
20.The mechanism of enhancing immune function might be correlated with elements which
CMS contains. (增强免疫功能的机制可能跟CMS含有的元素有关。)
这也是典型的中式英语。其实，the enhancement of immune function讲的就是它的机制，mechanism的含义不言自明。因此，此句可改为The enhancement of immune function might be correlated to/with elements which CMS contains.免疫功能的增强可能同CMS的成分有关。
错误一:句子自接以阿拉伯数字开头
例:(误)152 elderly patients were included in our study.
(正)A total of 152 elderly patients were included in our study.
(正)One hundred and fifty-two patients were included in our study.
英文句子一般小以数字开始‘如确需使用数字.则可采取两种方式:如数字较大‘则可在数字前加a total of;如数字较小.则可自接用英语将该数字写出避免使用阿拉伯数字。
典型的中式英语
21.这牛奶有酸味。
*This milk has a sour taste.
——This milk tastes sour/is sour to the taste.
22.他的身体很健康。
*His body is very healthy.
——He is in good/excellent health.
把汉语“某某人身体健康”译成英语时，不能用body作主语，而要把它当成“某人健康”的意思来译。
两年来他的身体一直不太好。
*His body has been not very healthy for the last two years.
——He has been in poor health for the last two years.
23.这种方法的缺点是不敏感。
*The disadvantage of the method is not sensitive.
——The disadvantage of the method is being not sensitive. 或The disadvantage of the method is its insensitivity.
24.手术从六点开始到十一点。
*The operation began from six o'clock to eleven.
——The operation lasted from six o'clock to eleven.
to begin属瞬间动词，表示一过性动作，无延续性，因此不能接用from ...to ...，也不能用进行时态。
25.他(被确诊)患有WPW综合征。
*He was diagnosed as WPW syndrome.主语和主补不相容或不对等。
——He was diagnosed as having WPW syndrom.
26.发病率由高到低依次为肘关节、肩关节、髓关节。
*The order of their morbidity from high to low was the elbow, the shoulder, and the hip joints in turn.
——The morbidity/incidence was in the following decreasing order: the elbow>the shoulder>the hip joints
27.因此，有理由认为，异常SBP恢复比的出现是由于运动负荷所致左心功能受损的缘故。
*Therefore, it is reasonable to hypothesize that an abnormal SBP recovery ratio appears to be due to exercise-induced impairment of left ventricular function.
——Therefore, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the appearance of an abnormal SBP recovery ratio is due to exercise-induced impairment of left ventricular function.
28.Surgical drainage specimens from the mass were bacterial culture-negative.
肿块的手术引流标木细菌培养阴性。
这个英文句子来自Medline，很经典。但如叫我们把这句中文翻回去，大部分人的译句就不会是这个样子。很可能会是:
1. Bacterial culture of surgical drainage specimens of the mass were negative.
2. Bacterial culture of surgical drainage specimens from the mass were negative.
3. Surgical drainage specimens from the mass were negative for bacterial culture.
4. The culture of surgical drainage specimens from the mass were negative for bacteria.
29.Anatomic relationship of the zygomatic branch and the zygomatic arch.
颧支与颧弓的位置关系。
这是一个图题，该题中要用of就须将and改为to或with;若后而坚持用and，则须改of为between .这种表达的错误，一般人看不出来。
英语中的副词含义丰富、使用灵活，往往可以代替几个词，大大精简句子结构。掌握
副词的用法并不十分容易，需要不断地摸索体会其中奥妙。下面就副词的分类、作用及句中的位置简单作一介绍。
30.两肺呼吸音清晰
The respiration sounds of the two lungs were clear.
——Lung sounds were clear bilaterally.
31.我们用内窥镜和X光检查了135名消化性溃疡的病人。
We examined 135 patients with peptic ulcers with endoscope and X-ray.
——We examined 135 patients with peptic ulcers endoscopically and radiologically.
32.我们对……进行了组织学检查，发现……
Histological examination was performed on 9 renal biopsies, and tuberculosis was found in 2 patients.
——Histologically, tuberculosis was found in the kidney in 2 out of 9 patients.(或Histological examina tion revealed.…)
33.在UC治疗组，除高钾血症外，高磷血症、低钙血症、低钠血症都有了一定程度的改
善，大剂量组比小剂量组变化更大。
In the UC-treated groups, there were improved hyperphosphoremia, hypocalcemia and hyponatremia in some degree except hyperpotassemia. There was bigger changes in the higher group than the lower one.
In the UC-treated groups, hyperphosphoremia, hypocalcemia and hyponatremia except hyperpotassemia were improved to some degree, especially in the higher dosage group than the lower one.
医学科技论文中词的增减与词性和句型的转换
汉英两种语言由于用词造句的规律不同，在表达同一个意思时往往需要增补一些原文中没有的词;或者原文中有些词语从译文的角度来看是多余的，可以或必须删去，不能只字不漏地进行翻译，以免给读者生搬硬套的感觉。
1词的增加
1.1需要增词.完整地表述逻辑
①LC制剂的纯化是/成为LC研究的主要障碍。
The purification of LC preparation has been a main obstacle to its research.——Difficulty in the purification of L.C. preparation has been a main obstacle to its research.
“制剂的纯化”本身并不能成为“障碍”，故按照字面一字不增地译成前一句子，虽无语病，但逻辑上讲不通，必须加上difficulty这层含义。
②老年人吸烟时血压的升高
Enhanced elevation of blood pressure during cigarette smoking in the elderly
一般地说，人到了老年，血压都会比青壮年时高。
而这里的升高(吸烟引起的升高)指的是在正常升高情况下的再升高，不增加enhanced 一词就表达不了这层意思。
1.2原文中隐含的意思，翻译时必须增补
①我们探讨了其功能意义。
The possible role of their function was discussed.
②他离职的缘由仅是这样:他深知无升迁的机会。
The reason for his leaving present employment is simple: he sees no chance of advancement.
这二个例句中，possible和present都是在汉语中字面上没有直接表述，而属于隐含的意思，英译时就必须加上，以完整、准确地表述汉语原意。
1.3代词的增加
①乳腺癌仍是妇女的主要死因，早期常不易检出。
Cancer of breast, still a leading cause of death in women, too often escapes detection in its early stage.
②患者痊愈或症状明显减轻。
The patients were cured or significantly relieved of their symptoms.
③除以上因素外，初产年龄也有一定关系。
Besides the above mentioned factors, age at first birth was also involved in it.
例①的its、例②的their和例③的it ,在汉语的句子中没有相应代词的表述，而在英语句中为了语法的正确和逻辑的准确完整.这些代词是不能没有的。
2. 词的减少
2.1 已由别的词表现出的含义.不必再重复表达
①对1992年遭飓风Andrew袭击后一野战医院医疗救治的分析
Analysis of medical treatment at a field hospital following hurricane Andrew, 1992
“遭…袭击”从译文角度看，就是多余的，following一词就能把它的意思尽述无遗了。
2.2有些只用来表示范畴而无具体含义的词，象“情况”、“问题”、“一下”、“办法”之类的范畴词不必翻译
①免疫反应细胞体的分布情况见图1
For the distribution of immunoreactive cell bodies，see Fig 1.
或The distribution of immunoreactive cell bodies is shown in Fig 1.
②如果发生这种情况，就会在数分钟内死亡。
Should this happen, death would follow in a few minutes.
③分组情况如下:
The groups were as follows:.…
上三句中的“情况”一字均为范畴词，不必译出。
④可用中西医结合的办法治疗某些癌症。
Some cases of cancer are amenable to the treatment by integration of traditional Chinese and Western medicine.
2.3汉语表达中的委婉语、客套话或谦词等可视具体情况进行删减
3词性和句型的转换
3.1词性的转换
3.1.1动名转换汉语的动词多，英语句子只能有一个限定动词，造英语句子就需要运用转译技巧，把其余动词转译成名词(或非限定形式)。
……
有些句子并非因为汉语句中的动词数目多而需转换，而是因为直译的困难，或为句子的简练而需要转换，如:
①1992年又增加了百分之七。
这句话可以译成:"In 1992, a further increase of 7 percent has taken place.”此句汉语为无主句(主语在前文中)，而英语句中无主语是不成的，除非是祈使句。
如不运用转译技巧，而把“又”译成again，把“增加”当成谓语，那么绞尽脑汁也是写不出一个句子来的。
3.1.3把汉语的动词转换成英语的介词或介词词组
与汉语相比，英语用介词较多，而且有一些英语介词木身就是由动词演变而来的，具有动词的特征。因此在汉译英时，汉语的一些动词可用英语的介词或介词词组来翻译。如:
②子宫严重撕裂，无法恢复。
The uterus was stretched beyond recovery.
③自杀基因在肿瘤细胞中的靶向表达可保护正常组织不受自杀基因的影响。
Targeting expression of suicide gene in tumor cells can protect normal tissues against influence of the gene.
④病人仍有危险。
The patient is still in danger.
⑤我们全体赞成他的建议。
We were all in.favor of his suggestion.
3.2句型的转换
3.2.1汉语的动宾结构可以译成英语的系表结构
③免疫应答呈补体依赖性。
The immune response was dependent on the complement activation.
3.2.2汉语的系表结构也可以转译成英语的动宾结构或被动态
①教师布置的作业是让学生写一份正规的病历。
这句话按照汉语思维一般会按原结构译成:
The assignment by teacher is to ask the students to write a standard medical history.这样的译句显得生硬，汉语味很重。但如果把句型转换一下，把它译成以实意动词作谓语的句子便流畅自然得多:For assignment the teacher asked the students to write a standard medical record.
Unit 4 Translation 1、接受这份工作就得经常在周末上班，但约翰并不在意。 To take this job would involve working on weekends frequently, but John didn’t mind 2、众所周知，肺癌至少部分地是由于吸烟过多而引起的。 It is well know that lung cancer is caused at least in part by smoking too much. 3、我祖父母说，发明电视的那个人曾住在他们那个地段。 My grandparents said that the man who invented television had once lived in their neighborhood. 4、我提议咱们会后马上去办公室找史斯密教授，邀请他参加我们的英语晚会。 I propose that we go to find Prof. Smith in his office right after the meeting and invite him to our English evening 5、她因那病开过两次刀，身体十分虚弱，几乎站不起来。 Having been operated on twice for the disease, she was so weakened that she could barely stand up 6、教育家们认为，伴随着电视机长大的一代人，在电视机前花的时间太多，以致没有足够的时间学习了。Educators think that the generation growing up with television spend so much of their time in front of the TV that they do not have enough time to study. 7、我真希望你能拿出一个比这更好的解决办法来。 I do hope that you can come up with a better solution than this. 8、乍一看，这幅画并不好，但经过仔细观察，我们才发现它的的确观察，我们才发现它的确是一幅杰作。 At first glance the picture didn’t l ook very good, but after examining it carefully we found that it was indeed a masterpiece. Unit 5 Translation 1、史密斯医生从窗口望出去，突然看到一个年轻人正向他的诊所奔来。 Looking out of the window, Dr. Smith caught sight of a young man running towards his clinic. 2、艾米过去除了咖啡什么都不喝。 Amy used to drink nothing but coffee. 3、迈拉得知丈夫在事故中受了伤便哭了起来。 Myra broke into tears when she learned that her husband had got injured in an accident. 4、我们好几天没有看见怀特小姐了。她是病倒了还还是怎么了？ W haven’t seen Miss White for quite a few days. Has she fallen ill of somethi ng? 5、研究所所长亲自查明一切都没有问题。 The director of the research institute came in person to make sure that everything was all right. 6、伦尼今天早晨上学又迟到了。他应该早一点起床的。肯定是昨晚睡得太迟了。 Lennie was late for school again this morning. He ought to /should have got up earlier. He must have stayed up too late last night 7、嗨，你不应该把那些孩子赶跑。他们是来帮忙的，不是来捣蛋的。 Say you oughtn’t to have driven away those kids. They came to lend you a hand, not to make trouble. 8、对护士来说，坚持这项规定是很重要的。 It is important for nurses to stick to this rule. Unit 6 Translation 1、据报道，那条铁路曾因洪水而停止修建。 It was reported that the building of the railway had been held up by a flood. 2、罢工结果，资方接受了工人的要求。 The strike resulted in the management accepting the workers’ demands. 3、煤矿工人们决定为争取更好的工作条件举行罢工。 The coalminers decided to go on strike for better working conditions 4、我很想买下这本英文词典，遗憾的是我身上带的钱不够。
Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用，并牵动骨胳肌，引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一，有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙，里面充填着骨髓，这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动，是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动，如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动，如肘关节；或是绕轴心旋转运动，如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大辐度的运动（如肩关节、髋关节）即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来，也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成，然后不断生长、
第一单元 1. The plant does not grow well in soils other than the one in which it has been developed. 2. Research findings show that we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we may have done during the day. 3 .Some people tend to justify their failure by blaming others for not trying their best. 4. We remain tree to our commitment: Whatever we promised to do; we would do it. 5. Even Beethoven's father discounted the possibility that his son would one day become the greatest musician in the world. The same is true of Edison, who seemed to his teacher to be quite dull. 6. They were accused by authorities of threatening the state security. 第二单元 1 ．If the characters in this comedy had been more humorous，it would have attracted a larger audience．‘ 2. She has never lost faith in her own ability, so it is a possibility for her to become a successful actress. 3 ．I never had formal training，I just learned as I went along? 4. As their products find their way into the international
掌握大量的词汇对于达到一门外语的流利程度是至关重要的。一个非官方的但却是经常被引用的有关剑桥初级证书英语考试（Cambridge First Certificate Examination）的数字表明，词汇量少于三千五百词的学生不大有可能在这项考试中成功。最近的研究也表明，其母语为英语的受教育至18岁或18岁以上的人至少认识一万六千个英语词。除非你已经会讲一种像西班牙语或德语这样的语言，要获得大的英语词汇是没有捷径可走的：你就得依靠勤奋和专注。当然，你可以从上下文猜出你阅读中遇到的一些生词的意思，但往往你得查词典才能搞清它们确切意思。一个切实可行的学习新词的方法或许就是大量阅读，最好是读那些你觉得有趣或刺激的故事。反复阅读同一本书常常是很有好处的：你每读一次都会学到不同的生词，而熟悉的背景又有助于将这些新词牢牢地印在你的脑海中。 Mastering a large number of words is essential to achieving fluency in a foreign language. An unofficial, but often quoted, figure for the Cambridge First Certificate examination suggests that students with a vocabulary of less than 3,500 words are unlikely to be successful in the exam. Current research also suggests that native English speakers who have been educated up to 18 years old or beyond know at least 16,000 English words. And unless you already speak a language like Spanish or German, there are no shortcuts to a large vocabulary in English: you just have to rely on diligence and dedication. Of course you can figure out from the context the meanings of some new words you come across in your reading, but more often than not you have to look them up in a dictionary in order to be clear about their accurate meanings. A practicable way to pick up new words is, perhaps, to read a lot, preferably stories that you find interesting or exciting. It often pays to read the same book over and over again: each time you read it you will learn different new words, and the familiar context helps to fix them in your mind.
cardiovascular diseases; 脑垂体的功能the function of pituitary; 泌尿道urinary tract; 分子molecule; 动脉artery; 内分泌学endocrinology; 呼吸困难dyspnea; 唾液saliva; 组织学histology; 血液循环blood circulation; 血液学hematology; 生理学physiology; 解剖学anatomy; 女性生殖系统femal reproductive system; 神经细胞nerve cell; 免疫学immunology; 消化不良dyspepsia; 随意肌voluntary muscle; 胚胎学embryology; 心理学psychology; 细胞学cytology; 原生质protoplasm; 细胞膜cell membrane; 细胞核nucleus; 细胞质(浆)cytoplasm; 脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleic acid; 能半渗透的semipermeable; 分子生物学molecular biology; 碳水化合物carbohydrate; 有区别性的differentially; 使…完整intact; 根据according to; 遗传特性hereditary trait; 渗滤diffusion; 转换transaction; 蓝图blueprint; 染色体chromosome; 色素pigment; 排出废液excrete waste fluid; 散开disperse; 脉冲信号impulse; 核糖核酸ribonucleic acid; 损害正常功能impair the normal function; 污染环境pollute environment; 功能失调malfunction; 致病因子causative agents; 易受侵害的人群vulnerable groups; 局部化的感染localized infection; 花柳病venereal disease; 抗原与抗体antigen&antibody; 肌电图electromyogram; 多发性硬化multiple sclerosis; 心电图electrocardiograph; 疾病的后遗症sequelea of disease; 光纤技术fiber optic technology; 造血系统hematopoietic system; 致命的疾病fatal disease; 体液body fluid; 无副作用的治疗hazard-free treatment; 无侵犯的实验检查non-invasive laboratory test; 核磁共振nuclear magnetic resonance; 葡萄糖耐糖实验the glucose-tolerance test; 乐观的预后optimistic prognosis; 超声波检测法ultrasonography; 病史medical history; 随访活动follow-up visit; 营养不良nutritional deficiency; 使细节显著highlight detail; 脑电图electroencephalogram; 缺血的组织blood-starved tissue; 肌纤维muscle fiber; 随意肌voluntary muscle; 消化道alimentary canal; 肌腹fleshy belly of muscle; 横纹肌striated muscle; 肌肉痉挛cramps of muscle; 肌肉收缩muscle contraction; 肌肉附着点attachment of the muscle; 肌肉放松relaxation of muscle; 动脉出血arterial hemorrhage; 止端insertion;起端origion;供血blood supply; 屈肌flexor; 蛋白分子protein molecule; 纤维结缔组织fibrous connective tissue; 伸肌extensor; 意志力willpower; 横切面transverse section; 起搏器pacemaker; 肌萎缩muscle atrophy; 重症肌无力myasthenia gravis; 弥散性局部缺血diffuse ischemia; 常染色体隐性autosomal recessive; 全身性感染systemic infection; 受累的肌肉muscle involved; 显著相关性significant correlation; 神经末梢nerve terminal; 自体免疫反应autoimmune reaction; 神经支配innervation; 肌营养不良muscular dystrophy; 慢性营养不良chronic mulnutrition; 先天性肌病congenital myopathy; 预期寿命life expectancy; 免疫紊乱immunologic derangemant; 发病高峰年龄the peak age of onset; 胸腺肿瘤thymoma; 呼吸肌受累the involvement of respiratory muscle; 感染性肌炎inflammatory myositic; 去神经支配denervation; 矿物质吸收mineral absorption; 机械应力mechanical stress; 骨基质有机部分the organic parts of bone matrix; 青春期早熟premature puberty; 蛋白溶解酶protein-digesting enzyme; 破骨细胞osteoclast; 松质骨spongy bone; 骨折fracture; 不规则骨irregular bone; 骨骼系统skeletal system; 维生素吸收vitamin absorption; 骨钙丧失the loss of calcium from bone; 生长激素growth hormone;
第1单元：（此单元无汉语） 1. No matter how experienced a speaker you are, and how well you have prepared your speech, you will have difficulty making a speech at such a noisy reception. 2. Just as all his sister’s friends cared about him, Jimmy cared about them. 3. Car manufacturers stamp a vehicle identification number at several places on new cars to help track down stolen vehicles. 4. If you dare tell on me when the teacher gets back I won’t say a word to you any more. 5. Some elderly people prefer to live on their own while the great majority choose to live with their children. 6. Here is something that needs to be reckoned with: how to get the necessary finances to establish the company. 第2单元： 1、被告是位年仅30岁的女子，她坚称自己无罪。 The defendant, a woman of only 30, kept insisting on her own innocence. 2、总体看来，枣、豆类以及一些多叶的绿色蔬菜是最好的铁质来源。 All tings considered, dates, beans and some leafy green vegetables are the best sources of iron. 3、正餐时不供应饮料，饮料会影响消化。 No beverages are served with meals because they interfere with digestion. 4、考虑到那个地区受欢迎的程度，提前订宾馆是明智的。 Taking the popularity of the region into consideration, it is advisable to book hotels in advance. 5、服药后若有呕吐感，请立即停止服用并尽快咨询医生。 If you have a feeling of wanting to throw up after taking this drug, stop taking it immediately and consult your doctors as soon as possible. 6、总结这次讨论时，他说双方都会好好考虑怎样以最有效的方法来解决这一问题。 Summing up the discussion, he said both parties should consider the most effective way to solve the problem. 第3单元 1、在思维方面，与他的行为一样，他是非常传统的。 In his thinking, as in his behavior, he is very traditional. 2、教室一旦同意接受新的教学计划，他们就得面对新计划所带给他们的压力。 Once the teachers agree to accept the new teaching program, they have to face the strain it puts on them. 3、从长远看，大学毕业后继续深造而不是直接参加工作是值得的。 In the long run, it is worthwhile to pursue one’s study after graduating from universi ty instead of going to work directly. 4、由于这所学校的办学宗旨是品德第一，所以道德观和学习成绩受到同样的重视。 As the school operates on the Character First principle, moral values and academic achievements are stressed equally. 5、据说，原定于这个月召开的会议将推迟到下个月召开。 It is said that the meeting, which is scheduled to be held this month, will be put off till next month.
Unit1 Caring for Our Earth 1.年轻人有时会抱怨无法和父母沟通。(communicate with) Young people sometimes complain of being unable to communicate with their parents 2. 能在中国云南的一个苗家村落住下来一直是玛丽长久以来的梦想，现在她终 于梦想成真了。(to take up residence) It has been Mary’s long cherished dream to take up residence in a Miao vill age in Yunnan, China. Now her dream has finally come true. 3.家养的动物习惯于依赖人，因此很难能在野外活下来。(survive) Domestic animals are used to depending on humans, so it is difficult for the m to survive in the wild. 4.他突然有种恐惧感，觉得自己会因为经济不景气而被公司裁员。(overtake) He was suddenly overtaken by a fear that he would be laid off by the comp any because of depression. 5.我估计公交路线上堵车了，因为我都等了30分钟也没见一辆车开过去(figure) I figure that there is a traffic jam on the route of the bus, for I’ve waited for 30 minutes without seeing one passing by. 1. 十年前，当公司还处在生产的鼎盛时期时，我们就决定投资新技术， 将公司转型为技术密集型企业。由于拥有先进技术，我们在激烈动荡的市场竞争中脱颖而出。现在我们的成本下降了百分之三十，销售业绩却上涨了三分之二，利润翻了一番。 Ten years ago, when our company was at the height of i ts production, we decided to invest in new technologies, so as to tur n our company into a technology-intensive one. With our advanced tech nologies, we out-competed all our competitors in the rough and tumble of the marketplace. Now we have reduced the cost by 30 percent, even as / while our sales have grown by two-thirds and the earnings have doubled. 2. 我们将可持续性定义为保持企业盈利，但不以环境为代价。从商业的角度看，这合理吗？事实上，在追求可持续发展目标的过程中，我们的收益已经超过了所有的投资和开支。可持续发展的推进起到了如此重要的作用，帮助我们撑过了史上最深重的经济衰 We define sustainability as keeping a business profitable, but not at the expense of the environment. Does this mak e good business sense? Actually, what we get has more than offset all
医学英语文献3翻译（缺Unit1、3、7） U3 TC Beneficial bacteria may protect babies from HIV 有益菌或能保护婴儿防止感染艾滋病毒 毫无疑问，在喂养婴儿时，母乳是最好的选择。但感染HIV（艾滋病病毒）的母亲面临着一个困境：由于有些病毒会流入母乳，婴儿吃奶时便面临被感染的风险。目前两组研究队伍正在调查一场细菌之战以治疗这些脆弱的婴儿。他们将在母乳中加入抑制艾滋病的细菌。黎巴嫩，达特茅斯医学院HIV专家Ruth Connor 说，这些有益菌并不能保证儿童一定不会被感染，但可以大大降低感染概率。 在八月的“母乳喂养医学”中，她和来自西班牙马德里康普腾斯大学的同事，报告说将可以充分抑制HIV-1增长和感染的某些乳酸菌从健康女性的母乳中隔离出来。 试管研究对代表15个不同种类的38个细菌菌株进行了实验，它们都显示出了对HIV的抑制性。效力最小的可以抑制细菌6.7%的传染性；效果最好的可以抑制HIV感染细胞能力的55.5%. 研究者们试验了隔开的细菌和细菌产生的无细胞粘液。“我们想分清抑制HIV 的能力是不是由细菌的某些特定组成部分造成的，例如外部细胞壁，或仅仅是组成细菌的可溶性成分，”Connor 解释说。最终，她说每一项都被证明有抗病毒性，虽然细菌整体抑制性最好。 所有热灭菌都或多或少显示出了对HIV传染的抑制性，有11个可以杀掉41%甚至更多的HIV传染性。相比之下，只有六种菌株产生的可溶性细胞化合物证实具有抑制作用，而且只有一种可以减少至少41%的传染性。
Connor说小组的发现揭示了她和其他病毒学家以前一直困扰的问题：为什么艾滋病病毒测试呈阳性的女性母乳喂养的婴儿没有被传染。 她说，目前还不知道，到底是最有抑制性的一种或几种细菌（例如乳酸菌 /gramininis VM25；酵母VMA和戊糖片球菌VM95）单独提供了本质上防止HIV的保护作用还是共同作为自然的微生物群来起作用。Connor说，但其最终目的是通过传输一些额外的细菌，将益生素补充到母乳中。益生菌就是作为辅助消化或增进健康的食品补充剂的有益菌。 Connor说，有些有益菌是针对已出生的婴儿。它们被作为口服药丸服用或加入到婴儿食品中。该理念是在幼儿体内培养有益菌的生命群，这样就可以准备好击退任何可能被吸收的HIV。这是”保护不受传染的一个额外保护层，“Connor说。 要达到这样的结果，就要在刚出生开始母乳喂养时就开始执行，这样有益菌的效果最好，因而婴儿体内就可以优先具有反HIV菌株。 当然，这种婴儿补充物的发展还有很长的路要走。还要进行试验以确定当服用剂量较大时，有益菌不会引起腹泻或其他不良副作用——开始是大人，然后是健康的婴儿，最后是感染HIV风险很大的婴儿。 ”乳酸菌是人们从母乳中隔离出来的很普通的一种细菌，它可以有很多来源，”包括植物，酒和发酵的蔬菜或乳制品，加利福尼亚大学的David Mills 说。他说这会引起一个问题：从非人类处分离出来的同种类菌株是否引起的反应也一样？如果是的话，这就是一种非特定的作用（但可能还是很有用处）。”我很惊奇发现母乳中有这么多有机体，因为现在还不清楚它们是怎么到母乳里的，”伦敦西安大略大学加拿大益生菌研究与开发中心的Gregor Reid 说。他说，有一种关于来源的理论是，在怀孕后期，树状细胞——一些活跃的白
这里汇聚了中西医学行业的大部分英语词汇和详细解说，如果要查询相关词汇，你可以点此word 文档工具栏的“编辑”，找到“查找”，然后点开输入你要查询的词汇就可以查询了。 西医篇： 1、医院部门及科室名称 2、医务人员名称 3、诊断和治疗常用词汇 4、常见疾病名称 5、常见手术名称 6、常用药物名称 7、常用护理术语 8、常用临床医学术语 9、医疗器材 10、医学英语快速记忆－后缀 11、主要人体系统名称 12、医院类型名称 13、医学词汇 14、医学常用字首与字根 1.医院部门及科室名称 out-patient department 门诊部 In-patient department 住院部 Nursing department 护理部 Admission office 住院处 Discharge office 出院处 Registration office 挂号处 Reception room, waiting room 侯诊室 Consultation room 诊察室 Isolation room 隔离室 Delivery room 分娩室 Emergency room 急诊室 Ward 病房室 Department of internal medicine 内科 Department of surgery 外科 Department of pediatrics 儿科 Department of obstetrics and gynecology 妇科 Department of neurology 神经科 Department of ophtalmology 眼科 E.N.T.department 耳鼻喉科 Department of stomatology 口腔科 Department of urology 泌尿科 Department of orthopedic 骨科 Department of traumatology 创伤科 Department of endocrinology 内分泌科
二》汉译英 1.对于网络课程，学生不仅可以选择何时何地学习，在回答问题之前他们还可以有时间思考答案。（not only…but also） Not only can student choose when and where to learn for an online course, but also they can take time to think through answers before producing an answer. 2.网上学习的想法使她非常兴奋，而他认为网上学习毫无意义和用处。(While) She is excited by the idea of online learning while he considers it meaningless and useless. 3.与以英语为母语的人交谈是非常有益的体验，从中我们能学到许多东西。（communicate with）Communicating with native English speakers is a very beneficial experience from which we can learn much. 4.如今，越来越多的人可以利用互联网查找他们需要的信息。（have access to） Today, more and more people have access to the Internet through which they could search for the information they need. 5.他要她放弃工作在家照顾孩子，但是她觉得这个要求太过分了。（give up） He asks her to give up working and stay home to look after the children. However, she feels that is too much for her. 6.既然我们已经学完这门课程，就应该多做些复习。（now that） Now that we have finished the course, we shall pay much attention to revision work. 1.当她就要关掉音乐时，她父亲冲进她的房间，朝她喊道：“难道你就不能把音乐关小一点？” As she was going to turn off the music, her father burst into her room and shouted at her,”Can’t you turn down the music a little bit?” 2.酒吧的老板一直在看那个跳舞姑娘，一面却假装没有看。 The barkeeper kept watching the girl dancing while pretending not to. 3.桑迪如此喜欢摇滚音乐以至不顾父亲的反对而将音量放大。 Rock music appealed to Sandy so much that she turned it up regardless of her father’s objection. 4.像往常一样，当他的父母不喜欢他的穿着时，便开始唠叨他。As usual, when his parents don’t like his wear, they start bugging him. 5.在会上，他们讨论了如何保持师生间的沟通渠道畅通。 At the meeting they had a discussion about how to keep the lines of communication widely open between teachers and students. 6.一想到这些年幼的男孩和女孩被父母强迫沿街讨钱我就生气。 It makes my blood boil to think of these young boys and girls who are forced by their parents to beg for money in the streets. 1.即使报酬并不优厚，我还是决定接受那个新职位。 I have made up my mind to accept the new post, even though it is not quite well paid. 2.这项工作在实际开始干之前，一直被认为是十分简单的。 The job has been taken to be very simple until (it is) actually started. 3.既然你计划移居加拿大，你就必须努力适应冬季的严寒天气。 Now that you are planning to immigrate into Canada, you must attempt to adjust to the cold weather in winter then. 4.他承诺帮助我们买下那栋房子，但有点勉强。He promised to help us buy the house, but with a little reluctance. 5.这是一次重要的会议，请务必不要迟到。Because this is an important meeting, please see to it that you are not late. 6.他是个有经验的商人，做国际贸易已有好几年了。He is an experienced businessman who has undertaken foreign trade for quite a few years. 1.她如此专心地读那本书，以至于有人进来她也没有意识到。 She was so absorbed in reading the book that she was not conscious of someone’s coming. 2.他第一次会议就迟到了将近一小时，给大家留下了一个很糟糕的印象。 Being late for almost an hour for the first meeting, he leaves a bad impression on everyone. 3.不管是有意识还是无意识，我们往往会根据对方的眼神，面部表情，形体动作对他们作出判断。Consciously or unconsciously, we make judgment