Chapter 1 Ship Design（船舶设计）
Lesson 2 Ships Categorized（船舶分类）
Introduction（介绍）
The forms a ship can take are innumerable. 一艘船能采用的外形是不可胜数的
A vessel might appear to be a sleek seagoing hotel carrying passengers along to some exotic destination; a floating fortress bristling with missile launchers; 。or an elongated box transporting tanks of crude oil and topped with complex pipe connections. 一艘船可以看做是将乘客一直运送到外国目的地的优美的远航宾馆。竖立有导弹发射架的水面堡垒及甲板上铺盖有复杂管系的加长罐装原油运输轮
None of these descriptions of external appearance, however, does justice to the ship system as a whole and integrated unit所有这些外部特点的描述都不能说明船舶系统是一个总的集合体
—self-sufficient,seaworthy, and adequately stable in its function as a secure habitat for crew and cargo. ——船员和货物的安全性功能：自给自足，适航，足够稳定。
This is the concept that the naval architect keeps in mind when designing the ship and that provides the basis for subsequent discussions, not only in this chapter but throughout the entire book.这是一个造船工程师设计船舶使必须记住的、能为以后讨论提供根据的观念，不仅涉及本章也贯穿全书。
In order to discuss naval architecture,it is helpful to place ships in certain categories. For purposes of this text, ships are classified according to their means of physical support and their designed purposes.将船舶分成一些特定的种类来讨论造船工程是有好处的。本文的目的就是根据船舶物理支撑方式和设计目的来将它们分类。
Ships Typed According to Means of Physical Support（根据物理支撑方式来分类）The mode of physical support by which vessels can be categorized assumes that
the vessel is operating under designed conditions- Ships are designed to operate above, on, or below the surface of the sea, so the air-sea interface will be used as the reference datum.
船舶按物理支撑的分类方式假设，船舶是在设计工况的条件下航行。船舶预定在海面上，海面中或海面以下航行，因此使用空气与水的接触面作为基准面。
Because the nature of the physical environment is quite different for the three regions just mentioned, the physical characteristics of ships designed to operate in those regions can be diverse.由于上面提到的三个区域中物理环境的本质相差很大，所以那些区域中的船的物理特性也不同。
Aerostatic Support（空气静力支撑）
There are two categories of vessels that are supported above the surface of the sea on a self-induced cushion of air. These relatively lightweight vehicles are capable of high speeds,since air resistance is considerably less than water resistance, and the absence of contact with small waves combined with flexible seals reduces the effects of wave impact at high speed. 有两种靠自身诱导的气垫浮于海面上的船。这些重量相对轻的船能够高速航行，这是因为空气阻力比水阻力小得多，而且船舶高速航行时，弹性密封圈没有与小波浪接触，因而降低了了波浪冲击的影响。
Such vessels depend on lift fans to create a cushion of low-pressure air in an underbody chamber. 这种船依靠升力风扇在船体水下部分产生了低压气垫。
This cushion of air must be sufficient to support the weight of the vehicle above the water surface.这种空气气垫必须足够支撑水面上方船的重量。
The first type of vessel flexible “skirts” that entirely surround the air cushion and enable the ship to rise completely above the sea surface.
第一种船有完全围绕在气垫周围并且能够使船完全漂浮在水面以上的弹性围裙。
This is called an air cushion vehicle (ACV) ,and in a limited sense it is
amphibious.
它
被称为气垫船（
A ，某种有限的程度上适用于两栖。
The other type of air-cushion craft has rigid side walls or thin hulls that extend below the surface of the water to reduce the amount of air flow required to maintain the cushion pressure. 另一种气垫船带有刚性侧壁，且有延伸到水下能够减小空气流量的瘦船体，该气流用来维持气垫压力。
This type is called a captured-air-bubble vehicle (CAB).这种类型船称为束缚气泡减阻船
It requires less lift-fan power than an ACV, is more directionally stable and can be propelled by water jets or supercavitating propellers. 相对于 ACV 来说，它需要较低的升力风扇动力,航向稳定性更好，并且能使用喷水推进器和超空泡螺旋桨。
It is not amphibious, however, and has not yet achieved the popularity of the
ACVs, which include passenger ferries, cross-channel automobile ferries, polar-exploration craft, landing craft, and riverine warfare vessels.但是，它不是两栖用途的，也还没有 ACVs 那么广的适用范围， 适用范围包括游客渡轮，横越海峡车客渡轮，极地考察船，登陆舰及内河舰艇。
Hydrodynam ic Support （水动力支撑）
There are also two types of vessels that depend on dynamic support generated
by relatively rapid forward motion of specially designed hydrodynamic shapes either on or beneath the surface of the water. 也有两种类型船，它们依赖通过船的相对高速前进运动来产生动力支持，这 种船型的水上和水下部分的形状都经过特殊设计。
A principle of physics states that any moving object that can produce an unsymmetrical flow pattern generates a lift force perpendicular to the direction of motion. 一个物理定理这样陈述：任何运动的物体都能造成不均匀的流态，产生一个垂直于运动方向的升力。
Just as an airplane with (airfoil) produces lift when moving through the air, a hydrofoil located beneath the surface and attached by means of a surface piercing strut, can dynamically support a vessel’s hull above the water.
正如装有空气翼的飞机在空气中移动时气翼上能产生一个升力一样，位于水面以下且其上固定有穿透水面的柱体的水翼，能够动态支撑水面以上的船体。
Planing hulls are hull forms characterised by relatively flat bottoms and shallow V-sections (especially forward of amidships) that produce partial to nearly full dynamic support for light displacement vessels and small craft at higher speeds.
滑
行船体的特征是底部相对Planing craft are generally restricted in size and displacement because of the
required power-to-weight ratio and the structural stresses associated with traveling at high speed in waves. 一般说来，滑行船体的尺寸和排水量有限制。这是因为需要满足动力和重量的比率要求，以及在波浪中高速航行时的结构应力要求。
Most planing craft are also restricted to operations in reasonably calm water, although some “deep V” hull forms are capable of operation in rough water. 虽然有一些?深V型剖面船能够在恶劣的海况中航行，但大多数滑行船体也都限制在相当平静的水面上航行。
Lesson 3 Principal Dimensions（主尺度）
Principal Dimensions（主尺度）
Before studying in detail the various technical branches of naval architecture it is important to define various terms which will be made use of in later chapters. The purpose of this chapter is to explain these terms and to familiarise the reader with them.
在系统的学习船舶工程不同的技术分支之前，应该定义一些术语以便于后面章节使用，这很重要。本章旨在于解释这些术语，并且让读者熟悉它们。
In the first place the dimensions by which the size of a ship is measured will be considered; they are referred to as ‘principal dimensions’. The ship, like any solid body, requires three dimensions to define its size, and these are a length, a breadth and a depth.
首先，考虑用来测量船舶尺寸的尺度；它们即是“主尺度”像任何其他固体一样，船舶需要三个尺度来定义其尺寸，它们是长度，宽度和高度。
Each of these will be considered in turn.
我们将依次来讨论它们。
Length（船长）
There are various ways of defining the length of a ship, but first the length between perpendiculars will be considered.
有多种定义船舶长度的方法，但是首先应该考虑艏艉两柱间长。
The length between perpendiculars is the distance measured parallel to the base at the level of the summer load waterline from the after perpendicular to the forward perpendicular.
柱间长指的是平行于基底夏季载重水线，从艉柱到艏柱间的距离。
The after perpendicular is taken as the after side of the rudder post where there is such a post, and the forward perpendicular is the vertical line drawn through the intersection of the stem with the summer load waterline In ships where there is no rudder post the after perpendicular is taken as the line passing through the centre line of the rudder pintles.
艉
柱指的就是船舶舵柱
的而艏柱是通过船艏与The length between perpendiculars is used for calculation purposes as will
be seen later,but it will be obvious from Figure that this does not represent the greatest length of the ship.两柱间长（）是用于后面的计算之用的，然而从图中可以看出两柱间长不是船舶的最大长度。
For many purposes, such as the docking of a ship, it is necessary to know what the greatest length of the ship is.
明白船舶的最大长度是必要的，很多地方都能用到最大船长，比如船舶入坞。
This length is known as the ‘length overall’ and is defined simply as the distance from the extreme point at the after end to a similar point at the forward end.
这个长度称为“总长”，是以从船艉端点到船艏端点间的距离来定义的。
This can be clearly seen by referring again to Figure . In most ships the length overall wilt exceed by a considerable amount the length between perpendiculars.
大多数船的总长都比两柱间长超出很多。
The excess will include the overhang of the stem and also that of the stem where the stem is raked forward. 超出的长度包括船艉悬挂物和前倾型船艏悬挂物。
In modem ships having large bulbous bows the length overall (L. O. A. ) may
have to be measured to the extreme point of the bulb.
现代大型球鼻艏船舶的总长（）应该以球鼻为端点测量。
A third length which is often used t particularly when dealing with ship resistance, is the length on the waterline第三种长度是水线长（）常用于计算船舶阻力。
This is the distance measured on the waterline at which the ship is floating from the intersection of the stern with the waterline to the intersection of the stem with the waterline.
水线长指的就是在船舶所漂浮的水线上从船艏与水线的交点到船艉与水线的交点间的距离
This length is not a fixed quantity for a particular ship, as it will depend upon the waterline at which the ship is floating and upon the trim of the ship. 一艘特定的船上的水线长不是一个固定值,它是取决于船舶所漂浮的水线的位置及船舶的纵倾程度
Breadth（型宽）
The mid point of the length between perpendiculars is called ‘amidships’ and the ship is usually broadest at this point. 两柱间长的中点称为“船舯”且船舶在该处的宽度是最大的。
The breadth is measured at this position and the breadth most commonly used is called the ‘breadth moulded’. 我们所说的宽度就是在船舯位置测得的，该宽度一半称为“型宽”。
It may be defined simply as the distance from the inside of plating on one side to a similar point on the other side measured at the broadest part of the ship.
我们谨定义它为船舶最宽处一侧船壳板的内侧到另一侧船壳板内侧的距离。
As is the case in the length between perpendiculars, the breadth moulded does not represent the greatest breadth of the ship, so that to define this greatest breadth the breadth extreme is required.
就像两柱间长那种情况一样，型宽不是船舶最大宽度，以至于有必要定义船舶的最大宽度为计算宽度。
In many ships the breadth extreme is the breadth moulded plus the thickness of the shell plating on each side of the ship.
对于很多船，计算宽度等于型宽交上船舶两侧船体外板的厚度。
In the days of riveted ships, where the strakes of shell plating were overlapped the breadth extreme was equal to the breadth moulded plus four thicknesses of shell plating, but in the case of modem welded ships the extra breadth consists of two thicknesses of shell plating only.在铆接船的年代中，由于船舶外板列板相重叠，所以计算宽度就等于型宽加上四倍的船壳板厚度，然而现代焊接船仅加上两倍船壳板厚度。
The breadth extreme may be much greater than this in some ships, since it is the distance from the extreme overhang on one side of the ship to a similar point on the other side.
有
些
船的计算宽 This distance would include the overhang of decks,a feature which is sometimes
found in passenger ships in order to provide additional deck area. 这种距离可能包括甲板突出物宽度，我们能从客船中发现这种特性，这是为了扩大甲板面积。
It would be measured over fenders, which are sometimes fitted to ships such
as cross channel vessels which have to operate in and out of port under their own power and have fenders provided to protect the sides of the ships when coming alongside quays.
我们将这些突出物称为护舷材，护舷材只用在某些船上，例如海峡渡轮，它们依靠
自身的动力来进出港口，并且停靠港口时护舷能够保护船体舷侧免受损害。
Depth （型深）
The third principal dimensions is depth, which varies along the length of the
ship but is usually measured at amidships.
第
三个主
尺度是它沿船长方向会发生变化但通常以船舯处的值为标准。
This depth is known as the ‘depth moulded ’ and is measured from the underside of the plating of the deck at side amidships to the base line.
这种深度称为“型深”。指的就是船舯舷侧甲板板下部至基线间的距离。
It Is sometimes quoted as a ‘depth moulded to upper deck ’ or ‘depth moulded to second deck ’,etc.有时引用为“顶部甲板型深”或“次甲板型深”等等。
Where no deck is specified it can be taken the depth is measured to the uppermost
c
o
n
t i
n
u
o u In some modem ships there is a rounded gunwale.一些现代船舶有修圆的舷边。 In such cases the depth moulded is measured from the intersection of the deck line continued with the breadth moulded line.这种情况下，型深就取自甲板线与型宽线的交点。 Other Features （其他特征参数） The three principal dimensions give a general idea of the size of a ship but there are several ether features which have to be considered and which could be
different in two ships having the same length,breadth and depth. 这三个主尺度能够总体的描述船舶的尺寸，然而，也得考虑其他的几个特征参数且同样长、宽、高的两艘船的这些特征参数可能是不同的。
The more important of these will now be defined.
现在来定义这些重要的特征参数。
Sheer （舷弧）
Sheer is the height of the deck at side above a line drawn parallel to the base
and tangent to the deck line at amidships.
舷弧是甲板边板离平行于基线且相切于船舯甲板线的直线的突出高度
The sheer can vary along the length of the ship and is usually greatest at the
ends.
舷
弧沿船长方向会发
生而且首尾端最明显
In modern ships the deck line at side often has a variety of shapes: it may be flat with zero sheer over some distance on either side of amidships and then rise as a straight line towards the ends; an the other hand there may be no sheer at all on the deck, which will then be parallel to the base over the entire length.现代船舶甲板边线的形状多种多样：一方面，船舯两侧的某些长度方向可能是平的，没有舷弧，但接着以向上的斜直线的形式向首尾两端延伸；另一方面，甲板上面可能完全没有舷弧，整个船长方向上甲板都平行于基底。
In older ships the deck at side line was parabolic in profile and the sheer was quoted as its value on the forward and alter perpendiculars as shown in Figure . So called ‘standard ’ sheer was given by the formulae ：老式船舶纵剖面上的甲板边线呈抛物线状，舷弧取自首尾两柱方向上的值，如图 所示。所谓的舷弧“标准值”用公
式给出：
首舷弧（in）=+20
尾舷弧（in）=+10
这些公式用英制单位表示为：
首舷弧（cm）=+
尾舷弧（cm）=+
It will be seen that the sheer forward is twice as much as the sheer aft in these standard formulae. 通过上面的标准公式可以看出，首舷弧值是尾舷弧值的两倍。
It was often the case,however, that considerable variation was made from these standard values.然而，这些标准值也会发生相当大的变化，这种情况时常发生。
Sometimes the sheer forward was increased while the sheer after was reduced.
有时首舷弧会变大而尾舷弧会减小。
Occasionally the lowest point of the upper deck was some distance aft of amidships and sometimes departures were made from the parabolic sheer profile. 顶部
甲板的最低点离船舯尾The value of sheer and particularly the sheer forward was to increase the height
of the deck above water(the ‘height of platform’ as it was called) 尤其是首舷弧增加了甲板离水面的高度（称为“平台高度”）
and this helped to prevent water being shipped when the vessel was moving through rough sea. The reason for the abolition of sheer in some modem ships is that their depths are so great that additional height of the deck above water at the fore end is unnecessary from a sea keeping point of view.这有助于防止船舶在汹涌的海况中航行时甲板上浪。某些现代船舶废除舷弧的原因是它们的型深如此之大，以至于首部额外的甲板高度就耐波性观点而言是不必要的。
Deletion of sheer also tends to make the ship easier to construct, but on the
other hand it could be said that the appearance of the ship suffers in consequence.
舷弧的取消也使得船舶的建造容易得多，但是就另一方面而言结果是船的外表变得难看了。
Draught and Trim（吃水和纵倾）
The draught at which a ship floats is simply the distance from the bottom of the ship to the waterline. 船舶漂浮时的吃水指的就是船底离吃水线的距离。
If the waterline is parallel to the keel the ship is said to be floating on an even keel, but if the waterline is not parallel then the ship is said to be trimmed. 如果水线平行于龙骨，那么就说船舶平浮；但是若不平行，那么就说船舶发生了纵倾。
If the draught at the after end is greater than that at the fore end the ship is trimmed by the stem and if the converse is the case it is trimmed by the bow or by the head.
如果船尾吃水比船艏大，那么就发生了艉倾；若船艏吃水比船尾大，那么就发生了艏倾。
The draught can be measured in two ways, either as a moulded draught which is the distance from the base line to the waterline, or as an extreme draught which is the distance from the bottom of the ship to the waterline.
吃水可以分为两种：型吃水，即基线离水线的距离；计算吃水，即船底与水线间的距离。
In the modem welded merchant ship these two draughts differ only by one thickness of plating，but in certain types of ships where, say, a bar keel is fitted the extreme draught would be measured to the underside of the keel and may exceed the moulded draught by 15~23cm (6~9in). 对于现代焊接形式的商船，这两种吃水仅是相差一块壳板厚度的区别，但是对于有些装有棒龙骨的船，计算吃水的测量至龙骨下表面，因此计算吃水可能比型吃水大15-23cm(6-9in)。
It is important to know the draught of a ship, or how much water the ship is ‘drawing’,and so that the draught may be readily obtained,draught marks are cut in the stem and the stem.了解船舶的吃水或者说船舶“吃”水量，这很重要，因此一艘船的吃水能够直接获取，船艏和船艉都刻有吃水标志。
These are figures giving the distance from the bottom of the ship.
吃水标志也就是一些离船底有一定距离的一些数字。
In imperial units the figures are 6in high with a space of 6in between the top of one figure and the bottom of the next one.
这是数字用英制单位表示，6in 高，而且上下相邻的两个数字的间距也是 6in。
When the water level is up to the bottom of a particular figure the draught in feet has the value of that figure.当水位到达船底的某一个数字时，吃水就是那个数字的英尺值了。
If metric units are used then the figures would probably be 10cm high with a 10cm spacing.若用十进制单位表示，那么这些数字就可能是10cm 高，间隔10cm。
In many large vessels the structure bends in the longitudinal vertical plane even in still water t with the result that the base line or the keel does not remain a straight line.
就许多大型船舶而言，即使是在平静的海况下，它们的纵向垂直面都发生了弯曲，结果是基线或龙骨都不能保持为一条直线。
The mean draught at which the vessel is floating is not then simply obtained by taking half the sum of the forward and after draughts.
这就意味着船舶漂浮时吃水不能仅仅用艏艉吃水和的一半来表示。
To ascertain how much the vessel is hogging or sagging a set of draught marks is placed amidships so that if da，dx and df are the draughts at the after end,amidships and the forward end respectively then为了确定船舶中拱或中垂程度，在船舯做了一套吃水标志，因此如果船尾、船舯和船艏吃水分别为da、dx和df那么
中拱或中垂=-dx+（da+df）/2
When use is made of amidship draughts, it is necessary to measure the draught on both sides of the ship and take the mean of the two readings in case the ship should be heeled to one side or the other.使用船舯吃水时，测量船舶两侧吃水，使用两个数据是必要的，以防船舶向一侧或另一侧倾斜。
The difference between the forward and after draughts of a ship is called the ‘trim’, so that trim T = da - df, and as previously stated the ship will be said to be trimming by the stern or the bow according as the draught aft or the draught forward is in excess.
船舶首尾吃水的不同称为“纵倾”因而纵倾T= d a-d f，正如前面所说的那样，船舶艉吃水或艏吃水过多时，将发生艏倾或艉倾。
For a given total load on the ship the draught will have its least value when the ship is on an even keel. 对于稳定航行的船，在已知的总载荷作用下，船舶吃水将有一个最小值。
This is an important point when a ship is navigating in restricted depth of water or when entering a dry dock. 这一点对于在限制水深的区域航行的船或船舶进入干船坞时很重要
Usually a ship should be designed to float on an even keel in the fully loaded condition, and if this is not attainable a small trim by the stem is aimed at. 船舶的设计通常应满足在满载荷作用下船能够平浮的要求，如果船达不到这种状况，那么就设
计成小角度艉倾。
Trim by the bow is not considered desirable and should be avoided as it reduces the ’height of platform’ forward and increases the liability to take water on board in rough seas.艏倾这种情况是不期望发生的，应该避免,这是因为艏倾会降低艏部“平台高度”，增加在恶劣海况中甲板上浪的可能性。
Freeboard（干舷）
Freeboard may be defined as the distance which the ship projects above the surface of the water or the distance measured downwards from the deck to the waterline.
干舷被定义为船舶离水面的距离，或甲板与下部水线的间距。
The freeboard to the weather deck, for example, will vary along the length of the ship because of the sheer of the deck and will also be affected by the trim, if any. Usually the freeboard will be a minimum at amidships and will increase towards the ends.
例
如，由于受到甲板舷Freeboard has an important influence on the seaworthiness of a ship.
干舷对船舶的适航性有重要的影响。
The greater the freeboard the greater is the above water volume, and this volume
provides reserve buoyancy, assisting the ship to rise when it goes through waves.
干舷值越大，船舶水上部分的体积也就越大，而且这部分体积用来提供储备浮力，促使船舶在波浪中航行时能够上浮。
The above water volume can also help the ship to remain afloat in the event
of damage.
水上部分的体积也能帮助船舶破损时保持漂浮状态。
It will be seen later that freeboard has an important influence on the range of stability.
干舷对船舶稳定性的变化有重要影响，这种情况后面将会介绍到
Minimum freeboards are laid down for ships under International Law in the form of Load Line Regulations.国际法载重公约中设定了船舶干舷最小值。
Lesson 4 Basic Geometric Concepts（基本几何概念）The main parts of a typical ship together with the terms applied to the principal parts are illustrated in 示例船舶的主要部分以及相关的名字都在图中画出来了。
Because,at first,they are of little interest or influence,superstructures and deckhouses are ignored and the hull of the ship is considered as a hollow body curved in all directions,surmounted by a watertight deck. 首先，由于没有利害关系或影响，船舶上层建筑和甲板室都被忽略了，船体看成所有方向上都是曲线、上部用水密甲板覆盖的中空壳体。
Most ships have only one plane of symmetry, called the middle line plane which becomes the principal plane of reference.大多数船舶只有一个对称面，称为中线面，这是主要谈论的面。
The shape of the ship cut by this plane is known as the sheer plan or profile.
被该面截得的船型称为舷弧面或纵剖面。
The design waterplane is a plane perpendicular to the middle line plane, chosen as a plane of reference at or near the horizontal; it may or may not be parallel
to the keel.
设计水线面垂直于中线面，取作水平或接近水平的面；它可能不与龙骨平行。
Planes perpendicular to both the middle line plane and the design waterplane
are called transverse planes and a transverse section of the ship does, normally, exhibit symmetry about the middle line.
与中线面和设计水线面都垂直的面称为横剖面，船舶横剖面通常关于船体中线面对称。
Planes at right angles to the middle line plane, and parallel to the design
waterplane are called waterplanes,whether they are in the water or not,and they are usually symmetrical about the middle line.与中线面成一定交角且平行于设计水线面的平面称为水线面，无论在水中与否，它们都成立，而且它们通常关于中线面对称。
Waterplanes are not necessarily parallel to the keel. Thus, the curved shape
of a ship is best conveyed to our minds by its sections cut by orthogonal planes.水线面不一定平行于龙骨。因此，通过被正交面截得的面，能够向我们最清楚地表达船舶的曲线形状。
Lesson 5 Ship Form and Form Coefficients （船型系数）
Requirements of Ship Form （船型需求）
The hull form of a ship must be designed to fulfil certain requirements, and
the first to be considered is the provision of sufficient buoyancy to carry the v
a
r i o In other words the ship form must provide a certain displacement up to the load waterline. Calling this displacement △ it follows that 换句话说，船舶必须提
供一定的排水量，直至载重水线处。称这个排水量为△，表示如下
△=g Vρ
were ρis the density of the water in which the ship is floating, g is the acceleration due to gravity,and V is the underwater volume.
其中ρ是船舶所在水域的密度，g是重力加速度，V是水下部分的体积。
It may be said, therefore, that the designer must so design the form that some underwater volume V is obtained.
因此可以说设计师应该有目的地设计船型，以便能够获得一些水下部分体积V。
Another important requirement of the underwater form is that the centroid of the volume must be in a particular position in the fore and aft direction.
水下部分的船型的另一个重要的要求就是，体积中心必须在首尾方向的特定位置处
Form coefficients（船型系数）
If the ship form consisted simply of rectangular block of length equal to the length between perpendiculars, breadth equal to the breadth moulded,and depth equal to the draught,then the underwater volume would be given simply by 如果船型仅由长、宽、深分别等于两柱间长、型宽、吃水的长方体组成，那么水下部分体积将仅由如下给出
V=L×B×d
It will, however, be clear that the actual volume is less than the volume of this block, or in other words the ship form can be imagined to have been cut out of this block.而，真实的体积很明显小于这个长方体体积，或者换句话说，船型假想为是从这个长方体中切出来的。
What is called the ‘block coefficient’ is the ratio of the actual volume of the underwater form to the volume LBd. In other words所谓的“方形系数”就是真实船
型水下部分体积与L Bd 体积的比值。用另一种方式表示为
Block coefficient CB=V/(L×B×d)
方形系数CB =V/（L ×B ×d ）
When the ship designer has decided what volume is required he then has four factors to consider: the length, breadth and draught of the ship,and also the block c
o e f f
i
c
i e
n
t
.
当船舶设计
师
已
经
There is an infinite number of combinations of these factors which will give the required result and the problem is to decide what are the best values of the four parameters. In the meantime,however, the block coefficient only will be considered. 这些因数有无数种组合，能够给出最理想的结果，并且问题就是如何决定这四个系数的最佳值。同时，但唯独将只考虑方形系数。 Generally it is governed by resistance considerations.这一般是由阻力因素决定的。 At this stage it may be said that fast ships require low values of block coefficient while in slow ships high values of the block coefficient are permissible.
在此阶段，可以说高速船舶要求方形系数值低，而低速船只允许方形系数值高。 In slow speed ships, say of the bulk carrier type, a high value of block coefficient means a large displacement on given principal dimensions, which means that there is a large amount of displacement available for the carriage of cargo.对于低速船，例如散货船，高的方形系数值意味着在主尺度一定的情况下排水量大，这就意味着有很大排水量来维持货物运输。
In fast ships it is essential to keep down the value of the block coefficient, so they normally have lower block coefficients than slow ships.对于高速船，降低方形系数值是必要的，因此相比于低速船它们有更低的方形系数值。
The influence of block coefficient on the shape of the hull form is that in ships with high values of this coefficient considerable parallel middle is likely to be found and the slopes of the waterlines at the ends are steep, whereas with low block coefficients parallel middle is often quite short or may not exist at all and the slopes of the waterlines at the ends will be small also.方形系数对船型的影响表现为，对于方形系数值高的船，会发现平行中体程度相当大而且船舶两端水线范围陡，而对于方形系数值低的船，平行中体通常很小或可能完全不存在，而且船舶两端水线范围也很陡。
Another coefficient which is useful is what is known as the ‘prismatic coefficien t’.另外一个有用的系数就是所谓的“棱形系数”。
The ship form could be imagined to have been cut from a prism of length equal to the length of the ship and of constant cross section of area equal to The immersed midship area. Thus船型可以想象为是从棱柱体中切割出来的，棱柱体长度等于船长且截面积等于船舯浸没部分的面积的。因此
Prismatic coefficient Cp=V/(Midship area×L)
棱形系数Cp=V/（舯面积×L）
This particular coefficient has its use in dealing with resistance.
处理船舶阻力时能用到这个特殊的系数。
A coefficient which is used to express the fullness of the midship section is the midship area coefficient. If the midship section is imagined to be out out of a rtx:tangle of dimensions breadth ×draught then一个用来表示船舯剖面丰满
度的系数是中站面系数。若将船舯剖面想象为是从尺度等于船宽吃水的矩形中切割出来的，那么
Midship area coefficient Cm=Midship area/(B×d)
中站面系数Cm=舯面积/（B×d）
The three coefficients so far discussed are related to one another since
第一章汽车总论 1)Today’s average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work together. These parts can be grouped into four major categories: body, engine, chassis and electrical equipment 。P1 现在的车辆一般都由15000多个分散、独立且相互配合的零部件组成。这些零部件主要分为四类：车身、发动机、底盘和电气设备。 2)The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine: gasoline (also called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel (also called a compression-ignition engine). Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the power train. P3 发动机作为动力设备，常见的类型是内燃机，其原理是通过发动机缸内的液体燃料燃烧而产生能量。发动机可分为两类：汽油机（点燃式）和柴油机（压燃式），都属于热力发动机。燃料燃烧产生热量使缸内气压上升，产生的能量驱动轴旋转，并传递给动力传动系。 第二章内燃机 1)Power train system: conveys the drive to the wheels 2)Steering system: controls the direction of movement 3)Suspension system: absorbs the road shocks 4)Braking system: slows down the vehicle P4 传动系把发动机输出的扭矩传递给驱动轮。传动系包括离合器（对应机械变速器）或液力变矩器（对应液力自动变速器）、变速器、驱动轴、主减速器、差速器和驱动桥。 5)Drum brakes have a drum attached to the wheel hub, and braking occurs by means of brake shoes expanding against the inside of the drum. With disc brakes, a disc attached to the wheel hub is clenched between two brake pads. P6 鼓式制动器的制动鼓和轮毂连接，制动蹄张开压紧制动鼓内侧从而产生制动。在盘式制动器上，连着轮毂的制动盘被紧紧夹在两个制动块之间。 1)Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn.The power stroke"uses up"the gas,so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture:this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves;An inlet valve allows the mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job . P10 活塞通过连杆和曲轴连接，使得气体带动曲轴旋转半圈。作功冲程耗尽了所有的气体，这样就必须采取相应的措施排出废气并且向气缸内充入新的可燃混合气：气体的运动由气门来控制。进气门使可燃混合气在恰当的时刻进入气缸，排气门使燃烧后的废气排出气缸。 2)The spark-ignition engine is an internal-combustion engine with externally supplied in ignition,which converts the energy cntained in the fuel to kinetic energy.The cycle of operations is spread over four piston strokes. To complete the full cycle it takes two revolutions of the crankshaft. P11 火花点火式发动机是由外部提供点火的内燃机，从而将含在燃料内的能量转化成动能。发动机的一个工作循环分布在活塞的四个行程中，一个完整的工作循环曲轴需要转动两圈。 3)The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus,there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine. P15
01 THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01 元素和元素周期表 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 质子的数量在一个原子的核被称为原子序数,或质子数、周淑金、电子的数量在一个电中性原子也等于原子序数松山机场的总质量的原子做出很近的总数的质子和中子在它的核心。这个总数被称为大量胡逸舟、中子的数量在一个原子,中子数,给出了a - z的数量。 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. T o the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters, for example: 这个术语是指元素,一个纯物质与原子组成一个单一的善良。在药房“客气”原子的原子数来确定它,因为它的性质是决定其化学行为。目前所有原子和Z = 1 a到Z = 107是知道的;有107种化学元素。每一种化学元素起了一个名字和独特的象征。对于大多数元素都仅仅是一个象征的英文名称缩写形式,一个或两个字母组成,例如: oxygen==O nitrogen == N neon==Ne magnesium == Mg
Unit1 发动机是汽车的心脏。汽车引擎的目的是将燃料转化为能量使汽车移动。最简单的方法是在发动机内部燃烧燃料。,因此,汽车发动机是一种内燃机,缸内燃烧燃料和燃烧的扩张力量转换成旋转力用来驱动汽车。 这里有多种类型的内燃机分为往复式和旋转式引擎;火花式点火或压缩式点火发动机;代用燃料发动机。 往复式发动机 最熟悉的组合是往复式,火花点火,四冲程汽油发动机,如图1-1a所示。现代汽车通常是由水冷活塞式内燃机,安装在汽车的前面,它的力量可以被传送到前轮，传到后轮,或所有车轮轮。一些汽车使用风冷式发动机,但这些通常效率不及液冷式。往复式发动机的另一个主要类型是柴油发动机(如图果1-1b所示),这是使用重型车辆，如卡车，公共汽车和少数家庭轿车。柴油和汽油发动机一般采用四冲程循环。 转子式发动机 转子式内发动机,也叫汪克尔发动机,由德国的Felix~Wankel在1954年开发的,可以提供一种低废气排放和大规模生产的可行性的发动机来替代往复式发动机机。在这种发动机中，三面转子在燃烧室的自由空间内旋转使其随着转子转动压缩和膨胀,见图1 - 2。燃料被吸入、压缩和被点火系统的点燃。膨胀的气体带动转子然后废气排出,如图1 - 3所示。旋转式引擎没有气门,活塞,连杆,往复部件,或曲轴。它提高了马力,基本上不会有震动,但它的油耗是高于传统活塞式发动机。 代用燃料汽车 内燃机消耗大量的石油,并造成严重的空气污染,因此,其他类型的燃料和非常规引擎被研究和发展。 可替代燃料汽车(AFV)是一种用常见的油箱的柔性燃料车辆，设计一种在不同混合的无铅汽油与乙醇或双燃料汽车运行，一种可使用替代燃料和传统燃料。一种高科技车辆(A TV)结合了新引擎,动力传动机构,传动系系统显著提高燃油经济性。最理想的替代燃料发动机燃烧燃料比传统汽油内燃机更为简洁,但仍然能够使用现有的加油站。 混合动力电动车 混合动力汽车或者混合电动汽车(HEV)(如图1 - 4所示),是由两个或两个以上的能源,其中之一是电力可以高英里每加仑，低排放。有两种类型的混合动力汽车,串联和并联式。在串联式电动汽车中,车辆动力所有动力来自同一个源头。例如,一个电动马达驱动的汽车电池和内燃机驱动发电机给电池充电。在并联混合动力,电力是通过这两个路径,电动机和内燃机驱动车辆。这一点,可能有助于电力汽车的电动发动机空转和加速度。内燃机巡航时,驱动传动系和给电池充电。 在当前生产混合动力车发动机和电动马达连接,同样的传播协助下电动引擎可以更小。
Unit 1 Chemical Industry 化学工业 1.Origins of the Chemical Industry Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin‘s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939). 1．化学工业的起源 尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3. 我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以William Henry Perkin 发现第一种合成染料—苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行。这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助。特别是由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆发，对以氮为基础的化合物的需求飞速增长。这种深刻的改变一直持续到战后（1918-1939）。 date bake to/from: 回溯到 dated: 过时的，陈旧的 stand sb. in good stead: 对。。。很有帮助
01.THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01元素和元素周期 表。 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 原子核中的质子数的原子称为原子序数，或质子数，卓电子数的电中性的原子也等于原子序数Z，总质量的原子是非常接近的总数量的质子和中子在原子核。这被称为质量数，这个数的原子中的中子，中子数，给出了所有的数量 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. To the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of
About car engine Of all automobile components,an automobile engie is the most complicated assembly with dominant effects on the function of an autombile.So, the engine is generally called the"heat"of an automobile. 在汽车的所有部件中，汽车发动机是最复杂的组件，其对整车性能有着决定性的作用。因而发动机往往被称作发动机的“心脏”。 There are actually various types of engines such as electric motors,stream engines,andinternal combustion engines.The internal combustion engines seem to have almost complete dominance of the automotive field.The internal combustion engine,as its name indicates,burns fuel within the cylinders and converts the expanding force of the combustion into rotary force used to propel the vehicle. 事实上，按动力来源分发动机有很多种，如电动机、蒸汽机、外燃机等。然而内燃机似乎在发动机领域有着绝对的统治地位。就像其字面意思一样，内燃机的染料在气缸内燃烧，通过将燃烧产生气体的膨胀力转换成转动力来驱动发动机前进。 Engine is the power source of the automobile.Power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder.However,this linear motion must be changed into rotary motion to turn the wheels of cars or trucks.The puston attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin,called a piston pin or wrist pin.The bottom of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft.The connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft,which changes it into rotary motion.The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large bearings called rod bearing.Similar bearings, called main bearings,are used to mount the crankshaft in the block. 发动机是整部车的动力来源。能量来自于活塞在气缸内的（往复）直线运动。然而这种（往复）直线运动必须要转换成旋转运动才能驱动车轮。活塞与连杆通过一个销来连接，这个销称为活塞销。连杆的下部连接于曲拐。连杆把活塞的上下往复运动传递给曲拐，从而将往复直线运动转变成旋转运动。连杆和曲拐的连接使用大的轴承，称之为连杆轴承，类似的轴承也用于将曲轴连接到机体，称之为主轴承。 They are generally two different types of cooling system:water-cooling system and air-cooling system.Water-cooling system is more common.The cooling medium, or coolant, in them is either water or some low-freezing liquid, called antifreeze.A water-cooling system consists of the engine water jacket, thermostat, water pump, radiator, radiator cap, fan, fan drive belt and neccessary hoses. 主要有两种类型的冷却系统：水冷和风冷。水冷系统更为普遍。系统所用冷却介质或是冷却液常委水或其他低凝固点液体，称为抗凝剂。一个完整的水冷系统包括机体水套，节温器，水泵，散热器，散热器罩，风扇，风扇驱动皮带和必需的水管。 A water-cooling system means that water is used as a cooling agent to circulate through the engine to absorb the heat and carry it to the radiator for disposal.The ebgine is cooled mainly through heat transfer and heat dissipation.The heat generated by the mixture burned in the engine must be transferred from the iron or aluminum cylinder to the waterin the water jacket.The outside of the water jacket dissipates some of the heat to the air surrounding it, but most of the heat is carried by the cooling water to the radiator for dissipation.When the coolant temperature in the system reaches 90°,the termostat valve open fully, its slanted edge shutting off
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE 引擎燃烧室 1. principle of operation 原理 Engine and power : Engine is used to produce power. The chemical energy in fuel is converted to heat by the burning of the fuel at a controlled rate. This process is called combustion. If engine combustion occurs with the power chamber. ,the engine is called internal combustion engine. If combustion takes place outside the cylinder, the engine is called an external combustion engine. Engine used in automobiles are internal combustion heat engines. Heat energy released in the combustion chamber raises the temperature of the combustion gases with the chamber. The increase in gas temperature causes the pressure of the gases to increase. The pressure developed within the combustion chamber is applied to the head of a piston to produce a usable mechanical force, which is then converted into useful mechanical power. 译: 引擎和能量: 引擎为汽车提供能量，燃料的化学能通过燃烧，转化为热能，这个过程叫燃烧。假如燃烧在燃烧室，这样的发动机叫内燃机。假如燃烧在气缸外，这样的发动机叫外燃机。 用在汽车上的一般是内燃机，热能在燃烧室释放，燃烧室气体温度升高。气体温度的升高使气体的压力曾加，燃烧室内的高压气体作用在活塞头部产生可以利用的化学能，化学能转化为机械能。 Engine T erms : Linking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn. The power stroke “uses up” the gas , so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture :this control of gas movement is the duty of the valves ;an inlet valve allows the new mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job. Engine terms are : TDC(Top Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is farther away from the crankshaft. BDC(Bottom Dead Center):the position of the crank and piston when the piston is nearest to the crankshaft. Stroke : the distance between BDC and TDC; stroke is controlled by the crankshaft. Bore : the internal diameter of the cylinder. Swept volume : the volume between TDC and BDC Engine capacity : this is the swept volume of all the cylinder e.g. a four-stroke having a capacity of two liters(2000cm) has a cylinder swept volume of 50cm. Clearance volume: the volume of the space above the piston when it is at TDC. Compression ratio = (swept vol + clearance vol)\(clearance vol) Two-stroke : a power stroke every revolution of the crank.
1 Unit5元素周期表 As our picture of the atom becomes more detailed 随着我们对原子的描述越来越详尽，我们发现我们陷入了进退两难之境。有超过100多中元素要处理，我们怎么能记的住所有的信息？有一种方法就是使用元素周期表。这个周期表包含元素的所有信息。它记录了元素中所含的质子数和电子数，它能让我们算出大多数元素的同位素的中子数。它甚至有各个元素原子的电子怎么排列。最神奇的是，周期表是在人们不知道原子中存在质子、中子和电子的情况下发明的。Not long after Dalton presented his model for atom( )在道尔顿提出他的原子模型（原子是是一个不可分割的粒子，其质量决定了它的身份）不久，化学家门开始根据原子的质量将原子列表。在制定像这些元素表时候，他们观察到在元素中的格局分布。例如，人们可以清楚的看到在具体间隔的元素有着相似的性质。在当时知道的大约60种元素中，第二个和第九个表现出相似的性质，第三个和第十个，第四个和第十一个等都具有相似的性质。 In 1869,Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev,a Russian chemist, 在1869年，Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev ,一个俄罗斯的化学家，发表了他的元素周期表。Mendeleev通过考虑原子重量和元素的某些特性的周期性准备了他的周期表。这些元素的排列顺序先是按原子质量的增加,,一些情况中, Mendeleev把稍微重写的元素放在轻的那个前面.他这样做只是为了同一列中的元素能具有相似的性质.例如,他把碲(原子质量为128)防在碘(原子质量为127)前面因为碲性质上和硫磺和硒相似, 而碘和氯和溴相似. Mendeleev left a number of gaps in his table.Instead of Mendeleev在他的周期表中留下了一些空白。他非但没有将那些空白看成是缺憾，反而大胆的预测还存在着仍未被发现的元素。更进一步，他甚至预测出那些一些缺失元素的性质出来。在接下来的几年里，随着新元素的发现，里面的许多空格都被填满。这些性质也和Mendeleev所预测的极为接近。这巨大创新的预计值导致了Mendeleev的周期表为人们所接受。 It is known that properties of an element depend mainly on the number of electrons in the outermost energy level of the atoms of the element. 我们现在所知道的元素的性质主要取决于元素原子最外层能量能级的电子数。钠原子最外层能量能级（第三层）有一个电子，锂原子最外层能量能级（第二层）有一个电子。钠和锂的化学性质相似。氦原子和氖原子外层能级上是满的，这两种都是惰性气体，也就是他们不容易进行化学反应。很明显，有着相同电子结构（电子分布）的元素的不仅有着相似的化学性质，而且某些结构也表现比其他元素稳定（不那么活泼） In Mendeleev’s table,the elements were arranged by atomic weights for 在Mendeleev的表中，元素大部分是按照原子数来排列的，这个排列揭示了化学性质的周期性。因为电子数决定元素的化学性质，电子数也应该（现在也确实）决定周期表的顺序。在现代的周期表中，元素是根据原子质量来排列的。记住，这个数字表示了在元素的中性原子中的质子数和电子数。现在的周期表是按照原子数的递增排列，Mendeleev的周期表是按照原子质量的递增排列，彼此平行是由于原子量的增加。只有在一些情况下（Mendeleev注释的那样）重量和顺序不符合。因为原子质量是质子和中子质量的加和，故原子量并不完全随原子序数的增加而增加。原子序数低的原子的中子数有可能比原子序数高的原
Fuel Supply System of Gasoline Engine(UNIT SEVEN) All the gasoline engines have substantially identical fuel systems and run on a mixture consisting of fuel vapor and air. The fuel system comprises the units designed to store, clear and deliver fuel, the units intended to clean air and a unit for preparing a mixture from fuel vapor and air. In a fuel system different components are used to supply fuel from the fuel tank into the engine cylinder. Some of the important components are fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel filter, carburetor, intake manifold and fuellines or tubes connecting the tank, pump and the carburetor. The fuel tank is a fuel container used for storing fuel. It is made of sheet metal. It is attached to the vehicle frame with metal traps and is located at the rear of the vehicle. They are mounted in a boot or boot-floor pan in case of front-engined cars and small commercial vehicles. In order to strengthen the tank as well as to prevent surging of fuel when the vehicle rounds a curve of suddenly stops, baffle plates are attached to the inside of the tank. A cap is used to close the filler opening of the tank. The fuel line is attached at or near the bottom of the tank with a filtering element placed at the connection. The other components of the fuel tank are the fuel gauge sending unit, a vent pipe, receiving unit. To prevent the dirt and water from entering the luggage compartment, a sealing strip is fitted between the fuel tank and boot floor pan. Moreover to limit the transmission of frame distortion to the tank giving rise to squeaking as the metal parts get rubbed together, rubber or felt pads are often fitted between the mountings and the tank. Provision is also made against drumming of the tank by these mountings. The tank may be placed at the side of the chassis frame for convenience in case of large commercial vehicles. The length of the connecting lines or tubes from the tank to the carburetor is also restricted by this at the same time. A porous filter is attached to the outlet lines. By drawing fuel from the tank through the filter, any water in the bottom of the tank as well as any dirt into the fuel gathers on the surface of the filter. To keep the fuel always under atmospheric pressure, the filter pipe or tank is vented. In order to prevent dirt in the fuel from entering the fuel pump or carburetor, fuel filters and screens are used in the fuel system. If the dirt is not removed from the fuel, the normal operation of these units will be prevented. The engine performance will also be reduced.
Heavy Oil Development Technology of Liaohe Oilfield Han Yun (Scientific Research Information Department Exploration&Development Research Institute，Liaohe Oilfield Company) Liaohe Oilfield，the largest heavy oil production base in China，features in various reservoir types，deep burial，and wide range of crude oil viscosity．For many years，a series of technologies have been developed for different oil products and reservoir types of the oilfield，of which water flooding，foam slug drive，steam stimulation，steam drive,and SAGD are the main technologies. After continuous improvement，they have been further developed and played an important role in the development of heavy oil in the oilfield． Liaohe Oilfield is abundant in heavy oil resources，46％of the total proved reserves of Liaohe Oilfield Company. Horizontally the resources concentrates in the West Depression and the southern plunging belt of the Central Uplift in Liaohe Rift. Vertically,it is mainly distributed in Paleocene Shahejie Formation(ES). The distinctive geological feature of Liaohe 0ilfield is manifested in three aspects：first，the heavy oil reservoirs are deeply buried and 80％of them are buried more than 900m deep；second，the heavy oil viscosity ranges widely．For most of the reservoirs．the dead oil viscosity ranges in 100～100000mPa·s with the maximum 650000mPa·s.Third the reservoir types are various with complicated oil—water relationship，most of the reservoirs are edge water and bosom water reservoirs and there are also edge water reservoirs，top water reservoirs and bosom water reservoirs．For more than 20 years of development，Liaohe Oilfield has developed series of heavy oil development technologies for different oil products and different types of reservoirs，such as water flooding, foam slug drive,steam stimulation steam drive and SAGD．The most difficult issues have been overcome in the development of the super