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曼昆-经济学原理-复习资料整理

曼昆-经济学原理-复习资料整理
曼昆-经济学原理-复习资料整理

1

Q4Why should policy makers think about incentives?

Policymakers need to think about incentives so they can understand how people will respond to the policies they put in place. The text's example of seat belts shows that policy actions can have quite unintended consequences. If incentives matter a lot, they may lead to a very different type of policy; for example, some economists have suggested putting knives in steering columns so that people will drive much more carefully! While this suggestion is silly, it highlights the importance of incentives.

Q6what does the invisible hand of the marketplace do?

The "invisible hand" of the marketplace represents the idea that even though individuals and firms are all acting in their own self-interest, prices and the marketplace guide them to do what is good for society as a whole.

2

Q1How is economics like a science?

Economics is like a science because economists use the scientific method. They devise theories, collect data, and then analyze these data in an attempt to verify or refute their theories about how the world works. Economists use theory and observation like other scientists, but they are limited in their ability to run controlled experiments. Instead, they must rely on natural experiments.

Q5 Use a production possibilities frontier to describe the idea of “efficiency”?

The idea of efficiency is that an outcome is efficient if the economy is getting all it can from the scarce resources it has available. In terms of the production possibilities frontier, an efficient point is a point on the frontier, such as point A in Figure 4. A point inside the frontier, such as point B, is inefficient since more of one good could be produced without reducing the production of another good.

Q7What is the difference between a positive and a normative statement? Give an example of that.

Positive statements are descriptive and make a claim about how the world is, while normative statements are prescriptive and make a claim about how the world ought to be. Here is an example. Positive: A rapid growth rate of money is the cause of inflation. Normative: The government should keep the growth rate of money low.

3

Q1 Explain how absolute advantage and comparative advantage differ.

Absolute advantage reflects a comparison of the productivity of one person, firm, or nation to that of another, while comparative advantage is based on the relative opportunity costs of the persons, firms, or nations. While a person, firm, or nation may have an absolute advantage in producing every good, they can't have a comparative advantage in every good.

Q4Will a nation tend to export or import goods to Question2.

A nation will export goods for which it has a comparative advantage because it has a smaller opportunity cost of producing those goods. As a result, citizens of all nations are able to consume quantities of goods that are outside their production possibilities frontiers.

4

Q5Propeye’s income declines, and as a result, he buys more spinach. Is spinach an inferior or a normal goods? What happens to Popeye’s demand curve for spinach?

Since Popeye buys more spinach when his income falls, spinach is an inferior good for him. Since he buys more spinach, but the price of spinach is unchanged, his demand curve for spinach shifts out as a result of the decrease in his income.

Q8 Dose a change in producers’ technology lead to a movement along the supply curve? Does a change in price lead to a movement along the supply curve or a shift in the supply curve?

A change in producers' technology leads to a shift in the supply curve. A change in price leads to a movement along the supply curve.

Q9 Define the equilibrium of a market. Describe the forces that move a market towards its equilibrium.

The equilibrium of a market is the point at which the quantity demanded is equal to quantity supplied. If the price is

above the equilibrium price, sellers want to sell more than buyers want to buy, so there is a surplus. Sellers try to increase their sales by cutting prices. That continues until they reach the equilibrium price. If the price is below the equilibrium price, buyers want to buy more than sellers want to sell, so there is a shortage. Sellers can raise their price without losing customers. That continues until they reach the equilibrium price.

Q11 Describe the role of prices in market economies.

Prices play a vital role in market economies because they bring markets into equilibrium. If the price is different from its equilibrium level, quantity supplied and quantity demanded are not equal. The resulting surplus or shortage leads suppliers to adjust the price until equilibrium is restored. Prices thus serve as signals that guide economic decisions and allocate scarce resources.

5

Q2 List and explain the four determinants of the price elasticity of demand discussed in the chapter.

The determinants of the price elasticity of demand include how available close substitutes are, whether the good is a necessity or a luxury, how broadly defined the market is, and the time horizon. Luxury goods have greater price elastic ties than necessities, goods with close substitutes have greater elastic ties, goods in more narrowly defined markets have greater elastic ties, and the elasticity of demand is higher the longer the time horizon.

Q4 On a supply-and-demand diagram, show equilibrium price, equilibrium quantity, and the total revenue received by producers.

Figure 1 presents a supply-and-demand diagram, showing equilibrium price, equilibrium quantity, and the total revenue received by producers. Total revenue equals the equilibrium price times the equilibrium quantity, which is the area of the rectangle shown in the figure.

Figure 1

6

Q2Which causes a shortage of a good—a price ceiling or a price floor? Which causes a surplus?

A shortage of a good arises when there is a binding price ceiling. A surplus of a good arises when there is a binding price floor.

Q6How does a tax on a good affect the price paid by buyers, and the quantity sold?

A tax on a good raises the price buyers pay, lowers the price sellers receive, and reduces the quantity sold.

Q7What determines how the burden of a tax is divided between buyers and sellers? Why?

The burden of a tax is divided between buyers and sellers depending on the elasticity of demand and supply. Elasticity represents the willingness of buyers or sellers to leave the market, which in turns depends on their alternatives. When a good is taxed, the side of the market with fewer good alternatives cannot easily leave the market and thus bears more of the burden of the tax.

7

Q1Explain how buyer’s willingness to pay, consumer’ surplus, and the demand curve are related.

Buyers' willingness to pay, consumer surplus, and the demand curve are all closely related. The height of the demand

curve represents the willingness to pay of the buyers. Consumer surplus is the area below the demand curve and above the price, which equals each buyer's willingness to pay less the price of the good.

Q2 Explain how seller’s costs, producer’s surplus, and the supply curve are related.

Sellers' costs, producer surplus, and the supply curve are all closely related. The height of the supply curve represents the costs of the sellers. Producer surplus is the area below the price and above the supply curve, which equals the price minus each sellers' costs.

Figure 4

13

Q2 Give an example of an opportunity cost that accountant might not count as a cost. Why would the accountant ignore the cost?

An accountant would not count the owner’s opportunity cost of alternative employment as an accounting cost. An example is given in the text in which Helen runs a cookie business, but she could instead work as a computer programmer. Because she's working in her cookie factory, she gives up the opportunity to earn $100 per hour as a computer programmer. The accountant ignores this opportunity cost because no money flow occurs. But the cost is relevant to Helen's decision to run the cookie factory.

Q3What is marginal product, and what does it means if it is diminishing?

Marginal product is the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input. Diminishing marginal product means that the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases.

Q8Defind economies of scale and explain why they might arise. Define diseconomies of scale and explain why then might arise.

Economies of scale exist when long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases, which occurs because of specialization among workers. Diseconomies of scale exist when long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increases, which occurs because of coordination problems inherent in a large organization.

14

Q2Draw the cost curves for a typical firm. For a given price, explain how the firm chooses the level of output that maximizes profit. Figure 2 shows the cost curves for a typical firm. For a given price (such as P*), the level of output that maximizes profit is the output where marginal cost equals price (Q*), as long as price is greater than average variable cost at that point (in the short run), or greater than average total cost (in the long run).

Figure 2

Q6 Does a firm’s price equal marginal cost in the short run, in the long run, or both? Explain.

The firm's price equals the minimum of average total cost only in the long run. In the short run, price may be greater than average total cost, in which case the firm is making profits, or price may be less than average total cost, in which case the firm is making losses. But the situation is different in the long run. If firms are making profits, other firms will enter the industry, which will lower the price of the good. If firms are making losses, they will exit the industry, which will raise the price of the good. Entry or exit continues until firms are making neither profits nor losses. At that point, price equals average total cost.

15

Q3Why is monopolist’s marginal revenue less than the price of its goods? Can marginal revenue be negative? Explain.

A monopolist's marginal revenue is less than the price of its product because: (1) its demand curve is the market demand curve, so (2) to increase the amount sold, the monopolist must lower the price of its good for every unit it sells. (3) This cut in prices reduces revenue on the units it was already selling.

A monopolist's marginal revenue can be negative because to get purchasers to buy an additional unit of the good, the firm must reduce its price on all units of the good. The fact that it sells a greater quantity increases revenue, but the decline in price decreases revenue. The overall effect depends on the elasticity of the demand curve. If the demand curve is inelastic, marginal revenue will be negative.

Q4 Draw the demand, marginal-revenue, and marginal-cost curve for a monopolist. Show the profit-maximizing level of output. Show the profit-maximizing price.

Figure 1 shows the demand, marginal-revenue, and marginal-cost curves for a monopolist. The intersection of the marginal-revenue and marginal-cost curves determines the profit-maximizing level of output, Q m. The demand curve then shows the profit-maximizing price, P m.

Figure 1

16

Q1If a group of sellers could form a cartel, what quantity and price would they try to set?

If a group of sellers could form a cartel, they would try to set quantity and price like a monopolist. They would set quantity at the point where marginal revenue equals marginal cost, and set price at the corresponding point on the demand curve.

Q5What is the prisoners’ dilemma and what does it have to do with oligopoly?

The prisoners' dilemma is a game between two people or firms that illustrates why it is difficult for opponents to cooperate even when cooperation would make them all better off. Each person or firm has a great incentive to cheat on any cooperative agreement to make himself or itself better off.

17

Q2 Draw a diagram of the long-run equilibrium in a monopolistically competitive market. How is price related to average total cost? How is price related to marginal cost?

In Figure 2, a firm has demand curve D1 and marginal-revenue curve MR1. The firm is making profits because at quantity

Q1, price (P1) is above average total cost (ATC). Those profits induce other firms to enter the industry, causing the demand curve to shift to D2 and the marginal-revenue curve to shift to MR2. The result is a decline in quantity to Q2, at which point the price (P2) equals average total cost (ATC), so profits are now zero.

Figure 2

23

Q1 Explain why an economy’s income must equal its expenditure.

An economy's income must equal its expenditure, since every transaction has a buyer and a seller. Thus, expenditure by buyers must equal income by sellers.

24

Q2 Describe the three problems that make the consumer price index an imperfect measure of the cost of living.

The three problems in the consumer price index as a measure of the cost of living are: (1) substitution bias, which arises because people substitute toward goods that have become relatively less expensive; (2) the introduction of new goods, which are not reflected quickly in the CPI; and (3) unmeasured quality change.

25

Q2List and describe four determinants of productivity.

The four determinants of productivity are: (1) physical capital, which is the stock of equipment and structures that are used to produce goods and services; (2) human capital, which consists of the knowledge and skills that workers acquire through education, training, and experience; (3) natural resources, which are inputs into production that are provided by nature; and (4) technological knowledge, which is society’s un derstanding of the best ways to produce goods and services.

Questions are chosen from problems and applications.

Chapter 1: Q9

By specializing in each task, you and your roommate can finish the chores more quickly. If you divided each task equally, it would take you more time to cook than it would take your roommate, and it would take him more time to clean than it would take you. By specializing, you reduce the total time spent on chores.

Similarly, countries can specialize and trade, making both better off. For example, suppose it takes Spanish workers less time to make clothes than French workers, and French workers can make wine more efficiently than Spanish workers. Then Spain and France can both benefit if Spanish workers produce all the clothes and French workers produce all the wine, and they exchange some wine for some clothes.

Chapter 2: Q2

a. Figure 6 shows a production possibilities frontier between guns and butter. It is bowed out because when most of the economy’s resources are being used to produce butter, the frontier is steep and when most of the economy’s resources are being used to produce guns, the frontier is very flat. When the economy is producing a lot of guns, workers and machines best suited to making butter are being used to make guns, so each unit of guns given up yields a large increase in the production of butter. Thus, the production possibilities frontier is flat. When the economy is producing a lot of butter, workers and machines best suited to making guns are being used to make butter, so each unit of guns given up

yields a small increase in the production of butter. Thus, the production possibilities frontier is steep.

b. Point A is impossible for the economy to achieve; it is outside the production possibilities frontier. Point B is feasible but inefficient because it’s inside the production possibilities frontier.

Figure 6

c. The Hawks might choose a point like H, with many guns and not much butter. The Doves might choose a point like D, with a lot of butter and few guns.

d. If both Hawks and Doves reduced their desired quantity of guns by the same amount, the Hawks would get a bigger peace dividend because the production possibilities frontier is much steeper at point H than at point D. As a result, the reduction of a given number of guns, starting at point H, leads to a much larger increase in the quantity of butter produced than when starting at point D.

Chapter 3: Q4

a. Since a Canadian worker can make either two cars a year or 30 bushels of wheat, the opportunity cost of a car is 15 bushels of wheat. Similarly, the opportunity cost of a bushel of wheat is 1/15 of a car. The opportunity costs are the reciprocals of each other.

b. See Figure 4. If all 10 million workers produce two cars each, they produce a total of 20 million cars, which is the vertical intercept of the production possibilities frontier. If all 10 million workers produce 30 bushels of wheat each, they produce a total of 300 million bushels, which is the horizontal intercept of the production possibilities frontier. Since the tradeoff between cars and wheat is always the same, the production possibilities frontier is a straight line.

If Canada chooses to consume 10 million cars, it will need 5 million workers devoted to car production. That leaves 5 million workers to produce wheat, who will produce a total of 150 million bushels (5 million workers times 30 bushels per worker). This is shown as point A on Figure 4.

c. If the United States buys 10 million cars from Canada and Canada continues to consume 10 million cars, then Canada will need to produce a total of 20 million cars. So Canada will be producing at the vertical intercept of the production possibilities frontier. But if Canada gets 20 bushels of wheat per car, it will be able to consume 200 million bushels of wheat, along with the 10 million cars. This is shown as point B in the figure. Canada should accept the deal because it gets the same number of cars and 50 million more bushes of wheat.

Figure 4

Chapter 4: Q1

a. Cold weather damages the orange crop, reducing the supply of oranges. This can be seen in Figure 6 as a shift to the left in the supply curve for oranges. The new equilibrium price is higher than the old equilibrium price.

b. People often travel to the Caribbean from New England to escape cold weather, so demand for Caribbean hotel

rooms is high in the winter. In the summer, fewer people travel to the Caribbean, since northern climes are more pleasant. The result, as shown in Figure 7, is a shift to the left in the demand curve. The equilibrium price of Caribbean hotel rooms is thus lower in the summer than in the winter, as the figure shows.

Figure 6a Figure 7b

c. When a war breaks out in the Middle East, many markets are affecte

d. Since much oil production takes place there, the war disrupts oil supplies, shifting the supply curve for gasoline to the left, as shown in Figure 8. The result is a rise in the equilibrium price of gasolin

e. With a higher price for gasoline, the cost of operating a gas-guzzling automobile, like a Cadillac, will increase. As a result, the demand for used Cadillacs will decline, as people in the market for cars will not find Cadillacs as attractive. In addition, some people who already own Cadillacs will try to sell them. The result is that the demand curve for used Cadillacs shifts to the left, while the supply curve shifts to the right, as shown in Figure 9. The result is a decline in the equilibrium price of used Cadillacs.

Figure 8c Figure 9c

Chapter 5: Q2

a. For business travelers, the price elasticity of demand when the price of tickets rises from $200 to $250 is [(2,000 - 1,900)/1,950]/[(250 - 200)/225] = 0.05/0.22 = 0.23. For vacationers, the price elasticity of demand when the price of tickets rises from $200 to $250 is [(800 - 600)/700] / [(250 - 200)/225] = 0.29/0.22 = 1.32.

b. The price elasticity of demand for vacationers is higher than the elasticity for business travelers because vacationers can choose more easily a different mode of transportation (like driving or taking the train). Business travelers are less likely to do so since time is more important to them and their schedules are less adaptable.

Chapter 6: Q2

a. The imposition of a binding price floor in the cheese market is shown in Figure 3. In the absence of the price floor, the price would be P1and the quantity would be Q1. With the floor set at P f, which is greater than P1, the quantity demanded is Q2, while quantity supplied is Q3, so there is a surplus of cheese in the amount Q3– Q2.

b. The farmers’ complaint that their total revenue has declined is correct if demand is elasti

c. With elastic demand, the percentage decline in quantity would exceed the percentage rise in price, so total revenue would decline.

c. If the government purchases all the surplus cheese at the price floor, producers benefit and taxpayers lose. Producers would produce quantity Q3of cheese, and their total revenue would increase substantially. But consumers would buy only quantity Q2 of cheese, so they are in the same position as before. Taxpayers lose because they would be financing the purchase of the surplus cheese through higher taxes.

Figure 3a

Chapter 7: Q8

a. The effect of falling production costs in the market for computers results in a shift to the right in the supply curve, as shown in Figure 14. As a result, the equilibrium price of computers declines and the equilibrium quantity increases. The decline in the price of computers increases consumer surplus from area A to A + B + C + D, an increase in the amount B + C + D.

Prior to the shift in supply, producer surplus was areas B + E (the area above the supply curve and below the price). After the shift in supply, producer surplus is areas E + F + G. So producer surplus changes by the amount F + G –B, which may be positive or negative. The increase in quantity increases producer surplus, while the decline in the price reduces producer surplus. Since consumer surplus rises by B + C + D and producer surplus rises by F + G – B, total surplus rises by C + D + F + G.

Figure 14A Figure 15b

b. Since adding machines are substitutes for computers, the decline in the price of computers means that people substitute computers for adding machines, shifting the demand for adding machines to the left, as shown in Figure 15. The result is a decline in both the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity of adding machines. Consumer surplus in the adding-machine market changes from area A + B to A + C, a net change of C – B. Producer surplus changes from area C + D + E to area E, a net loss of C + D. Adding machine producers are sad about technological advance in computers because their producer surplus declines.

c. Since software and computers are complements, the decline in the price and increase in the quantity of computers means that the demand for software increases, shifting the demand for software to the right, as shown in Figure 16. The result is an increase in both the price and quantity of software. Consumer surplus in the software market changes from B + C to A + B, a net change of A – C. Producer surplus changes from E to C + D + E, an increase of C + D, so software producers should be happy about the technological progress in computers.

d. Yes, th is analysis helps explain why Bill Gates is one the world’s richest men, since his company produces a lot of software that is a complement with computers and there has been tremendous technological advance in computers.

Figure 16

Chapter 13: Q4

b. Figure 7 graphs the fisherman's production function. The production function becomes flatter as the number of hours spent fishing increases, illustrating diminishing marginal product.

Figure 7b Figure 8c

c. The table shows the fixed cost, variable cost, and total cost of fishing.

Figure 8 shows the fisherman's total-cost curve. It slopes up because catching additional fish takes additional time. The curve is convex because there are diminishing returns to fishing time each additional hour spent fishing yields fewer additional fish.

Chapter 14: Q9

a. Figure 9 illustrates the situation in the U.S. textile industry. With no international trade, the market is in long-run equilibrium. Supply intersects demand at quantity Q 1 and price $30, with a typical firm producing output q 1.

Figure 9

b. The effect of imports at $25 is that the market supply curve follows the old supply curve up to a price of $25, then becomes horizontal at that price. As a result, demand exceeds domestic supply, so the country imports textiles from other countries. The typical domestic firm now reduces its output from q1 to q2, incurring losses, since the large fixed costs imply that average total cost will be much higher than the price.

c. In the long run, domestic firms will be unable to compete with foreign firms because their costs are too high. All the domestic firms will exit the industry and other countries will supply enough to satisfy the entire domestic deman

d. Chapter 15: Q4

a. Figure 5 illustrates the market for groceries when there are many competing supermarkets with constant marginal

cost. Output is Q C, price is P C, consumer surplus is area A, producer surplus is zero, and total surplus is area A.

Figure 5a Figure 6b b. If the supermarkets merge, Figure 6 illustrates the new situation. Quantity declines from Q C to Q M and price rises to P M. Area A in Figure 5 is equal to area B + C + D + E + F in Figure 6. Consumer surplus is now area B + C, producer surplus is area D + E, and total surplus is area B + C + D + E. Consumers transfer the amount of area D + E to producers and the deadweight loss is area F.

Chapter 16: Q2

a. OPEC members were trying to reach an agreement to cut production so they could raise the price.

b. They were unable to agree on cutting production because each country has an incentive to cheat on any agreement.

The turmoil is a decline in the price of oil because of increased production.

c. OPEC would like Norway and Britain to join their cartel so they could act like a monopoly.

Chapter 23: Q1

a. Consumption increases because a refrigerator is a good purchased by a household.

Investment increases because a house is an investment good.

Consumption increases because a car is a good purchased by a household, but investment decreases because the car in Ford’s inventory had been counted as an investment good until it was sold.

Consumption increases because pizza is a good purchased by a household.

Government purchases increase because the government spent money to provide a good to the public.

Consumption increases because the bottle is a good purchased by a household, but net exports decrease because the bottle was imported.

Investment increases because new structures and equipment were built.

Chapter 24: Q4

a. Since the increase in cost was considered a quality improvement, there was no increase registered in the CPI.

b. The argument in favor of this is that consumers are getting a better good than before, so the price increase equals the improvement in quality. The problem is that the increased cost might exceed the value of the improvement in air quality, so consumers are worse off. In this case, it would be better for the CPI to at least partially reflect the higher cost.

Chapter 25: Q4

The opportunity cost of investing in capital is the loss of consumption that results from redirecting resources towards investment. Over-investment in capital is possible because of diminishing marginal returns. A country can "over-invest" in capital if people would prefer to have higher consumption spending and less future growth. The opportunity cost of investing in human capital is also the loss of consumption that is needed to provide the resources for investment. A country could "over-invest" in human capital if people were too highly educated for the jobs they could get for example, if the best job a Ph.D. in philosophy could find is managing a restaurant.

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曼昆经济学原理第四版课后习题中文答案_百度文库

产大量物品与劳务,才能使本国居民享有在国际贸易环境下的高生活水平。2.假定社会决定减少消费并增加投资。 A.这种变化会如何影响经济增长? 答:当社会决定减少消费并增加投资时,会使社会的储蓄增加,更多的资源用于生产资本品,结果,资本存量增加,引起生产率提高和 GDP 增长得更为迅速。B.哪些社会群体会从这种变化中获益?哪些集团会受到损害? 答:拥有资本品的人会从这种变化中获益,如拥有较多的物质资本和人力资本的人。而那些依靠政府援助的人将从这种变化中受损,因为社会减少了现期物品与劳务的消费。 3.社会选择把多少资源用于消费和把多少资源用于投资。这些决策中的一部分涉及私人支出;另一些涉及政府支出。 A.说明代表消费的一些私人支出形式,以及代表投资的一些私人支出形式。国民收入账户把学费作为消费支出的一部分。按你的看法,把资源用于教育是一种消费的形式,还是一种投资的形式。 答:如家庭购买食物和服装是消费的私人支出形式,而个人购买新住房、企业对厂房和设备的投资是代表投资的私人支出形式。资源用于教育即可以看作是一种消费的形式,也可以看作是一种投资的形式。 B.说明代表消费的一些政府支出形式,以及代表投资的一些政府支出形式。按你的看法,我们应该把政府用于医疗计划的支出作为一种消费的形式,还是投资的形式?你能区分青年人的医疗计划和老年人的医疗计划吗? 答:社会保险、国防和退伍军人津贴等是代表消费的一些政府支出形式,政府修筑铁路、核电站是代表投资的一些政府支出形式。政府用于医疗计划的支出是一种对人力资本的投资。与老年人的医疗计划相比,青年人的医疗计划更接近对人力资本的投资。 4.投资于资本的机会成本是什么?你认为一国有可能对资本“过度投资”吗?人力资本投资的机会成本是什么?你认为一国可能对人力资本“过度投资”吗?解释之。 答:投资于资本的机会成本是牺牲现期的物品和劳务的消费。一国有可能对资本“过度投资”。人力资本投资也有机会成本。当学生上学时.他们放弃了他们本可以赚到的收入。即使在人力资本特别稀缺的发展中国家,一国也不会对人力资本“过度投资”,因为一国政府进行人力资本投资的方式是提供更多更好的学校,并鼓励人们利用这些学校。尽管受过教育的工人与未受过教育的工人之间的工资差距很大,但是很多儿童在小小年纪就退学了,因为他们需要用劳动来养家糊口。 5.假设一家完全由德国公民拥有的汽车公司在南卡罗来纳开办了一家新工厂。

经济学原理总结曼昆

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第10章外部性 跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题解析资料库,您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题,经济学考研参考书等内容,更有跨考考研 历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验,从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富,这或许能帮你少走弯路,躲开一些陷阱。 以下内容为跨考网独家整理,如您还需更多考研资料,可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。 一、外部性和市场无效率 夕卜部性(externality): 一个人的行为对旁观者福利的无补偿的影响。 如果对旁观者的影响是不利的,就称为负外部性;如果这种影响是有利的,就称为正外 部性。在存在外部性时,市场均衡并不是有效的,均衡并没有实现整个社会总利益的最大化。 1 ?福利经济学:回顾 图10-1表示铝市场的供给曲线与需求曲线。需求曲线的高度表示边际买者的支付意愿也就是购买最后一单位铝对消费者的价值。供给曲线的高度表示边际卖者的成本,也就是出售最后一单位铝对生产者的成本。 在没有政府干预时,铝的价格会自发调整,使铝的供求达到平衡。如图10-1的Q市场所示的市场均衡时的生产量和消费量,在使生产者剩余和消费者剩余之和最大化的意义上说是有效率的。 2.负的外部性 假设铝工厂排放污染物,产生负的外部性,使得生产铝的社会成本大于铝的私人成本。因此社会成本曲线在供给曲线之上。 一个仁慈的社会计划者会力图使该市场产生的总剩余一一铝对消费者的价值减去生产 铝的社会成本一一最大化。决定了社会的最适量(即Q最适),如果不考虑对除生产者之外的 其他人的影响,则均衡数量为Q市场。此时铝的均衡数量(即Q市场)大于社会的最适量(即

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第十六章寡头 复习题 1.如果一个卖者集团可以形成一个卡特尔,它们想确定的产量和价格是什么? 答:如果一个卖者集团可以形成一个卡特尔,它们想确定的产量和价格是对整个卡特尔来说利润最大化的产量与价格。 2.比较寡头与垄断的产量与价格。 答:如果寡头们可以联合起来统一行动的话,寡头与垄断的产量和价格相等。当寡头企业个别选择利润最大化的产量时,它们的产量大于垄断的产量水平,小于竞争的产量水平。寡头价格小于垄断价格,大于竞争价格。 3.比较寡头与竞争市场的产量与价格。 答:寡头价格高于竞争价格。寡头产量低于竞争产量。 4.一个寡头市场上的企业数量如何影响市场结果? 答:随着寡头市场上卖者数量增加,寡头市场就越来越像竞争市场,价格接近于边际成本,生产量接近于有效率的水平。 5.什么是囚犯两难处境?它与寡头有什么关系? 答:囚犯两难处境是指两个被捕获的囚犯之间的一种特殊“博弈”,说明为什么甚至在合作对双方有利时,保持合作也是困难的。 囚犯两难处境的故事包含着一个一般性的结论,这个结论适用于任何一个力图维持其成员合作的集团。同一市场上的寡头在力图达到垄断结果时的博弈类似于两个处于两难处境的囚犯的博弈。 6.举出寡头之外的两个例子,说明囚犯的两难处境如何有助于解释行为? 答:例一,共有资源的使用。设想两个渔民——杰瑞和麦克,他们共同拥有一个湖泊,湖泊中价值2万美元的鱼类资源归他们共有。造一条渔船要花1 000美元。两人各有一条渔船,每人将得到一半的鱼类资源,可以赚9 000美元(1万美元收益减1 000美元成本),两人都可以造第二条渔船。如果某个人在三条渔船中拥有两条,他就得到三分之二的鱼类资源,这将带来11 333美元的利润。但如果两人都造第二条船,又是平分鱼类资源,而且两人的利润都下降,是8 000美元。表16-1表示杰瑞和麦克的博弈。 表16-1 共有资源博弈 例二,广告博弈。考虑两家化妆品公司——甲和乙,面临决策。如果两家都不向用户赠送免费试用的化妆品,它们平分市场。如果两家都向用户赠送免费试用的化妆品,他们仍平分市场,但利润少了,因为要承担送赠品的成本。但如果一家公司送赠品而另一家不送,送赠品的一家就把另一家公司的顾客吸引走了。表16—2是这两家公司的博弈。 表16—2 化妆品公司的博弈利己行为使这两家公司得到不良后果。

经济学原理总结-曼昆

曼昆经济学原理总结 第一章经济学十大原理 个人做出决策的四个原理: 1) 人们面临权衡取舍(做出决策的时候人们不得不在不同的目标之间做出取舍) 2) 某种东西的成本是为了得到它而放弃的东西(比如读大学,要考虑到不能工作带来的工资损失) 3) 理性人考虑边际量(比如应该读到什么时候才能拿到最好的工资,博士,硕士呵呵) 4) 人们会对激励做出反应(比如去超市买东西很便宜,于是我们去买,结果买了很多的不需要的东西,反倒花了更多的钱) 经济相互交易的三个原理: 5) 贸易能使每个人的状况更好(想想如果没有贸易,我们还处于自然经济的状况,那么我们需要做所有的事情,需要去做冰箱,彩电……不可能吧。没有贸易就没有竞争了,那么我们就可能在某一领域被人们垄断,想想封闭的中国,我们可能不能得到很多的先进的科技,但是我们现在和很多的国家贸易,这样我们可以享用更多的先进的技术) 6) 市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法(这个东西从我学过的邓小平理论当中可以反复地看到,无形的手,价格!) 7) 政府有的时候可以改善市场结果(我们需要政府来维持这个社会的治安……,抄一句:促进效率和促进公平〈尽管很多的时候他们是一对矛盾,有的时候政府也不一定能做到这一点〉市场失灵) 整体经济如何运行的三个原理: 8) 一国的生活水平取决于它生产的物品与劳务的能力(就是劳动生产率,你工作一个小时,那么你能够创造出多少的财富。那么我们要提高生活水平,我们就需要去得到良好教育,现在我就在这么做,呵呵,拥有生产工具——我现在需要一台电脑,速度要快些,屏幕要液晶的更好,以及获取最好技术的机会——这我需要向导师和图书馆,师兄多多请教了,还要自己去争取机会!) 9) 当政府发行了过多的货币时,物价上升(这个好理解,不就是通货膨胀么) 10) 社会面临通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍(菲利普斯曲线——增加货币的供应量,可以至少短期的失业率〈其实我还是不懂为什么?〉,但是会造成通货膨胀) 第二章像经济学家一样思考 第一节作为科学家的经济学家 为什么我们会把经济学家作为一个科学家来看待呢? 经济学家同样的需要去观察世界,冷静地建立并且检验有关世界如何运行的各种理论。 但是我们可以看到,经济学家更多的是关注历史提供的自然实验——因为你不可能为了去验证一些数据去影响国家的经济运行,所以说经济学里的“实验”不是那么好做的。 那么如何去做呢? 我们可以用科学的方法去观察世界,建立理论,再去进一步的观察(检验!)…… 在观察世界的时候我们可以做出一定的假设,这些假设会有利于我们的观察。当然,假设并不是永远的成立。比如我们去买东西,如果商店就在门口,我们可以假设买东西所花费的时间为零,如果是在3站地以外的话,这个假设就不能成立。 建立起经济模型。 两个模型:循环流向图,生产可能性边界 定义一下宏观经济学和微观经济学的概念。 这两个家伙基本上可以见名见意。

曼昆经济学原理宏观经济学第六版答案

曼昆经济学原理宏观经济学第六版答案【篇一:曼昆经济学原理(宏观部分答案)】 >第二十三章一国收入的衡量 复习题 1 .解释为什么一个经济的收入必定等于其支出? 答:对一 个整体经济而言,收入必定等于支出。因为每一次交易都有两方: 买者和卖者。一个买者的1 美元支出是另一个卖者的1 美元收入。 因此,交易对经济的收入和支出作出了相同的贡献。由于gdp 既衡 量总收入 135 又衡量总支出,因而无论作为总收入来衡量还是作为 总支出来衡量,gdp 都相等. 2 .生产一辆经济型轿车或生产一辆豪华型轿车,哪一个对gdp 的 贡献更大?为什么? 答:生产一辆豪华型轿车对gdp 的贡献大。因 为gdp 是在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的 市场价值。由于市场价格衡量人们愿意为各种不同物品支付的量, 所以市场价格反映了这些物品的市场价值。由于一辆豪华型轿车的 市场价格高于一辆经济型轿车的市场价格,所以一辆豪华型轿车的 市场价值高于一辆经济型轿车的市场价值,因而生产一辆豪华型轿 车对gdp 的贡献更大. 3 .农民以2 美元的价格把小麦卖给面包师。面包师用小麦制成面包,以3 美元的价格出售。这些交易对 gdp 的贡献是多少呢? 答: 对gdp 的贡献是3 美元。gdp 只包括最终物品的价值,因为中间物 品的价值已经包括在最终物品的价格中了. 4 .许多年以前,peggy 为了收集唱片而花了500 美元。今天她在 旧货销售中把她收集的物品卖了100 美元. 这种销售如何影响现期gdp? 答:现期gdp 只包括现期生产的物品与劳务,不包括涉及过去生产的东西的交易。因而这种销售不影响 现期gdp. 5 .列出gdp 的四个组成部分。各举一个例子. 答:gdp 等于消费(c)+投资(i)+政府购买(g)+净出口(nx) 消费是家庭用于物品与劳务的支出,如汤姆一家人在麦当劳吃午餐. 投资是资本设备、存货、新住房和建筑物的购买,如通用汽车公司 建立一个汽车厂. 政府购买包括地方政府、州政府和联邦政府用于物品与劳务的支出,如海军购买了一艘潜艇.

曼昆《经济学原理》名词解释归纳

曼昆《经济学原理》(上)名词解释 1、稀缺性:社会资源的有限性。 2、经济学:研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。 3、效率:社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性。 4、平等:经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。 5、机会成本:为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。 理性人:系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现起目标的人。 6、边际变动:对行动计划微小的增量调整。 激励:引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。 7、市场经济:当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时,通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济。 8、市场失灵:市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。 9、外部性:一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。 10、市场势力:一个经济活动者(或经济活动者的一个小集团)对市场价格有显著影响的能力。 11、生产率:一个工人一小时所生产的物品与劳务量。 12、通货膨胀:经济中物价总水平的上升。 13、菲利普斯曲线:通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍。 14、经济周期:就业和生产等经济活动的波动(就是生产这类经济活动的波动。) 15、循环流向图:一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型。 16、生产可能性边界:表示一个经济在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时所能生产的产量的各种组合的 图形。 17、微观经济学:研究家庭和企业如何做出决策,以及它们在市场上的相互交易。 18、宏观经济学:研究整体经济现象,包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。 19、实证表述:企图描述世界是什么的观点。 20、规范描述:企图描述世界应该如何运行的观点。 21、绝对优势:根据生产率比较一种物品的生产者。 22、比较优势:根据机会成本比较一种物品的生产者。 23、进口:国外生产而在国内销售的物品。 24、出口:国内生产而在国外销售的物品。 25、市场:由某种物品或劳务的买者与卖者组成的一个群体。 26、竞争市场:有许多买者与卖者,以致于每个人对市场价格的影响都微乎其微的市场。 27、需求量:买者愿意而且能够购买的一种物品量。 28、需求定理:认为在其他条件相同时,一种物品价格上升,该物品需求量减少的观点。 29、需求表:表示一种物品价格与需求量之间关系的表格。 30、需求曲线:一种物品价格与需求量之间关系的图形。 31、正常物品:在其他条件相同时,收入增加引起需求量增加的物品。 32、低档物品:在其他条件相同时,收入增加引起需求量减少的物品。 33、替代品:一种物品价格上升引起另一种物品需求增加的两种物品。 34、互补品:一种物品价格上升引起另一种物品需求减少的两种物品。 35、供给量:卖者愿意而且能够出售的一种物品量。 36、供给定理:认为在其他条件相同时,一种物品价格上升,该物品供给量增加的观点。 37、供给表:表示一种物品价格与供给量之间关系的表格。

曼昆《经济学原理(宏观)》期末复习资料上课讲义

曼昆《经济学原理(宏观)》期末复习资料

曼昆《经济学原理(宏观)》期末复习提纲 第24-25章 ? 掌握消费物价指数(CPI )与生产物价指数(PPI )的计算方法; 通货膨胀:指经济中物价总水平的上升 消费物价指数(CPI ):普通消费者购买的物品与劳务总费用的衡量指 标。每年一篮子物品与劳务的价格要除以基年一篮子物品与劳务的价格,然后把这个比率乘以100,所得出的数字就是消费物价指数。 通货膨胀率:从前一个时期以来物价总水平变动的百分比 第二年通胀率= 生产物价指数(PPI ):企业购买的一篮子物品与劳务的费用的衡量指标。由于企业最终要把它们的费用以更高消费价格的形式转移给消费者,所以生产物价指数变动将领先于消费物价指数,因此可以预测消费物价指数的变动。 ? 理解CPI 是高估还是低估生活费用?为什么? 替代倾向。一篮子的数量权重不变,但实际上便宜物品一直在替代昂贵物品,CPI 高估了从某一年到下一年生活费用的增加。 新产品的引进。新产品的出现并不能在一篮子物品中反映出来,所以物价指数不能反映公众享受到的福利。 无法衡量的质量变动。物品质量变动不能在货币价值中反映出来,物价指数不能反映生活质量的变动。 因此,CPI 高估了真实的通货膨胀。 ? 了解CPI 与GDP 平减指数的差异; CPI CPI -CPI 第一年第一年第二年

消费物价指数与GDP平减指数的变动并不完全一致,因为前者只指消费者的支出,后者指所有的商品和劳务,进口影响消费物价指数而不影响GDP平减指数;且两者的权重不同,GDP平减指数一直随GDP构成的变动而自动地改变物品与劳务的组合,而消费物价指数用固定的一篮子物品。 指数化:当一美元购买力根据法律或合约自动按照通货膨胀校正时被称为通货膨胀的指数化。 ?掌握生产率的含义以及决定生产率的各种要素; 生产率:一个工人每小时工作时间所生产的物品与劳务的数量。 生产率的决定因素:物质资本、人力资本、自然资源和技术知识 物质资本:用于生产物品与劳务的设备与建筑物存量 人力资本:工人通过教育、培训和经验而获得的知识与技能 自然资源:由自然界提供的用于生产物品与劳务的投入,如土地、河流和矿藏。 技术知识:社会对生产物品与劳务的最好方法的了解。 ?理解“一个国家的生活水平取决于生产物品和劳务的能力”的原理。 一个经济的国内生产总值(GDP)同时衡量经济中所有人赚到的总收入和经济中物品与劳务产量的总支出。一个经济的收入是该经济的产出。一个国家只有生产出大量物品与劳务,它才能享有更高的生活水平。 第26-27章 ?了解金融市场的类型与主要参与者; 金融体系:经济中促使一个人的储蓄与另一个人的投资相匹配的一组机构 金融机构分为两种类型——金融市场和金融中介机构 金融市场:储蓄者可以通过它直接向借款人提供资金的金融机构。两种最重要的金融市场是债券市场和股票市场。

曼昆《经济学原理》重点整理

第1章• 理解稀缺性、经济学、机会成本、边际、激励以及市场失灵、外部性和通货膨胀等术语的含义稀缺性:社会资源的有限性。社会拥有的资源是有限的,所以不能生产人们希望拥有的所有物品与劳务。 经济学:研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源 经济学家研究:人们如何作出决策;人们如何与他人相互交易;影响整体经济的力量和趋势 机会成本:为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西 边际变动:对行动变化微小的增量调整 市场失灵:市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况 外部性:一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响 通货膨胀:物价总水平的上升 • 熟悉经济学的十大原理 1、人们面对权衡取舍,有所得必有所失,要兼顾公平与效率。 2、所得的成本就是放弃的东西,真正的成本不是会计成本,而是机会成本。 3、增量大小的比较决定选择,边际分析是经济学分析的关键。 4、人们根据刺激做出决策,并随刺激的变化而进行调整。 5、交换可以使有关各方都得到好处。 6、市场可以最大限度地提高经济效率。 7、政府可以弥补市场的局限,如市场失灵、外部性和垄断等。 8、一国生产能力的大小决定国民生活水平的高低。 9、货币发行过多可能造成通货膨胀。 10、短期中,失业和通胀之间有替代关系。 • 领会“天下没有免费的午餐”这句话的含义 做出决策要求我们在一个目标与另一个目标之间权衡取舍。(大炮vs黄油;环境vs收益;效率vs公平) 第4章 • 理解四种市场结构的含义 竞争市场:有许多买者与卖者,以至于每个人对市场价格的影响都微乎其微的市场 垄断者:一些市场上只有一个卖者,而且这个卖者决定价格 寡头:有几个并不总是主动地进行竞争的卖者 垄断竞争:有许多卖者,每个卖者提供略有差别的产品,有决定价格的能力 • 能够分辨需求与需求量、供给与供给量 需求量:指人们在一定的时期内,在某一个价格水平上,愿意购买和能够购买的商品量 需求:把价格与需求量联系在一起的向右下方倾斜的曲线 影响需求的因素:商品本身的价格、收入、相关物品价格、嗜好、预期、买者数量。商品本身的价格是影响需求量的因素,引起需求曲线上点的移动;其它都是影响需求的因素,引起需求曲线上点的移动。 供给量:厂商在一定的时间内,在某一个价格水平上,愿意供给和能够供给的商品量

曼昆-十大经济学原理,中英文对照

十大经济学原理。 曼昆在《经济学原理》一书中提出了十大经济学原理,他们分别是: 十大经济学原理一 :人们面临权衡取舍。人们为了获得一件东西,必须放弃另一件东西。决策需要对目标进行比较。 People Face Trade offs. To get one thing, you have to give up something else. Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another. 例子:这样的例子很多,典型的是在“大炮与黄油”之间的选择,军事上所占的资源越多,可供民用消费和投资的资源就会越少。同样,政府用于生产公共品的资源越多,剩下的用于生产私人品的资源就越少;我们用来消费的食品越多,则用来消费的衣服就越少;学生用于学习的时间越多,那么用于休息的时间就越少。 十大经济学原理二 :某种东西的成本是为了得到它所放弃的东西。决策者必须要考虑其行为的显性成本和隐性成本。 The Cost of Something is what You Give Up to Get It. Decision-makers have to consider both the obvious and implicit costs of their actions. 例子:某公司决定在一个公园附近开采金矿的成本。开采者称由于公园的门票收入几乎不受影响,因此金矿开采的成本很低。但可以发现伴随着金矿开采带来的噪声、水和空气的污染、环境的恶化等,是否真的不会影响公园的风景价值?尽管货币价值成本可能会很小,但是考虑到环境和自然生态价值会丧失,因此机会成本事实上可能很大。 十大经济学原理三 :理性人考虑边际量。理性的决策者当且仅当行动的边际收益超过边际成本时才采取行动。 Rational People Think at Margin. A rational decision-maker takes action if and only if the marginal benefit of the action exceeds the marginal cost. 例子:“边际量”是指某个经济变量在一定的影响因素下发生的变动量。例如,人在饥饿时吃一个包子的边际量(此时又叫边际效用)比在温饱时吃一个包子的边际量要大。 十大经济学原理四 :人们会对激励作出反应。当成本或收益变动时,人们的行为也会发生变动。 People Respond to Incentives. Behavior changes when costs or benefits change. 例子:比如一个学生,如果老师在课堂上表扬了他,他会感到很高兴,然后会更加努力,也可能因受表扬而骄傲退步。 十大经济学原理五 :交易能使每个人状况更好。交易使每个人专攻于他或她最擅长的领域。通过和他人的交易,人们可以购买更多样的产品和服务。

经济学原理曼昆课后答案chapter7

Problems and Applications 1. If an early freeze in California sours the lemon crop, the supply curve for lemons shifts to the left, as shown in Figure 7-5. The result is a rise in the price of lemons and a decline in consumer surplus from A + B + C to just A. So consumer surplus declines by the amount B + C. Figure 7-5 In the market for lemonade, the higher cost of lemons reduces the supply of lemonade, as shown in Figure 7-6. The result is a rise in the price of lemonade and a decline in consumer surplus from D + E + F to just D, a loss of E + F. Note that an event that affects consumer surplus in one market often has effects on consumer surplus in other markets.

Figure 7-6 2. A rise in the demand for French bread leads to an increase in producer surplus in the market for French bread, as shown in Figure 7-7. The shift of the demand curve leads to an increased price, which increases producer surplus from area A to area A + B + C. Figure 7-7 The increased quantity of French bread being sold increases the demand for flour, as shown in Figure 7-8. As a result, the price of flour rises, increasing producer surplus from area D to D + E + F. Note that an event that affects producer surplus in one market leads to effects on producer surplus in related markets.

曼昆经济学原理-重点总结

微观经济学: 第一章经济学导论 1.稀缺:①指相对于人们无穷的欲望来讲,物品是稀少短缺的 ②稀缺性:是经济物品的显著特征之一;并不意味着稀少,而指不可以免费得到;要得到经济物品必须有其他经济物品交换 ③稀缺规律:商品一般是稀缺的,只能得到有限供应,必须通过价格或其他形式进行分配 ④稀缺原因:一定时期内(大前提),物品本身是有限的;利用物品进行生产的技术条件是有限的;人的生命是有限的 2.选择的机会成本:资源投入某一特定用途后,所放弃的其他用途的最大利益 注:理论上讲是资源改做他用的各种可能中最优的选择,但由于信息不完全只能是其它使用中能获得的比较满意的选择 3.经济学十大原理: ①人们面临选择(人们为得到一样东西,就不得不放弃另一样东西)(效率是社会从稀缺性资源中获得的最多的东西,平等是把这些资源的成果公平的分给社会成员) ②机会成本(由于稀缺性,人们就要比较可供选择的方案的成本和收益) ③边际量(人们通过比较边际利益和编辑成本而做出抉择) ④激励(理性决策者会做出边际利益大于边际成本的决策) ⑤贸易会是每个人的状况越来越好(贸易可以使人们做最擅长的事) ⑥市场通常是组织经济活动的好方法(家庭和企业→合意的市场结果;价格指引个别决策者在大多数情况下实现了整个社会福利最大化的结果) ⑦政府有时可以改善市场结果(市场失灵时即市场本身不能进行资源配置时,政府干预经济,可以促进效率和平等;外部性指一个人的行为对旁观者的影响) ⑧一国的生产水平取决于他的生产物品与劳务的能力(生活水平的不同由于生产率不同) ⑨政府发行过多货币时,物价水平上升 ⑩社会面临通货膨胀和短期失业之间的权衡(↓↑) 第二章需求和供给 1.需求(人们愿意购买的商品数量) ①需求表 价格—数量组合A B C D E F G 价格(元)1234567 需求量(单位数)700600500400300200100 ②需求曲线

曼昆经济学原理总结概要版本

经济学十大原理 稀缺性:社会资源的的有限性,不能生产人们希望拥有的所有物品和劳务。 经济学:研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。 原理一:人们面临权衡取舍 效率:社会能从其稀缺资源中得到的最大利益。 平等:将这些资源的成果平均地分配给社会成员。 原理二:某种东西的成本是为了得到它所放弃的东西 机会成本:为了得到这种东西所放弃的东西 原理三:理性人考虑边际量 理性人:系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现其目标的人。 边际变动:对行动计划的微小增量调整。 理性人通常通过比较边际利益与边际成本来做出决策。 原理四:人们会对激励做出反应 激励:引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西,诸如惩罚或奖励的预期。 原理五:贸易可以使每个人的状况都变得更好 贸易使每个人都可以专门从事自己最擅长的活动。通过与他人交易,人们可以按较低的成本获得各种各样的物品和劳务。贸易使各国可以专门从事自己最擅长的活动,并享有种类更多的物品和劳务。(对贸易中受益少的人补贴) 原理六:市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法 亚当·?斯密《国富论》《国民财富的性质和原因的研究》经济参与者受利己心所驱动,而市场上这只“看不见的手”指引这种利己心去促进总体的经济福利。 原理七:政府有时可以改善市场结果 1、政府实施规则并维持制度 产权:个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力 2、促进效率或促进平等 促进效率方面:市场失灵:市场本身不能有效地配置资源的情况。原因:外部性:一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响;市场势力:单个经济活动者(或一小群经济活动者)对市场价格有显著影响的能力。 促进公平方面:消除福利的巨大不对称。 原理八:一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品和劳务的能力 生产率:每一单位劳动投入所生产的物品与劳务数量。与生活水平成正相关。影响 生产率的因素(生产要素,以后章节有具体表述) 原理九:当政府发行了过多货币时,物价上升 通货膨胀:经济中物价总水平的上升

曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》(第6版)【核心讲义】(第18章 生产要素市场)

第18章生产要素市场 跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题解析资料库,您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题,经济学考研参考书等内容,更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验,从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富,这或许能帮你少走弯路,躲开一些陷阱。 以下内容为跨考网独家整理,如您还需更多考研资料,可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。 一、劳动的需求 生产要素(factors of production)是用于生产物品与劳务的投入。劳动、土地和资本是三种最重要的生产要素。企业的生产要素需求是从它向另一个市场供给物品的决策派生出来的。 1.竞争的、以利润最大化为目标的企业 劳动的价格即工资由劳动的供给与需求决定。从劳动的需求取决于企业在另一个市场上供给产品的意义上说,劳动需求是一种派生需求。考察劳动需求要作出关于企业的两个假设:(1)企业在产品市场和生产要素市场上都是竞争的; (2)企业是追求利润最大化的。 2.生产函数与劳动的边际产量 生产函数表示生产中所有的投入量与生产的产量之间的关系。理性决策者考虑边际量,可以从生产函数中得出劳动的边际产量——增加一单位劳动所引起的产量增加量。生产函数表现出边际产量递减的性质,即随着一种投入量的增加,该投入要素的边际产量递减。 3.边际产量值和劳动需求 (1)边际产量值 为了确定工人对收益的贡献,必须把劳动的边际产量变为边际产量值。边际产量值(value of the marginal product)是指一种投入的边际产量乘以该产品的市场价格。 由于一个竞争企业的市场价格是不变的,随着工人越来越多,边际产量在递减,所以边际产量值(与边际产量本身一样)随着工人数量的增加而递减。经济学家有时边际产量值称为企业的边际收益产量:它是企业从多使用一单位生产要素中得到的额外收益。 (2)边际产量值对劳动需求的决定 如图18-1所示,该图描述了边际产量值如何取决于工人的数量。这条曲线向右下方倾斜,是因为劳动的边际产量随着工人数量的增加而递减。该图还包括一条市场工资时的水平线。为了使利润最大化,企业雇用的工人数要达到这两条曲线相交的那一点。低于这个雇用水平,边际产量值大于工资,因此再雇用1个工人会增加利润;高于这个雇用水平,边际产量值低于工资,边际工人是无利可图的。因此,一个竞争性的、利润最大化企业雇用的工人数要达到劳动的边际产量值等于工资的那一点。

曼昆版经济学原理[宏观经济学分册]第七版课后题和答案解析

二十三章 1下列每种交易会影响CDP的哪一部分(如果有影响的话)?并解释之。 A.家庭购买了一台新冰箱。 答:家庭购买了一台新冰箱会增加GDP中的消费(C)部分,因为家庭用于家用电器的支出计算在消费的耐用品类中。 B.杰妮姑妈买了一所新房子。 答:杰妮姑妈买了一所新房子会增加GDP中的投资(1)部分,因为家庭住宅能长期供人居住,提供服务。它比一般耐用消费品的使用寿命更长,因此把住宅房屋的投资计算在投资中。 C.福特汽车公司由其存货中出售了一部雷鸟牌汽车。 答:福利汽车公司由其存货中出售了一部雷鸟牌汽车会减少现期GDP中的投资,因为销售中间物品存货时,企业的存货投资是负的,因而减少了当期的GDP。 C.你买了一个比萨饼。 答:我买了一个比萨饼会增加GDP中的消费(C),因为我用于购买食品的支出计算在消费的非耐用品类中。 D.加利福尼亚重新铺设了101号高速公路。 答:加利福尼亚重新铺设了101号高速公路增加了GDP中的政府购买(G),因为修建高速公路是政府的行为。 E.你的父母购买了一瓶法国红酒。 答:我的父母购买了一瓶法国红酒会减少GDP中的净出口(NX),因为法国红酒是进口食品,它的购买增加了美国的进口。 F.本田公司扩大其在俄亥俄州马利斯维尔的工厂。 答:本田公司扩大其在俄亥俄州马利斯维尔的工厂增加了GDP中的净出口(NX),因为本田公司是一家日本企业,它在美国的投资减少了美国对日本本田汽车的进口,使NX增加 2.GDP组成部分中的“政府购买”并不包括用于社会保障这类转移支付的支出。想想GDP 的定义,解释为什么转移支付不包括在政府购买? 答:因为转移支付并不是要交换现在生产的物品或劳务,从宏观经济的角度看,转移支付就像税收和回扣一样。转移支付和税收一样改变了家庭收入,但并没有反映经济的生产。由于GDP是要衡量在某一既定时期一个国家从物品与劳务的生产中得到的收入,所以,不把转移支付包括在政府购买。 6.考虑以下美国GDP的数据: A.1996年到1997年间名义收入增长率是多少?(注意:增长率是一个时期到下一个时期百分比的变动。 答:1996年到1997年间名义收入增长率是5.86%。 B.1996年到1997年间,GDP平减指数的增长率是多少? 答:1996年到1997年间,GDP平减指数的增长率是1.8%。 C.按1992年的价格衡量,1996年的实际GDP是多少? 答:按1992年的价格衡量,1996年的实际收入是69654.5亿元。 D.按1992年的价格衡量,1997年的实际GDP是多少? 答:按1992年的价格衡量,1997年的实际收入是72419.7亿元。

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