语料驱动的微观修辞操作与英语写作教学研究
English Rhetorical Devices
英语中的修辞与汉语的修辞相比，分类细，种类多。下面将英语中的修辞（部分）简单介绍如下：
1. Simile 明喻.
【英释】It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.
【汉释】明喻是一种表现一事物像另一事物的修辞格。说得通俗点，也就是打比方，即把要描述的事物——本体（A）用比喻词与另一种具有鲜明的同一特征的事物——喻体（B）联系起来。常用的比喻词有as(如),like(像),seem(似乎),as if(好像),as through(好像),such as(像……一样)等。其基本格式是“A is like B”或“A is as……as B”。
【例句】①He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.
②I wandered lonely as a cloud.
③Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.
④My heart is like a singing bird.
⑤O my love's like a red, red rose.
2. Metaphor 暗喻,隐喻.
【英释】It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.
【汉释】暗喻是本体和喻体同时出现，它们之间在形式上是相合的关系，说甲（本体）是（喻词）乙（喻体）。喻词常由：是、就是、成了、成为、变成等表判断的词语来充当，不用like 或as等表示出来,而是进行隐藏的比较。暗喻又叫隐喻。
【例句】①Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper.
②Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
③She is a woman with a stony heart.
④Mark Twain is a mirror of America.
⑤He is a pig.
3. Metonymy 转喻,借喻.
【英释】It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another.
【汉释】转喻是指当甲事物同乙事物不相类似，但有密切关系时，可以利用这种关系，以乙
事物的名称来取代甲事物，这样的一种修辞手段；或者说是一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法。转喻的重点不是在“相似”；而是在“联想”。转喻又称借喻、换喻，或借代。
【例句】①The kettle boils.
水开了(用the kettle壶，表示the water in the kettle 壶里的水)。
②The room sat silent.
全屋人安静地坐着（用the room房间，表示the people in the room房间里的人）。
③Grey hairs should be respected.
老人应受到尊重（用grey hairs白发，表示old people老人)。
④The pen is mightier than the sword.
笔要比剑更锋利（用pen笔，表示article文章）。
⑤I am reading Lu Hsun.
我在读鲁迅的作品（用Lu Hsun鲁迅，表示Lu Hsun's works鲁迅的作品）。
4. Synecdoche 提喻.
【英释】It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part,etc.
【汉释】提喻是用部分代替全(整)体，或用全(整)体代替部分，或特殊代替一般。
【例句】①There are about 100 hands working in his factory.[部分代替整体]
他的厂里约有100名工人。
②It was reported that China won the volleyball match.[整体代替部分]
椐报载：在这次排球赛中，中国队赢了。
③He is the Newton of this century.[特殊代替一般]
他是本世纪的牛顿.
5. Allegory 讽喻,寓言.
【英释】An expressive style that uses fictional characters and events to describe some subject by suggestive resemblances; an extended metaphor.
【汉释】建立在假借过去或别处的事例与对象之上（或以讲故事、寓言的形式），传达暗示，影射或者讥讽现世各种现象的含义；意为“换个方式的说法”。它是一种形象的描述，具有双重性，表层含义与真正意味的是两回事。
【例句】①Make the hay while the sun shines.
表层含义：趁着出太阳的时候晒草。
真正意味：趁热打铁。
②It's time to turn plough into sword.
表层含义：是时候把犁变成剑。
真正意味：时机成熟了。
6. Personification 拟人.
【英释】It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes to(赋予) inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象的事物).
【汉释】拟人是指把物（包括物体、动物、思想或抽象概念等）拟作人，使其具有人的外表、个性或情感的一种修辞手段。拟人可以通过形容词、动词、名词等表现出来。
【例句】①The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads. [把夜拟人化]
②I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods. [把鸟拟人化]
③Did you see the anger of the tempest? 你看到暴风雨的愤怒了吗？
④Thirsty soil drank in the rain. 饥渴的土壤在雨中畅饮。
⑤The year 1871 witnessed the heroic uprising of the Paris Commune. 1871年目睹了（爆发了）英勇的巴黎公社起义。
7. Parody 仿拟,模仿.
【英释】Parody is a figure of speech involving the imitation of some famous writer or parts of certain well-known works, or the existing idioms to express a kind of new idea.
【汉释】仿拟是英语语言学分支修辞学的重要修辞手法之一。这是一种巧妙、机智、而有趣的修辞格。它有意仿照人们熟知的现成的语言材料，根据表达的需要临时创造出（改变成）新的语、句、篇来，以使语言生动活泼，或讽刺嘲弄，或幽默诙谐，妙趣昂然。在运用时所仿拟的一般是人们所熟知的语言材料，如成语、谚语、明言、警句等。
【例句】①Rome was not built in a day, nor in a year.
②A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.
③If you give a girl an inch nowadays she will make address of it.
④Where there is a will, there is a lawsuit. 有遗嘱必有官司。
⑤To Lie or Not To Lie,that is a question. [Shakespeare: To be or not to be,that is a question.]
8. Parallelism 排比,平行.
【英释】Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, clauses,sen- Tence,part,etc.
【汉释】排比是把两个或两个以上的结构大体相同或相似，意思相关，语气一致的短语、句子等排列成串，形成一个整体，用来加强语势强调内容、加重感情的修辞方式。
【例句】①No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral; no one can be perfectly happy till all are happy.
②In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon you and yours, to the last of your bad race, to answer for them. In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon your brother, the worst of your bad race, to answer for them separately.
③Perch are inexpensive; cod are cheap; trout are abundant; but salmon are best.
9. Antithesis 对偶,对照,对比.
【英释】It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis.
【汉释】用两个结构相似、意义相近或相反的词组或句子来表达相关、相近或相反意思的一种修辞方式叫对偶。
【例句】①Not that I loved Caeser less but that I loved Romemore more.
②You are staying; I am going.
③Give me liberty, or give me death.
④Speech is silver; silence is golden.
10. Rhetorical question 修辞性疑问句,反问.
【英释】A statement that is formulated as a question but that is not supposed to be answered.
【汉释】修辞性疑问句与单纯的疑问句的不同在于它并不以得到答复为目的，而是以疑问为手段，取得修辞上的效果，其特点是:肯定问句表示强烈否定，而否定问句表示强烈的肯定，它的答案往往是不言而喻的。
【例句】①How was it possible to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worth of note?
②Shall we allow those untruths to go unanswered?
11. Overstatement and Understatement 夸张和淡化.
⑴.Overstatement夸张,言过其实,夸大的叙述.[=Hyperbole]
【英释】It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis.
【汉释】夸张法是指为了达到强调或滑稽效果，而有意识的使用言过其实的词语的一种修辞手段。夸张法并不等于有失真实或不要事实，而是通过夸张把事物的本质更好地体现出来。夸张法既用在日常会话中，也用在文学作品中。
【例句】①I beg a thousand pardons.
②He almost died laughing.
③Love you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars.
④When she heard the bad news, a river of tears poured out.
⑵.understatement 淡化,含蓄的陈述.
【英释】It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement.
【汉释】淡化是与夸张相对的一种修辞手法。它是指说话时不把情意全部表达出来或委婉的表达、保守（不充分）的陈述，这种表达方式通常有含蓄、耐人寻味之意。
【例句】①It took a few dollars to built this indoor swimming pool.
②“He is really strange，”his friends said when they heard he had di- vorced his pretty and loving wife.
12. Climax and Anticlimax 渐进和渐降.
⑴.Climax 渐进,层进.
【英释】It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I conquered.
【汉释】这种修辞是将一系列词语按照意念的大小、轻重、深浅、高低等逐层渐进，最后达到顶点。可以增强语势，逐渐加深读者印象。
【例句】①I came, I saw, I conquered.
②I am sorry, I am so sorry, I am so extremely sorry.
③Eye had not seen nor ear heard, and nothing had touched his heart of stone.
⑵.Anticlimax 渐降,突降.
【英释】It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, but thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.
【汉释】渐降是与Climax相反的一种修辞法，将一系列词语、词组等按由大到小、由强到弱等顺序依次排列在一起。
【例句】①But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.
②On his breast he wears his decorations, at his side a sword, on his feet a pair of boots.
③The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.
13. Oxymoron 矛盾.
【英释】It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-sweet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱).
【汉释】矛盾修辞法是用两种不相调和或相反的特征形容一个事物，以不协调的搭配使读者领悟句中微妙的含义。
【例句】①No light, but rather darkness visible. 没有光亮，黑暗却清晰可见。
②The state of this house is cheerless welcome.这个国家的这所房子是阴郁的欢迎。
③The coach had to be cruel to be kind to his trainess.
14. Paradox 悖论,隽语,似非而是的论点.
【英释】It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point.
【汉释】隽语是指表面看起来似乎矛盾，但仔细品味却发现其中包含一定哲理的一种意味深长的说法。[Short poem or saying expressing an idea in a clever and amusing way.即短而机智之妙语、名言警句等.]
【例句】①More haste, less speed.
欲速则不达。
②The child is the father to the man.
三岁看大,四岁看老（童年时代可决定人之未来）。
③A place for everything,and everything in its place.
凡事包容则万物各得其所。
④A cynic is a man who knows the price of everything and the value of nothing.
一个愤世嫉俗的人知道所有东西的价格，却不知道他们的价值。
⑤A man never disclose his own character so clearly as when he describes another's. 一个人在描述他人的个性时，最容易将自己的性格明白地显露出来。
15. Euphemism 委婉,婉辞.
【英释】It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as " pass away".
【汉释】婉辞法指用委婉、文雅的方法表达粗恶、避讳的话.。一般认为，凡是表示禁忌或敏感事物的含蓄、迂回或动听的言词，均在委婉语之列。
【例句】①He is out visiting the necessary. 他出去方便一下。
②His relation with his wife has not been fortunate. 他与妻子关系不融洽。
③Deng Xiaoping passed away in 1997. 邓小平于1997年去世。
16. Irony 反语.
【英释】It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are
lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.
【汉释】反语是指用意义相反的词来表达所要表达的意思、目的的一种修辞手法。如，在指责过失、错误时，用赞同的说法；而在表扬时，则用近乎责备的说法。单纯从字面上不能了解其真正要表达的意思，而事实上其原本的意义正好是字面上所能理解的意涵的相反，通常需要从上下文及语境来理解。
【例句】①It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning.
早上没有时间观念还真是一件好事啊（真实含义是应该明确早上的时间观念）。
②“Of course, you only carry large notes, no small change on you. ”the waiter said to the beggar.
17. Pun 双关.
【英释】It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)
【汉释】双关是指用一个词在句子中的双重含义，借题发挥、作出多种解释、旁敲侧击、从而达到意想不到的幽默、滑稽等效果。它主要以相似的词形、词意和谐音等方式出现。【例句】①She is too low for a high praise, too brown for a fair praise and too little for a great praise.
②An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.
③If we don't hang together, we shall hang separately.
18. Transferred Epithet 移就,转移修饰语,转类形容词.
【英释】An epithet is an adjective or descriptive phrase that serves to characterize somebody or something.A transferred epithet is one that is shifted from the noun it logically modifies to a word associated with that noun. When one says that he has had a busy day, one is using such a figure of speech. For it is the person,not the day, that is busy.[ It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I spent sleepless nights on my project.]
【汉释】移就是英语语言中常见的一种修辞格，它的基本特点是形容词的修饰对象发生转移，即形容词的修饰对象或移物于人，或移物于物。由于它新颖生动，简洁明快，无论是刻画人物还是写景抒情，都有很强的表现力，因而被广泛地运用。
【例句】①In his quiet laziness he suddenly remembered that strange word.
②The old man put a reassuring hand on my shoulder.
③He said “Yes”to the question in an unthinking moment.
④The assistant kept a respectful distance from his boss when they were Walking in the corridor.
19. Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉.
【英释】A sensation that normally occurs in one sense modality occurs when another modality is stimulated.
【汉释】这种修辞法是以视、听、触、嗅、味等感觉直接描写事物.通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来，借联想引起感觉转移，“以感觉写感觉”。通感技巧的运用，能突破语言的局限，丰富表情达意的审美情趣，起到增强文采的艺术效果。比如：欣赏建筑的重复与变化的
样式会联想到音乐的重复与变化的节奏；闻到酸的东西会联想到尖锐的物体；听到飘渺轻柔的音乐会联想到薄薄的半透明的纱子；又比如朱自清的《荷塘月色》里“微风过处送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的”。
【例句】①The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice.
鸟儿落在树上，倾泻出百合花似的声音（用视觉形容听觉,鸟落在树上,由它发出的声音联想到百合花）。
②Taste the music of Mozart.
品尝Mozart的音乐（用嗅觉形容听觉）。
20. Alliteration 头韵.
【英释】It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.
【汉释】头韵蕴含了语言的音乐美和整齐美,使得语言声情交融、音义一体，具有很强的表现力和感染力。头韵(法)在一行诗或一组词中采用连续几个词相同首字母或声韵的技巧，形成悦耳的读音，最常见的押头韵的短语有：first and foremost（首先）、（with）might and main (尽全力地)、saints and sinners （圣人与罪人）、（in）weal and (or) woe（无论是福是祸）。头韵仅第一部分或第一部分辅音群的第一个音素相同。如果第一部分完全缺失，那就只能让主元音相同。头韵是加强行内节奏感的一种手段，是节奏式辅助因素。这也是英语追求形式美，音韵美的一个重要表现。
【例句】①He is my friend and foe .[敌友]
②He writes not for money, but purely a labour of love .[乐于做的事]
③Tom struggled with might and main to move the stone.[竭尽全力]
注:
英语中的修辞手法极其丰富，种类甚多，在此不作一一介绍。
修辞手段一般主要用于文学性写作中。但在大学英语的英文写作中有时也需要运用一定的具有英文特征的修辞手段，而且运用得好，会使语句生动从而增添语句亮点。因此，掌握一些一般常用修辞手段对于实现语句亮点也是非常必要的。对于大学英语写作来说，主要应该掌握以下修辞手段，又称语句辞格，包括结构辞格与语义辞格。对比、排比、重复、倒装等为结构辞格，转义、双关、矛盾等则为语义辞格。
1.对比
正反对比就是要巧妙地运用对称的英文句式来表达互为补充的意思，因此恰当地运用反义词语往往是必不可少的。如果一旦所要表达的内容具有这种情况，就应尽力选用这种对称的句式并选用适当的反义词语来加强语句，实现语句的亮点。
1）如“很多人很快就会发现，他们在物质上是富裕了，精神上却很贫乏”，可以这样达：Many people will soon find themselves rich in goods, but ragged in spirit.
(注：句中rich in 与ragged in, goods 与spirit 具有正反对比的关系和效果。）
2）如“利远远大于弊”，可以这样表达：
The advantages for outweigh the disadvantages.
(注：句中the advantages 与the disadvantages 具有正反对比的关系和效果。）3）如“他们注意到了这些说法中的一些道理，但他们却忽视了一个重要的事实”，可以这样表达：
They have noticed a grain of truth in the statements, but have ignored a mor e important fact.
(注：句中have noticed 与have ignored, a grain of truth in the statements 与a more important fact 具有正反对比的关系和效果。）
4)如“这样做既有积极效果也有消极效果”，可以这样表达：
It will have both negative and positive effects by so doing.
(注：句中negative 与positive具有正反对比的关系和效果）
5)如“我们既有与我们很为相似的朋友，又有与我们很为不同的朋友”，可以这样表达：
We have friends similar to us and friends different from us.
(注：句中similar to 与different from具有正反对比的关系和效果）
2.排比
英文中有时也使用排比句式，这种句式整齐而有气势，又不会使人感到单调。例如，如“读书使我们聪明，锻炼使我们强健”，可以这样表达：
Reading makes us wise while exercises make us strong.
3. 重复
英文一般讲求简洁，因此为表达强调偶尔使用重复可以使语句的强调内容得到突出。英文的重复又根据被重复词语在语句中的位置分为句首重复、句尾重复、首尾重复、尾首重复等。
1)如“现在是忘掉过去一切的时候了。现在是言归正传的时候了。现在是为未来而奋斗的时候了”，可以这样表达：
Now is the time to forget everything in the past. Now is the time to get down to the business. Now is the time to work hard for the future.
（注：此句为句首重复，重复部分为句首的now it the time to )
2)如“我们渴望成功，而且正在为成功而努力工作”，可以这样表达：
We long for success and we are working hard for success.
(注：此句为句尾重复，重复的部分为句尾的for success.)
3)如“我相信我们能够成功，我相信我们也一定会成功”，可以这样表达：
I am convinced that we can succeed, and Iam convinced that we must succe ed.
(注：and 所连接的两个语句的句首与句尾部分同时重复，重复的部分为句首的I am convinced that与句尾的succeed)
4)如“我们现在生活在一个新的时代，而一个改革充满着风险与机遇”，可以这样表达：
We are now living in a new era, and a new era of reform is always full of ve ntures and chances.
(注：and 之前的句尾与and之后的句首重复，重复部分为a new era.)
4. 倒装
这里说的倒装不同于前述非修辞性的语法结构倒装。非修辞性的语法结构倒装是语句的语法结构所限定的，没有自由选择的余地，只要运用需要倒装结构的句型就要采用倒装结构。这里所说的倒装是指修辞性语义结构倒装，是进行强调的一种手段，它利用了语句句首(或句尾)的特殊位置。例如，如“充满着风险与机遇的改革的新时代正向我们走来”，可以这样表达：
Now on coming to us is the new era of reform full of ventures and chances.
5.转义
转义是一种对词语灵活运用的修辞手段，主要有比喻、拟人、夸张、反语、婉转等，比喻又包括明喻、暗喻、换喻、提喻等。
1)如要表达“过去的经历就像图片一样总是在脑海中萦绕”，英文可为：
What had been experienced in the past was always looming in memory like a picture.
(注：此句采用明喻，明喻的特点是使用了like一词)
2)如要表达“我们的英语老师就是我们最好的英语辞典”，英文可为：
Our English teacher is our best English dictionary.
(注：此句采用暗喻，暗喻的特点是利用事物之间的相似之处进行比喻，与明喻不同之处在于不使用like一词)
3)如要表达“我正在读莎土比亚的书呢”，英文可为：
I am reading Shakespeare.
(注：此句采用换喻，换喻的特点是直接借用一事物的名称宋代替另一事物的名称，使用通过联想理解其含义，但不是所有的事物都是可以用换喻来表达的)
4)如要表达“这里需要一个帮手”，英文可为：
A hand is needed here.
(注：此句采用提喻，提喻的特点是用一个事物的部分来代表事物的整体或用一个事物的整体来代表事物的部分。这里用hand一词代表整个人)
5)如要表达“巨大的不幸笼罩着整个城市”，英文可为：
A great misfortune crept over the whole city.
(注：此句采用拟人。拟人的特点是将事物人格化)
6)如要表达“这种想法可真是伟大的愚蠢”，英文可为：
This is really a great stupid idea.
(注：此句采用反语。反语的特点是故意将话反说，具有讽刺意味)
7)如要表达“我太渴望成功了。听到成功的消息我欣喜若狂”，英文可为：
I was mad for success and on the news of success I went mad with joy. (注：此句采用夸张。夸张的特点是为表现事物的特征故意夸大其词)
18种重要修辞手法 一、语义修辞 1明喻（simile）俗称直喻，是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似关系而构成的修辞格。例如： 1.The snow was like a white blanket drawn over the field. 2.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 认真观察以上各例，我们会发现它们的特点，由（as）... as, like等引导，这些引导词被称作比喻词（acknowledging word），它们是辨别明喻的最显著的特征，明喻较为直白，比喻物和被比喻物之间相似点较为明显，所以明喻是一种比较好判断的修辞手法。 2暗喻（metaphor）也称隐喻，是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似或相关关系而构成的修辞格。例如： 1.His friend has become a thorn in his side.（他的朋友已变成眼中钉肉中刺。） 2.You are your mother’s glass.(你是你母亲的翻版。) 3.Hope is a good br eakfast, but it’s a bad supper. 由以上各例可知，暗喻没有引导词，这是明喻和暗喻在形式上的最大区别。换句话说，有为明喻，没有为暗喻。如：He has a heart of stone. He has a heart like stone.很显然，前句是暗喻，后句是明喻。暗喻时，比喻物和被比喻物之间的相似点较为含蓄，猛一看它们毫无关系，实际却有着某种内在联系。 谈到暗喻，有必要说说它的两种变体（variety）：博喻（sustained metaphor）和延喻（extended metaphor），它们是英语比喻中的特殊类型。 （1）博喻连续使用多个喻体去比喻主体的方法就叫做博喻。比如： There again came out the second flash, with the spring of a serpe nt and the shout of a fiend, looked green as an emerald, and the reverber ation was stunning.(爆发了第二次闪电，她像蛇一样蜿蜒，如魔鬼般嘶叫，像翠玉般碧绿，轰隆隆震耳欲聋。) 这个例子中对闪电的比喻就用了三个喻体，spring of a serpen t（动态），shout of a fiend（声音），green as an emerald(颜色)，它们从不同角度绘声绘色地把闪电呈现在读者面前。由此可见，多喻体的使用其优势是单一喻体所无法比拟的。它可以多角度、多侧面、多层次、多结构地表现主体。 （2）延喻据Longman Modern English Dictionary解释，延喻即make a n initial c omparison and then develop it, expanding the author’s id ea（作出初次比较再扩展，以延伸作者的意图）。请看下例： A photographer is a cod, which produces a million eggs in order that one may reach maturity. (摄影师像鳕鱼，产卵百万为的是长成一条。) 摄影师通常拍片成堆，难觅一成功之作，似鳕鱼产卵无数，长成者廖廖。故萧伯纳把摄影师先比作cod，再进一步用cod的习性比喻之，生动地道出了摄影师的艰辛。这里which后的从句就显示了延喻的功能。 与一般比喻相比延喻的使用更复杂。一般比喻只需抓住主、喻体之间的相似之处，延喻不仅要注意比喻本身，还要注意延伸部分是否与喻体保持了一致。也就是说，延伸部分应当是喻体的一部分，不能游离于其外。 延喻的构成分以下几种： ①由动词构成
浅谈大学英语中常见的修辞手法 摘要：对大学英语里常见的几个修辞方法作了说明。 关键词：明喻；暗语；转喻；夸张 1 明喻(Simile) 明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法，是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体的关系，两者都在对比中出现，其基本格式是“A像B”，常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though等。如果使用得当可以把深奥的道理说得通俗、浅显、明白，使人可见可感可悟，把简单的事物表达的更为形象更为生动。例如： Like climbing a mountain, we struggle up three feet and fall back two.（正如爬山，我们费力爬上三英尺，又掉下去两英尺。）(大学英语第一册第三单元课文B) I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery blodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(丘吉尔在此使用了一个恰当的比喻，把德国士兵比作蝗虫，因为二者有着共同之处-传播毁灭。) 2 暗喻(the metaphor) 暗喻也是一种比喻，但不用比喻词，因此被称作缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)。它是根据两个事物间的某些共同的特征，用一事物去暗示另一事物的比喻方式。本体和喻体之间不用比喻词，只是在暗中打比方，从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。例如： I will do anything I can to help him through life's dangerous sea.（我将全力帮助他穿越人生的惊涛骇浪。）(第二册第三单元课文A) Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and right of man in the modern world.(想想吧，孕育英语的文化土壤也同样为当今世界培育了自由和人权准则。)（大学英语第二册第七单元课文A） Each letter was a seed falling on a fertile heart. A romance was budding.（每一封信就像落在肥沃土地上的种子，浪漫之花含苞待放。）(大学英语第一册地五单元课文A) 3 转喻(the metonymy) 转喻是通过相近的联想，借喻体代替本体。转喻是比隐喻更进一步的比喻，它根本不说出本体事物，直接用比喻事物代替本体事物。例如： The buses in America are on strike now.美国的公共汽车司机正在罢工（这里buses 喻指司机drivers)。 “Well,”said the doctor.“I will do all that science can accomplish. But whenever my patient begins to count the carriages in her funeral porcession I subtract 50 per cent from the curative power of medicines.”(“好吧，”医生说，“我会尽力做到科学能做到的，但每当我的病人开始数自己葬礼上的马车时，药物的疗效就会减掉一半。”)（大学英语第三册第六单元课文A） 4 夸张(the exaggeration) 把事物的特征，有意地加以夸大或缩小，就叫夸张，即采用“言过其实”的说法，使事物的本质特征更好地呈现出来。英语中夸张修辞格，应用极为频繁。夸张的
常见英文修辞手法（Figures of Speech） 英文的修辞手法种类繁多，功能多样，但总体说来，采用修辞手法，目的是为了使表达生动、形象，有感染力，给人以美感，即实现许渊冲先生所指的的语言的三美：“音美、形美和意美”。 1. figures of comparison: simile, metaphor. (resemblance of two identities) Simile: a figure involves an expressed comparison, always introduced by “like”, “as”or “as if”. e.g.: a. Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail. (Alice Walker: Everyday Use for Your Grandmama) b. Maggie?s hand is as limp as a fish. (Alice Walker: Everyday Use for Your Grandmama) Metaphor: the substitution of one thing for another because of the resemblance between them. It is an implied comparison without “as” or “like”. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be used metaphorically. e.g.: a. Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngs of people entering and leaving the bazaar. (The Middle Eastern Bazaar) b. The dye-market, the pottery-market and the carpenters? market lie elsewhere in the maze of the vaulted streets which honeycomb this bazaar. (The Middle Eastern Bazaar) c. Darrow walked slowly round the baking court. (The Trial that Rocked the World) d. H. L. Mencken wrote sulphurous dispatches sitting in his pants with a fan blowing on him…(The Trial that Rocked the World) 2. Personification: a figure that endows objects, animals, ideas, or abstractions with human form, character, or sensibility. 1）TO inanimate objects（把无生命的物体拟人化）e.g.: a. The thirsty soil drank in the rain. b. The mist, like love, plays upon the heart of the hills and brings out surprises of beauty. 2) to inanimate living organisms (把有生物拟人化) e.g. a. He (the Fox) muttered as he retreated: “Well! What does it matter! The Grapes are sour!”…. ( Aesop’s Fables) b. Stray birds of summer come to my window to sing and fly away. And yellow leaves of autumn, which have no songs, flutter and fall there with a sigh. (Tagore: Stray Birds) 3) To inanimate concepts or ideas (把抽象概念拟人化) e.g.: a. Wrong cannot afford defeat but Right can. (谬误经不起失败，但真理却不怕失败) (Tagore: Stray Birds)
英语中常见的修辞手法
英语中常见的修辞手法 1明喻(Simile) simile －简明英汉词典['s?m?li:] n. (使用like或as等词语的)明喻 明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法，是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体的关系，两者都在对比中出现，其基本格式是“A像B”，常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though等。如果使用得当可以把深奥的道理说得通俗、浅显、明白，使人可见可感可悟，把简单的事物表达的更为形象更为生动。例如： Like climbing a mountain, we struggle up three feet and fall back two.（正如爬山，我们费力爬上三英尺，又掉下去两英尺。）(大学英语第一册第三单元课文B) I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery blodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(丘吉尔在此使用了一个恰当的比喻，把德国士兵比作蝗虫，因为二者有着共同之处-传播毁灭。) 2暗喻(the metaphor) metaphor －简明英汉词典 ['met?f?] n. 隐喻
暗喻也是一种比喻，但不用比喻词，因此被称作缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)。它是根据两个事物间的某些共同的特征，用一事物去暗示另一事物的比喻方式。本体和喻体之间不用比喻词，只是在暗中打比方，从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。例如： I will do anything I can to help him through life's dangerous sea.（我将全力帮助他穿越人生的惊涛骇浪。）(第二册第三单元课文A) Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and right of man in the modern world.(想想吧，孕育英语的文化土壤也同样为当今世界培育了自由和人权准则。)（大学英语第二册第七单元课文A） Each letter was a seed falling on a fertile heart. A romance was budding.（每一封信就像落在肥沃土地上的种子，浪漫之花含苞待放。）(大学英语第一册地五单元课文A) 3 转喻(the metonymy) 转喻是通过相近的联想，借喻体代替本体。转喻是比隐喻更进一步的比喻，它根本不说出本体事物，直接用比喻事物代替本体事物。例如： The buses in America are on strike now.美国的公共汽车司机正在罢工（这里buses 喻指司机drivers)。“Well,”said the doctor.“I will do all that science can accomplish. But whenever my patient begins to count the carriages in her funeral porcession I subtract 50 per cent from the curative power of medicines.”(“好吧，”医生说，“我会尽力做到科学能做到的，但每当我的病人开始数自己葬礼上的马车时，药物的疗效就会减掉一半。”)（大学英语第三册第六单元课文A） 4夸张(the exaggeration) exaggeration －英汉双向大词典 D.J.[?g?z?d???re???n] - exaggeration n. 1．夸张,夸大 2．夸张的言语;夸张的手法 - Exaggeration n. 夸张；夸大 把事物的特征，有意地加以夸大或缩小，就叫夸张，即采用“言过其实”的说法，使事物的本质特征更好地呈现出来。英语中夸张修辞格，应用极为频繁。夸张的功能是突出事物的本质特征，因而给人强烈印象或警悟、启发。例如：
一、明喻（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似 关系，两者都在对比中出现。常用比喻词like, as, as if, as though等， 补充: 二、隐喻（metaphor）这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写， 甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。 补充: 三、提喻（synecdoche）又称举隅法，主要特点是局部代表全体，或以全体喻指部分，或 以抽象代具体，或以具体代抽象。四、拟人（personification）这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上，使之人格化，以物拟人，以达到彼此交融，合二为一。五、夸张（hyperbole）这是运用丰富的想象，过激的言词，渲染和装饰客观事物，以达到强调的效果。六、叠言（rhetorical repetition）这种修辞法是指在特定的语境中，将相同的结构，相同意义词组成句子重叠使用，以增强语气和力量。七、借代（metonymy）是指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。八、双关语（pun）是以一个词或词组，用巧妙的办法同时把互不关联的两种含义结合起来，以取得一种诙谐有趣的效果。九、拟声（onomatcpocia）是摹仿自然界中非语言的声音，其发音和所描写的事物的声音很相似，使语言显得生动，富有表现力。十、讽刺（irony）是指用含蓄的褒义词语来表示其反面的意义，从而达到使本义更加幽默，更加讽刺的效果。十一、通感（synesthesia）是指在某个感官所产生的感觉，转到另一个感官的心理感受。十二、头韵法（alliteration）在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组，其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音，以增强语言的节奏感。 英语修辞手法 1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country./ This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see. 2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage./ The diamond department was the heart and center of the store. 3) Analogy: (类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance. 4) Personification: (拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.
1.Simile 明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如: 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了. 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. 4.Synecdoche 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般) 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.（整体代部分） 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配. 5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉 这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来，借联想引起感觉转移，“以感觉写感觉”。比如朱自清《荷塘月色》里的“ 微风过处送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的”。 例如: 1>.The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily－like voice.（用视觉形容听觉，鸟落在树上，由它发出的声音联想到百合花）鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音. 2>.Taste the music of Mozart.（用嗅觉形容听觉）品尝Mozart的音乐. 6.Personification 拟人 拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物. 例如: 1>.The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.（把夜拟人化） 2>.I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods.（把鸟拟人化） 7.Hyperbole 夸张 夸张是以言过其实的说法表达强调的目的.它可以加强语势,增加表达效果.. 例如: 1>.I beg a thousand pardons. 2>.Love you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars.
英语中常见的修辞手法 1 明喻(Simile) 明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法，是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体的关系，两者都在对比中出现，其基本格式是“A像B”，常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though等。如果使用得当可以把深奥的道理说得通俗、浅显、明白，使人可见可感可悟，把简单的事物表达的更为形象更为生动。例如： Like climbing a mountain, we struggle up three feet and fall back two.（正如爬山，我们费力爬上三英尺，又掉下去两英尺。）(大学英语第一册第三单元课文B) I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery blodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(丘吉尔在此使用了一个恰当的比喻，把德国士兵比作蝗虫，因为二者有着共同之处-传播毁灭。) 2 暗喻(the metaphor) 暗喻也是一种比喻，但不用比喻词，因此被称作缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)。它是根据两个事物间的某些共同的特征，用一事物去暗示另一事物的比喻方式。本体和喻体之间不用比喻词，只是在暗中打比方，从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。例如： I will do anything I can to help him through life's dangerous sea.（我将全力帮助他穿越人生的惊涛骇浪。）(第二册第三单元课文A) Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and right of man in the modern world.(想想吧，孕育英语的文化土壤也同样为当今世界培育了自由和人权准则。)（大学英语第二册第七单元课文A） Each letter was a seed falling on a fertile heart. A romance was budding.（每一封信就像落在肥沃土地上的种子，浪漫之花含苞待放。）(大学英语第一册地五单元课文A) 3 借代(metonymy) 借代是通过相近的联想，借喻体代替本体。借代是比隐喻更进一步的比喻，它根本不说出本体事物，直接用比喻事物代替本体事物。例如： The buses in America are on strike now.美国的公共汽车司机正在罢工（这里buses 喻指司机drivers)。“Well,”said the doctor.“I will do all that science can accomplish. But whenever my patien t begins to count the carriages in her funeral porcession I subtract 50 per cent from the curative power of medicines.”(“好吧，”医生说，“我会尽力做到科学能做到的，但每当我的病人开始数自己葬礼上的马车时，药物的疗效就会减掉一半。”)（大学英语第三册第六单元课文A） 4 夸张(hyperbole) 把事物的特征，有意地加以夸大或缩小，就叫夸张，即采用“言过其实”的说法，使事物的本质特征更好地呈现出来。英语中夸张修辞格，应用极为频繁。夸张的功能是突出事物的本质特征，因而给人强烈印象或警悟、启发。例如：Most American remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure.(在大多数美国人的心目中，马克.吐温是位伟大作家，他描写哈克.费恩永恒的童年时代中充满诗情画意的旅程和汤姆.索亚在漫长的夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事。)（eternal和endless都是夸张用语，表示哈克.费恩童年时期田园般的旅游和汤姆.索亚夏日里自由自在历险探奇的故事都已成为永恒不朽之作。） 5 拟人(personification) 所谓拟人就是把无生命的事物当作有生命的事物来描写，赋予无生命之物以感情和动作或是把动物人格化。例如：The first day of this term found me on my way to school, beautiful flowers smiling and lovely birds singing in the wood.(新学期第一天上学的路上,美丽的花儿在微笑,可爱的小鸟在林中歌唱.)（采用拟人化的修辞手法使句更为生动,表达更富情感.） The cold breath of autumn had blown away its leaves, leaving it almost bare.(萧瑟的秋风吹落了枝叶，藤上几乎是光秃秃的。) （这里作者运用了拟人手法，将秋天比做人，秋天吹出的寒冷的呼吸就是秋风。语言表达生动、有力，让人有身处其境的感觉）（大学英语第三册第六课课文A） 6 反语(irony) 反语就是说反话，用反话来表达思想、观点、事物等等。有的时候可以达到讽刺的意味。例如： “What fine weather for an outing!”(计划了一个美好的出游却被一场大雨搅和了，于是出现了上面的这句话，通过反语达到讽刺的效果，从而更能够反映出当时的无奈与沮丧。)
英语常用修辞 1.Simile 明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性。或者说是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as c cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 4>.This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see. 这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。 5>.He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit. 他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来，像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。 6>.It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something. 它那长长的叶子在风中摆动，好像伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。 7>.Carlos Lehder was to cocaine transportation what Henry Ford was to cars. 2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成。这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage. 例如: 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 3>.German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets... 德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。 4>.The diamond department was the heart and center of the store. 钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。 5>.All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players. 6>.Money is a bottomless sea, in which honor, conscience, and truth may be drowned. 7>.Time is a river, of which memory is the water. Oh my friend, what I scoop up from the river is all yearning of you.
英语中常见的修辞手法 Prepared on 22 November 2020
英语中常见的修辞手法 1明喻(Simile) simile－简明英汉词典 ['smli:] n.(使用like或as等词语的)明喻 明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法，是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比，表明本体和 喻体的关系，两者都在对比中出现，其基本格式是“A像B”，常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though 等。如果使用得当可以把深奥的道理说得通俗、浅显、明白，使人可见可感可悟，把简单的事物表达 的更为形象更为生动。例如： Like climbing a mountain, we struggle up three feet and fall back two.（正如爬山，我们费力爬上三英尺， 又掉下去两英尺。）(大学英语第一册第三单元课文B) I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery blodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(丘吉尔在此使用了一个恰当的比喻，把德国士兵比作蝗虫，因为二者有着共同之处-传播毁灭。) 2暗喻(the metaphor)metaphor－简明英汉词典 ['metf] n.隐喻 暗喻也是一种比喻，但不用比喻词，因此被称作缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)。它是根据两个事物 间的某些共同的特征，用一事物去暗示另一事物的比喻方式。本体和喻体之间不用比喻词，只是在暗 中打比方，从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。例如： I will do anything I can to help him through life's dangerous sea.（我将全力帮助他穿越人生的惊涛骇浪。）(第二册第三单元课文A) Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and right of man in the modern world.(想想吧，孕育英语的文化土壤也同样为当今世界培育了自 由和人权准则。)（大学英语第二册第七单元课文A） Each letter was a seed falling on a fertile heart. A romance was budding.（每一封信就像落在肥沃土地上的 种子，浪漫之花含苞待放。）(大学英语第一册地五单元课文A)
英语中常见的修辞手法 1明喻(Simile) simile －简明英汉词典 ['s?m?li:] n. (使用like或as等词语的)明喻 明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法，是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体的关系，两者都在对比中出现，其基本格式是“A像B”，常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though等。如果使用得当可以把深奥的道理说得通俗、浅显、明白，使人可见可感可悟，把简单的事物表达的更为形象更为生动。例如： Like climbing a mountain, we struggle up three feet and fall back two.（正如爬山，我们费力爬上三英尺，又掉下去两英尺。）(大学英语第一册第三单元课文B) I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery blodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(丘吉尔在此使用了一个恰当的比喻，把德国士兵比作蝗虫，因为二者有着共同之处-传播毁灭。) 2暗喻(the metaphor) metaphor －简明英汉词典 ['met?f?] n. 隐喻 暗喻也是一种比喻，但不用比喻词，因此被称作缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)。它是根据两个事物间的某些共同的特征，用一事物去暗示另一事物的比喻方式。本体和喻体之间不用比喻词，只是在暗中打比方，从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。例如： I will do anything I can to help him through life's dangerous sea.（我将全力帮助他穿越人生的惊涛骇浪。）(第二册第三单元课文A) Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and right of man in the modern world.(想想吧，孕育英语的文化土壤也同样为当今世界培育了自由和人权准则。)（大学英语第二册第七单元课文A） Each letter was a seed falling on a fertile heart. A romance was budding.（每一封信就像落在肥沃土地上的种子，浪漫之花含苞待放。）(大学英语第一册地五单元课文A) 3 转喻(the metonymy) 转喻是通过相近的联想，借喻体代替本体。转喻是比隐喻更进一步的比喻，它根本不说出本体事物，直接用比喻事物代替本体事物。例如： The buses in America are on strike now.美国的公共汽车司机正在罢工（这里buses 喻指司机drivers)。“Well,”said the doctor.“I will do all that science can accomplish. But whenever my patient be gins to count the carriages in her funeral porcession I subtract 50 per cent from the curative power of medicines.”(“好吧，”医生说，“我会尽力做到科学能做到的，但每当我的病人开始数自己葬礼上的马车时，药物的疗效就会减掉一半。”)（大学英语第三册第六单元课文A） 4夸张(the exaggeration) exaggeration －英汉双向大词典 D.J.[?g?z?d???re???n] - exaggeration n. 1．夸张,夸大 2．夸张的言语;夸张的手法 - Exaggeration n. 夸张；夸大 把事物的特征，有意地加以夸大或缩小，就叫夸张，即采用“言过其实”的说法，使事物的本质特征更好地呈现出来。英语中夸张修辞格，应用极为频繁。夸张的功能是突出事物的本质特征，因而给人强烈印象或警悟、启发。例如： Most American remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and
英语写作常用修辞手法 英语中的修辞与汉语的修辞相比,分类细,种类多.下面将英语的修辞简单介绍如下: 1.Simile 明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as c cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如: 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了. 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着.
II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. 4.Synecdoche 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory. 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century. 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap. 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配. 5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉 这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物. 例如: 1>.The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice.鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音. 2>.Taste the music of Mozart.