转语言学7 名词解释
1.80.What is an alphabet?What is asyllabary?
An"alphabet"refers to the letters or signs representing speech sounds used in writing alanguage,arranged in aconventional
order.A"syllabary"refers to aset or table or system of written characters representing syllables rather than individual sounds.
1.81.What is agrapheme?What is orthography?
(1)A"grapheme"is the minimal constructive unit in the writing system of alanguage.The English grapheme Ais represented by A,α,a etc.
(2)Orthography means correct spelling,spelling rules or attempts
to improve spelling.
1.8
2.What is reference?
"Reference",as far as writing is concerned,means that in asound writing system the graphemes and the phonemes are expected to build
up and to keep up co-reference.For instance,the Reference of the English grapheme Bgenerally is"b"and that of the grapheme Xis"ks".The problem with reference is that more than one phoneme can be represented by one single letter or grapheme.The grapheme O,for example,can represent its its different corresponding phonemes as in：so,money,together,sob.
For reference used in the sense of"sense"or"meaning",place refer back to 1.64.
1.83.What is affixation,conversion and compounding?
(1)"Affixation"is the morphological process whereby grammatical of lexical information is added to the base(root or stem).It has been the oldest and the most productive word-formation method in the English language and some other European languages."Prefixation"means addition of aprefix to make anew word,while"suffixation"means adding asuffix to aword.The word"unfaithful"is result of both prefixation and suffixation.
(2)"Conversion"(called sometimes"full conversion")is aword-formation process by which aword is altered from one part of speech into another without the addition(or deletion)of any morpheme."Partial conversion"is also alteration when aword of one word-class appears in afunction which is characteristic of another word-class,e.g.,"the wealthy"(=wealthy people).
(3)"Compounding"is so complex aword-formation process as far as English is concerned that there is no formal criterion that can be used for the definition of it,though it may mean simply that two words or more come together used as one lexical item,like"dustbin".
1.84.What is blending,abbreviation and back formation?
(1)"Blending"is arelatively complex form of compounding in which two roots are blended by joining the initial part of the first root and the final part of the second root,or by joining the initial parts of the two roots,e.g.,smog→smoke+fog,boatel→boat+hotel,etc.
(2)"Abbreviation",also called in some cases"clipping",means that aword that seems unnecessarily long is shortened,usually by clipping either the front or the back part of it,e.g.,telephone→
phone,professor→prof.,etc.
Broadly speaking,abbreviation includes acronyms that are made up from the first letters of the long name of an organization,e.g.,World
Bank→WB,European Economic Community→EEC,etc.Other examples of acronyms can be found with terminologies,to be read like one
word,e.g.,radio detecting and ranging→radar.Test of English as aForeign Language→TOEFL,etc.
(3)"Back-formation"refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where ashorter word is derived by detecting an imagined affix from alonger form already present in the language.It is aspecial kind of metanalyais,combined with analogical creation(see 1.85),e.g.,editor→edit,enthusiasm→enthuse,etc.
1.85.What is analogical creation?What is borrowing?
The process of"analogical creation",as one of the English tendencies in English word-formation,refers to the phenomenon that anew word or anew phrase is coined by analogy between anewly created one and an existing one.For example,"marathon"appeared at the First Olympic Games and by analogy modern English created such words as"telethon","talkthon",etc.Analogy may create single
words(e.g.,sunrise-moonrise,earthrise,etc.；earthquake-
starquake,youthquake,etc.)and phrases(e.g.,environmental pollution-sound pollution,air pollution,cultural pollution,etc.).
"Borrowing"means the English language borrowed words from foreign languages,which fall in four categories：aliens,denizens,translation-loans and semantic borrowings.
"Aliens"are foreign loans that still keep their alien
shapes,i.e.,morphological and phonological
features,e.g.,"elite","coup détat","coupé",etc.(from French)."Deniens",also foreign words,have transformed their foreign appearance,i.e.,they have been Angolcized(or
Americanized),e.g.,"get"(a Scandinavian borrowing),"theater"(a French loan),etc."Hybrids"are also denizens,because they are words made up
of two parts both from foreign soil,such as"sociology"("socio-"from French and-logy from Greek).
"Translation-loans"are words imported by way of
translation,e.g.,"black humor"from French("humor noir"),"found object"form French,too("object trouve"),etc.Finally,se mantic borrowings have acquired new meaning under the influence of language or languages other than the source tongue.For example,"gift"mean"the price of awife"in Old English(450-1150AD),and after the semantic borrowing of the meaning of"gift or present"of the Scandinavian term"gipt",it meant and still means"gift"in the modern sense of it.
1.86.What is assimilation,dissimilation and metathesis?
"Assimilation"refers to change of asound as the result of the influence of an adjacent sound,which is called"contact"or"contiguous"assimilation.The assimitative processes at word in language could be explained by the"theory of least effort",i.e.,in speaking we tend to exert as little effort as possible so that we do not want to vary too often places of articulation in uttering asequence of sounds.Assimilation takes place in quick speech very often.In expressions such as"immobile","illegal",etc.,the negative prefixes should be or have been"in-"etymologically.
"Dissimilation",opposite of assimilation,is the influence exercised by one sound segment upon the articulation of another sound,so that the sounds become less alike than expected.As there are two sounds in the Latin word"peregrines",for instance,the first segment had to dissimilate into[l],hence the English word"pilgrim".
"Metathesis"is aprocess involving an alteration in the sequence of sounds.Metathesis had origina lly been aperformance error,which was overlooked and accepted by the speech community.For instance,the
word"bird"was"bird"in Old English.The word"ask"used to be
pronounced[ask]in Old English,as still occurs in some English dialects.
By Zhang Zuchun 2001/12/30
胡壮麟《语言学教程》课后答案
Annie@2005-05-09 18：19 Define the following terms：
1.design feature：are features that define our human
languages,such as
arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural
transmission,etc.
2.function：the use of language tocommunicate,to
think,https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c13927878.html,nguage functions inclucle imformative
function,interpersonal function,performative function,interpersonal function,performative function,emotive function,phatic
communion,recreational function and metalingual function.
3.etic：a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike's distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many,as well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper.
4.emic：a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike's distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of aspeech communith rather than via qppeal to the investigator's ingenuith or intuition alone.
5.synchronic：a kind of description which takes afixed
instant(usually,but not necessarily,the present),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind.
6.diachronic：study of alanguage is carried through the course of its history.
7.prescriptive：the study of alanguage is carried through the course of its history.
8.prescriptive：a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be,https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c13927878.html,ying down rules for language use.
9.descriptive：a kind of linguistic study in which things are
just described.
10.arbitrariness：one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.
11.duality：one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.
12.displacement：one design feature of human language,which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present cin time and space,at the moment of communication.
13.phatic communion：one function of human language,which refers to the social interaction of language.
14.metalanguage：certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies.
15.macrolinguistics：he interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as
psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics,anthropological linguis tics,et https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c13927878.html,petence：language user's underlying knowledge about the system
of rules.
17.performance：the actual use of language in concrete situation.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c13927878.html,ngue：the linguistic competence of the speaker.
19.parole：the actual phenomena or data of
linguistics(utterances).
20.Articulatory phonetics：the study of production of speechsounds.
21.Coarticulation：a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved.Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation.
22.Voicing：pronouncing asound(usually avowel or avoiced consonant)by vibrating the vocal cords.
23.Broad and narrow transcription：the use of asimple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription；the use of asimple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription；while,the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail
is referred to as narrow transcription.
24.Consonant：are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.
25.Phoneme：the abstract element of sound,identified as being distinctive in aparticular language.
26.Allophone：any of the different forms of aphoneme(eg.th is an allophone of/t/in English.When/t/occurs in words like step,it is unaspirated t.Both th and tare allophones of the phoneme/t/.
27.Vowl：are sound segments produced without such obstruction,so no turbulence of atotal stopping of the air can be perceived.
28.Manner of articulation；in the production of consonants,manner of articulation refers to the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract.
29.Place of articulation：in the production of consonants,place of articulation refers to where in the vocal tract there is approximation,narrowing,or the obstruction of air.
30.Distinctive features：a term of phonology,i.e.a property which distinguishes one phoneme from another.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c13927878.html,plementary distribution：the relation between tow speech sounds that never occur in the same environment.Allophones of the same phoneme are usually in complementary distribution.
32.IPA：the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet,which is devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 then it has undergong anumber of revisions.IPA is acomprised system employing symbols of all sources,such as Roman small letters,italics uprighted,obsolete letters,Greek letters,diacritics,etc.
33.Suprasegmental：suprasegm ental featuresare those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principal supra-segmental features aresyllable,stress,tone,and intonation.
34.Suprasegmental：aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.The principle suprasegmental features are syllable,stress,tone,and intonation.
35.morpheme：the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content,a unit that cannot be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning,whether it is lexical or grammatical.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c13927878.html,poundoly morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes,such as classroom,blackboard,snowwhite,etc.
37.inflection：the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes,such as
number,person,finiteness,aspect and case,which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.
38.affix：the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).
39.derivation：different from compounds,derivation shows the relation between roots and affixes.
40.root：the base from of aword that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity.
41.allomorph：；any of the different form of amorpheme.For example,in English the plural mortheme is but it is pronounced differently in different environments as/s/in cats,as/z/in dogs and as/iz/in classes.So/s/,/z/,and/iz/are all allomorphs of the plural morpheme.
42.Stem：any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.
43.bound morpheme：an element of meaning which is structurally dependent on the world it is added to,e.g.the plural morpheme
in"dog's".
44.free morpheme：an element of meaning which takes the form of an independent word.
45.lexeme：A separate unit of meaning,usually in the form of aword(e.g."dog in the manger")
46.lexicon：a list of all the words in alanguage assigned to various lexical categories and provided with semantic interpretation.
47.grammatical word：word expressing grammatical meanings,such conjunction,prepositions,articles and pronouns.
48.lexical word：word having lexical meanings,that is,those which refer to substance,action and qua lity,such as
nouns,verbs,adjectives,and verbs.
49.open-class：a word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited,such as nouns,verbs,adjectives,and many adverbs.
50.blending：a relatively complex form of compounding,in which two words are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word,or by joining the initial parts of the two words.
51.loanvoord：a process in which both form and meaning are borrowed with only aslight adaptation,in some cases,to eh phonological system of the new language that they enter.
52.loanblend：a process in which part of the form is native and part is borrowed,but the meaning is fully borrowed.
53.leanshift：a process in which the meaning is borrowed,but the form is native.
54.acronym：is made up form the first letters of the name of an organization,which has aheavily modified headword.
55.loss：the disappearance of the very sound as amorpheme in the phonological system.
56.back-formation：an abnormal type of word-formation where ashorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from along form already in the language.
57.assimilation：the change of asound as aresult of the influence of an adjacent sound,which is more specifically called."contact"or"contiguous"assimilation.
58.dissimilation：the influence exercised.By one sound segment upon the articulation of another,so that the sounds become less alike,or different.
59.folk etymology：a change in form of aword or phrase,resulting from an incorrect popular nation of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous 60.category：parts of speech and function,such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech,the
identification of terms of parts of speech,the identification of functions of words in term of subject,predicate,etc.
61.concord：also known as agreement,is the requirement that the forms of two or more words in asyntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.
62.syntagmatic relation between one item and others in asequence,or between elements which are all present.
63.paradigmatic relation：a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at aparticular place in astructure,or between one element present and he others absent.
64.immediate constituent analysis：the analysis of asentence in terms of its immediate constituents---word groups(or phrases),which are in trun analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own,and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.
65.endocentric construction：one construction whose distribution is functionally equivalent,or approaching equivalence,to one of its constituents,which serves as the centre,or head,of the whole.Hence an endocentric construction is also known as aheaded construction.
66.exocentric construction：a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any to any of its constituents.
67.deep structure：the abstr act representation of the syntactic properties of aconstruction,i.e.the underlying level of structural relations between its different constituents,such sa the relation between,the underlying subject and its verb,or averb and its object.
68.surfacte structure：the final stage in the syntactic
derivation of aconstruction,which closely corresponds to the structural organization of aconstruction people actually produce and receive.
69.c-command：one of the similarities,or of the more general features,in these two government relations,is technically called constituent command,c-command for short.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c13927878.html,ernment and binding theory：it is the fourth period of development Chomsky's TG Grammar,which consists of X-bar theme：the basis,or the starting point,of the utterance.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c13927878.html,municative dynamism：the extent to which the sentence element contributes to the development of the communication.
72.ideational function：the speaker's experience of the real world,including the inner world of his own conscio usness.
73.interpersonal function：the use of language to establish and maintain social relations：for the expression of social roles,which include the communication roles created by language itself；and also for getting things done,by means of the interaction between one person and another.
74.textual function：the use of language the provide for making links with itself and with features of the situation in which it is used.
75.conceptual meaning：the central part of meaning,which contains logical,cognitive,or denotative content.
76.denotation：the core sense of aword or aphrade that relates it to phenomena in the real world.
77.connotation：a term in acontrast with denotation,meaning the properties of the entity aword denotes.
78.reference：the use of language to express apropostion,meaning the properties of the entity aword denotes 79.reference：the use of anguage to express aproposition,i.e.to talk about things in context.
80.sense：the literal meaning of aword or an
expression,independent of situational context.
81.synonymy：is the technical name for the sameness relation.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c13927878.html,plentary antonymy：members of apair in complementary antonymy are complementary to each fiel dcompletely,such as
male,female,absent.
83.gradable antongymy：members of this kind are gradable,such as long：short,big；small,fat；thin,etc.
84.converse antonymy：a special kind of antonymy in that memembers of apair do not constitute apositive-negative
opposition,such as buy；sell,lend,borrow,above,below,etc.
85.relational opposites：converse antonymy in reciprocal social roles,kinship relations,temporal and spatial relations.There are always two entities involved.One presupposes the other.The
shorter,better；worse.etc are instances of relational opposites.
86.hyponymy：a relation between tow words,in which the meaning of one word(the superordinate)is included in the meaning of another word(the hyponym)
87.superordinate：the upper term in hyponymy,i.e.the class name.A superordinate usually has several hyponyms.Under animal,for example,there are cats,dogs,pigs,etc,
88.semantic component：a distinguishable element of meaning in aword with two values,e.g+human https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c13927878.html,positionality：a principle for sentence analysis,in which the meaning of asentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined.
90.selection restriction：semantic restrictions of the noun phrases that aparticular lexical item can take,e.g.regret requires ahuman subject.
91.prepositional logic：also known as prepositional calculus or sentential calculus,is the study of the truth conditions for
propositions：how the truth of acomposite propositions and the connection between them.
92.proposition；what is talk about in an utterance,that part of the speech act which has to do with reference.
93.predicate logic：also predicate calculus,which studies the internal structure of simple.
94.assimilation theory：language(sound,word,syntax,etc)change or process by which features of one element change to match those of another that precedes or follows.
95.cohort theory：theory of the perception of spoken words proposed in the mid-1980s.It saaumes a"recognition lexicon"in which each word is represented by afull and independent"recognistion element".When the system receives the beginning of arelevant acoustic signal,all elements matching it are fully acticated,and,as more of
the signal is received,the system tries to match it independently
with each of them,Wherever it fails the element is deactivated；this process continues until only one remains active.
96.context effect：this effect help people recognize aword more readily when the receding words provide an appropriate context for it.
97.frequency effect：describes the additional ease with which aword is accessed due to its more frequent usage in language.
98.inference in context：any conclusion drawn from aset of proposition,from something someone has said,and so on.It includes things that,while not following logically,are implied,in an ordinary sense,e.g.in aspecific context.
99.immediate assumption：the reader is supposed to carry out the progresses required to understand each word and its relationship to previous words in the sentence as soon as that word in encountered.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c13927878.html,nguage perception：language awareness of things through the physical senses,esp,sight.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c13927878.html,nguage comprehension：one of the three strand of psycholinguistic research,which studies the understanding of language.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c13927878.html,nguage production：a goal-directed activet y,in the sense that people speak and write in orde to make friends,influence
people,convey information and so on.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c13927878.html,nguage production：a goal-directed activity,in the sense
that people speak and write in order to make friends,influence people,concey information and so on.
104.lexical ambiguity：ambiguity explained by reference to
lexical meanings：e.g.that of Isaw abat,where abat might refer to an animal or,among others,stable tennis bat.
105.macroproposition：general propositions used to form an
overall macrostructure of the story.
106.modular hich aassumes that the mind is structuied into separate modules or components,each governed by its own principles
and operating independently of others.
107.parsing：the task of assigning words to parts of speech with their appropriate accidents,traditionally e.g.to pupils learning lat
in grammar.
108.propositions hatever is seen as expressed by asentence which makes astatement.It is aproperty of propositions that they have truth values.
109.psycho linguistics：is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structure.Psycholinguistics can be divided into cognitive psycholing uistics(being concerned above all with making inferences about the content of human mind,and experimental psycholinguistics(being concerned somehow whth empirical matters,such as speed of response to aparticular word).
110.psycholinguistic reality：the reality of grammar,etc.as apurported account of structures represented in the mind of aspeaker.Often opposed,in discussion of the merits of alternative grammars,to criteria of simplicity,elegance,and internal consistency.
111.schemata in text：packets of stored knowledge in language processing.
112.story structure：the way in which various parts of story are arranged or organized.
113.writing process：a series of actions or events that are part of awriting or continuing developmeng.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c13927878.html,municative competence：a speaker's knowledge of the total set of rules,conventions,https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c13927878.html,erning the skilled use of language in asociety.Distinguished by D.Hymes in the late 1960s from Chomsley's concept of competence,in the restricted sense of knowledge of agrammar.
115.gender difference：a difference in aspeech between men and women is"genden difference"
116.linguistic determinism：one of the two points in Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c13927878.html,nguage determines thought.
117.linguistic relativity：one of the two points in Spir-Whorf hypotheis,i.e.there's no limit to the structural diversity of languages.
118.linguistic sexism：many differences between me and women in language use are brought about by nothing less than women's place in society.
119.sociolinguistics of language：one of the two things in sociolinguistics,in which we want to look at structural things by paying attention to language use in asocial context.
120.sociolinguistics of society；one of the two things in sociolinguistics,in which we try to understand sociological things of society by examining linguistic phenomena of aspeaking community.
121.variationist linguistics：a branch of linguistics,which studies the relationship between speakers'social starts and phonological variations.
122.performative：an utterance by which aspeaker does something does something,as apposed to aconstative,by which makes astatement which may be true or false.
123.constative：an utterance by which aspeaker expresses aproposition which may be true or false.
124.locutionary act：the act of saying something；it's an act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax,lexicon,and
https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c13927878.html,ly.,the utterance of asentence with determinate sense and reference.
125.illocutionary act：the act performed in saying something；its force is identical with the speaker's intention.
126.perlocutionary act：the act performed by or resulting from saying something,it's the consequence of,or the change brought about by the utterance.
127.conversational implicature：the extra meaning not contained
in the literal utterances,underatandable to the listener only when he shares the speaker's knowledge or knows why and how he violates intentionally one of the four maxims of the cooperative principle.
128.entailment：relation between propositions one of which necessarily follows from the other：e.g."Mary is
running"entails,among other things,"Mary is not standing still".
129.ostensive communication：a complete characterization of communication is that it is ostensive-infer-ential.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c13927878.html,municative principle of relevance：every act of ostensive communication communicates the presumption of its own optimal relevance.
131.relevance：a property that any utterance,or aproposition that it communicates,must,in the nature of communication,neces sarily have.
132.Q-principle：one of the two principles in Horn's
scale,i.e.Make your contribution
necessary(G.Relation,Quantity2,Manner)；Say no more than you
must(given Q).
133.division of pragmatic labour：the use of amarked crelatively complex and/or expression when acorresponding
unmarkeda(simpler,less"effortful")alternate expression is available
tends to be interpreted as conveying amarked message(one which the unmarked alternative would not or could not have conveyed).
134.constraints on Horn scales：the hearer-based o-Principle is asufficiency condition in the sense that information provided is the most the speaker is able to.
135.third-person narrator：of the narrator is not acharacter in the fictional world,he or she is usually called athird– person narrator.
136.I-narrator：the person who tells the story may also be acharacter in the fictional world of the story,relating the story after the event.
137.direct speech：a kind of speech presentation in which the character said in its fullest form.
138.indirect speech：a kind of speech presentation in which the character said in its fullest form.
139.indirect speech：a kind of speech presentation which is an amalgam of direct speech.
140.narrator's repreaentation of speech acts：a minimalist kind of presentation in which apart of passage can be seen as asummery of alonger piece of discourse,and therefore even more backgruonded than indirect speech representation would be.
141.narrator"srepresentation of thought acts：a kind of categories used by novelists to represent the thoughts of their of characters are exactly as that used to present speech acts.For example,she considered his unpunctuality.
Morphology 形态学，研究词的内部结构和构造规则 如colorful,由color和-ful两部分构成，由此概括出一条规则：名词词尾加上-ful可构成形容词 Morpheme, 语素，不能再简化的有意义的语言单位。如boys,由boy和-s构成 Morph 语素的具体形态 Allomorph 语素变体 英文单词illogical,imbalance,irregular和inactive有着共同的语素in-。换句话说，im-,ir-是语素in-的变体。 Free morphemes 能单独出现，独立构词的语素称为自由语素。如work,boy Bound morphemes 不能独立出现，必须附着在其他语素后才能构词的语素。如distempered中，dis-和-ed是黏着语素，temper是自由语素 Bound roots 不能独立出现，只能被词缀附着后出现 如refer中的-fer,consist中的-sist Content morphemes 包含语义内容的语素（包含简单词和能改变词根意义的词缀），如名词、动词、形容词、副词。如work Function morphemes 通过联系一个句子中的其他词提供语法功能的语素 如介词、连词、冠词 at，for，a,but Inflectional 曲折，生成同一语素的不同形式 -s,-‘s,-ing,-en,-er,-est，-s Derivational 派生，生成新词，通常可以改变词汇意义 Cat,caty Compounding合成 如Girlfriend Reduplication 重复 Abbreviation or shortening 简写 Blending 混合 Motor+hotel=motel Breakfast+lunch=brunch Alternation Man men Suppletion不规则 Go went Syntax句法
序论部分 语言学：是以语言作为专门研究对象的一门独立的科学；从方法上分为历史语言学、比较语言学、历史比较语言学、描写语言学；从研究对象上可分为个别语言学和普通语言学；19C 初的历史比较语言学标志着语言学的诞生。 历史语言学：用历史的方法来考察语言的历史演变、研究它的变化规律的语言学。 比较语言学：用比较的方法，对不同的语言进行对比研究，找出它们相异之处或共同规律的语言学。表层结构、深层结构：表层结构和深层结构相对，表层结构赋予句子以一定的语音形式，即通过语音形式所表达出来的那种结构，表层结构是由深层结构转换而显现的；深层结构是赋予句子以一定的语义解释的那种结构。 语言的社会功能语言的依存性（强制性）：语言符号的音义结合是任意的，但一经社会约定俗成后,音义之间就具有互相依存的关系，不得任意更改。 语言层级性：语言是一种分层装置。语言结构要素的各个单位，在语言结构中，并非处在同一个平面上，而是分为不同的层和级。语言可分为二层——底层是一套音位和由音位组成的音节，为语言符号准备了形式部分；上层是音义结合的符号和符号的序列，分为三级：第一级是词素，是构词材料'；第二级是词，是造句材料；第三级是句子，是交际的基本单位。语言发展的渐变性：指语言从旧质过渡到新质不是经过爆发，不是经过消灭现存的语言和创造新的语言，而是经过新质要素的逐渐积累，旧质要素的逐渐死亡来实现的。语言结构的体系的演变只能采取渐变，不能爆发突变。 语言发展的不平衡性：指语言结构体系发展变化是不平衡的，即词汇、语义、语音、语法的发展速度是不一样的。与社会联系最直接的词汇、语义变化最快，语音次之，语法最慢。组合关系：构成线性序列的语言成分之间前后相继的关系。语言单位顺着时间的线条前后相继，好像一根链条，一环扣着一环，处于这个组合链中的两个符号或符号序列之间的关系就叫组合关系。如：主谓、动宾等都是具体的组合关系类型。 聚合关系：在线性序列的某一结构位置上语言成分之间相互替换的关系。在同一位置上能够相互替换的语言单位具有相同的语法功能。在这个线性序列中，每一个语言单位都占有一个特定的位置，在这个位置上它可以被其他语言单位替换下来，犹如一根链条，某一环可以被另一环替换下来，从而形成一根新的链条。 语言习得性：是指虽然人类先天就具有潜在的语言能力，但要掌握一门语言，必须通过后天的学习，没有现实的语言环境，不能掌握任何一种语言。 语言能力：抽象思维能力和发音能力的结合，即，掌握语言需要有发达的大脑和灵活的发音器官。征候：是事物本身的特征，它代表着事物，可以让我们通过它来推知事物。如：炊烟代表人家。语音部分语音：即语言的声音，由人的发音器官发出，负载一定的意义，是语言的物质外壳，语言依靠语音来实现其社会交际功能。 音素：从音质角度划分出来的最小语音单位，分为元音和辅音。 国际音标：由国际语音学会于1888年制定的一套记音符号，它根据“一个音素只用一个音标表示，一个音标只表示一个音素”的原则，主要使用拉丁字母和各种变形符号，是国际上通用的记音符号。语音的生理属性：指语音的动力、发音体和发音方法。 语音的物理属性：是指物体受到外力作用而发生振动，从而使周围的空气也发生振动，形成音波，音波传入人耳，使鼓膜发生振动，刺激听觉神经，于是人们产生了声音的感觉。语音的物理属性包括音高、音长、音重、音质。 语音的社会属性：指同一个音素在不同的语言或方言中具有不同的作用，执行不同的交际功能，是语音的本质属性。 音高：指声音的高低，取决于发音体振动的频率，具有区别意义的作用。如汉语的声调。音重：指声音的强弱，取决于振幅，具有区别意义的作用。语音的强弱与气流量的大小和发
Illocutionary act: The illocutionary act is the act performed in the performing of a locutionary act. When we speak we not only produce some units of language with certain meanings, but also make clear our purpose in producing them, the way we intend them to be understood, or they also have certain forces as Austin prefers to say. In the example of “Morning!” we can say it has the force of a greeting, or it ought to have been taken as a greeting. Cooperative principle: This is the principle suggested by Grice about the regularity in conversation, which reads “Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged”. There are four categories of maxims under it, namely, quantity maxims, quality maxims, relation maxim, and manner maxims. Conversational implicature: This is a type of implied meaning, which is deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims. In this sense, implicature is comparable to illocutionary force in speech act theory in that they are both concerned with the contextual side of meaning, or 言外之意in Chinese. Entailment: This is a logical relationship between two sentences in which the truth of the second necessarily follows from the truth of the first, while the falsity of the first follows from the falsity of the second. For example, when “I saw a boy” is true, “I saw a child” is necessarily true;and if “I saw a child” is not true, “I saw a boy” will not be true either. Ostensive communication: “Ostensive communication”, or “inferential communication”, is a shorthand for “ostensive-inferential communication”. That is, communication is not simply a matter of encoding and decoding, it also involves inference on the part of the hearer and ostension (making clear of one?s intention to express something) on the part of the speaker. Speech act theory: speech act theory is the first major in theory in the study of language in use which originated with J.L. Austin. In his opinion, to say something is to do something. He classified speech act into three kinds: locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. Image Schema意向图式: is a recurring, dynamic pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience. Sociolinguistics: is the linguistic study of society or the social study of language. Transformation-generative grammar (TG)转换生成语法TG refers to any grammar in which different syntactic structures are related by transformations. Hend commonly, from the 1960s, of the theories of Chomsky, or of Chomsky?s school, in general. In a transformational grammar as Chomsky first proposed it, the main role of transformations was to relate the sentences of a language as a whole to a small set of kernel sentences. Functional sentence perspective (FSP)功能句子观is a theory of linguistic analysis which refers to an analysis of utterances or texts in terms of the information they contain. The principle is that Stimulus-response: A learning theory associated particularly with the American psychologist Skinner, which describes learning as the formation of association between responses. Behaviorism in linguistics holds that children learn language through a chain of “stimulus-response reinforcement”, and the adult?s use of language is also a process of stimulus-response. A stimulus is the behavior
语言学名词解释汇总 一、名词解释。 1、语言学：①～是以语言作为专门研究对象的一门独立的科学；②从方法上分为历史…、比较…、历史比较…、描写…；从研究对象上可分为个别…和普通…； ③19世纪初的历史比较学标志着语言学的诞生。 2、语文学：…是为给古代文化遗产——政治历史文学等方面的经典书面著作作注释，目的是使人们可以读懂古书的一门尚未独立的学科。 3、小学：指我国古代传统的文学学、音韵学和训诂学,虽然我国古代没有语文学，但一般认为…属于语文学的范围。 4、训诂：是解释字义和研究它的演变的一门学科，其目的是从词义方面来解释古书的文字。 5、专语语言学：以某种具体的语言为研究对象的语言学称为…。 ＊共时语言学和历时语言学：根据语言体系的稳固和变化,把语言研究分为共时的和历时的研究,共时…研究的是在特定时期内相对稳固的语言体系,如对现代汉语的研究;历时…研究的则是描写语言体系的历史演变,如对汉语发展史的研究。＊普通语言学：是对人类语言从理论方面进行研究的一门学科，它探索各种语言所共有的规律以及各种语言在结构上的共同特点。 ＊历史语言学：用历史的方法来考察语言的历史演变、研究它的变化规律的语言学称为…。 ＊比较语言学：用比较的方法，对不同的语言进行对比研究，找出它们相异之处或共同规律的叫…。 6、表层结构和深层结构：表层结构和深层结构相对，表层结构赋予句子以一定的语音形式，即通过语音形式所表达出来的那种结构，表层结构是由深层结构转换而显现的；深层结构是赋予句子以一定的语义解释的那种结构。 7、语言：是从言语中概括出来的音义结合的词汇系统和语法系统。 ＊言语：是说的行为和结果。 ＊说话：是人们运用语言工具表达思想所产生的结果。 8、语言层级性（二层性）：语言是一种分层装置。语言结构要素的各个单位，在语言结构中，并非处在同一个平面上，而是分为不同的层和级。语言可分为二层——底层是一套音位和由音位组成的音节；上层分为三级：第一级是词素，是构词材料'；第二级是词，是造句材料；第三级是句子，是交际的基本单位。 ＊语言的线条性：是指在交际过程中，语言符号或者作为符号的形式的声音，只能一个跟着一个依次出现，随着时间的推移而逐渐延伸，绝不能在同一时间里说出两个符号或两个声音。 ＊任意性：语言符号的音义结合是任意的，音义之间交没有必然的、本质的联系，也就是它们之间的结合是不可论证的，是约定俗成的。 ＊依存性：语言符号的音义结合是任意的，但一经社会约定俗成后,音义之间就具有互相依存的关系，不得任意更改。 9、语言发展的渐变性：指语言从旧质过渡到新质不是经 过爆发，不是经过消灭现存的语言和创造新的语言，而是经过新质要素的逐渐积累，旧质要素的逐渐死亡来实现的。语言结构的体系的演变只能采取渐变，不能爆发突变。 ＊语言发展的不平衡性：指语言结构体系发展变化是不平衡的，即词汇、语义、
When I was preparing the postgraduate entrance examination of NNU(Nanjing Normal University),some of these following concepts had been tested,but there's no specific or clear explanation in the textbook required by the university.As in preparing the second-round examination I read them in other relevant books, I wrote down here for your reference.Hope they are useful to some of you. 1. Acculturation(同化过程）is a process in which members of one cultural group adopt the beliefs and behaviors of another group. 2. Adjacency pair（相邻语对）;a sequence of two utterances by different speakers in conversation. The second is a response to the first, such as question/answer sequences and greeting/greeting exchange. 3. affix: a bound morpheme that is attached to a stem and modifies its meaning in some way. 4. agreement (concord)（一致）: a grammatical phenomenon in which the form of one word in a sentence is determined by the form of another word which is grammatically linked to it. E.g. in the sentence The boy goes to school every day.There is an agreement in number between boy and goes. 5.articulators（发音器官): the tongue,lips,and velum, which change the shape of the vocal tract to produce different speech sounds. 6.aspect(体）: the grammatical category representing distinction in the temporal structure of an event. English has two aspect construction---the perfect and the progressive.(完成体和进行体) 7.aspiration(吐气）; the puff of air that sometimes follows the pronounciation of a stop consonant. E.g. /p/ in the word pit. 8.consonant（辅音）; a speech sound produced by partial or complete closure of part of the vocal tract, thus obstructing the airflow and creating audible friction. Consonants are described in terms of voicing, place of articulation, and manner of articulation. 9. converstional implicature（会话含义）:meanings that are explicable in the light of converational maxims. https://www.doczj.com/doc/4c13927878.html,municative competence（交际能力）; the ability to use language appropriately in social situations. 11. constituent（成分）: a syntactic unit that functions as part of a large unit within a sentence; typical constituent types are verb phrase, noun phrase, prepositional phrase and clause. 12.case(格)：the grammatical category in inflectional languages by which the form of a noun or noun phrase varies for grammatical or semantic reasons. English has only one case distinction in nouns—the genitive case(所有格), but English pronouns have three forms that correspond to three of the six cases in Latin. 13.clause（小句）: a grammatical unit that contains a subject and a predicate. It may be a sentence or part of a sentence. 14.closed class（封闭词类）: a group of words whose membership is small and does not readily accept new members. 15.coinage（创新词）: the construction and addition of new words. 16.distribution(分布）: the set of positions in which a given linguistic element or form can appear in a language. 17.duality（双重结构）: a type of double-layer structure in which a small number of meaningless units are combined to produce a large number of meaningful units. 18.entailment（包含）; the relationship between two sentences where the truth of one(the second)
1、Descriptive: to make an objective and systematic account of the patterns and use of a language or variety. 2、Arbitrariness: the absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals and the entities to which they refer. 3、Duality: the structural organization of language into two abstract levels: meaningful units(e.g. words) and meaningless segments(e.g. sounds, letters). 4、Displacement: the ability of language to refer to contexts removed from the speaker's immediate situation. 5、Phatic communion: said of talk used to establish atmosphere or maintain social contact. 6、Langue: the language system shared by a "speech community". 7、allophone: variants of the same phoneme. If two or more phonetically different sounds do not make a contrast in meaning, they are said to be allophones of the same phoneme. To be allophones, they must be in complementary distribution and bear phonetic similarity. 8、morpheme: the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. 9、inflection: is the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and cases to which they are attached. 10、endocentric: Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i. e., a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable Centre or Head. In the phrase two pretty girls, girls is the Centre or Head of this phrase or word group. 11、recursiveness: it mainly means that a constituent can be embedded within(i.e., be dominated by) another constituent having the same category, but it can be used to any means to any means to extend any constituent. Together with openness, recursiveness is the core of creativity of language. 12、cohesion: cohesion refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text, and that define it as a text. The cohesion devices usually include: conjunction, ellipsis, lexical collocation, lexical collocation, lexical repetition, reference, substitution, and so on. 13、conceptual meaning: this is the first type of meaning recognized by Leech, which he defined as the logical, cognitive, or denotative content. In other words, it overlaps to a large extent with the notion of reference. But Leech also used "sense" as a briefer term for this conceptual meaning. As a result, Leech's conceptual meaning has two sides: sense and reference.
语言学概论名词解释 序论部分 语言学：是以语言作为专门研究对象的一门独立的科学；从方法上分为历史语言学、比较语言学、历史比较语言学、描写语言学；从研究对象上可分为个别语言学和普通语言学；19C初的历史比较语言学标志着语言学的诞生。 语文学：是为给古代文化遗产，即政治历史文学等方面的经典书面著作作注释，目的是使人们可以读懂古书的一门尚未独立的学科。“小学”：中国传统的语文学，围绕阐释和解读先秦典籍来展开研究，形成了文字学、音韵学、训诂学，分别探讨和研究汉字的字形、字音、字义。 专语语言学：以某种具体的语言为研究对象的语言学。 共时语言学、历时语言学：根据语言体系的稳固和变化，把语言研究分为共时的和历时的研究,。共时语言学研究的是在特定时期内相对稳固的语言体系，如对现代汉语的研究；历时语言学研究的则是描写语言体系的历史演变,如对汉语发展史的研究。 普通语言学：是对人类语言从理论方面进行研究的一门学科，它探索各种语言所共有的规律以及各种语言在结构上的共同特点。 历史语言学：用历史的方法来考察语言的历史演变、研究它的变化规律的语言学。 比较语言学：用比较的方法，对不同的语言进行对比研究，找出它们相异之处或共同规律的语言学。 表层结构、深层结构：表层结构和深层结构相对，表层结构赋予句子以一定的语音形式，即通过语音形式所表达出来的那种结构，表层结构是由深层结构转换而显现的；深层结构是赋予句子以一定的语义解释的那种结构。 索绪尔：现代语言学的创始人，代表著作是《普通语言学教程》。（简单要加补充） 语言的社会功能 语言：就其本质而言，语言是一种音义结合的符号系统；就其社会功能来说，语言是一种特殊的社会现象，是人类最重要的交际工具和必不可少的思维工具。 言语：是对语言的运用，是语言的行为和结果。 说话：是人们运用语言工具表达思想所产生的结果。 思维：是人脑能动地反映客观现实的机能和过程。根据思维活动的不同形态可分为三种类型：直观动作思维、形象思维、抽象思维。 社会：指生活在一个共同的地域中、说同一种语言、有共同的风俗习惯和文体传统的人类共同体，即一般所说的部落、部族和民族。 符号：是一个社会全体成员共同约定用来表示某种意义的记号、标记。 语言符号：是由音义结合构成的，代表或指称现实现象的符号。“音”是语言符号的物质表现形式，“义”是语言符号的内容，只有音义结合才能指称现实现象，构成语言符号。 语言的线条性：是指语言符号在交际过程中，其声音只能一个跟着一个依次出现，随着时间的推移而逐渐延伸，绝不能在同一时间里说出两个符号或两个声音。 语言的任意性：语言符号的音义结合是任意的，由社会约定俗成，没有什么必然的、本质的联系。 语言的依存性（强制性）：语言符号的音义结合是任意的，但一经社会约定俗成后,音义之间就具有互相依存的关系，不得任意更改。 语言层级性：语言是一种分层装置。语言结构要素的各个单位，在语言结构中，并非处在同一个平面上，而是分为不同的层和级。语言可分为二层——底层是一套音位和由音位组成的音节，为语言符号准备了形式部分；上层是音义结合的符号和符号的序列，分为三级：第一级是词素，是构词材料'；第二级是词，是造句材料；第三级是句子，是交际的基本单位。 语言发展的渐变性：指语言从旧质过渡到新质不是经过爆发，不是经过消灭现存的语言和创造新的语言，而是经过新质要素的逐渐积累，旧质要素的逐渐死亡来实现的。语言结构的体系的演变只能采取渐变，不能爆发突变。 语言发展的不平衡性：指语言结构体系发展变化是不平衡的，即词汇、语义、语音、语法的发展速度是不一样的。与社会联系最直接的词汇、语义变化最快，语音次之，语法最慢。 组合关系：构成线性序列的语言成分之间前后相继的关系。语言单位顺着时间的线条前后相继，好像一根链条，一环扣着一环，处于这个组合链中的两个符号或符号序列之间的关系就叫组合关系。如：主谓、动宾等都是具体的组合关系类型。 聚合关系：在线性序列的某一结构位置上语言成分之间相互替换的关系。在同一位置上能够相互替换的语言单位具有相同的语法功能。在这个线性序列中，每一个语言单位都占有一个特定的位置，在这个位置上它可以被其他语言单位替换下来，犹如一根链条，某一环可以被另一环替换下来，从而形成一根新的链条。 语言习得性：是指虽然人类先天就具有潜在的语言能力，但要掌握一门语言，必须通过后天的学习，没有现实的语言环境，不能掌握任何一种语言。 语言能力：抽象思维能力和发音能力的结合，即，掌握语言需要有发达的大脑和灵活的发音器官。 征候：是事物本身的特征，它代表着事物，可以让我们通过它来推知事物。如：炊烟代表人家。 语音部分 语音：即语言的声音，由人的发音器官发出，负载一定的意义，是语言的物质外壳，语言依靠语音来实现其社会交际功能。 音素：从音质角度划分出来的最小语音单位，分为元音和辅音。 国际音标：由国际语音学会于1888年制定的一套记音符号，它根据“一个音素只用一个音标表示，一个音标只表示一个音素”的原则，主
Define the following terms: 1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 3. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. . 4. Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. 5. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 6. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 7. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 8. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. 9. Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. 10. Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics. 11. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability. 12. Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds 13. Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. 14. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker 15. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. 16. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication 17. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language, 18. Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowledge of the rules in linguistic communication. 19. Langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently 20. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.45. phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. 21. phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. But
语言学概论名词解释 (一) 1、【语言学】语言学是把语言作为研究对象的科学,是关于语言的理论知识。+语言学是抽象应用性学科,语言学为语文教学服务,语言学为国家语文政策服务,语言学促进现代化建设 2、【具体语言学】以某一种或一些具体语言为研究对象的语言学叫做具体语言学+具体语言学都是研究有关个别语言(或语系、语族)的特殊规律的。 3、【理论语言学】把具体语言研究的成果总结起来,找出语言的一般规律的学科是理论语言学(或普通语言学)。+它在具体语言研究的基础上总结出一般规律,再用来指导具体语言的研究,理论语言学提供语言学的基本概念、有关语言的一般理论、模式和研究方法,通常包括语言结构的分析和描写的种种原则。它的内容应该适用于所有或多数语言。 4、【历时语言学】也叫历史语言学,研究语言在不同阶段的历史演变,研究它的语音、语义或词汇、语法等从古到今的发展。 5、【共时语言学】也叫断代语言学,它研究某一时期的具体语言的结构状况。 6、【应用语言学】应用语言学是应用语言学成果于各种有关语言文字实际运用的学科。+它包括语言教学、机器翻译、人机对话、情报检索、人工智能、词典编纂、文学创作技巧、失语症治疗等有关语言文字运用的研究。 7、【各种类型的语言学】研究语法构造的叫语法学;研究词汇的叫做词汇学;研究语音的语音学;研究语义的叫语义学;研究如何加强语言表现力的是修辞学;研究文字的是文字学。
8、【社会语言学】社会语言学是语言学同其他社会科学相交的边缘学科,建立于20世纪60年代。+社会语言学的根本目的是要研究人们使用着的活生生的语言是什么样子,随哪些因素而起变化,有什么规律,因此它的研究课题十分广泛,另一方面,还可以研究社会现象及其发展过程在语言中的反映。 9、【心理语言学】心理语言学是语言学和心理学相交的边缘学科,20世纪50年代既已建立。+心理语言学的研究内容主要是:语言的习得,语言的发生,语言的理解,语言与思维、智力的关系等。心理语言学还对大脑结构、思维和语言之间的制约关系进行探索,但目前有关的若干问题已成为又一门新的学科--神经语言学的研究对象。 10、【数理语言学】数理语言学是数学与语言学相交的边缘学科,是用数学方法研究自然语言及其运用的一门新兴学科。数理语言学因研究的目的、对象等的差异又分为代数语言学和统计语言学。 (二) 11、【语言】语言是人类最重要的交际工具,它以语音为表现形式,以语义为内容,是一个由词汇和语法构成的符号系统。+语言是社会的产物,语言受制于社会(具体语言中的语音和语义的结合是由社会决定的),又服从于社会需要。语言的活动范围最为宽广,能够满足社会全体成员各个方面的交际需要。语言具有基础性、广泛性、适应性、全民性、无阶级性。有声语言是划分人和动物的重要标志之一。语言是民主社会集体创造的最重要的交际工具,它本身是民族文化的组成部分,而且往往是文化的其他领域的载体和表现形式,也因此说语言是民族文化的标志。 12、【言语】言语是运用语言(说话)和运用语言的结果(说的话)。在运用文字的情况下,言语是写作和写下来的话。+平常听到的一句句话都是言语,言语是社会本质和个人本质的结合。