动词的语态
一．语态的种类
语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者为主动语态，主语是动作的承受者为被动语态，即当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，谓语要用被动语态，
此类动词有feel,hear,help,listen to look at ,make ,observe,see ,notice,watch
二．用主动式表示被动含义的几种情况
1.表示状态特征的连系动词look, appear,feel,smell,sound,taste,prove+adj/n构成
的系表结构
2.表示主语某种属性特征的动词:read, sell, write, act wash,clean wear,cook
look,shut,dry,eat,drink,这类动词常和副词连用
3.表示开始，结束，运动的动词begin,start,finish,stop，end,shut等
4.少数动词用于进行时，其主动式表示被动意义
Print,build,cook,fry,hang,make
用非谓语动词的主动式表示被动意义
1.在want,need,require做需要时及动词deserve后面用动名词的主动式表示被动
意义
2.形容词worth后面常用动名词主动式表示被动
3.不定式在某些形容词
difficult,easy,hard,comfortable,pleasant,fi,unfit,light,heavy,dangerous等后做状语，构成逻辑上的动宾关系，主动式表示被动
4.不定式做名词的后置定语，和被修饰的名词有逻辑上的动宾关系，此时常用
主动式表被动意义
5.不定式to blame,to let,和动词remain等的主动式表示被动的含义
6.动词say,believe,report,announce,suppose,know consider,hope,prove等以it 作形式主语，后面接that从句
It’s said that he has come back from America
三．不用被动语态的情况
1.不及物动词或者短语不用被动语态
2.系动词不用于被动语态
动词的时态
时态是谓语动词的形式，表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态。英语的时态共有16种，其中主要有以下十种：一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，过去将来时，现在进行时，过去进行时，将来进行时，现在完成时，过去完成时，现在完成进行时。其构成如下表：
1英语动词的16种时态
1．表示经常性或习惯性的动作，常与every day, never, always, often, usually 等频度副词连用。如：I go to school at 8 every morning.
2．表示客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。如：the earth moves around the sun.
3．表示格言或警句中。如：Pride goes before a fall.
4．表示现在时刻的状态，特征，性格，能力等。如：
Is there anything wrong with you? You look pale
5表示计划或安排中的动作。如：The train leaves for Beijing at 2:30pm.
6．在时间和条件状语从句中，表示一般将来时。如：
-when will you come to see me,Dad?
-I will go to see you when you __finish_the training course.
二.一般过去时
1.在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或者存在的状态.常用的时间状语
有:yesterday, an hour ago, the other day,last week,in 1982等。
如：where did you go just now?
2.表示在过去一段时间里，经常性或习惯性的动作。
如：when I was a child ,I often played basketball with my friends.
3.常见句型
如It is time sb.did
would/had rather sb.didi
4.先后一连串的动作
the old lady went to the Market, bought some vegetables and went home. 三.一般将来时
表示将来要发生的动作或状态，常与表示将来的时间状语连用。
Will/shall+do
1.表示预见，意图，或用在疑问句中征询听话人的意见
如：will you go to the cinema with me?
2.表示现在的习惯,需要,预测现在某事可能要发生,或者对将来的事情现在作出决定.如:Fish will die without water.
几种用法表示将来时：
1．Be to do 表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事,或表示命令,禁止,或表示可能性.如we are to discuss the report next Saturday.
2．Be doing 表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。
如：I am leaving for London tomorrow.
3.be about to do sth.马上做某事.如:He is about to leave for shanghai .
注意:be about to 不与tomorrow,next week表示明确时间状语连用
四．过去将来时
表示相对于过去某一时间将要发生的动作或状态，常用于滨语从句中。
如：He warned us that the journey would be very dangerous
五．现在进行时
1．表示现在正在发生的事情。如：we are waiting for you.
2．表示现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的情况。（说话时动作未必正在进行。）如：Mr.Brown is wrting another novel.
3．表示渐变的动词有：become,turn,get,go,grow,run.begin.如：the leaves are turning red.
4．与always,constantly,forever等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩
六．过去进行时
表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。常用的时间状语有：this morning,all day yesterday, the whole morning, when, while.如:
It was raining when they left the station.
七.将来进行时
表示将来某时正在进行的状态或动作,或按预测将来会发生的事情.常用的时间状语有:soon, by this time, in two days, tomorrow, on Sunday,this evening,tomorrow evening 等。如：This time on Saturday I shall be flying to paris 八。现在完成时
现在完成使用来表示之前已发生或状态，其结果和现在有联系或一直影响到现在，也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态
1．表示发生在过去但对现在有影响的动作如：I wonder why jenny hasn’t
written us recently.
2．表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作，常与延续行动词，多和一段时间状语如：Since.so far,for a year,in recent years连用3．表示将来，用于时间，条件等状语从句中
I ‘ll go with you as soon as I have finished my work.
4.this/it is the first/second time that…句型中,从句的谓语动词常用于现在时
如：this is the third time that they have’t come for the rubbish
九．过去完成时
表示过去的过去。过去完成时的时间状语通常有：before ,by ,once,as soon as,until,when,after等
十．现在完成进行时
表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在，并可能继续持续下去的动作，常与for,since 等时间状语常用
练习
1．Listen to the two girls by the window.what language_______?
A.did they speak
B.were they speaking
C.are they speaking
D.have they been speaking
2.-did you tell Julia about the result?
-oh,no,I forgot.I____her now.
A.will be calling
B.will call
C.call
D.am to call
3.The coffee is wonderful!It doesn’t taste like anything I ___before.
A.was having
B. have ever had
C.have
D. had ever had
4.With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth _____each year.
A.is washing away
B.is being washed away
C.are washing away
D.are being washed away
5.professor smith, along with his assistants,_______on the project day and night to
meet the deadline
A.work
B.working
C.is working
D.are working
6、The manager had fallen asleep where he ,without undressing.
(2005安徽)
A、was laying
B、was lying
C、had laid
D、had lied
7、When the old man to walk back to his house,the sun itself behind the mountain.(2005.湖北)
A、started;had already hidden
B、had started; had already hidden
C、had started; was hiding
D、was starting; hid
8、He was hoping to go abroad but his parents that they won`t support him unless he can borrow money from the bank.(2005湖北)
A、were deciding
B、haer decided
C、decided
D、wkll decide
9、-----If the teaffic hadn`t been so heavy,I could have been back by 6 0`clock.
-------What apity! Tina here to see you.(2005 湖南)
A、is
B、was
C、would be
D、has been
10、Since I won the big prize,my telephone hasn`t stopped ringing.
People to ask how I am going to spend the money.(2005 湖南)
A、phone
B、will phone
C、were phoning
D、are phoning
11、----Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate.
------Oh! Ithought they without me.(2005 江西)
A、went
B、are
C、have gone
D、had gone
12、They on the program for almost mne week before I joined them, and now we it as no good results have come out so far. (2005江苏)
A、had been working;are still working
B、had worked; were still working
C、have been working; have worked
D、have worked; are still working
13、My brother is an actor.He in several films so far. (2005 浙江)
A、just finish
B、am just finishing
C、have just finished
D、am just going to finish
14、----Are you still busy?
-----Yes ,I my work ,and it won`t take long.(2005 浙江)
A、just finish
B、am just finishing
C、have just finished
D、am just going to finish
15、Father for London on business upon my arrival, so I didn’t see him.
A、has left
B、left
C、was leaving
D、had left
16、Years ago we didn`t know this ,but recent science that people who don`t sleep well soon get ill.
A、showed
B、has shown
C、will show
D、is showing
17、She showed him the photo she the day before.
A、has taken
B、took
C、was taking
D、had taken
18、While Tom ,his sister is writing.
A、erads
B、has erad
C、has been reading
D、is reading
19、By the time he was ten,Edison experiments in chemistry.
A、had already done
B、already had done
C、was already doing
D、already did
20、I don`t know if it or not tomorrow.
A、will snow
B、snows
C、has snowed
D、is snowing
21、If you go to the western suburbs of the city,you a lot of new buildings.
A、will see
B、have seen
C、has snowed
D、is snowing
22、He was sixty-eight.In two years he seventy.
A、was going to be
B、would be
C、had been
D、will be
23、Tom for more than a week.
A、has left
B、has gone away
C、went away
D、has been away
24、He said that honesty the key to success.
A、was
B、will be
C、is
D、is being
25、We each other since I left Shanghai.
A、haven`t seen
B、hadn`t seen
C、didn`t seen
D、wouldn`t see
动词的非谓语形式有三种：不定式、动名词和分词。
不定式
不定式由“to＋动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to do”。不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语。不定式没有人称和数的变化，有时态和语态的变化。不定式可以作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语。不定式复合结构为“介词＋sb.(sth.)＋to do”，其中“介词＋sb.(sth.)”表明不定式动作的发出者，为逻辑主语。
1. 不定式的用法：
(1)作主语。不定式短语作主语时，为了使句子结构平衡，常将不定式短语放在谓语之后，而用it作形式主语。
It is our duty to give as much help as possible. 提供尽可能多的帮助是我
们的职责。
但不定式作表语时，前面有不定式作主语，不定式不可位于句末。
To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
(2)作宾语。常见的只跟不定式作宾语的动词(组)有want, wish, hope, expect, would like (love),care, choose, learn, plan, prepare, mean, agree, promise, offer, refuse, ask, beg, decide, make up one’s mind, be determined, manage, try, can’t afford, fail, pretend等。
①He promised to come today, but he hasn’t turned up yet .
他许诺说今天来，但他到现在还没有出现。
②No one likes to be laughed at. 没人喜欢被嘲笑。
有形容词、分词、名词作宾补，不定式作宾语时要将不定式放于句末，用it 来作形式宾语。如：
You may find it necessary to finish the work ahead of time.
你会发现有必要提前完成工作。
(3)作宾语补足语。常见的跟不定式作宾补的动词有ask, order, advise, like, want, teach, force, forbid, beg, allow, expect, cause, invite, tell, know, call on, depend on, wait for等。
The children asked their parents to take them to the park.。
孩子们要求父母带他们去公园。
感官动词后，如see, watch, look at, observe, notice, hear, listen to, feel
及部分表示“使”、“让”的使役动词，如have, make, let 跟不定式作宾补时要省略不定式符号to。但在被动语态中to 要加上。
Though he had often made his sister cry, today he was made to cry by his sister.
尽管他总是弄哭他妹妹，今天却被妹妹弄哭了。
help后的不定式作宾补(包括作宾语)to 可有可无。
(4)作表语。
My job is to help the patient. 我的工作是帮助病人。
要注意不定式作表语与“be to do”结构的不同：
不定式作表语说明主语的性质或内容，而“be to do”结构表示安排要做的事情。
①My next plan is to draw a picture for the house.(不定式作表语)
我下一个计划是为这座房子画一幅图。
②We are to meet at the school gate at six .(be to do表示安排)
我们约好六点在学校门口见面。
(5)作定语
①表示将来的动作。
The meeting to be held next week will be of great importance.。
下周将要举行的会议极为重要。
②用在固定搭配中。
I will go to Shanghai tomorrow. Have you anything to be sent to your son?
我明天要去上海，你有什么东西要带给你儿子吗？
(send的动作发出者并非you,因此不定式用被动语态)
作定语的不定式如果与其前面所修饰的名词有逻辑上的动宾关系，然而动词又为不及物动词，动词后要加介词或副词，使其成为及物动词词组。
Will you find me a pen to write with? 你能给我找一支写字的笔吗?
不定式所修饰的词是time, place, way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。
Do you think it is the best way to deal with such a problem?
你认为这是解决问题的最好方式吗？
(6) 状语。表示目的、原因、结果。
①They ran over to welcome the guests. 他们跑过去欢迎客人。(目的)
②The child is too young to go to school. 孩子太小不能去上学。(结果)
③We were excited to hear the news. 听到这个消息我们激动了。(原因)
不定式的时态与语态
不定式有一般式、进行式、完成式形式，既有主动语态又有被动语态两种语态。形成to do, to be done, to be doing，to have done, to have been done形式。
(1)不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与谓语的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时) 发生，或是在它之后发生。
I’m sorry to tell you that you are wrong this time.
我很遗憾告诉你这次是你错了。
(2)如果谓语表示的动作(情况)发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，这时不定式就要用进行式。
I am very glad to be talking with you. 我很高兴与你交谈。
(3)如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，就要用完成式。
I’m sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time. 对不起，让你久等了。
当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动语态。
He asked to be sent to work in the countryside. 他要求去农村工作。
动名词
动名词由“动词＋ing”构成；具有动词和名词的性质，可以有宾语或状语；可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。动名词有时态和语态的变化。
1. 动名词的作用
(1)作主语。
动名词短语作主语时，为了使句子平衡，常将动名词短语放在谓语之后，而用it作形式主语。
It is useless arguing with him about such a matter. 跟他争论这样的事情是没用的。
动名词和不定式都可作主语，在许多情况下可以通用，但动名词作主语多表示一般或抽象或多次的行为，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。
在It is no use/good, not any use/good, useless后人们习惯上用动名词。
(2)作宾语
下列动词(组)只能接动名词作宾语
admit, advise, allow, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, imagine, mind, pardon, permit, practise, suggest, require, be (get) used to(习惯于...), cant’t help(禁不住), feel like, set about, stick to, keep on, look forward to, devote oneself to, insist on, pay attention to, be worth, give up, put off。
下列动词后跟不定式或动名词意义区别不大：
begin, start, love, continue, hate, prefer。
下列动词后跟不定式或动名词意义不同，在平时学习中应特别注意。
forget, remember, regret, try, stop, mean, go on, can't help。
下列动词后跟动名词主动语态，不定式被动语态作宾语表示被动。need, want, require。如：
These clothes need mending (to be mended).
(3) 作表语
动名词作表语多表示抽象性的或习惯性的动作，当表示下一步打算时多用不定式作表语。
①My job is teaching you English. 我的工作是教你英语。
②Her next step is to get as much money as she could to build the factory.
她下一步是获取尽可能多的资金建造工厂。
(4)作定语
动名词作定语表示用途，而不是正在进行着的动作。
He is now in the sleeping car. 他现在在房车里。
2. 动名词的复合结构
动名词的复合结构指在动名词前加物主代词或名词所有格。物主代词或名词所有格表明动名词动作的发出者。
His coming late made the teacher angry. 他的迟到让老师生气。
动名词的复合结构在句中作宾语时，物主代词或名词所有格可以变为人称代词的宾格或名词的普通格，但复合结构作主语时不变任何变化。
He entered the room without anyone noticing him.
他进入房间，没有人察觉到他。
Li Ming’s smoking ( 不可用Li Ming smoking) in the classroom surprised us.
李明在教室里吸烟让我们很吃惊。
3. 动名词的时态与语态
动名词的时态分为一般式和完成式两种形式。如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动词之前，则运用完成式；如果与谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生，用一般式。
I’m sorry for not having kept my promise.
对不起，我没有遵守诺言。
若动名词与其逻辑主语有被动关系，则运用被动语态形式。( 但有些动词后运用主动形式表达被动概念，除上述动词外，be worth后也跟动名词主动形式表达被动概念)。
He entered the room without being noticed.
他进入房间而没被察觉。
分词
分词分为现在分词和过去分词。
1. 区别
(1)现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。
①The man standing by the window is our teacher.
②The house built last year has become our lab.
(2)现在分词表示事物本身所具有的性质，意为“令人……的”；过去分词表达由外界引起的内心活动，意为“感到……的”。
the exciting news 激动人心的消息。(令人兴奋的消息)
the excited look 激动的表情。
(3) 现在分词表达正在进行着的动作，过去分词表达完成的动作。(这一类动词主要为不及物动词)
①Electricity lines as well as telephone poles were brought down by falling trees or branches.
②The army was called in to cut through fallen trees and... .
2.分词的时态和语态
过去分词表示被动或完成的动作，因而没有完成式和被动语态。
现在分词有一般式和完成式两种形式，有主动语态和被动语态两种语态，形成doing, having done, having been done的形式。
3. 分词的用法
(1)作定语
单个分词作定语一般放在所修饰词的前面，短语作定语放在所修饰词的后面。
①The question being discussed is important to us.
②The excited people rushed into the building.
(2)作状语
分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、行为方式、结果、伴随状况等。
①Having been shown around the lab, we were led into a big hall. (时间)
②Being a student, I must study hard.(原因)
③They worked day and night, finishing the work ahead of time.(结果)
不定式也可以作结果状语，然而不定式多表达意料之外的结果，而现在分词表达意料之中的结果。
①She went to Shanghai specially to see her brother, only to find that he had gone to Beijing a few days before.
她专程去上海看望她的兄弟，却发现他几天前去了北京。
②They got up very early that day, finding nobody in the station whenthey got there.
那天他们很早就起床了，到了车站却发现那里空无一人。
(3)作表语
①The news is inspiring. 这消息令人鼓舞。
②The window is broken. 窗户破了。
(4)作宾补
①We had the fire burning all day. 我们让这火整天烧着。
②I’m afraid I can't make myself understood when I speak English.
我担心当我说英语是别人听不懂。
不定式被动语态、现在分词被动语态、过去分词表示被动应该注意的几个问题。
1. 不定式的被动语态作状语时多表达目的，相当于in order to be done, 而过去分词则表示原因、条件、伴随等;现在分词被动语态的完成式强调分词的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。
①In the circus, the tamed animals will be given some food when they finish tricks. To be given more food, the animals will try their best to please the trainer.
在马戏团里，当驯兽完成它们的把戏，会得到一些食物。若要得到更多食物，它们就要尽其所能来取悦驯兽师。
(To be given...=In order to be given...,表示目的，此处不可用Given 或Being given)
②Having been asked some very difficult questions, the boy came into the office.
男孩被问了一些很难的问题后，来到办公室里。
(Having been asked...=After he was asked..., 表示ask 的动作发生在come 之前)
2. 不定式的被动语态作定语表达将来的动作，过去分词作定语表达过去或完成的动作，现在分词被动语态的一般式表达一种正在进行的动作。
①The meeting to be held next week is about how we can deal with this problem.
下周要开的会是关于我们如何解决这个问题的。
(to be held=which is to be held, be to 在此表达将来)
②The book published last month sells well. 上月出版的那本书卖得很好。
( published = which was published, published不可用to be published或being published代替)
③The building being built now will be finished in ten days. 正在建筑的那栋楼，10天内完工。
(being built=which is being built, 表示正在进行的动作)
3. 作宾补时，若非谓语动词与其前面的宾语有逻辑上的被动关系，表示感官的动词，如see, find, watch, notice, hear, feel 及部分使役动词，如：have, keep, get, let 等后跟过去分词作宾补；allow, advise，forbid, permit, want, order 等后跟不定式被动语态作宾补。
①The Emperor ordered the cloth to be woven for him right away.
皇帝命令说立刻为他织那块布。
②When she got home, she found her windows broken.
当她回到家时，发现窗户破了。
1. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found in the kitchen.
(NMET2003)
A. smoke
B. smoking
C. to smoke
D. smoked
2. He looked around and caught a man _______ his hand into the pocket of a passenger. (2004春)
A. put
B. to be putting
C. to put
D. putting
3. They’re not very good , but we like ____ . (2000上海)
A. anyway to play basketball with them
B. to play basketball with them anyway
C. to play with them basketball anyway
D. with them to play basketball anyway
4. He sent me an e-mail, ____ to get further information.
A. hoped
B. hoping
C. to hope
D. hope
5. ____ in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States.
A. Being founded
B. It was founded
C. Founded
D. Founding
6. The ____ boy was last seen ____ near the East Lake.
A. missing…playing
B. missing…play
C. missed…played
D. missed…to play
7. Tony was very unhappy for _____to the party.
A. having not been invited
B. not having invited
C. having not invited
D. no having been invited
8. ____ late in the morning, Bob turned off the alarm .
A. To sleep
B. Sleeping
C. Sleep
D. Having slept
9. —What can we do to help Li Hai?
—All we can do is to try ____ that he ought to study more.
A. making him to realize
B. making him realize
C. to make him realize
D. to make him to realize
10. I regret ____you that we are unable to offer you employment.
A. informing
B. having informed
C. to inform
D. to informing
11. Henry always forgets things he has done. Yesterday he forgot
____and looked for it everywhere.
A. to post the letter
B. to have the letter posted
C. to have posted the letter
D. having posted the letter
12. The shy girl doesn’t like ____at in public.
A. laughing
B. to laugh
C. laughed
D. being laughed
13. —What’s made you so u pset?
—____three tickets to the pop music concert.
A. Lost
B. Losing
C. Because of losing
D. Since I lost
14. ____of plastics, the machines are light in weight.
A. To make
B. Having made
C. Being made
D. Made
15. Almost everyone fails____ the driving test on the first try.
A. passing
B. to have passed
C. to pass
D. in passing
16. Excuse me, but it’s time to have your temperature____.
A. taking
B. to be taken
C. take
D. taken
17. This book is worthy of ____twice .
A. reading
B. read
C. having read
D. being read
18.____from space, the earth, with water ____seventy percent of its surface, looks like a “blue ball”.
A. Seen; covered
B. Seen; covering
C. Seeing; covering
D. Seeing; covering
19. Why do you have the lights ____ all night long?
A. burn
B. to burn
C. burning
D. burned
20.____in the heavy snow, he walked into an expensive shop.
A. Having caught
B. To be caught
C. Having been caught
D. Catching