一、选择题A（关键专业词汇5题以上）
1.Bacterial cell walls are composed principally of peptidoglycans, and
reproduction is by binary fission. [A. abruption; B. binary fission; C. break up ;
D. divide]
2.The photosynthetic bacteria contain a range of bacteriochlorophylls and do not
liberate free O2 during photosynthesis. [A. photosynthesis; B. photosynthate;
C. breath;
D. Reverse]
3.Conjugation involves the transfer of large portions of genetic material between
donor and recipient cells in mating pairs. [A. donor; B. donate; C. donation; D.
endow]
4.The cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes containing chlorophyll, and
also phycobiliprotein pigments such as phycocyanin. [A. peptidoglycan; B.
crystal violet; C. chlorophyll ; D. algae]
5.Those using light as their energy source are termed phototrophic. [A.
chemotrophic; B. lithotrophic; C. organotrophic ; D. phototrophic]
6.Excessive extraction of water can lower water-tables,which, in some inlands
（内陆）,may lead to____. A.subsidence B.salt-water instrusion
C.earthquake
D.flooding
7.But because of losses through ______ and plant transpiration. A.evaporation
B.environment
C.evaporate
D.evaporative
8.Irrigation has allowed the expansion of agriculture into semi-arid and even
____ environments. A.dry B.arid C.drought d. water
9.The steady flows that dams cause alter the seasonal cycles of _____ and
riparian plants and animals. A. aquatic B. aquatics C.aquaculture
D.aquation
10.New landfills have complex bottom layers to trap contaminant-laden water,
called leachate ,leaking through the buried trash [A.wall B.leachate C.leader
D.little]
11.A modern municipal solid waste landfill is typically constructed above an
impermeable clay.[A.impress B.impermeable C.improve D.impolite]
12.However, many incinerators were eliminated because of aesthetic concerns,
such as foul odors, noxious gases, and gritty smoke.[A.grave B.gritty C.grove
D.glass]
13.The buring waste heats water and the steam drive a turbine to generate
electricity, which is sold to a utility.[A.tool B.turbine C.troop D.type]
14.Selection of landfill sites is based on an understanding of local geology
conditions.[A.geoblo B.geology C.condition D.location]
15.The paradox is that in its gaseous state____, abundant thought it is, is
unavailable to most life. A. nitrogen B. oxygen C . hydrgen D.
alcohol
16.To be used, free molecular nitrogen has to be fixed. This ____comes about in
two ways. A. energy B. fixation C. paradox D. radiation
17.This fixation is accomplished by ____bacteria living in association with
leguminous and root-noduled monleguminous plants, by free-living aerobic
bacteria, and by cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). A. together B. biological
C. symbiotic
D. none of above
18.According to the author, the energy needed for high energy fixations comes
from______. A. cosmic B. meteorite C. lightning D. all above
i._____is a biological process in which ammonia is oxidized to nitrite and
nitrate, yielding energy. A. ammonification B. denitrification C.
bacterfiation D. nitrification
19.1 How volatile nitrogen is turned into ______ for plants?
20.A. nutrient B.nitrate C.nitrite D.nitric
21.2 _____ gases emitted during the first phase of waste treatment are harvested
for use as fuel .
22.A green B warm C greenhouse D ignite
23.3 ______ is the process in which soil bacteria oxidize ammonia(NH3)
sequentially into nitrite(NO2-) and then nitrate (NO3-).
24.A respiration B denitrification
25. C photosynthesis D nitrification
26.4 But too much untreated wastes dumped directly into fishpond can rob the fish
of ______ ,and end up killing the fish .
27.A nitrogen oxide B nitrogen
28. C oxygen D carbon dioxide
29.5 The _____ farm typically consists of crops, livestock and fishponds.
30.A dream B intergrating C interva D integrated
31.
32.Ethanol is a good_______ for gasoline in spark-ignition engines.
A. reserve
B. substitute
C. replace
D. shift
33.As a summary, the long story was______into a few sentences.
A. condensed
B. condemned
C. concealed
D. concentrated
34.The problem with the country is how to lift its economy out of ____.
A. reservation
B. recreation
C. recession
D. reversion
35.Ethanol does_____ less carbon monoxide and sulfur oxides than gasoline.
A. release
B. output
C. set
D. affranchise
36.Alcohol can be obtained from _____
A. sugar crops
B. starchy crops
C. cellulose
D. all of above
37.The air which we breathe consists, by volume, of about 78 percent______.
A. Oxygen
B. Nitrogen
C. carbon dioxide
D. Argon
38.Gaseous hydrogen, produced by the ______of water, is another ______to
petroleum.
A. electrolysis, choice
B. hydrolysis, choice
C. electrolysis, alternative
D. alternative, alternative
选择题B（关键短语5题以上）
1.Bacterial cell walls are composed principally of peptidoglycans, and
reproduction is by binary fission. [A. make up of; B. build up; C. are composed; D. constitute]
2. A species adapted to living under conditions of a bountiful energy source is
designated as K selected. [A. living under; B. living in; C. living ; D. lived]
3.It would be exposed to selection pressures different from those affecting an
r-selected organism living in uncrowded but possibly physically restrictive environments. [A. different from; B. different with; C. other than; D. differ with]
4.Some estimate place their number as high as 40% of the total plate-count
population. [A. as high as; B. is high as; C. high as; D. as high to]
5.The r-selected organisms exposed to flushes of substrate in an otherwise
uncrowded environment would place a premium on high growth increase per unit of food rather than on competitiveness. [A. place a premium on; B. place
a premium to; C. place a premium into ; D. place a premium with]
6.Nowadays, governments in most OECD countries are ____large programmers
to develop irrigation. A. scale back B. scaled back C. scaling back D.
scales back
7.In drier parts of the area, such as California, and the Murray –Darlingbasin in
Australia, agriculture accounts for well over 90% of consumptive use. A.
accounts B. accounts up to C. accounts for D. accounts from
8.We all want to know how OECD governments are responding to the increased
demand for water in agricultural production. A. are responsible for B. are
responding to C. are responsibility to D. response to
https://www.doczj.com/doc/4b4140760.html,nd degradation, is the decline in land quality or reduction in
its productivity and environmental regulatory capacity.(A.ability
B.able
C.capacity
D.capacitly)
10.Soil compaction is a worldwide problem.(https://www.doczj.com/doc/4b4140760.html,pact https://www.doczj.com/doc/4b4140760.html,paction
https://www.doczj.com/doc/4b4140760.html,pactness
D.degradate)
11.Accelerated soil erosion is another principal land degradation
process. Similar to compaction.(A.erosion B.erosional
C.degradation
D.degradate)
12.Nutrient depletion is another principal process of land degradation
with severe economic impact on a global scale.(A.depletion
B.deplete
C.expand
D.expanding)
13.Despite the voluminous literature, land degradation remains a
debatable issue.(A.degradation B.degradate C.gradate
D.gradation)
https://www.doczj.com/doc/4b4140760.html,nd degradation, declines in land quality due to natural processes
and anthropic activities, is a major global issue for the 20th century and will remain high on the international agenda even for the 21st
century. (A.because of B.due to C.although D.as if)
15.2. Land degradation can also be considered in terms of the loss of
actual or potential productivity or utility as a result of natural or anthropic factors.( A. in terms of; B. refer to; C. evolved from;
D. simply stated)
16.3. High population density is not necessarily related to land
degradation.(A.as though B.resulted in C.related to D.as well as ) 17.4. Lands, depending on their inherent characteristics and climatic
conditions, range from highly resistant or stable to extremely sensitive and fragile.(A.relating to B.depending on C.so as to
D.therefore)
18.5. Land degradation is a biophysical process driven by socioeconomic
and political causes. (A.driven by B.resulted in C.because of D.as well)
19.As better waste-disposal technologies were developed and as values changed,
more emphasis was placed on the environment and quality of life. [A.are placed on B.was placed on C.locate in D.was located in]
20.The heat derived from the buring is converted into steam and electricity.
[A.converted to B.converted into C.transform to D.being]
21.However, the landfill of today is far different from a simple hole in the ground
into which garbage is dumped. [A.different B.different from C.abstrict on
D.refer to]
22.They currently cost up to $1 million per hectare to prepare. [A.right B.up to
C.below
D.about]
23.Until recently, the disposal of municipal solid waste did not attract much
public attention. [A.attemp B.attract C.absort D.eyes on]
24.Cosmic radiation, meteorite trails, and lightning provide the high energy
______combine nitrogen with the oxygen and hydrogen of water. A.
needed to B. gotten to C. came to D. needing to
25.Fixation ___molecular nitrogen(N2)___two atoms of ftee N. A. go…into B.
get….into C. splits….into D. jump…..into
26.In nonagricultural systems some 12,000 species, from cyanobacteria to
nodule-bacteria plants, _____nitrogen fixation. A. be reponsible for B.
being reponsible for C. is reponsible for D. are reponsible for
27.In terrestrial ecosystem nitrogen, largely in the form of ammonia or nitrates,
_______by plants, which convert it to amino acids. A. is taken up B.
are taken up C. is broke down D. are broke down
28.In aquatic ecosystems, nitrogen cycles in a similar manner, except that the large
reservoir in the soil ______. A. is lacking B. lacked C. are lacked D.is lacked
29.The integrated farm typically ______ crops, livestock and fishponds. A.
make up B. made up of C. is consisted of D.
consists of
30.Both of winter wheat and summer corn has still great potential to increase ____.
A. yell
B. yields
C. yield
D. yells
31.The small amount of residual nutrients left after tremendous losses that _____
the environment have taken place. A destroy B damage C ruin D violate
32.Officials also say a woman may _____ a second attack in the northern part of
the country. A. are respective for B. is possible for C. are responsible for D. are looking for
33.Nearly all organs for transplant ______ executed prisoners. A. are
produced from B. are harvest of C. are harvested from D.
are gotten from
34.Liquid fuels______ the US economy.
A. is indispensable to
B. are indispensable to
C. is projected to
D. are projected to
35.The production and use of ethanol fuel______ the increase in atmospheric
carbon dioxide and to global warming.
A. result in
B. bring out
C. as result
D. contribute to
36.Changing her job like that______ giving her the sack.
A. is equivalent to
B. is equablet on
C. is different from
D. is disparate to
37.Hydrogen has the potential to serve______ a renewable gaseous fuel for
transportion vehicles.
A. on
B. for
C. up
D. as
38.______gasoline, both methanol and ethanol reduce the amount of carbon
dioxide,which is good for our environment.
A. compared to
B. with regard to
C. considering
D. in view of
39.Mankind must take care not to______ the earth______ its natural resources.
A. expend，of
B. spend，on
C. deplete，of
D. defray，to
二、配对题（核心专业词汇8题以上）
1.Ethanol 乙醇，酒精
2.Cellulose 纤维素
3.Sugarcane 甘蔗
4.Hydrolysis 水解（作用）
5.Electrolysis 电解
6.Photovoltaics 太阳能电池
7.Carbon monoxide 一氧化碳
8.Distillation 蒸馏
9.Livestock 家畜，牲畜
10.Hydrogen peroxide 过氧化氢
11.fungi 真菌
12.eukaryote 真核生物
13.peptidoglycan 肽聚糖
14.binary fission 二分裂
15.autotrophic 自养的
16.heterotrophic 异样的
17.cyanobacteria 蓝细菌
18.aerobic 好氧的、需氧的
19.chlorophyll 叶绿素
20.bacteriochlorophyll 细菌叶绿素
21.transpiration 植物蒸腾
22.semi-arid 半干旱
23.aquifers 含水层
24.erosion 腐蚀，侵蚀
25.replenish 补充，填满
26.Degradation 退化
27.Anthropology 人类学
28.Eutrophication 富养化
29.Contamination 污染
30.Regulatory 调整的
https://www.doczj.com/doc/4b4140760.html,paction 板结
32.Unsustainable 不可持续的
33.Acidification 酸化
34.Impermeable 不透性的
35.impermeable membrane 非渗透性膜
36.geologic 地质的
37.scavenge 清除
38.hectare 公顷
39.turbine 涡轮
40.mercury 水银
41.gritty 有沙的
42.Fixation 固定
43.Symbiotic 共生
44.Ammonification 氨化作用
45.Nitrification 硝化作用
46.Glucose 葡萄糖
47.Nitrogen 氮
48.Nitric acid 硝酸
49.Photosynthesis 光合作用
50.aerobically 需氧地，好氧性的
51.nitrogen peroxide 过氧化氮
52.zero input and zero emission 零输入和零排放
53.plankton 浮游植物
54.decompose 分解
55.non-arid 不干旱的
56.potable water 饮用水
57.manure 粪肥
58.by-product 副产品
三、是非题（重点专业知识句子3题以上）（F表示错误，T表示正确）
1.Carbon monoxide is harmful to mankind's health. [ T ]
2.Ethanol can be obtained from oil crops. [ F ]
3.The oxygen can be combined with hydrogen in a fuel cell. [ T ]
4.Alcohol produced from corn is a renewable energy source. [ F ]
5. A solar cell works mainly based on the optoelectronics effec. [ T ]
6.Bacteria are termed prokaryotic because they lack nuclear membranes. [ T ]
7.Chemoorganotrophs are referred to as autotrophs. [ F ]
8. A species surviving in uncrowded but possibly physically restrictive
environments is designated as K-selected. [ F ]
9.The numerically predominant bacteria in soil are Streptomycetes. [ F ]
10.Throughout most of the world, industry is the leading consumptive user of
water. [ F ]
11.Withdrawals for agricultural purposes currently account for over two thirds
total abstraction in all OECD countries. [ F ]
12.The practice of exploiting underground water for agriculture is essential for the
protection of natural resources. [ F ]
https://www.doczj.com/doc/4b4140760.html,nd degradation, is the decline in land quality or reduction in its productivity
and environmental regulatory capacity. [ T ]
https://www.doczj.com/doc/4b4140760.html,nd degradation is a physical process driven by socioeconomic and political
causes. [ F ]
15.Accelerated soil erosion is another principal land degradation process [ T ]
16.In ancient times, the disposal of municipal solid waste attracted much public
attention[ F ]
17.Nowadays, none of countries of areas dumps solid wastes outside of the city or
village [ F ]
https://www.doczj.com/doc/4b4140760.html,ndfills had been the primary method of waste disposal because of the lowest
cost and the simplest technology until the threat of groundwater contamination was recognized. [ T ]
19.High energy fixation is the main way of nitrogen fixation. [ F ]
20.According to the text the second step of biological fixation is that the free N
atoms combine with oxygen to form two molecules of nitrate. [ F ]
21.Nitrogen is directly absorbed by plant roots and incorporated into amino
acids,which pass through the food chain. [ T ]
22.Nitrosomonas bacteria and nitrobacter are two groups of microorganisms that
involved in the process of nitrification. [ T ]
23.According to the text, nitrogen cycles in aquatic systems in a similar manner
with terrestrial ecosystem. [ F ]
24.Forests are important to the environment because they take in carbon dioxide
and release another gas – oxygen. [ T ]
25.Livestock manure contains large amounts of ammonia gas that must be turned
back into stable nitrate before it can be absorbed as nutrient by plant. [ T ]
26.Abundantly productive farms with zero input and zero emission are powered
by waste-gobbling bugs and human ingenuity. [ T ]
四、句子翻译题（重点难、长句子3题以上）
1.V arious raw materials can be used for methanol production, including natural
gas, coal, wood, and municipal solid wastes. [许多种原料可用于甲醇生产，包括天然气、煤炭、木材和城市固体废物。]
2.Methanol can be obtained from wood or woody crops by means of a wood
gasification process followed by compression and methanol synthesis. [甲醇可以由木材或木本作物经过气化、压缩、合成三个阶段制得。]
3.Part of the reason for this difference is that the volume of hydrogen fuel is
about four times greater than that for the same energy content of gasoline.
[这种差异的原因之一是：在能量相同的情况下，氢燃料的体积约为汽油的四倍。]
4.The major limitation in using biomass for methanol production is the enormous
quantities needed for a plant with suitable economies of scale. [利用生物质生产甲醇主要的局限性就在于一个具有相当经济规模的工厂对于生物质的巨大需求量。]
5.Essentially the same differentiation given in the terms lithotrophic and
organotrophic is provided by the terms autotrophic and heterotrophic, respectively.[实际上，“无机营养型”和“有机营养型”这两个词间的区别可以分别用“自养型”和“异养型”这两个词来表达。]
6.The obligate chemolithotrophs use the same basic physiological pathway (the
Calvin Cycle) found in most other organisms in metabolizing their own cell constituents. . [专性化能无机营养菌采用与其他大多数相同的基本的生理途径（即Calvin循环），这些生物都利用这种途径代谢自身细胞成分。] 7. A designation G+ is given to cells that retain crystal violet following
subsequent exposures to KI solution, alcohol, and counterstain, and G- for cells from which the crystal violet readily destains.[那些浸泡在碘溶液、酒精和革兰氏试剂后细胞内含有结晶紫的细菌为革兰氏阳性菌，反之，细胞内结晶紫消褪的为革兰氏阴性菌。]
8.The r-selected organisms exposed to flushes of substrate in an otherwise
uncrowded environment would place a premium on high growth increase per unit of food rather than on competitiveness, as would be the case of a K-selected organism. [当r选择性微生物处于营养丰富而且其他竞争性微生物不多的环境时，它们会更加倾向于利用好现在的食物来快速繁殖，而不是像K选择性微生物那样倾向于增强其竞争力。]
9.Water-use in agriculture has marked effects on the environment, not all of them
adverse. 农业用水对环境有显著的影响，但这些影响并不全是负面的。10.How are OECD governments responding to the increased demand for water in
agricultural production and the growing public awareness of the impact of agriculture on the environment? 经合组织各国如何应对增长中的农业生产用水需求和农业对环境影响的公共意识。
11.But the exploitation of groundwater aquifers for farming continues to grow
apace-not only in arid and semi-arid regions but in many humid areas as well.
但是无论干旱、半干旱地区还是在一些潮湿的地区，为农业进行的地下水蓄水层的开发持续增长。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/4b4140760.html,nd degradation can also be considered in terms of the loss of actual or
potential productivity or utility as a result of natural or anthropic factors. 土地退化也可依自然或人为因素造成的实际或潜在的生产力或效用损失考虑。
13.Nutrient depletion is another principal process of land degradation with severe
economic impact on a global scale.养分消耗是在全球范围内另一个对有严重的经济影响的土地退化主要过程。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/4b4140760.html,nd degradation is the decline in land quality or reduction in its productivity
and environmental regulatory capacity. 土地退化指土地质量下降或者生产率、环境自身调节能力降低。
15.A modern municipal solid waste landfill is typically constructed above an
impermeable clay layer that is lined with an impermeable membrane and includes mechanisms for dealing with liquid and gas materials generated by the contents of the landfill.[一个现代化的城市固体废物填埋场建造在非渗透性的粘土层之上，这粘土层再衬上一层非渗透模型的膜，并包括能够处理填埋物产生的气和液体的装置。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/4b4140760.html,ndfills have historically been the primary method of waste disposal because
this method is the cheapest and most convenient, and because the threat of groundwater contamination was not initially recognized.垃圾填埋历来是垃圾处理基本方法，因为这种方法最便宜、最方便，并且开始它产生的地下水
污染也未被意识到。
17.However, many incinerators were eliminated because of aesthetic concerns,
such as foul odors, noxious gases, and gritty smoke, rather than for reasons of public health. 然而，许多焚烧厂审美方面的考虑而非公共健康原因被淘汰了，比如恶心的气味，有害气体和含有沙石的烟。
18.Nitrogen is an essential constituent of protein, which is a building block of all
living tissue. 氮是蛋白质的基本的组成部分，它是所有活体组织的基石。
19.All of these nitrogen compounds are involved in another phase of the nitrogen
cycle: the processes of ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification. 所有这些氮化物进入氮循环的另一个阶段：氨化作用，硝化作用和反硝化作用。
20.Estimates suggest that less than 8.9kg N/ha comes to Earth annually in this
manner. About two-thirds of this amount comes as ammonia and one-third as nitric acid.估计表明，每年地球上每公顷有不足8.9千克的氮元素以这种方式被固定下来。其中约三分之二以氨的形态，三分之一以硝酸的形态。21.Life in the water contributes organic matter and dead organisms that undergo
decomposition, releasing ammonia and nitrates.水中的生物提供有机物质和死亡的有机体经分解释放出氨和硝酸盐。
22.In aquatic ecosystems, nitrogen cycles in a similar manner, except that the large
reservoir in the soil is lacking. 除了大型水库土壤中（进行的氮循环）外，水生生态系统缺乏与（与陆生生态系统）相似的方式进行的氮循环。23.Animal manure could be responsible for nearly half of the N2O emission in
agriculture in Europe, according to some estimates; the remainder coming from inorganic nitrate fertilizer.
据某些估计，在欧洲农业上几乎一半的氧化亚氮排放来自于动物粪便；其余来自无机硝酸盐肥料。
24.The important addition of a second production cycle of nutrients from fish
wastes has enhanced the integration process, and improved the livelihoods of many small farmers considerably.
这个来自鱼类废物的营养物的第二生产周期作为重要补充增强了一体化进程，并明显地改善了许多小农户的生活。
25.However, most of the manure, when exposed to the atmosphere, loses up to
half its nitrogen as ammonia and nitrogen oxides, before they can be turned into stable nitrate that plants use as fertilizer.
然而，大多数粪便暴露在空气中时，在转变成能被植物利用的稳定的硝酸盐之前，有近一半的氮素以氨气和氧化氮的形式损失掉。
五、段落翻译题（专业相关摘要，1题15分老师出）
专业应试题库 一，专业词汇翻译 A spherical system of coordinates 球坐标系Absolute scale绝对温标 Absolute temperature 绝对温度 Absolute zero 绝对零度 Acute angle锐角 Adiabatic process绝热过程 Adjacent邻近的 Amount of heat 热量 Amplitude振幅 Analytical expression解析式 Angular momentum角动量 Angular velocity角速度 Annihilate湮灭 Appreciable相当多的 Approximate solution近似解 Arbitrarily任意的变换莫测的 Assume that 假设 At constant pressure定压 At rest静止的， Axial symmetry轴对称 Axis of rotation转轴 Be independent of 独立的， Be proportional to 与……成正比 Bend使弯曲的 Capacitor电容器 Center of mass质心 Centripetal force向心力 Cgs厘米-克-秒制（Centimeter-Gram-Second）Change in jumps 突变 Chaotic无序的 Charge by conduct 接触起电 Charge by induction 感应起电 Circulation motion圆周运动 Classical mechanics经典力学 Coefficient系数 Coherent相干性 Combustion engine内燃机 Comparison 参照物 Compensate 补偿，抵消 Conductor导体 Consecutive 连贯的
个人根据机器翻译，仅供 参考 专业应试题库 一，专业词汇翻译 A spherical system of coordinates 球面坐标系统Absolute scale 绝对温标 Absolute temperature 绝对温度 Absolute zero绝对零度 Acute angle 锐角 Adiabatic process 绝热过程 Adjacent临近的 Amount of heat 热量 Amplitude 振幅 Analytical expression 解析式 Angular momentum 角动量 Angular velocity 角速度 Annihilate 消灭 Appreciable可感知的 Approximate solution 近似解 Arbitrarily任意的变换莫测的 Assume that 假设 At constant pressure 定压比热 At rest静止的， Axial symmetry 轴对称 Axis of rotation 旋转轴 Be independent of 独立的， Be proportional to 与.... 成比例 Bend使弯曲的 Capacitor电容器 Center of mass 质心 Centripetal force 向心力 Cgs 匝米-克-秒(Centimeter-Gram-Second) Change in jumps跳跃的变化 Chaotic无序的 Charge by conduct负责的行为 Charge by induction 感应电荷 Circulation motion 圆周运动 Classical mechanics 经典力学 Coefficient 系数 Coherent连贯的 Combustion engine 内燃机
一．中古英语时期 ?Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and the most important specimen (范例、典范)of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. ?The romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period（中世纪）. It uses verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. ?Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）,was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature. ?Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry and the founder of English realism. 二．文艺复兴Renaissance ?Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It marks a transition(过渡) from the medieval to the modern world. ?It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture（雕塑）and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. ?Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. ?This was England’s Golden Age in literature. Queen Elizabeth reigned over the country in this period. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England ? ?“Of Studies” is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays. ?Thomas More ——Utopia ?Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene 相关练习 ? 1. Which is the oldest poem in the English language? ? A. Utopia B. Faerie Queene ? C. Beowulf D. Hamlet ? 2. _____ is the father of English poetry. ? A. Edmund Spenser B. William Shakespeare ? C. Francis Bacon D. Geoffrey Chaucer ? 3. ____ is not a playwright during the Renaissance period on England. ? A. William Shakespeare B. Geoffrey Chaucer ? C. Christopher Marlowe D. Ben Johnson 三．莎士比亚William Shakespeare ?“All the world 's a stage, and all the men and women merely players.”——William Shakespeare ?William Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English language. Shakespeare understood people more than any other writers. He could create characters that have
材料科学与工程专业英语 （要懂得变通，背了的词组里有些词可以换了以后变成另一个词，背词组建议把词组拆开背会各词的意思。） 一、二单词、词组翻译（英译汉' 15 '2= 30 ?） ?汉译英' 15 15 '1= 单词： 1 H 氢Hydrogen11 Na 钠Sodium 2 He 氦Helium 12 Mg 镁Magnesium 3 Li 锂Lithium 13 Al 铝Aluminum 4 Be 铍Beryllium 14 Si 硅Silicon 5 B 硼Boron 15 P 磷Phosphorus 6 C 碳Carbon16 S 硫Sulfur 7 N 氮Nitrogen17 Cl 氯Chlorine 8 O 氧Oxygen18 Ar 氩Argon 9 F 氟Fluorine 19 K 钾Potassium 10 Ne 氖Neon 20 Ca 钙Calcium barium nitrate硝酸钡magnesium carbonate 碳酸镁manganese sulfate硫酸锰 （此处结构注意后面酸的写法，前面元素可换） PS：常用单词 Mechanical 力学的magnetic 磁学的electrical 电学的thermal 热学的Optical 光学的deteriorative 化学的 carbonate碳酸calcium carbonate 碳酸钙oxide 氧化物nitride 氮化物Carbide 碳化物Processing 加工stiffness 刚度toughness 韧性 structure 结构property 性质performance 性能strength 强度density 密度ceramic 陶瓷plastic 塑料semiconductor 半导体polymer 聚合物 metal 金属alloy 合金composite 复合材料 Atomic 原子的electronic 电子的phase 相 PS:加粗的必掌握。 英译汉: Elastic modulus 弹性模量Stiffness and toughness 刚度和韧性，机械性能Naked eye肉眼Optical property 光学性质 Thermal conductivity 热导率Mechanical strength 机械强度 Transition elements 过渡元素magnetic permeability 磁导率 Alkali metals 碱金属integrated circuit 集成电路 Positively charged protons 正电荷质子specific gravity 比重 The melting point 熔点conduction bands 导带 The ion lattice 离子晶格polycrystalline ceramics 多晶陶瓷 Composite materials 复合材料 汉译英: Materials science and engineering 材料科学与工程 1.257×10-6 1.257 times ten to negative six power High-performance materials 高性能材料
共10页KEY TERMS 第一单元 application software应用软件 basic application基本应用软件communication device通信设备compact disc (CD)光盘 computer competency计算机能力Connectivity连通性 Data数据 database file数据库文件 desktop computer台式计算机device driver磁盘驱动程序 digital versatile disc（DVD）数字多用途光盘 digital video disc（DVD）数字多用途光盘 document file文档文件 end user终端用户 floppy disk软盘 handheld computer手持计算机 hard disk硬盘 Hardware硬件 High definition高清 Information信息 information system信息系统information technology信息技术input device输入设备 Internet因特网 Keyboard键盘 mainframe computer大型机Memory内存 Microcomputer微型机Microprocessor微处理器 midrange computer中型机Minicomputer小型计算机 Modem调制解调器 Monitor监视器 Mouse鼠标 Network网络 notebook computer笔记本电脑operating system操作系统 optical disk光盘 output device输出设备 palm computer掌上电脑 People personal digital assistant（PDA）个人数字助理 presentation file演示文稿 primary storage主存 Printer打印机 Procedure规程 Program程序 random access memory随机存储器secondary storage device辅存Software软件 specialized application专门应用软件Supercomputer巨型机 system software系统软件 system unit系统单元 tablet PC平板电脑 Utility实用程序 wireless revolution无线革命worksheet file工作表 第三单元 analytical graph分析图
《财会专业英语》期终试卷 I.Put the following into corresponding groups. (15 points) 1.Cash on hand 2.Notes receivable 3.Advances to suppliers 4. Other receivables 5.Short-term loans 6.Intangible assets 7.Cost of production 8.Current year profit 9. Capital reserve 10.Long-term loans 11.Other payables 12. Con-operating expenses 13.Financial expenses 14.Cost of sale 15. Accrued payroll II.Please find the best answers to the following questions. (25 Points) 1. Aftin Co. performs services on account when Aftin collects the account receivable A.assets increase B.assets do not change C.owner’s equity d ecreases D.liabilities decrease 2. A balance sheet report . A. the assets, liabilities, and owner’s equity on a particular date B. the change in the owner’s capital during the period C. the cash receipt and cash payment during the period D. the difference between revenues and expenses during the period 3. The following information about the assets and liabilities at the end of 20 x 1 and 20 x 2 is given below: 20 x 1 20 x 2 Assets $ 75,000 $ 90,000 Liabilities 36,000 45,000 how much the owner’sequity at the end of 20 x 2 ? A.$ 4,500 B.$ 6,000 C.$ 45,000 D.$ 43,000
英语各类考试 三一口语（GESE）的全称为：英国伦敦三一学院英语口语等级考试（GESE-Graded Examinations in Speakers of Other Languages），它是经英国文化委员会提议，专门为非英语国家设计的纯英语口语等级考试体系。该考试共有12个级别，分成4个档次，每个档次有三个级别，其中1-6级是非常适合孩子的，这是现有英语考试中不多的适合孩子考试之一；7级以上不太适合孩子，但也可以考。 等级考试描述 英国伦敦三一学院英语口语等级考试（GESE-Graded Examinations in Speakers of Other Languages）是经英国文化委员会提议，专门为非英语国家设计的英语口语等级考试体系。目前已在世界四十多个国家和地区开展这项考试。1995年，北京高等学校教育科技发展中心开始与伦敦三一学院在教师培训和口语考试方面进行合作并取得了较好的效果。1999年，北京教育考试院与伦敦三一学院正式签署合作协议，引进该项考试。 等级考试的权威性 伦敦三一学院（TCL-Trinity College London）是经英国政府批准、为英国文化委员会承认的考试机构。伦敦三一学院在世界各地举办音乐、戏剧、英语口语等多类考试，是英国英语口语考试和授予英语教师资格证书的主要机构之一，也是英语考试服务系统的主要国际承办者之一。1995年，伦敦三一学院因其英语教育方面的成就获得英国女王嘉奖。伦敦三一口语证书是目前最火爆的口语水平测试证书，它以其权威性、实用性、系统性成为重点中学所青睐的英语口语能力证明之一。三一口语考试共分为12个级别，每三个级别为一个阶段，三一口语考试每月底进行，一个半两个月后出成绩。 内容 三一口语测试适于6-7岁以上母语为非英语的英语学习者。此项测试共分为四段12个级别。1-3级为预备段；4-6级为初级段；7-9级为中级段；10-12级为高级段。高级别的考试涵盖低于该级别的其他级别的内容。考试形式为考生与考官进行一对一的交谈。考试成绩评定：A—优秀，B—良好，C —及格，D—不及格 优势 大家为什么要考“三一口语”这一问题，首先，从发展方面来看，三一口语存在着很多的优势： 1.三一口语是国内第一个不与笔试捆绑的专项、系统的英语口语考试。 2.所有级别的考试都实行一对一的交流形式，与人机对话的考试方式相比更显人性化。 3.每个月中下旬组织一次考试，较之公共英语（每年仅三月和九月两次）机会较多。 4.三一口语考试无职业、学历、地域、年龄等限制，任何母语非英语的人员均可参加。 5.三一口语为水平考试，考试通过率高，证书颁发得快。对急于获得证书的家长是一个不错的选择。然后，再从学习成长方面来看，三一口语可能是所有认证考试中最适合学生学习的课程。三一口语的多层次、多类别、幽默风趣的学习方式更能够调动中小学生学习英语的兴趣和积极性。三一口语更侧语言沟通的交流与表达，使得学生能在学习的过程中快速的提高自己的英语表达水平，非常有利于孩子以后的成长和发展。最后，从学习的困难
1.判断题 （）1. Operating system first appeared during the third computer generation. （）2. Unlike the other buses, the address bus always receives data from the CPU; the CPU never reads the address bus. （）3. The main operations of set algebra are complementation, union and intersection. （）4. If an empty stack is popped, we say the stack overflows, which is normally an error. （）5. The CPU can be shared in a sequential manner only. （）6. Freeware is free software with no restriction. （）7. When writing data to memory, the CPU first outputs the data onto the data bus, then outputs the address onto the address bus. （）8．The FORTRAN programming language was developed during the first computer generation. （）9．A stack is a dynamic set that obeys the FIFO property. （）10．Two popular strategies for resource allocation are static allocation and dynamic allocation. （）11．The CPU can be shared in a sequential manner only. （）12. A program written in the assembly language of one microprocessor can run on a computer that has a different microprocessor. （）13. Object-oriented programming(OOP) is a programming language model organized around “objects” rather than “actions” and data rather than logic. （）14. FORTRAN is a particularly good language for processing numerical data, but it does not lend itself very well to organizing large programs. （）15. C++ and Smalltalk are two of the more popular object-oriented programming language. 2.词汇 Vacuum tube 真空管general purpose 通用transistor 晶体管 ：大规模集成电路）Large Scale Integrated Circuit（LSI． VLSI(Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit）：超大规模集成电路 Mainframe 大型机medium-sized computer 中型机minicomputer 小型机 Microcomputer 小型机 machine language 机器语言assembly language 汇编语言high-level language 高级语言Multiprogramming 多道程序设计virtual memory 虚拟存储time-share 分时 Batch system 批处理系统interactive system 交互式系统 Instruction cycle 指令周期 Address bus, data bus, control bus Internal register内部寄存器external register 外部寄存器flag register标志寄存器 Instruction register 指令寄存器program counter程序计数器combinatorial logic组合逻辑Control signal 控制信号instruction code指令代码instruction pipeline指令流水线Bidirectional 双向的unidirectional 单向的 ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit) 算术逻辑单元
专业英语题库1-1-8
[单选,共用题干题]Tocompeteintoday'sfast- pacedcompetitiveenvironment,organizationsareincreasinglyallowingcontractors,partners,visitorsandgueststoaccesstheirinternalenterprisenetworks.Theseusersmayconnecttothenetworkthroughwir twopercentofsurveyedCISOsstatethattheycurrentlyuseamoatandcastle'ssecurityapproach,andadmitthatdefensesinsidetheperimeterareweak.Threatsfrominternalusersarealsoincreasinglyacauseforsec adingasinternaluserscantakeadvantageofweakinternalsecuritytogainaccesstoconfidentialinformation. 空白处（6）应选择（） A.A.damageable B.susceptible C.wlnerable D.changeable 分析为了适应当今的快速竞争环境，组织正逐步允许承包商、合作伙伴、访问者和顾客访问它们的企业内部网络，这些用户可以在会议室或办公室通过有线端口连 接网络，或通过无线访问点。在这种允许第三方进行的开放式访问中，局域网变得难以防守。第三方可能以各种方式带来风险，从用一台受感染的膝上型计算机到 连接未授权访问的网络资源进行恶意活动。然而，对很多组织而言，考虑到操作的复杂性和保证系统安全的成本，第三方网络访问是禁止的。接受调查的注册信息 安全管理人员中，有52%的人表示他们目前使用防火墙，而且承认在内部的防御措施是脆弱的。来自内部用户的威胁也正在逐步成为安全考虑的一个因素。怀有恶意 的员工可能发起拒绝服务攻击或通过窥探网络窃取机密信息。当移动的和远程的用户访问网络时，他们一不小心就会使网络感染来自未受保护的公众网络的病毒和 蠕虫。黑客伪装成内部用户，会利用脆弱的内部安全获得访问机密信息的权限。
专业英语期末考试试卷A卷标准答案及评分标准（2009-2010第二学期） 一、Translate the following speciality vocabulary into Chinese (20×1=20) 标准答案：1.电气工程 2. 正电荷 3 .信道 4.家庭自动化 5.桌面应用软件 6.下降沿 7.波特率 8.红外线传感器9 数字信号10.激光技术 11光纤12.微处理器13振荡器14.半导体15.远程控制 16触发器17.阴极射线管18 代码错误19.波导管20.通信工程 评分标准：得分=做对的个数×1 二、Translate the following speciality vocabulary into English(10×1=10) 1.circuit 2.voltage 3.diode 4.triode 5.microwave oven 6.watchdog 7.sensor或transducer 8.current 9.transistor 10. magnifier或amplifier 评分标准：得分=做对的个数×1 四、Multiple choices. (2×10=20） 1-5 BCDBD 6-10 BAAAC 评分标准：得分=做对的个数×2 五、Translate the following sentences into Chinese (5×2=10) 1、电源有两种：电流源与电压源。 2、电子元器件分为有源元件与无源元件两类。 3、激光技术是用来测量物体的存在、传感器到物体之间的距离以及物体尺寸的一种技术。 4、计算机的“大脑”被称为微处理器。 5、串行口有四种工作模式。 六、Choose the right statements according to the following passage .（true(T) or false (F) (5×2=10)） P1: 1-5 T F T F T 评分标准：得分=做对的个数×2 七、Reading Comprehension(5×2=10)） 1-5 B C A D C 评分标准：得分=做对的个数×2
专业英语词根
词根与词缀 1.narc（o）麻醉，睡眠 narcosis 麻醉 narcolepsy 嗜眠症 2.somn（o）；somn（i）；hypn（o）睡 somnolent 瞌睡的，嗜眠的 hypnosia嗜眠 troph（o）营养 trophocyte 滋养细胞https://www.doczj.com/doc/4b4140760.html,ct（o）乳，乳酸 lactobacilli 乳（酸）杆菌 lactose 乳糖 4.albumin（o）蛋白（质） albuminuria 蛋白尿 protein 蛋白质，蛋白 proteinemia 蛋白血症5.gluc（o） glyc（o）葡萄糖 glucopenia 低血糖 glycogen 糖原
6.adip（o）脂 adiposis 肥胖症 adipoma 脂瘤 7.steat（o）脂，脂肪 steatoma 脂瘤 steatosis 脂肪变性 8.lip（o）脂，脂肪 lipidosis 脂沉积症 lipoma 脂肪瘤 9.orth（o）直立，正常，正 orthodontics 正牙学，正畸学 orthogenics 优生学 10.path（o）病，疾病 pathoanatomy 病理解剖学 pathology 病理学 11.gloss(o) ; lingu(o) ;stomat(o) 舌；口；口腔 stomatitis 口炎 stomatology 口腔学 12.sial（o）涎，唾液
sialosis 流涎；多綖 sialoangiitis 涎管炎 13.or（o）口 oropharynx 口咽（部） oronasal 口鼻的 14.hydr（o）水；氢 hydrothorax 胸膜腔积水 hydroa 水疱 15.dips（o）口渴 dipsosis 烦渴 dipsia 口渴 16. syn- ，sym合，同 Conception 妊娠，概念 Synchronia 同时性，同步性 Symbiology 共生学 17.gnos(o) 感知 gnosia 认识;感知 gnosis 感悟 18.onc（o）瘤，肿
专业英语复习题 一、Select and fill in the blank according to professional knowledge （The big topic 5 items,each item3,total of15 points）.根据专业知识选择填空（本大题共5个小题，每题3分，共15分） 1、One of the summing constraints is_____ either input terminal of the ideal operational amplifier. 2、When negative feedback is applied around the ideal operational amplifier, ______apporaches zero. 3、The gain of _____ with the feedback loop closed is unity gain. 4、Assume the output impedance of ideal op amp to be zero, then it can be supply _____ to the load being driven. 5、When a zero signal appera between the invertin and non-inverting inputs, the amplifier output______. 6、The input impedance of the ideal operational amplifier is asummed ______. 7、The closed loop gain of ____ can be any desired value above unity. 8、The output voltage polarity of _____is opposite with the input voltage. 9、The frequency response of an ideal operational amplifier will be flat and _______. 10、No current flows into ______ of the ideal op amp. 1、the differential input voltage 2、 no current flows into 3、will be zero 4、the voltage following 5、as much current as necessary 6、inverting amplifier 7、to be infinite 8、non_inverting amplifier 9、either input terminal10、infinite bandwidth 二、Grammatical function analysize for the underlined parts(The big topic5 items,each item3,total of15 points). 二、进行划线部分的语法功能分析（本大题共5小题，每题3分，共15分） 1、These two statements will be used repeatedly in the analysis of the fedback circuits to be presented in the rest of this section. 2、Since no current flows at the non-inverting input, the input impedance of the voltage follower is infinite.
ACCOUNTING ENGLISH Middle-of-term Test Papers PartⅠ.Translating the following terms 1、Notes to financial statements 2、Accounting elements 3、Variable costs 4、Economic entity 5、Depreciation expense 6、Deferred income taxes 7、Nominal accounts 8、ROA 9、LIFO 10、Work in process 11、现金收支 12、原材料 13、制造费用 14、相关性 15、持续经营 16、复式记账 17、优先股 18、预付费用 19、购货退回与折让 20、永续盘存制
PartⅡ.True or False 1、 The accounting process generates financial reports for both “internal ”and “external”users. 2、The balance sheet reflects the basic accounting equation and the means of financing the organization's assets. 3、The existence of Accounts Receivable on the Balance Sheet indicates that the company has one or more creditors. 4、Liabilities are classified and presented in increasing order of liquidity. 5、Working capital equals current assets less current liabilities. 6、Declaration of dividends reduces the retained earnings portion of the owners' equity of the corporation and creates a liabilities called Dividends Payable. 7、A chart of accounts is a listing of the titles of all accounts. 8、The cash basis of accounting often violates the matching rule. 9、Closing entries convert real and nominal accounts to zero balance. 10、The work sheet is published with the balance sheet and income statement, as a supplementary statement. 11、A company's sustainable growth rate is the highest growth rate in sales it can attain without issuing new stock. 12、Only rapidly growing firms have growth management problems.
专业英语翻译基本知识 （仅供参考） 1.英语翻译的标准 专业英语的翻译注重客观性、准确性，不强调翻译者的主观色彩。翻译的用词应该准确、恰当，句子叙述清楚，表达简洁、流畅。 （1）准确忠实：准确无误，不得有错。即要如实表达原文的含义，不缺漏原文表达的每一层意思，也不添加任何原文没有的含义。 （2）通顺流畅：译文必须符合汉语的语法要求、修辞规则和通常习惯，使读者易看易懂易读。因此，要求译文不能逐字逐句死译，而是要按照汉语的语法规律和习惯表达出来，做到通俗易懂。 （3）简练清楚：译文在清楚明白表达原文意思，不使人产生歧义和模糊不清的前提下，尽可能简洁、精炼、不重复啰嗦。 2.英语翻译的基本技巧 2.1词性转译法 在翻译过程中，为了符合汉语的表达习惯，使译文更加通顺，或为达到一定的修饰目的，可以适当改变一下原文中某些词的词类，将原句中属于某词类的词转译成为另一类词。一般而言有四种 （1）转译成名词（动词、形容词、副词等转译为名词） 例：The cutting tool must be strong, tough, hard, and wear resistant.(形容词转译为名词) 刀具必须有足够的强度、韧性、硬度，而且耐磨。 （2）转译成动词（名词、形容词、介词和副词等转译成动词） 例：Rigid pavements are made from cement concrete. 刚性路面是用水泥混凝土建造的（介词转译成动词） （3）转译成形容词（名词、副词等转译成形容词） 例：This experiment in a success 这个实验是成功的。（名词转译成形容词） （4）转译成副词（名词、动词和形容词译成副词） 例：Although the basic materials for bridge building remain either prestressed concrete or
1.Why are cast metal sheet ingots hot-rolled first instead of being cold-rolled? Because of cold rolling is to use hot rolled steel coils as the raw material, after acid pickling to remove oxide skin for cold rolling, the finished product is hard roll, because of cold work hardening caused by deformation of continuous cold rolling hard roll strength, increase hardness, toughness and plastic index decreased, so the stamping performance will deteriorate, can only be used for simple deformation of the parts 2.What type of heat treatment is given to the rolled metal sheet after hot and “warm” rolling? What is its purpose? 轧钢的热处理的类型？轧钢热处理的目的？ Heat treatment of the main types are annealing, normalizing, quenching and tempering, solution treatment and aging treatment, cold treatment, chemical treatment, etc. Annealing： The steel is heated to a certain temperature and heat preservation for a period of time, and then make it slowly cooling, called annealing. Steel annealing is a heat the steel to the phase change or part of the phase change temperature, slow cooling after heat preservation heat treatment method. The purpose of annealing is to eliminate tissue defects, improve the organization make composition uniformity and fine grains, increase mechanical properties of the steel, reduce residual stress; Can decrease the hardness at the same time, improve the plasticity and toughness, improve machinability. So before annealing in order to eliminate and improve both the legacy of tissue defects and internal stress, and to prepare for the follow-up process, so the annealing is belong to the intermediate heat treatment, also called heat treatment in advance Normalizing： Normalizing is heated to above the critical temperature of steel, to all into homogeneous austenitic steel, heat treatment and natural cooling in air. It can eliminate hypereutectoid steel mesh cementite, for hyposteel normalizing can refine crystal lattice, improve comprehensive mechanical properties, low requirements for the parts use the normalized instead of the annealing process is more economic. Quenching: Quenching is the steel is heated to above the critical temperature, heat preservation for a period of time, then quickly into the quenching medium, the temperature plummeted, rapid cooling at greater than the critical cooling rate of speed, which is mainly composed of martensite and unbalanced heat treatment method of the organization. Can increase strength and hardness of the steel quenching, but to reduce its plasticity. That is commonly used in quenching hardening agent are: water, oil, caustic soda, and salt solution, etc