语法回顾篇
专四语法考点虚拟语气、情态动词、非谓语动词、复合句、倒装、小语法（省略，时态，反义疑问句，代词，强调句，主谓一致，冠词，形容词及副词）、as 的特殊用法。
专四英语语法考点串讲之一虚拟语气
一般说来，有下列几种考点需要考生注意(十考点及两备考点）
考点1. 与现在事实相反
从句谓语动词用did(be用were)，
主句谓语动词would(should,could,might)+do；
考点2. 与过去事实相反
从句谓语动词用had done，
主句谓语动词用 would(should,could,might)+ have done；
例如：
43.I _________the party much more if there hadn’t been quite such a crowd of people there.
A. would enjoy
B. will have enjoyed
C. would have enjoyed
D. will be enjoying
49.All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there _________ quite such
a crowd of people there.
A. weren’t
B. hasn’t been
C. hadn’t been
D. wouldn’t 考点3.与将来事实相反，从句谓语动词用：did(should+do或were + to do)，
主句谓语动词用：would(should,could,might)+do。
例如：
43. If your car ___ any attention during the first 12 months, take it to an authorized dealer.(08年）
? A. shall need C. would need
? B. should need D. will need
考点4. 时态的交叉现象，也就是主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间段
例如：
If you had gone to see the doctor，you would be all right now.你要是早去看病,你现在就没事了。
考点5.虚拟条件句if可以省略，但从句的语序要用到装，即将were,had或 should移至主语的前面形成倒装，但否定词not不前移。
例如：
65.___, he would not have recovered so quickly.（05年）
? A. Hadn't he been taken good care of
? B. Had he not been taken good care of
? C. Had not he been taken good care of
? D. Had he been not taken good care of
考点6. insist(一个坚持）；order command(两道命令）；suggest， advise, propose（三条建议）；ask, require, request, demand(四点要求）及相应的名词的从句，谓语要使用：should+动词原形或动词原形
例如：
58. It was recommended that passengers ___ smoke during the flight.(04年)
? A. not B. need not C. could not D. would not
考点7.It is +advisable, essential important,, imperative, incredible,等等相关的从句，
谓语要使用：should+动词原形或动词原形
例如：
46.It is imperative that students ____ their term papers on time.（04年）
? A. hand in B. would hand in
? C. have to hand in D. handed in
考点8.it is high(about) time that的结构中，从句使用一般过去式
例如:
54 It’s high time we __ cutting down the rainforests.（06年）
A stopped
B had to stop
C shall stop
D stop
考点9.much as尽管，虽然，引导让步状语从句，从句中用would have done表示假设，可以是说话人的语气变得十分委婉，真诚。
例如：
52. Much as ____, I couldn’t lend him the money because I simply didn’t have
that much spare cash.（99年）
A.I would have liked to
B.I would like to have
C.I should have to like
D.I should have liked to
考点10. if only表示要是…就好了相当与wish, as if/as though 的用法。
与现在事实相反：动词过去式
与过去事实相反: had + done
与将来事实相反： could/would + do
例如：
52. If only I __play the guitar as well as you! （06 年）
A would
B could
C should
D might
备考1. would rather或would sooner后跟宾语从句，从句中使用一般过去式或过去完成式分别表示对现在或过去的虚拟，表示“宁愿某人作某事”
例如：
The manager would rather his daughter ____ in the same office now.
A.had not worked
B.not to work
C.does not work
D.did not work
备考2.用于lest,for fear that引导的状语从句。在lest, for fear that等引导的状语从句中，通常用"(should +)原形动词"这一虚拟语气形式
例如：
The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he ________ himself.
A.injure
B.had injured
C.injured
D.would injure
专四语法考点串讲之二情态动词
考试中，情态动词部分重点测试以下容：
（1）情态动词+行为动词完成式
（2）某些情态动词的特殊用法
1. must have v-ed
must have v-ed 表示推测过去某事“一定”发生了。其否定形式为：can’t / couldn’t have v-ed, 表示过去不可能发生某事。
例如：
Since the ditch is full of water, it must have rained last night.
2. could have v-ed 表示推测过去某动作“很可能”发生了
3. may / might have v-ed 表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了.may 比 might 表示的可能性在说话人看来稍大些。
4.ought to / should have v-ed 和ought not to / shouldn’t have v-ed用于对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”，分别表示“本应该…”和“本不应该…”表示应完成而未完成的动作用于完成时中的否定句，表示不应完成但已做的动作
5.needn’t have v-ed 表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要，意为“本没必要…”。
例如：You needn’t have waken me up; I don’t have to go to work today.
注意：did not need to do 动作并没发生
例：I didn’t need to get up early,so I got up until 9 a.m.
*特殊用法
(1) can‘t表示“不可能”， may not 表示“不可以”，mustn’t(must not) 表示“不许可禁止”，needn't (need not) 表示“不必”，dare not ＋动词原形表示“不敢”
(2) must表推测的否定现在式用can’t ,过去式用couldn’t
(3)May I / we …？这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes, please.或Certainly；否定回答为Please don’t.或No, you mustn’t. 例如：
“May we leave now?” “No, you mustn’t. You haven’t finished your home work yet.”
(4) need I / we …？这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes, we must; 否定回答为needn’t
(5)在回答must引起的问题时，如果是否定的答复，不能用mustn’t，而要用needn’t或
don’t have to
(6)May/might as well may……but….(表转折)
(7) I wish to go home with you, may I?
(8) Do help yourself to have fruit, won’t you/ will you? （表示一种委婉的请求）*情态动词短语的使用
would like to do…
would rather do…
would rather + 从句
would prefer to do...
had better do...
*情态动词: will（愿意）, shall（将）, must（必须）, can, may, would, should(应该), might, could, ought to, used to（过去常常）, need（需要）, dare（竟敢），have to（不得不）
*dare, need 也可作一般（行为）动词
*情态动词一般用法的否定：
mustn’t 不准, 禁止，不要can’t(couldn’t) 不会；不能；
may (might) not 不可以;
needn’t 没必要( = don’t have to )
used not／usedn’t to或didn’t use to… 过去不…
dare not 不敢
*情态动词推测用法
Must 一定，肯定can’t (couldn’t) 不可能
Can/ could 可能Can’t (couldn’t) 不可能
may/ might “可能，也许” May (might) not 也许不，可能不
*推断用法
should／ought to“按理应当，应该是；shouldn’t 不应该 ( = oughtnot to ) *情态动词＋have ＋done结构表示对过去动作的推测
1.must have done：对过去的肯定推测，译作“一定做了…”，只能用于肯定句中。
其否定形式为can’t／couldn’t have done
It must have rained last night, for the road was quite muddy
2.can/ could have done：对过去的可能性推测，译作“可能做了…”。只能用疑问句中
Can／Could he have said it? 他可能说过那种话吗？
3.may / might have v-ed：对过去的可能性推测，译作“也许能，有可能。
It’s too late. I think he may have gone to bed.
*情态动词＋have＋过去分词结构表示轻微的责备和后悔
肯定：过去应该做而没有做；
否定：过去不该（不必）做而做了。
⑴ might／could＋have＋过去分词：“本来可以，早就应该”
（只用于肯定句，且不能用may, can）
You could have told me you were going to be late!.你应当早告诉我你会晚到的！
⑵should（ought to）＋have＋过去分词：“本应”（没做）
should not（ought not to）＋have＋过去分词：“本不该”（做了）
You should not have handed in your composition yesterday morning.你本不应把作文交了。
You should have been here earlier.你应该早点来才对。
3. needn't＋have＋过去分词：“本不必，本不须”（need只用于否定句）（做了）
You needn't have woken her up. It's only six．你其实不必叫醒她。现在才六点。
注意：did not need to do 动作并没发生（没做）
例：I didn’t need to get up early, so I got up until 9 a.m.
*八大注意点
1.在以could, might 表示征询对方意见或表示请求时，回答应相应使用can, may
— Might I watch TV after supper? — Yes, you ________.
A. may
B. must
C. might
D. can
2. May I / we …？这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes, please.或Certainly；否定回答为Please don’t.或No, you mustn’t. 例如：
“May we leave now?” “No, you mustn’t. You haven’t finished your home work yet.”
3. need I / we …？这一类疑问句的肯定回答为Yes, we must; 否定回答为needn’t
4. 在回答must引起的问题时，肯定must; 如果是否定的答复，不能用mustn’t，而要用
needn’t或don’t have to
5. I wish to go home with you, may I?
6. Do help yourself to have fruit, won’t you/ will you? （表示一种委婉的请求）
7.Shall 用于第三人称，表示许可，允许
8. let’s do this job, shall we? Let us do this job, will you?
9. should 也表示惊讶的语气，
例如：I was shocked that she should have said such a thing to you.(她竟然对你说那样的话,…)
*四大特殊结构
1.may/ might as well + 动词原形”意为“最好，满可以，倒不如”，相当于had better You may as well do it at once.
2.may well + 动词原形”是一种常见的结构，意为“（完全）能，很可能”
He may well be proud of his son.
他大可为儿子高兴。
3. cannot … too / enough 表示“无论怎么……也不算过分”、“越……越好”
You cannot be too careful.
4. had better 最好
You had better not wake me up when you come in.
*两大类区别：
一、表示能力: can, be able to
be able to 能用于各种时态。
can / could 只能表示现在或过去的能力
*was / were able t o : “设法做成某事”
相当于 managed to do sth succeeded in doing sth.
二、used to 和would 的区别
used to过去常常（但现在已无此习惯，would无此含义）
He used to drink beer, now he drinks wine.他过去喝啤酒，现在喝白酒。
would只能用来谈动作；used to用来谈动作或状态（可与be, live, like, stay等状态动词连用）：
He would get up early when he lived in the country.他住在乡下时总是早起。
We used to live in a small town.（不能用would）
Be used to doing sth: 习惯于做某事
专四语法考点串讲之三非谓语动词
◆非谓语动词是历年专四测试的重中之重，每年试题一般一到两道（1-2分）。
◆命题特点
1. 非谓语动词的时态与语态；
2. 非谓语动词的否定式；
3. 动词不定式的各种形式及应用；
4. -ing结构的各种形式及应用；
5. -ed结构在句中的不同用法；
6.非谓语动词作状语、宾语等的辨析；
7.非谓语动词的固定结构或习惯用法等。
【非谓语动词基础知识】一个句子当中，已经存在谓语动词,又没有连词的情况下，需要非谓语动词来修饰句子的其他成分。
动词不定式; 现在分词; 过去分词; 动名词
I．不定式的时态及语态
一般式 to do to be done 与谓语动作同时或
进行式 to be doing 表示谓语的动作发生时,不定式的动作正在进行完成式 to have done to have been done 先于谓语动作的发生
用途：表将来表某一次具体的动作表目的
I have a lot work to do; I do not like to dance; To learn English well, I practice
more.
2. 动名词
一般式 doing being done 与谓语动作同时发生
完成式 Having done having been done 在谓语动作之前
用途：抽象、习惯性（ his hobby is painting; I am proud of being a Chinese）
3.分词的时态和语态
现在分词一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
过去分词 done
用途：现在分词：主动、进行、令人……的
过去分词：被动、完成、感到……的
The swimming boy is Tom. (主动、进行）
the room facing south（主动）
The film is disappointing. Tom is disappointed（令人……的)/(感到)
Look at the broken glass.(被动、完成)
注意* 所有非谓语动词的否定形式都是把否定副词not放在非谓语动词的_前面_ *如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生，有时需要用动词的完成时态。
●考点一
不定式做结果状语的固定搭配
too +adj/adv to do，so +adj/adv as to do ，
such +n as to do adj/ adv enough to do
only to do 常表示意想不到或不愉快的结果。
●考点二“使……怎么样”之类的动词
amuse, astonish, excite, frighten, interest, move, relax, satisfy, shock, surp rise, encourage, disappoint, puzzle, tire, please, inspire, terrify, worry，它们的ing形式表示主动，而过去分词表示被动。一般情况下“人”用过去分词，“物”用i ng形式。
*考点三除。.之外的介词but except,前面有行为动词do时，不定式不带to,否则带to. *考点四 why not do sth (为何不做某事)
●固定搭配
cannot / hardly / never / scarcely too …to…
“越……越好；无论……也/都不过分”。
Y ou cannot be too careful to cross the street.
你过街时越小心越好。
can’t (help/choose) but 不得不,只能,不禁
I cannot help but tell her the truth. 我只能告诉她真相。