IAS 26 International Accounting Standard 26
Accounting and Reporting by Retirement Benefit Plans
IAS 26 Accounting and Reporting by Retirement Benefit Plans was issued by the International Accounting Standards Committee in January 1987, and reformatted in 1994.
In April 2001 the International Accounting Standards Board resolved that all Standards and Interpretations issued under previous Constitutions continued to be applicable unless and until they were amended or withdrawn.
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paragraphs INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARD 26
ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING BY RETIREMENT
BENEFIT PLANS
SCOPE
1–7DEFINITIONS
8–12DEFINED CONTRIBUTION PLANS
13–16DEFINED BENEFIT PLANS
17–31Actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits
23–26Frequency of actuarial valuations
27Financial statement content
28–31ALL PLANS
32–36Valuation of plan assets
32–33Disclosure
34–36EFFECTIVE DATE
37
IAS 26 International Accounting Standard 26 Accounting and Reporting by Retirement Benefit Plans (IAS 26) is set out in paragraphs 1–37. All the paragraphs have equal authority but retain the IASC format of the Standard when it was adopted by the IASB. IAS26 should be read in the context of the Preface to International Financial Reporting Standards and the Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements. IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors provides a basis for selecting and applying accounting policies in the absence of explicit guidance.
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IAS 26
International Accounting Standard 26
Accounting and Reporting by Retirement Benefit Plans Scope
1This Standard shall be applied in the financial statements of retirement benefit plans where such financial statements are prepared.
2Retirement benefit plans are sometimes referred to by various other names, such as ‘pension schemes’, ‘superannuation schemes’ or ‘retirement benefit schemes’.
This Standard regards a retirement benefit plan as a reporting entity separate from the employers of the participants in the plan. All other Standards apply to the financial statements of retirement benefit plans to the extent that they are not superseded by this Standard.
3This Standard deals with accounting and reporting by the plan to all participants as a group. It does not deal with reports to individual participants about their retirement benefit rights.
4IAS19Employ ee Benefits is concerned with the determination of the cost of retirement benefits in the financial statements of employers having plans. Hence this Standard complements IAS19.
5Retirement benefit plans may be defined contribution plans or defined benefit plans. Many require the creation of separate funds, which may or may not have separate legal identity and may or may not have trustees, to which contributions are made and from which retirement benefits are paid. This Standard applies regardless of whether such a fund is created and regardless of whether there are trustees.
6R etirement benefit plans with assets invested with insurance companies are subject to the same accounting and funding requirements as privately invested arrangements. Accordingly, they are within the scope of this Standard unless the contract with the insurance company is in the name of a specified participant or
a group of participants and the retirement benefit obligation is solely the
responsibility of the insurance company.
7This Standard does not deal with other forms of employment benefits such as employment termination indemnities, deferred compensation arrangements, long-service leave benefits, special early retirement or redundancy plans, health and welfare plans or bonus plans. Government social security type arrangements are also excluded from the scope of this Standard.
Definitions
8The following terms are used in this Standard with the meanings specified: Retirement benefit plans are arrangements whereby an entity provides benefits for employees on or after termination of service (eith er in th e form of an annual income or as a lump sum) when such benefits, or the contributions towards them, can be determined or estimated in advance of retirement from the provisions of
a document or from the entity’s practices.
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IAS 26 Defined contribution plans are retirement benefit plans under which amounts to be
paid as retirement benefits are determined by contributions to a fund together with investment earnings thereon.
Defined benefit plans are retirement benefit plans under which amounts to be paid as retirement benefits are determined by reference to a formula usually based on employees’ earnings and/or years of service.
Funding is th e transfer of assets to an entity (th e fund) separate from th e employer’s entity to meet future obligations for th e payment of retirement benefits.
For the purposes of this Standard the following terms are also used:
Participants are th e members of a retirement benefit plan and oth ers wh o are entitled to benefits under the plan.
Net assets available for benefits are the assets of a plan less liabilities other than the actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits.
Actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits is th e present value of th e expected payments by a retirement benefit plan to existing and past employees, attributable to the service already rendered.
Vested benefits are benefits, th e righ ts to wh ich, under th e conditions of a retirement benefit plan, are not conditional on continued employment.
9Some retirement benefit plans have sponsors other than employers; this Standard also applies to the financial statements of such plans.
10Most retirement benefit plans are based on formal agreements. Some plans are informal but have acquired a degree of obligation as a result of employers’established practices. While some plans permit employers to limit their obligations under the plans, it is usually difficult for an employer to cancel a plan if employees are to be retained. The same basis of accounting and reporting applies to an informal plan as to a formal plan.
11Many retirement benefit plans provide for the establishment of separate funds into which contributions are made and out of which benefits are paid. Such funds may be administered by parties who act independently in managing fund assets.
Those parties are called trustees in some countries. The term trustee is used in this Standard to describe such parties regardless of whether a trust has been formed.
12Retirement benefit plans are normally described as either defined contribution plans or defined benefit plans, each having their own distinctive characteristics.
Occasionally plans exist that contain characteristics of both. Such hybrid plans are considered to be defined benefit plans for the purposes of this Standard. Defined contribution plans
13The financial statements of a defined contribution plan shall contain a statement of net assets available for benefits and a description of the funding policy.
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14Under a defined contribution plan, the amount of a participant’s future benefits is determined by the contributions paid by the employer, the participant, or both, and the operating efficiency and investment earnings of the fund. An employer’s obligation is usually discharged by contributions to the fund. An actuary’s advice is not normally required although such advice is sometimes used to estimate future benefits that may be achievable based on present contributions and varying levels of future contributions and investment earnings.
15The participants are interested in the activities of the plan because they directly affect the level of their future benefits. Participants are interested in knowing whether contributions have been received and proper control has been exercised to protect the rights of beneficiaries. An employer is interested in the efficient and fair operation of the plan.
16The objective of reporting by a defined contribution plan is periodically to provide information about the plan and the performance of its investments. That objective is usually achieved by providing financial statements including the following:
(a) a description of significant activities for the period and the effect of any
changes relating to the plan, and its membership and terms and
conditions;
(b)statements reporting on the transactions and investment performance for
the period and the financial position of the plan at the end of the period;
and
(c) a description of the investment policies.
Defined benefit plans
17The financial statements of a defined benefit plan shall contain either:
(a) a statement that shows:
(i)the net assets available for benefits;
(ii)t e actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits, distinguishing between vested benefits and non-vested benefits; and
(iii)the resulting excess or deficit; or
(b) a statement of net assets available for benefits including either:
(i) a note disclosing the actuarial present value of promised retirement
benefits, distinguish ing between vested benefits and non-vested
benefits; or
(ii) a reference to this information in an accompanying actuarial report.
If an actuarial valuation h as not been prepared at th e date of th e financial statements, the most recent valuation shall be used as a base and the date of the valuation disclosed.
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18For th e purposes of paragraph 17, th e actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits shall be based on the benefits promised under the terms of the plan on service rendered to date using either current salary levels or projected salary levels with disclosure of th e basis used. Th e effect of any ch anges in actuarial assumptions that have had a significant effect on the actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits shall also be disclosed.
19Th e financial statements sh all explain th e relationsh ip between th e actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits and th e net assets available for benefits, and the policy for the funding of promised benefits.
20Under a defined benefit plan, the payment of promised retirement benefits depends on the financial position of the plan and the ability of contributors to make future contributions to the plan as well as the investment performance and operating efficiency of the plan.
21 A defined benefit plan needs the periodic advice of an actuary to assess the
financial condition of the plan, review the assumptions and recommend future contribution levels.
22The objective of reporting by a defined benefit plan is periodically to provide information about the financial resources and activities of the plan that is useful in assessing the relationships between the accumulation of resources and plan benefits over time. This objective is usually achieved by providing financial statements including the following:
(a) a description of significant activities for the period and the effect of any
changes relating to the plan, and its membership and terms and
conditions;
(b)statements reporting on the transactions and investment performance for
the period and the financial position of the plan at the end of the period;
(c)actuarial information either as part of the statements or by way of a
separate report; and
(d) a description of the investment policies.
Actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits
23The present value of the expected payments by a retirement benefit plan may be calculated and reported using current salary levels or projected salary levels up to the time of retirement of participants.
24The reasons given for adopting a current salary approach include:
(a)the actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits, being the sum
of the amounts presently attributable to each participant in the plan, can
be calculated more objectively than with projected salary levels because it
involves fewer assumptions;
(b)increases in benefits attributable to a salary increase become an obligation
of the plan at the time of the salary increase; and
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(c)the amount of the actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits
using current salary levels is generally more closely related to the amount
payable in the event of termination or discontinuance of the plan.
25Reasons given for adopting a projected salary approach include:
(a)financial information should be prepared on a going concern basis,
irrespective of the assumptions and estimates that must be made;
(b)under final pay plans, benefits are determined by reference to salaries at or
near retirement date; hence salaries, contribution levels and rates of return
must be projected; and
(c)failure to incorporate salary projections, when most funding is based on
salary projections, may result in the reporting of an apparent overfunding
when the plan is not overfunded, or in reporting adequate funding when
the plan is underfunded.
26The actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits based on current salaries is disclosed in the financial statements of a plan to indicate the obligation for benefits earned to the date of the financial statements. The actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits based on projected salaries is disclosed to indicate the magnitude of the potential obligation on a going concern basis which is generally the basis for funding. In addition to disclosure of the actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits, sufficient explanation may need to be given so as to indicate clearly the context in which the actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits should be read. Such explanation may be in the form of information about the adequacy of the planned future funding and of the funding policy based on salary projections. This may be included in the financial statements or in the actuary’s report.
Frequency of actuarial valuations
27In many countries, actuarial valuations are not obtained more frequently than every three years. If an actuarial valuation has not been prepared at the date of the financial statements, the most recent valuation is used as a base and the date of the valuation disclosed.
Financial statement content
28For defined benefit plans, information is presented in one of the following formats which reflect different practices in the disclosure and presentation of actuarial information:
(a) a statement is included in the financial statements that shows the net
assets available for benefits, the actuarial present value of promised
retirement benefits, and the resulting excess or deficit. The financial
statements of the plan also contain statements of changes in net assets
available for benefits and changes in the actuarial present value of
promised retirement benefits. The financial statements may be
accompanied by a separate actuary’s report supporting the actuarial
present value of promised retirement benefits;
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(b)financial statements that include a statement of net assets available for
benefits and a statement of changes in net assets available for benefits.
The actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits is disclosed in
a note to the statements. The financial statements may also be
accompanied by a report from an actuary supporting the actuarial present
value of promised retirement benefits; and
(c)financial statements that include a statement of net assets available for
benefits and a statement of changes in net assets available for benefits with
the actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits contained in a
separate actuarial report.
In each format a trustees’ report in the nature of a management or directors’report and an investment report may also accompany the financial statements.
29Those in favour of the formats described in paragraph 28(a) and (b) believe that the quantification of promised retirement benefits and other information provided under those approaches help users to assess the current status of the plan and the likelihood of the plan’s obligations being met. They also believe that financial statements should be complete in themselves and not rely on accompanying statements. However, some believe that the format described in paragraph 28(a) could give the impression that a liability exists, whereas the actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits does not in their opinion have all the characteristics of a liability.
30Those who favour the format described in paragraph 28(c) believe that the actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits should not be included in
a statement of net assets available for benefits as in the format described in
paragraph 28(a) or even be disclosed in a note as in paragraph 28(b), because it will be compared directly with plan assets and such a comparison may not be valid.
They contend that actuaries do not necessarily compare actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits with market values of investments but may instead assess the present value of cash flows expected from the investments. Therefore, those in favour of this format believe that such a comparison is unlikely to reflect the actuary’s overall assessment of the plan and that it may be misunderstood.
Also, some believe that, regardless of whether quantified, the information about promised retirement benefits should be contained solely in the separate actuarial report where a proper explanation can be provided.
31This Standard accepts the views in favour of permitting disclosure of the information concerning promised retirement benefits in a separate actuarial report. It rejects arguments against the quantification of the actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits. Accordingly, the formats described in paragraph 28(a) and (b) are considered acceptable under this Standard, as is the format described in paragraph 28(c) so long as the financial statements contain a reference to, and are accompanied by, an actuarial report that includes the actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits.
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All plans
Valuation of plan assets
32Retirement benefit plan investments shall be carried at fair value. In the case of marketable securities fair value is market value. Where plan investments are held for which an estimate of fair value is not possible disclosure shall be made of the reason why fair value is not used.
33In the case of marketable securities fair value is usually market value because this is considered the most useful measure of the securities at the report date and of the investment performance for the period. Those securities that have a fixed redemption value and that have been acquired to match the obligations of the plan, or specific parts thereof, may be carried at amounts based on their ultimate redemption value assuming a constant rate of return to maturity. Where plan investments are held for which an estimate of fair value is not possible, such as total ownership of an entity, disclosure is made of the reason why fair value is not used. To the extent that investments are carried at amounts other than market value or fair value, fair value is generally also disclosed. Assets used in the operations of the fund are accounted for in accordance with the applicable Standards.
Disclosure
34The financial statements of a retirement benefit plan, whether defined benefit or defined contribution, shall also contain the following information:
(a) a statement of changes in net assets available for benefits;
(b) a summary of significant accounting policies; and
(c) a description of the plan and the effect of any changes in the plan during
the period.
35Financial statements provided by retirement benefit plans include the following, if applicable:
(a) a statement of net assets available for benefits disclosing:
(i)assets at the end of the period suitably classified;
(ii)the basis of valuation of assets;
(iii)details of any single investment exceeding either 5% of the net assets available for benefits or 5% of any class or type of security;
(iv)details of any investment in the employer; and
(v)liabilities other than the actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits;
(b) a statement of changes in net assets available for benefits showing the
following:
(i)employer contributions;
(ii)employee contributions;
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(iii)investment income such as interest and dividends;
(iv)other income;
(v)benefits paid or payable (analysed, for example, as retirement, death and disability benefits, and lump sum payments);
(vi)administrative expenses;
(vii)other expenses;
(viii)taxes on income;
(ix)profits and losses on disposal of investments and changes in value of investments; and
(x)transfers from and to other plans;
(c) a description of the funding policy;
(d)for defined benefit plans, the actuarial present value of promised
retirement benefits (which may distinguish between vested benefits and
non-vested benefits) based on the benefits promised under the terms of the
plan, on service rendered to date and using either current salary levels or
projected salary levels; this information may be included in an
accompanying actuarial report to be read in conjunction with the related
financial statements; and
(e)for defined benefit plans, a description of the significant actuarial
assumptions made and the method used to calculate the actuarial present
value of promised retirement benefits.
36The report of a retirement benefit plan contains a description of the plan, either as part of the financial statements or in a separate report. It may contain the following:
(a)the names of the employers and the employee groups covered;
(b)the number of participants receiving benefits and the number of other
participants, classified as appropriate;
(c)the type of plan—defined contribution or defined benefit;
(d) a note as to whether participants contribute to the plan;
(e) a description of the retirement benefits promised to participants;
(f) a description of any plan termination terms; and
(g)changes in items (a) to (f) during the period covered by the report.
It is not uncommon to refer to other documents that are readily available to users and in which the plan is described, and to include only information on subsequent changes.
Effective date
37This Standard becomes operative for financial statements of retirement benefit plans covering periods beginning on or after 1January 1988.
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IAS 2 International Accounting Standard 2 Inventories This version includes amendments resulting from IFRSs issued up to 31 December 2008. IAS 2 Inventories was issued by the International Accounting Standards Committee in December 1993. It replaced IAS 2 Valuation and Presentation of Inventories in the Context of the Historical Cost System (originally issued in October 1975). The Standing Interpretations Committee developed SIC-1 Consistency—Different Cost Formulas for Inventories, which was issued in December 1997. Limited amendments to IAS 2 were made in 1999 and 2000. In April 2001 the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) resolved that all Standards and Interpretations issued under previous Constitutions continued to be applicable unless and until they were amended or withdrawn. In December 2003 the IASB issued a revised IAS 2, which also replaced SIC-1. Since then IAS 2 has been amended by the following IFRSs: ?IFRS8Operating Segments (issued November 2006)* ?Improvements to IFRSs (issued May 2008).* The following Interpretation refers to IAS 2: ?SIC-32 Intangible Assets—Web Site Costs (issued March 2002 and subsequently amended). *Effective date 1 January 2009 ? IASCF979
[中英对照名人名言]国际会计准则中英对照 为了方便学生学习中外名人名言，现在很多的名人名言都中英对照两个版本，以下是小编带来的中英对照名人名言的内容，希望你喜欢! 中英对照名人名言语录 Work makes the workman. 勤工出巧匠。 Between two stools one falls to the ground. 脚踏两头要落空。 Sow nothing, reap nothing. 春不播，秋不收。 By reading we enrich the mind; by conversation we polish it. 读书可以使我门的思想充实，谈话使其更臻完美。 Pain past is pleasure. 过去的痛苦即快乐。 The voice of one man is the voice of no one. 一个人的声音没有力量。 A great ship asks for deep waters. 大船要走深水。 Better to light one candle than to curse the darkness. 与其诅咒黑暗，不如燃起蜡烛。 The shortest answer is doing. 最简短的回答就是行动。 Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more. 成功的秘诀就是四个简单的字：多一点点。 All things in their being are good for something. 天生我才必有用。 Difficult circumstances serve as a textbook of life for people. 困难坎坷是人们的生活教科书。中英对照名人名言摘抄 While there is life, there is hope. 有生命便有希望。 To an optimist every change is a change for the better. 对于乐观者总是越变越好。 Never underestimate your power to change yourself! 永远不要低估你改变自我的能力! Storms make trees take deeper roots. 风暴使树木深深扎根。 A bold attempt is half success. 勇敢的尝试是成功的一半。 All things are difficult before they are easy. 凡事必先难后易。 Nothing is impossible to a willing heart. 心之所愿，无事不成。
目录 一、概述 二、目的 三、范围 四、定义 五、确定应报告分部 六、分部会计政策 七、披露 八、生效日期 二、目的 本准则的目的是为按分部报告财务信息（关于企业生产不同类型产品和劳务以及企业不同地区经营的信息）制定原则，以帮助财务报表使用者： （1）更好地理解企业以往的业绩； （2）更好地评估企业的风险和收益； （3）从整体上对企业做出更有根据的判断。 许多企业提供系列产品和劳务，或在具有不同的利润率、发展机会、未来前景和风险的地区经营。关于一个企业产品和劳务的不同类型以及在不同地区经营的信息（常称作分部信息），对于评估多种经营或跨国经营企业的风险和收益是相关的，但这些信息可能不能根据总数据确定。因此，分部信息被普遍地认为对满足财务报表使用者的需要是必须的。
三、范围 1．本准则适用于遵从国际会计准则的整套公布的财务报表。 2．正如《国际会计准则第1号财务报表列报》所规定的那样，一整套财务报表包括一份资产负债表、收益表、现金流量表和一份表明权益变动的报表以及附注。 3．本准则适用于其权益或债务证券公开交易，以及正处于在公开证券市场上发行权益或债务证券过程中的企业。 4．如果，一个证券不公开交易的企业遵照国际会计准则编制财务报表，则鼓励其自愿按分部披露信息。 5．如果一个证券不公开交易的企业选择在遵照国际会计准则编制的财务报表中自愿地披露部分信息，则该企业应完全遵从本准则的要求。 6．如果一份财务报告既包括证券公开交易的企业的合并财务报表，也包括母公司或一个或多个子公司的单独财务报表，分部信息只需以合并财务报表为基础列报。如果子公司本身就是证券公开交易的企业．则它应在其本身的单独财务报告中列报分部信息。 7．类似地，如果一份财务报告既包括证券公开交易的企业的合并财务报来，也包括该企业在其中拥有财务权益并按权益法核算的联营企业或合营企业的单独财务报表，分部信息只需以该企业的财务报条为基础列报。如果按权益法核算的联营企业或合营企业本身就是证券公开交易的企业．则它应在其本身的单独财务报表中列报分部信息。 四、定义 其他国际会计准则的定义 8．本准则使用的下列术语，具有《国际会计准则第8号-当期净损益、重大错误和会计政策的变更》和《国际会计准则第18号-收入》所规定的含义： 经营活动．指企业主要产生收入的活动以及不是投资或融资活动的其他活动。 会计政策，指企业编报财务报表时采用的特定原则、基础、惯例、规则和做法。 收入，指企业本期正常活动中形成的、导至权益增加（不包括投资者出资所导致的权益增加）的经济利益的总流入。 产业分部和地区分部的定义 9．本准则使用的术语“产业分部”和“地区分部”具有下列含义： 产业分部，相一个企业可区分的组成部分，该组成部分提供单项产品或劳务，或一组相关的产品或劳务，并且承担着不同于其他产业分部所承担的风险和收益。在确定产品和劳务是否相关时应考虑的因素包括： （1）这些产品或劳务的性质； （2）生产过程的性质； （3）这些产品或劳务对应的客户的类型或类别； （4）销售这些产品或提供劳务所使用的方法； （5）（如果适用的话）管理环境的性质，如银行、保险或公共事业。 地区分部，指一个企业可区分的组成部分，该组成部分在一个特定的经济环境内提供产品或劳务，并且承担看不同于在其他经济环境中经营的组成部分所承担的风险和收益。在确定地区分部时应考虑的因素包括： （1）经济和政治情况的相似性； （2）在不同地区的经营之间的关系； （3）经营的接近性； （4）某一特定地区与经营相关的特定风险；
我国会计准则与国际会计准则的趋同分析 【摘要】上市公司执行新准则标志着我国会计准则的国际趋同。我国会计准则和国际会计准则是否存在着差异及差异存在原因是什么, 本文对此进行了探讨。并结合我国会计环境对差异存在的原因进行了分析, 同时提出对策建议。 【关键词】会计准则；趋同；比较；会计环境 【Abstract】Listed companies implement new standard marks the international convergence of accounting standards in our country. China's accounting standards and international accounting standards if there is a difference and difference existence the reason, this is discussed in this paper. And analyses the reasons of the existence of differences between accounting environment, and puts forward countermeasures and Suggestions. 【Key words】Accounting standards; Convergence; Compare; Accounting Environment
一、绪论 由于所处的经济环境不同，世界各国制定的会计准则存在很大差异。20世纪90年代以来，国际融资活动日益频繁，地区性经济集团以及跨国经营的会计师事务所逐渐增多，各国之间会计准则的巨大差异已成为国际资本流动和资源有效配置的障碍。加快会计标准的国际化进程成为会计领域需要迫切解决的问题。2006年2月15日，财政部发布了新《企业会计准则》，标志着我国与国际财务报告准则趋同的企业会计准则体系正式建立。 二、我国会计准则国际趋同的表现 财政部颁布的新会计准则，充分考虑了我国的客观环境和特点，审慎处理了和国际会计准则之间的关系，基本实现了与国际会计准则的趋同。 （一）结构趋同 我国企业会计准则体系由基本准则、具体准则和应用指南构成。基本准则是纲，在整个准则体系中起统筹驾驭作用，相当于国际财务报告准则中的《编报财务报表的框架》；具体准则是目，是依据基本准则原则要求对有关业务或报告做出的具体规定，现有具体准则已经基本涵盖了所有的业务内容；应用指南是补充，是对具体准则的操作指引，类似于与各项国际财务报告准则一并发布的实施指南以及相关的解释公告。可见，我国企业会计准则体系在结构上已基本实现了与国际财务报告准则的趋同。 （二）具体准则趋同 1.将公允价值引入新会计准则体系。国际财务报告准则较侧重公允价值的应用，而我国原有会计准则几乎不涉及公允价值。考虑到我国市场发展的现状，修订后的新准则体系中在金融工具、投资性房地产、债务重组、非共同控制下的企业合并和非货币性交易等方面采用了公允价值。 2.以控制为基础确定合并财务报表的合并范围。《企业会计准则第33号——合并财务报表》第6条规定，“合并财务报表的合并范围应当以控制为基础加以确定。控制是指一个企业能够决定另一个企业的财务和经营政策，并能据以从另一个的经营活动中获取利益的权力”。这些规定与《国际会计准则第27号——合并财务报表和单独财务报表》的规定一样，都强调了实质控制。另外，新的合并财务报表准则所依据的基本合并理论也由侧重母公司理论转向侧重实体理论。
目录 1 概述 2 目的 3 范围 4 定义 5 过渡性规定 6 生效日期 二、目的 本号准则旨在说明借款费用的会计处理。本号准则通常要求将借款费用立即予以费用化，然而，作为所允许的备选处理方法，本号准则也允许将那些可直接归属于相关资产的购置、建造或生产的借款费用予以资本化。 三、范围 1．本号准则适用于借款费用的会计处理。 2．本号准则替代于1983年批准的国际会计准则第23号“借款费用的资本化”。 3．本号准则不涉及权益（包括不属于负债的优先股资本）的实际成本或估算成本。 四、定义 4．本号准则所使用的下列术语，具有特定的含义： 借款费用，是指企业发生的与借入资金有关的利息和其他费用。 相关资产，是指须经过较长准备期才能达到可以使用或可销售状态的资产。 5．借款费用可以包括： （1）银行透支、短期借款和长期借款的利息；
（2）与借款有关的折价或溢价的摊销； （3）安排借款所发生的附加费用的摊销； （4）按照国际会计准则第17号“租赁会计”确认的与融资租赁有关的财务费用； （5）作为利息费用调整的外币借款产生的汇兑差额部分。 6．相关资产的例子，有需要较长准备期才能将其达到可销售状态的存货、制造车间、电力设备和物业投资。其他的投资，以及常规性生产或生产周期较短且重复大量生产的存货，则不是相关资产。那些在购置时就已有预定用途或准备销售的资产也不是相关资产。 借款费用基准处理方法 确认 7．借款费用应于它们发生的当期确认为费用。 8．在基准处理方法下，借款费用应在发生的当期确认为费用，而不管借款是如何运用的。 揭示 9．财务报表应提示为借款合用所采用的会计政策。 借款费用所允许的备选处理方法 确认 10．借款费用应在发生的当场确认为费用，除非按第11段的要求已达到可资本化的程度。 11．直接归属于相关资产的购置、建造或生产的借款费用，应作为该项资产成本的一部分予以资本化。符合资本化条件的借款费用的金额应按本号准则确定。 12．在所允许的备选处理方法下，直接归属于某项资产的购置、建造或生产的借款费用，应包括在该项资产的成本之中。当借款费用可能为企业带来未来经济利益并且该费用能够可靠地计量时，应将其作为资产成本的一部分予以资本化。其他借款费用应在其发生的当期确认为费用。 符合资本化条件的借款费用 13．直接归属于相关资产的购置、建造或生产的借款费用，是指那些如果不为相关资产发生支出即可避免的借款费用。当企业专门为获得某项指定的相关资产借入资金时，与该相关资产直接相关的借款费用就很容易认定。 14．要确认特定借款和相关资产之间的直接关系，以及要确定哪些是可避免的借款可能会比较困难。例如，当企业的融资活动集中调配时，就会发生此困难。当集团使用一系列债务工具以不同利率借入资金，同时根据不同的基础将这些资金借给集团内其他资本化的开始企业时，也会产生困难。其他复杂性来源于集团在高通货膨胀经济条件下经营，使用外币借款或与外币有关的借款，以及来源于汇率的变动。因此，确定直接归属于相关资产的购置的借款费用金额是困难的，需要进行判断。 15．对于专门为获取某项相关资产借人的资金，符合资本化条件而计入该资产成本的借款费用的金额，应为借款期内发生的实际借款费用，减去该借款用于临时投资所带来的任何投资收益。 16．对某项相关资产的筹资安排，可能使企业获得借入资金，并且在该资金的一部分或全部用于相关资产的开支之前，已发生了有关的借款费用。在这种情况下，资金往往在用于相关资产的开支以前，用作临时投资。在确定本期应予以资本化的借款费用的金额时，应从所发生的借款费用中扣除这种借入资金带来的全部投资收益。 17．对于不是专门为获取相关资产而借入和使用的资金，符合资本化条件的借款费用的金额，应采用将资本化比例乘上发生在该项资产上的支出的方式来确定。资本化比率应是借款费用相对于企业当期尚未偿还的所有借款，而不仅仅是为获得某项资产而专门借人的借款
从2003年末至2004年，国际会计准则理事会发出了多项新的国际财务报告准则，并对多项现行国际会计准则进行了修订。中国要发展经济，就 从2003年末至2004年，国际会计准则理事会发出了多项新的国际财务报告准则，并对多项现行国际会计准则进行了修订。 中国要发展经济，就必须融入国际经济潮流中，作为国际通用商业语言的会计，自然就应该走向国际化。 与此同时，为了与国际准则更好地协调与接轨，我国财政部也正积极地酝酿这方面的改革。 在众多的中国会计准则与国际会计准则差异中。 国际会计准则第32号和39号-金融工具无疑是最引入关注的。 尽管该准则在国际准则此次修订之前已经生效，但该准则十分复杂，很难应用。 而对于中国会计准则来说，这是全新的准则，并代表了对于金融工具会计的重大改变。 所有金融资产和金融负债，包括金融衍生工具，都需要在资产负债表上确认，而其中广泛采用公允价值作为计量基础。 为交易而持有以及其他指定的金融工具。 其公允价值的变动都计入利润表。 在实务中，很可能会产生极大的应用问题。 银行、其他金融机构，以及其他持有各类金融工具的企业将会受到很大的影响。 而盈利亦可能波动频繁。 限于篇幅本文仅以“商业债券投资核算”作为研究对象，进行二者的差异分析。 债券投资是商业银行一项重要资产，在商业银行经营管理中具有举足轻重的作用。 债券投资的核算，对于商业银行规范管理、防范风险、增强透明度具有重要意义。 随着我国金融体制改革的不断深入和债券市场的稳步发展，商业银行债券投资迅速增长。
但债券投资核算明显滞后，与国际财务报告准则相关规定有着显著的差异。 因此，充分借鉴国际财务报告准则中的合理成分，改革和完善商业银行债券投资的核算，不仅是推动商业银行会计与国际惯例接轨的重要步骤，也是提升商业银行债券投资核算水平，增强透明度，加强风险管理，促进债券投资业务健康发展的重要举措。 本文试图通过对《金融企业会计制度》与国际财务报告准则有关债券投资规定的对比分析，提出中国商业银行债券投资核算的改革取向。 一、债券投资在商业银行经营管理中的重要地位和作用 平衡收益与风险的重要工具 商业银行是经营货币资金的企业，既要吸收存款，又要通过发放贷款、同业拆放或购买债券等形式，将所吸收的资金有效地加以运用，以赚取合理的利差。 同时，商业银行以安全性、流动性和效益性为经营原则，强调风险与收益的平衡。 并通过有效的资产组合，去化解风险，提高收益。 贷款无疑是银行资金运用最重要的手段，但是贷款的发放不仅要有客户需求，而且要充分考虑到贷款的风险。 长期以来我国银行贷款质量不高。 呆坏帐多的现状，说明贷款风险很大。 而债券投资相对于贷款而言，虽然名义收益率相对较低，但其风险较小，收益稳定。 相对于存放和拆放资金而言，收益又较为可观。 而且，根据经营管理的需要，通过期限匹配，可以保持债券投资较好的流动性，以满足流动性管理的需要。 因此，债券投资的特点决定了银行在没有即时和可靠的贷款投放渠道的情况下，为了保证资金的使用效率。 必然会将大量的资金投入债券市场，通过购买债券，取得相对稳定的收益。
国际会计准则第16号--不动产、厂房和设备 国际会计准则第16号 （1993年12月修订） 目的 本号准则的目的是规定不动产、厂房和设备的会计处理。 不动产、厂房和设备的会计的基本问题是资产确认的时间、其帐面金额的确定、与它们有关的需确认的折旧费用，以及对帐面金额的其他损耗的确定和会计处理。 本号准则要求一项不动产、厂房和设备在其满足编制和呈报财务报表的结构中对一项资产的定义和确认标准时确认为资产。 范围 1.本号准则适用于对不动产、厂房和设备的会计处理，除非有另外的国际会计准则，要求或允许采用不同的会计处理方法。 2.本号准则替代于1981年批准的国际会计准则第16号不动产、厂房和设备的会计. 本号准则还替代1976年批准的国际会计准则第4号折旧会计中有关不动产、厂房和设备的折旧部分。本号准则所包含的原则的应用可能也适合像长期无形资产那样的其他资产，同时，国际会计准则第4号折旧会计仍然适用于这样的资产。 3.本号准则不适用于： （1）森林及类似的再生性自然资源。 （2）矿产权，矿产、石油、天然气和类似的非再生性资源的勘探和开采。然而，对于在发展或保持上述第（l）或第（2）条所包含的活动或资产时使用的，但又能与这些活动或资产分开的不动产、厂房和设备，适用本号准则。 4.在某些情况下，国际会计准则允许使用与本号准则所规定的不同的方法，来决定对不动产、厂房和设备的帐面金额的初始确认。例如，根据对负商誉的所允许的备选处理方法，国际会计准则第22号企业合并，要求对在企业合并中取得的不动产、厂房和设备最初用公允价值计量，即使它大于成本。然而，在这种情况下，对这些资产的会计处理的所有其他方面，包括折旧，均应按本号准则的要求予以确定。 5.国际会计准则第25号投资会计，允许企业将投资物业作为不动产处理，以符合本号准则的要求，或作为长期投资处理，以符合国际会计准则第25号投资会计的要求。 6.本号准则不涉及对完整反映物价变动影响的制度的应用（见国际会计准则第15号反映价格变动影响的信息和国际会计准则第29号在恶性通货膨胀经济中的财务报告）。但是，
中国企业会计准则与国际财务报告准则 趋同及差异 2014年12月
一、中国企业会计准则概述及新变化 二、国际财务报告准则概述 三、中国准则与国际准则的趋同现状 四、中国准则与国际准则的差异
一、中国企业会计准则概述及新变化 1、概述 目前，我国A股上市公司、银行、保险公司、证券公司、中央企业和大中型企业等执行的《企业会计准则》是由财政部于2006年2月颁布，要求从2007年1月1日逐步开始实施的，通常称之为“新会计准则”。之前执行的《企业会计制度》和企业会计准则一般称为“旧会计准则”。 “新会计准则”体系包括1个基本准则，41项具体准则，32 项应用指南，若干准则解释和补充规定。(其中：2014年7月，财政部对基本准则和4具体准则进行了修改，并新增了三项具体准则）（见附表）
一、中国企业会计准则简述 法规/指引简要介绍 1 项基本准则其作用是指导具体准则的制定和为尚未有具体准则规范的会计 实务问题提供处理原则。 41 项具体准则具体准则主要规范企业发生的具体交易或事项的会计处理。应用指南应用指南是对具体准则相关条款的细化和对有关重点难点问题 提供操作性规定，还包括财务报表格式、会计科目、主要账务 处理等。 企业会计准则解释和其他补充规定主要是对新会计准则实施中遇到的问题作出的解释，或为与国际财务报告准则持续趋同而就国际财务报告准则的某些改进所作出的中国准则的修改。 《企业会计准则讲解由财政部会计司编写，主要是对会计准则的规定进行详细解释 以及提供示例。此外，财政部还通过《企业会计准则讲解》颁 布了一些为了与国际财务报告准则持续趋同而作出的规定。
财会常见名词英汉对照表 （1）会计与会计理论 会计accounting 决策人Decision Maker 投资人Investor 股东Shareholder 债权人Creditor 财务会计Financial Accounting 管理会计Management Accounting 成本会计Cost Accounting 私业会计Private Accounting 公众会计Public Accounting 注册会计师CPA Certified Public Accountant 国际会计准则委员会IASC 美国注册会计师协会AICPA 财务会计准则委员会FASB 管理会计协会IMA 美国会计学会AAA 税务稽核署IRS 独资企业Proprietorship 合伙人企业Partnership 公司Corporation
会计目标Accounting Objectives 会计假设Accounting Assumptions 会计要素Accounting Elements 会计原则Accounting Principles 会计实务过程Accounting Procedures 财务报表Financial Statements 财务分析Financial Analysis 会计主体假设Separate-entity Assumption 货币计量假设Unit-of-measure Assumption 持续经营假设Continuity(Going-concern) Assumption 会计分期假设Time-period Assumption 资产Asset 负债Liability 业主权益Owner's Equity 收入Revenue 费用Expense 收益Income 亏损Loss 历史成本原则Cost Principle 收入实现原则Revenue Principle 配比原则Matching Principle 全面披露原则Full-disclosure (Reporting) Principle
account 账户 account payable 应付账款 annual report 年度报告 assets 资产 audit 审计 auditor’s opinion 审计意见书 balance sheet 资产负债表 balance sheet equation 资产负债表等式 capital 资本 capital stock certificate 股本证明书 certified public accountant(CPA) 注册会计师 common stock 普通股 compound entry 复合分录 corporation 公司 creditor 债权人 debtor 债务人 entity 主体（会计主体） financial accounting 财务会计 GAAP 一般公认会计原则 generally accepted accounting principles 一般公认会计原则independent opinion 独立意见书 inventory 存货 liabilities负债 limited liability 有限责任 management accounting 管理会计 notes payable 应付票据 open account ①未清账；②赊账，指赊购和记账交易owners’ equity 所有者权益 paid-in capital 投入资本（缴入股本） paid-in capital in excess of par value 超面值缴入股本partnership 合伙企业 par value 票面价值 privately accounting 企业会计 privately owned 私有公司 public accounting 公共会计 publicly owned 国有企业 reliability 可靠性 shareholders’ equity 股东权益 sole proprietorship 独资企业 stated value 股本 statement of financial condition 财务状况表 statement of financial position 财务状况表 stock certificate 股票凭证 stockholders’ equit y 股东权益
as at 1January 2008 1 Title IASB equivalent Differences in Transitional Provisions Differences in Effective Dates Other Textual Differences FRAMEWORK Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements IASB Framework N/A N/A Minor textual differences –no practical effect.
as at 1January 2008 2 HKFRS No. Title IFRS No. Differences in Transitional Provisions Differences in Effective Dates Other Textual Differences HKFRS 1 First-time Adoption of Hong Kong Financial Reporting Standards IFRS 1 No No,except para 47F specifies that paras 23and 27to 30of HKFRS 1(IFRS 1)are effective for AP beginning on or after 1January 2005(1January 2004).Minor textual differences –no practical effect.HKFRS 2Share-based Payment IFRS 2No No No HKFRS 3 Business Combinations IFRS 3 No Except for limited retrospective application as per para 85,HKFRS 3(IFRS 3)is effective for business combinations for which the agreement date is on or after 1January 2005(31March 2004). No
中国会计准则与国际会计准则的异同 一、中国实行会计准则与会计制度并行的做法。在当今世界大多数国家,会计规范形式主要有两种:一种是英美国家为代表,采用会计准则的形式,另一种是德法国家为代表,采用会计立法和会计制度的形式。中国实行会计准则与会计制度并行的做法,从长远来看,不利于中国会计准则的发展与趋同。 二、中国会计准则的结构由基本准则和具体准则构成,并将类似于概念框架的内容归入基本会计准则,这种做法与国际惯例有较大出入,而国际会计准则不存在基本准则与具体准则之分。 三、中国会计准则对公允价值和价值重估的方法较为排斥,在一定程度上符合中国当前国情的需要,有利于避免企业舞弊和利润操纵的行为,但在经济全球化,企业购并愈演愈烈和金融工具层出不穷的今天/公允价值已跃升为与历史成本并驾齐驱的新的计量属性。在国际会计准则中/公允价值不仅广泛应用于金融工具,在投资性房地产、企业合并、非货币性交易等事项的会计处理中也被广泛应用。因此,中国不能一概否认公允价值的使用,从而加大与国际通用准则的差距。 四、中国的会计准则由政府制定,依靠政府的力量强制企业执行,具有法律强制力。国际会计准则由民间机构制定,没有必须遵守的法律法规前提,其制定机构是国际会计准则委员会和改组后的国际会计
准则理事会,其制定的国际会计准则不具有法律强制约束力。 五、会计准则的侧重对象不同。中国企业会计准则规范的重点在于利润表,以收入、利润的恰当合理的配比为先,属于利润表观,而国际会计准则规范的重点则在于资产负债表,以资产、负债的准确计量为先,属于资产负债表观。 在具体会计准则上,中国会计准则与国际会计准则在会计处理以及披露要求上,也存在一定的差异。 1、关于长期股权投资准则。国际会计准则要求在母公司单独的财务报表中,以成本法核算对子公司、联营企业和合营企业的股权投资。中国会计准则要求：（1)对子公司投资以成本法核算；（2)对联营企业以及合营企业投资以权益法核算。合营方的合并财务报表-在国际会计准则下,合营方在合并财务报表中对合营企业的投资可采用比例合并法或者权益法核算。但是中国准则只允许使用权益法。 2、关于固定资产准则。（1)定义名称不同,国际会计准则定义为不动产、厂场和设备。（2)会计计量不同,国际会计准则允许使用成本模式或重估模式。当某一类别的固定资产选用重估模式,该类别的资产应一致采用,但不需对所有固定资产也采用重估模式。而中国会计准则只允许采用成本模式。
International Accounting Standards IAS 23 Borrowing Costs (revised 1993) This revised International Accounting Standard supersedes IAS 23, Capitalisation of Borrowing Costs, approved by the Board in March 1984. The revised Standard became effective for financial statements covering periods beginning on or after 1 January 1995. One SIC Interpretation relates to IAS 23: SIC-2: Consistency - Capitalisation of Borrowing Costs. The standards, which have been set in bold italic type, should be read in the context of the background material and implementation guidance in this Standard, and in the context of the Preface to International Accounting Standards. International Accounting Standards are not intended to apply to immaterial items (see paragraph 12 of the Preface). Objective The objective of this Standard is to prescribe the accounting treatment for borrowing costs. This Standard generally requires the immediate expensing of borrowing costs. However, the Standard permits, as an allowed alternative treatment, the capitalisation of borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset. Scope 1. This Standard should be applied in accounting for borrowing costs. 2. This Standard supersedes IAS 23, Capitalisation of Borrowing Costs, approved in 198 3. 3. This Standard does not deal with the actual or imputed cost of equity, including preferred capital not classified as a liability. Definitions 4. The following terms are used in this Standard with the meanings specified: Borrowing costs are interest and other costs incurred by an enterprise in connection with the borrowing of funds. A qualifying asset is an asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale. 5. Borrowing costs may include: (a) interest on bank overdrafts and short-term and long-term borrowings; (b) amortisation of discounts or premiums relating to borrowings; (c) amortisation of ancillary costs incurred in connection with the arrangement of borrowings;
「重要會計用語中英對照」 Item Term in English Term in Chinese 1 [Amount] recoverable 可回收(金額) 2 ‘Corridor’ 「緩衝區」 3 ‘Cost of sales’ method 「銷貨成本」法 4 Acceptable under IFRSs 國際財務報導準則可接受 5 Accountability of management 管理階層之課責性 6 Accounting 會計 退休福利計畫之會計與報導 7 Accounting and Reporting by Retirement Benefit Plans 8 Accounting estimate 會計估計 政府補助之會計及政府輔助之揭露9 Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance 10 accounting for inventories 存貨會計 11 Accounting for Investments in Associates 投資關聯企業之會計 12 Accounting income 會計收益 13 Accounting model 會計模式 14 Accounting period 會計期間 會計政策、會計估計變動及錯誤15 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors 16 Accounting policy 會計政策 17 Accounting principle 會計原則 18 Accounting profit 會計利潤 19 Accounting record 會計紀錄 20 Accounting treatment 會計處理 21 Accounts receivable 應收帳款 22 Accrual basis 應計基礎 23 Accrual basis of accounting 應計基礎會計 24 Accrued liabilities 應計負債 累計(攤銷、利息、損益) 25 Accumulated (amortisation, interest, profit or loss) 26 Accumulated profit or loss 累計損益 27 Accumulating compensated absences 累積帶薪假 28 Achieve comparability 達成可比性/ 達成…可比性 29 acquired entity (被)收購(之)個體 30 acquired goodwill 收購(之)商譽
国际会计准则简介 国际会计准则(IAS)是国际会计准则委员会所颁布的，一项全球公认的易于各国在跨国经济往来时可以执行一个标准的制度，用于规范全世界范围内的企业或其他经济组织会计运作的指导性原则。下面是yjbys 小编为大家带来的关于国际会计准则简介的知识，欢迎阅读。 一、什么是国际会计准则? 国际会计准则(IAS)是国际会计准则委员会所颁布的，一项全球公认的易于各国在跨国经济往来时可以执行一个标准的制度，用于规范全世界范围内的企业或其他经济组织会计运作的指导性原则，使各国的经济利益可在一个标准上得到保护，不至于因参差不一的准则导致不一样的计算方式而产生不必要的经济损失。至今已经推出项，且在不断的修订和完善中。这些准则在国际上，按照公众利益，制订和公布在编制财务报表时应遵循的同一会计准则，并促使其在世界范围内被接受和执行。它是全球统一的财务规则，是按照国际标准规范运作的财务管理准则。中国于1998 年加入国际会计准则委员会，并向国际会计准则趋同。 二、国际会计准则委员会是什么机构 1973 年6 月，来自澳大利亚、加拿大、法国、前联邦德国、日本、墨西哥、荷兰、英国、美国的16 个职业会计师团体在英国伦敦成立了国际会计准则委员会。目前，已发展到个国家并拥有个成员的非盈利性国际组织其职能是负责收集各国的会计准则并制定和推广国际会计准则以及颁布适合全球经济发展的会计准则及相关制度并督促相应国家遵照实施。是制定高质量、易理解、操作性强的国际会计准则的领导机构。它一直与国家准则制定机构、证券监管机构、股票交易所、ZF 间组织、发展机构紧密合作以实现它所提出的目标，即全世界企业及其它
国际会计准则中英对照[名言警句中英对照] 随着中西方文化交流日益频繁，越来越多的西方读者渴望了解璀璨的中国文化，名言警句的中英对照就是其中一项。下面为你分享的是名言警句中英对照，希望你喜欢! 不要回避苦恼和困难，挺起身来向它挑战，进而克服它。——池田大作 Don't shy away from pain and difficulty， stand to it challenges， and overe it。 有总是从无开始的;是靠两只手和一个聪明的脑袋变出来的。——松苏内吉 There are always free from the start; Is to rely on two hands and a clever head。 无事时宜澄然。有事时宜斩然。得意时，宜淡然。失意时，宜泰然。——陶觉 Nothing of the clear。 Have something appropriate to cut。When， should be cool。 Frustrated when, should be poised。
谁要游戏人生，他就一事无成，谁不能主宰自己，永远是一个奴隶。——歌德 Who is going to the game of life， he does nothing， who cannot control themselves， is always a slave。 要注意留神任何有利的瞬时，机会到了莫失之交臂!——歌德 Attention should be paid to watch any favorable instantaneous， opportunities to the opportunity of mo! 我们世界上最美好的东西，都是由劳动、由人的聪明的手创造出来的。——高尔基 Our most beautiful things in the world is created by labor，by the people's clever hands。 卓越的人的一大优点是：在不利和艰难的遭遇里百折不挠。——贝多芬