medicinal药品,药物, 药的,药用的，治疗的 medical 医学的，医术的pharmaceutical 药学的，制药的，药品 be split into 分成，分为alkaloid 生物碱 enzyme 酶
polysaccharide 多糖，多聚糖 precursor 前体
steroid 甾体 peptide 肽
hormone 激素 gall 胆汁
insulin 胰岛素 pancreas胰腺 serum/sera血清，浆液
vaccine 疫苗 cholesterol 胆固醇
gelatine 骨胶，明胶 antibiotic 抗生素，抗菌的interferon 干扰素 antibody 抗体
fermentation 发酵 therapy 治疗/ therapeutic治疗的therapeutic margin caffeine咖啡因
dopamine多巴胺 yeast 酵母
mucous membrane粘液的，分泌粘液的 plasma 血浆，淋巴液，等离子体penicillin 青霉素 penicillium 青霉菌
derivative衍生物 sterile无菌的，不能生育的aerobic 需氧的 oxygen氧，氧气
feedstuff 饲料 lymph淋巴，淋巴液
starch 淀粉 regiospecific reaction区域专一性反应stereospecific reaction立体专一性反应 glucose葡萄糖
immobilize 固定 heterogeneous 不均匀的，多相的contamination污染 genetic 创始的，遗传学的
hygienic 卫生学的，卫生的 intermediate中间体
extraction 萃取 recrystallization 重结晶/ crystal 晶体，晶体的xylene 二甲苯 toluene 甲苯
ether 醚 benzene苯/ chlorobenzene氯苯synthetic, 合成的，人造的；化学合成品 semisynthetic,半合成的
synthesis [复syntheses] 综合,综合物，合成(法) synthesize vt 综合，合成 lead structure先导结构
preparation 制备，制剂 isolate使分离，使离析 / isolation heart glycoside tocopherol 生育酚
hydrolysis水解/hydrolysate水解产物/hydrolyze水解
hydroxylation 羟基化 dextran 葡聚糖，代血浆
wool 羊毛 ーlactamβ-内酰胺
amino acid 氨基酸/ amino 氨基的 penicilamine 青霉胺
ammonia 氨 ammonium 铵 / ammonium sulfate硫酸铵amine 胺 amide酰胺
microorganism 微生物 micro b iological微生物学的
mutant 变异的；突变型，突变体 starting material 起始原料
natural source天然来源 organ器官/target organ 靶器官pancreas 胰腺 natural product 天然产物
mould 霉，霉菌；发霉 high performance 高效
bacterial 细菌的 protein 蛋白质
degradation 降解 metabolism新陈代谢 / metabolize metabolite代谢物
molecule n. 分子；微小颗粒/molecular weight分子量
food additive 食品添加剂
organic有机（体）的；有组织的，系统的；器官的；根本的
lactic acid乳酸 citric acid 柠檬酸
tetracycline 四环素 carbon dioxide 二氧化碳carbohydrate 碳水化合物 saccharide 糖/多糖polysaccharide nitrogen 氮 urea 尿素
phosphate 磷酸盐 optimal 优化的，最佳的
separate vt 分离 Food additive
absorption 吸收 absorb vt. 吸收
filtration 过滤 filtrate 滤液
filte 过滤（vt），过滤器（n） recombinant 重组的，重组子
purification 纯化 encode vt. 把(电文等)译成电码(或密码), 编码calcium 钙 chromatographic procedure 色谱操作步骤isomerization异构化 /isomeric phenol 酚
fructose 果糖 fumaric acid 富马酸
countless test 非计数的 diagnose诊断 diagnostic
protease 蛋白酶
analysis分析/analyze 分析vt / analyst分析家/ analytical分析的
Ingredient 成分 in combination with 结合
Digestion 消化。消解 enzymatic cleavage 酶促拆分
By means of 通过，借 stainless steel 不锈钢
Bind 结合，键合，联结 racemate 外消旋体/racemic外消旋体的acetyl 乙酰基 be subjected to
catalysis 催化剂 medium 介质，媒介，媒质；中等的
ester 酯 synthetic route 合成途径
registration 登记，注册 Antacid 抗酸剂
Organometallic 有机金属的 pyridine吡啶
aromatic 芳香族的 disulfide 双硫化物
methane甲烷, ethane 乙烷, Propane,丙烷butane /tetrane丁烷, pentane戊烷ethylene乙烯Propylene /propene丙烯, butylene丁烯, 1-pentenen. 戊烯methanol甲醇,ethanol/ethyl alcohol乙醇, Propanol/ propyl alcohol丙醇, Butanol/Butyl alcohol丁醇,1-pentanol戊醇
acetone 丙酮
ethyl acetate乙酸乙酯 diethyl ether乙醚
sodium hydroxide 氢氧化钠。 hydrochloric acid盐酸；氢氯酸sulfuric acid 硫酸 nitric acid硝酸
acetic acid 乙酸,醋酸 potassium carbonate碳酸钾chlorine氯/ chloride 氯化物 iodine碘/iodide 碘化物
fluorine氟/ fluoride 氟化物 bromine溴/bromide溴化物
impurity 杂质 quality certificate质量认证
in large amount 大量地 facility设备，工具，便利
Inspection 检查 analogous 类似的
isopropanol 异丙醇 butanol 丁醇
acetylsalicylic acid 阿司匹林 apparatus 仪器，设备，装置
biologic response生物反应 administer/administration 给药，用药，管理biologic membrane 生物膜 to a large extent 极大地，很大程度上
penetration 传透，浸透，扩散 spatial arrangement空间排列pharmacologic 药理学的 stereochemistry立体化学
three-dimensional structure 三维结构 lipid 类脂物
structure-activity relationship 构效关系 steric 立体的
correlation 相关 parameter参数
partition coefficient 分配系数 distribution fuction分布函数conformation 构像 excrete排泄/excretion
optical isomerism/optical isomer enantiomorphic/ enantiomorph
by no means tartaric acid 酒石酸
manually 手动 magnification放大
drug design 药物设计 polarized light 偏振光dextrorotatory 右旋的 levorotatory 左旋的
clockwise 顺时针方向 countclockwise 右旋的
antipode 对映体 nonsuperimposable mirror image不重叠镜像coincide with 与一致 glyceraldehyde 甘油
absolute 绝对的 literature 文献，文学
configuration 构型 crystallography 结晶学
asymmetric center 不对称中心 access 进入
isomeric 同分异构体的 enantiomer对映异构体
diastereoisomer非对映异构体 atomic number 原子序数
priority 优先，优先权 solubility 溶解度，溶解性
spatial 空间的 sequence 顺序
in vivo体内的/in vitro 体外的 receptor受体
intravenous injection静脉注射 be susceptible to敏感的
with respect to 关于 contract 使收缩
substrate基质 epoxidation环氧化
melting point 熔点 elicit得出，引出/ elicitation 引出，导出，启发 carcinogen 致癌物 oxidation氧化 /oxidase氧化酶predominant 优越的 species 种，类
dehydrase脱水酶/dehydrogenase脱氢酶/decarboxylase脱羧酶/hydrolytic enzymes 水解酶/isomerase异构酶/permease通透酶
choline 胆碱 complex 络合物，配合物
carboxyl 羧基 decarboxylase 脱羧酶
dehydrase 脱水酶 dehydrogenase 脱氢酶
cytochrome 细胞色素 A variety of 种种
benzo(a)pyrene 苯并芘 activation 激活，活性化
Coordination 协同 one out of every ten 十分之一clinical 临床的 interaction相互反应
inversion 反向, 倒向, 转化 delay 延迟，延误
efficacy 效率 in place相称的，合适的
latency 潜伏 isomerase 异构酶
entity 实体 drug development
attrition 磨损，损耗 toxicity毒性/toxic有毒的/ toxicology/毒理学anti-infectives 抗感染药 Healthcare
repro-toxicology/genotoxicity drug candidate 候选药物
indication 适应症 pharmacokinetics 药物动力学
adverse 有害的 profile 外形，轮廓，外观
formulary配方书，处方集，药典 formulation配方，处方
fornulor 药师，配药师 onset 开始
dose/once a day dosing dosage/dosage form/overdosage regulatory interdependent 相互依赖的
subacute亚急性的/chronic慢性的 clinical临床的/preclinical 临床前的vital 致命的 optimum最适的/ optimize 优化
impurity 污染物 pilot plant中试工厂
critical path 关键途径 criteria标准
update 更新，使现代化 in parallel并行的，平行的
adequate 充足的 stability稳定性
potency 效力，潜能 shelf-life保质期
dermal 皮肤的 cardiovascular 心血管的
respiratory呼吸的 nervous心血管的
concurrently同时地 label标签
synergies 协同作用 antagonize / antagonism 拮抗作用Antagonist 拮抗剂，对抗剂 Agonist 激动剂，兴奋剂
Reversible可逆的/irreversible 不可逆的 permissible 许可的lifespan 寿命 disease 疾病
tumour 肿瘤 inhaler 吸入器
capsule胶囊 rodent 啮齿动物
foetal胎儿的 teratology畸形学
exposure暴露 patch 斑，碎片
set-up 机构 hazard冒险
On a large scale大规模的
Tolerate 忍受,容忍，耐药性 abnormality 畸形
tannin 鞣酸 caffeine 咖啡因
In common 共同地 vacuum fitration真空过滤homogeneous 均一的 gallic acid 五倍子酸
hydroxyl group 羟基 esterify 酯化
phenolic 酚的 precipitate 沉淀，凝结
non-hydrolyzable 非水解的 carboxyl group 羧基
acidic 酸性的 calcium carbonate 碳酸钙
chloroform 氯仿 flavonoid 黄酮类
distillation 蒸馏 sublimation 升华
salicylic acid 水杨酸 three neck round bottom flask三口烧瓶separatory funnel 分液漏斗 steam bath 蒸气浴
distillation flask 蒸馏烧瓶 beaker 烧杯
rinse 漂洗 ozone臭氧
ice water bath 冰水浴 condenser冷凝器
petroleum ether 石油醚 chlorophyll叶绿素
filter paper滤纸
heparin 肝素 digestion 消化吸收
aside from 除…之外 fall into 落入
provide for 为…准备 as with 和…一样
cation 阳离子 compendial 纲要
batch –to batch一批一批地
coagulation 凝结 clot 凝聚
decolorize脱色 anticoagulant 抗凝血剂
precipitation沉淀methodology 方法论
extraneous 外部裂化，外部的，外来的 intestinal 肠的，肠内的
mucosa黏膜 casing包装
nitrate硝酸盐 proteolytic分解蛋白质的，蛋白质水解的degrade使降解，退化/ degradation 降解 peroxide 过氧化物antithrombin抗凝血酶 thrombin凝血酶
platelet血小板 aggregation聚集
intratracheal气管内的 prophylactic预防疾病的，预防药parenteral非肠道的 topical 局部的
comatose 昏迷的，麻木 elixir酏剂，炼金药，长生不老药relegate 驱逐，降级 tablet药片
syrup 浆，糖汁 suspension悬浮液
emulsion乳浊剂，乳剂 versus对，与…相对
breakage破损 leakage泄露，漏出物
chip碎片 crack破裂
taste masking 掩盖（原料药）味道 expiration呼气，终止，截止
even partially 即使只有部分地 portable可以喝的，饮料
Adsorbent吸附剂 be free of / be free from 免于Preference 偏爱 otherwise ad. 另外，别样
Burden 负担，负重， on standing 搁置
Microbiologic微生物学 preservation保存，储藏
Dispense分配，配药 bioavailability 生物利用度systemic effects全身效果 self-administration of medication自我给药motion sickness晕动病 medical emergency 医疗应急
sterile无菌的 ophthalmic眼用的，眼药
irrigate冲洗 mucous黏液的，分泌粘液的
cavity洞，腔 abrade 磨，擦，擦伤
viable 能生长发育的，生存的 mucous menbrane
body compartment 体室，体腔 body cavity
circumvent 围绕，包围，智胜，防止…发生，迂回
exceptionally 特殊地，异常地
wound受伤 vessel 管，脉管
specialized 专业的，专业性的 by far 非常，更加
monograph专题文章，专题论文 stringent 严格的，严厉的
inclusive 范围广的 gravimetric 重量分析法的
electrolytic 电介质的，电解的 conductivity 电导率
conductance 电导，电导性 immerse 将…浸入
electrode 电极 specific 比的
resistance 电阻 withstand 经受得住
stress 恶劣的 redictable 可预报的
reproducible 可重现的 necessary 必然的
solubilizers 加溶剂 chelate 螯合
excipient 赋型剂 ingredient 配料,成分
medicinal agent 药剂 dispense 使分散，使疏开，配方（药）ingenuity 独创性，精明 formulator配方设计师
meager 贫乏的 continuance 持续
pellet小丸,小颗粒 vehicle 运载体
gravimetric重量的 instantaneous 瞬间的
osmosis渗透 dissociate 分离
pyrogen热源 antioxidant 抗氧化剂
buffer 缓冲液,缓冲液 tonicity渗透压
antifungal抗真菌的 inhibitor 抗老化剂
a ntifoaming 消泡colligative依数的
extemporaneous临时的specification规格,说明书
preparation 准备,制剂optimize 最优化
accumulation 积累物availability可获得的
aseptic防腐剂
delivery传递/ deliver传送peroral口服的,经口的
release释放sustain 维持
gastrointestinal胃肠道的predefine预定义,预先确定
cavity洞margin无菌的
ionic离子的/ion离子simulate模仿的
distinctly明显地efficacy效力
paddle 搅打,桨intestinal肠的
interval间隔 a steady-state blood or tissue level稳定的血液或组织签名elimination除去blood vessel血管
electrode电极/electrolytic电解的conductivity/conductance 电导率resistance 电阻excipient赋形剂
viable 能生存的 disintegration崩解剂
residence time残留时间 accomplish完成
maximum最大值/maximize最大化 potentiate加强,有效prescribe开处方,规定 uniformity均匀性,一样
compliance 服从柔顺度 specification说明书,规格physiologic 生理的 agitation搅动,搅拌
In the face of 面临 Fluctuation 波动
Deliberate 深思熟虑的 Peroral 经口的
Depot 仓库 Repository 仓库
Sustained release缓释， Sustained action，延缓作用
prolonged action，长效 controlled release，控释
extended action，长效 timed release延时释放，
repository dosage forms长效剂型 Implicit固有的
peak 峰 dump 倾倒卸下
maintenance dose 维持剂量 maintenance period保养周期Hydrodynamic 流体力学的 calibrate校准,测量
Thermal热的,上升暖气流
stoichiometry 化学计算学replenishment 补给
tubular 管状的product yields 产量
circulate 循环atomize雾化,喷雾
discrete非连续的,分离的 reactant 反应物material transfer物质传递 regeneration再生
reactant conversion 生物转化率 deviate from 不同于viscous黏性的 viscosity粘性
exothermic 放热的 endothermic 吸热的
short-circuiting 短路 laminar flow 层流
adiabatic绝热的 radial 基团的,基团
well-stirred batch reactor充分搅拌的间歇式反应器
semibatch reactor半间歇式反应器
tubular reactor 管式反应器
continous-flow stirred-tank reactor连续搅拌反应釜
tubular plug-flow reactor管状活塞流反应器
reactor configuration反应器的配置
back-mixing返混 cross-section 横截面
pressure drop压力下降countercurrent逆流packed-column填料塔rate-limiting step 限速步骤fluidized or fluid bed流化床 batch operation分批生产turbulent 湍流的trickle bed 喷淋床multiplicity 多样性in series 逐次的，串联的feed 饲料c ross－flow 错流，横向流
panel－bed 板式床 reaction driving froces 反应驱动力chain－terminating 链终止 hydraulic 水力学的mechanical seal 机械密封 viscous 粘滞的
be prone to 倾向于, 易于 mechanism机理,历程,机构
disperse 使分散 axial 轴的，成轴的
Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用，并牵动骨胳肌，引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一，有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙，里面充填着骨髓，这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动，是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动，如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动，如肘关节；或是绕轴心旋转运动，如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大辐度的运动（如肩关节、髋关节）即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来，也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成，然后不断生长、
Unit 1 Production of Drugs About 5000 antibiotics have already been isolated from microorganisms，but of these only somewhat fewer than 100 are in therapeutic use. It must be remembered，however，that many derivatives have been modified by partial synthesis for therapeutic use;some 50，000 agents have been semisynthetically obtained from户lactams alone in the last decade. Fermentations are carried out in stainless steel fermentors with volumes up to 400 m3. To avoid contamination of the microorganisms with phages etc. the whole process has to be performed under sterile conditions. Since the more important fermentations occur exclusively under aerobic conditions a good supply of oxygen or air(sterile)is needed. Carbon dioxide sources include carbohydrates，e. g. molasses，saccharides，and glucose. Additionally the microorganisms must be supplied in the growth medium with nitrogen-containing compounds such as ammonium sulfate，ammonia，or urea，as well as with inorganic phosphates. Furthermore，constant optimal pH and temperature are required. In the case of penicillin G，the fermentation is finished after 200 hours，and the cell mass is separated by filtration. The desired active agents are isolated from the filtrate by absorption or extraction processes. The cell mass，if not the desired product，can be further used as an animal feedstuff owing to its high protein content. 关于5000抗生素已经分离出的微生物，但其中只有不到100有些治疗使用。必须记住，但是，许多衍生工具已被用于治疗使用部分合成修改;约50,000剂已被semisynthetically取得户内酰胺在过去十年孤独。发酵都是在不锈钢发酵罐出来的量高达400立方米。为了避免与噬菌体等微生物污染的全过程都必须在无菌条件下进行。由于更重要的发酵只发生在有氧条件下的氧气或空气好电源（无菌）是必要的。二氧化碳的来源包括碳水化合物，大肠杆菌克糖蜜，糖和葡萄糖。另外必须提供的微生物在与含氮如硫酸铵，氨水或尿素化合物生长介质，以及与无机磷酸盐。此外，不断最适pH和温度是必需的。在青霉素G的情况下，发酵完成200小时后，细胞的质量是由过滤分离。所需的活性剂是隔离的滤液吸收或提取工艺。大规模的细胞，如果不理想的产品，可进一步用作动物，由于其蛋白质含量高的饲料。 By modern recombinant techniques microorganisms have been obtained which also allow production of peptides which were not encoded in the original genes. Modified E. coli bacteria make it thus possible to produce A- and B- chains of human insulin or proinsulin analogs. The disulfide bridges are formed selectively after isolation，and the final purification is effected by chromatographic procedures. In this way human insulin is obtained totally independently from any pancreatic material taken from animals. Other important peptides，hormones，and enzymes，such as human growth hormone (HGH)，neuroactive peptides，somatostatin，interferons，tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)，lymphokines，calcium regulators like calmodulin，protein vaccines，as well as monoclonal antibodies used as diagnostics，are synthesized in this way. 利用现代微生物重组技术已获得这也让其中不是在原来的基因编码多肽的生产。改性大肠杆菌从而使可能产生A型和B -人胰岛素或胰岛素原类似物链。二硫键形成的选择性分离后，最终由色谱净化工序的影响。通过这种方式获得的人类胰岛素完全独立采取任何从动物胰腺材料。 其他重要肽，激素和酶，如人类生长激素（hGH），神经活性肽，生长抑素，干扰素，组织型纤溶酶原激活物（tPA），淋巴因子，如钙调节钙调蛋白，蛋白疫苗，以及作为诊断用单克隆抗体是合成了这种方式。 The enzymes or enzymatic systems which are present in a single microorganism can be used for directed stereospecific and regiospecific chemical reactions. This principle is especially useful in steroid chemistry. Here we may refer only to the microbiological 11-a- hydro xylation of progesterone to 11-a-hydroxyprogesterone，a key product used in the synthesis of cortisone. Isolated enzymes are important today not only because of the technical importance of the enzymatic saccharification of starch，and the isomerization of glucose to fructose，They are also significant in the countless test procedures used in diagnosing illness，and in enzymatic analysis which is used in the monitoring of therapy. A number of enzymes are themselves used as active ingredients. Thus preparations containing proteases (e. g. chymotrypsin，pepsin，and trypsin)，amylases and lipases，mostly in combination with synthetic antacids，promote digestion. Streptokinase and urokinase are important in thrombolytics，and asparaginase is used as a cytostatic agent in the treatment of leukemia. 这些酶或微生物在一个单一的酶系统，目前可用于立体定向和regiospecific化学反应。这个原则是有用的，尤其是在化学类固醇。在这里，我们只能引用的微生物十一水电黄体酮xylation至11人羟，一个关键的产品在可的松合成。隔离酶是重要的，不仅因为淀粉的酶法糖化技术重要性的今天，和葡萄糖异构果糖，他们也都在无数次试验在诊断疾病所用的程序显着，在酶的分析，在使用监测治疗。 数量的酶本身作为活性成分。因此，含有蛋白酶制剂（如糜蛋白酶，胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶），淀粉酶和脂肪酶的合成主要是在与抗酸药相结合，促进消化。链激酶和尿激酶溶栓是重要的，是天冬酰胺酶在治疗白血病细胞生长剂。 Finally mention must be made of the important use of enzymes as `biocatalysts’in chemical reactions where their
Lesson eight 第八课 Ⅱ.翻译句子，并注意remain和above的词类和词义 2. In this case the voltage applied must remain unchanged. 在这种情况下，那个应用电压必须保持不变 4. If you take 3 from 8, 5 remain. 如果从8中拿走3，剩5. 6. The above property was discovered by Faraday. 法拉第发现以上性质。 8. Lenz states that the self-induced emf impedes any change of current and tends to support the former current value. The above is known as Lenz’s law. 楞茨陈述自感电动势阻止电流的变化而保持先前电流的值。上面就是我们所知的楞 次定律。 Ⅲ.翻译句子，注意some的词义 2. That radio receiver weighs some five kilograms. 那个无线接收器重五公斤。 4. Some element in the substance is not known. 物质中的一些元素是人们不知道的。 Ⅳ.翻译句子，注意句中one 的不同用法和词义。 2. This concept was discussed in Chapter One. 这个概念在第一张讨论过。 4. No one can lift this equipment. 没人能举起这件设备。 6. This chapter will deal with one of the three functions of a turning circuit. 这章我们将介绍螺旋电路三个功能中的一个。 8. Before one studies a system, it is necessary to define and discuss some important terms. 在研究一个系统之前，确定且讨论一些重要的术语是有必要的。 Ⅴ.画出句中的名词从句，说明其种类，并将句子译成汉语。 2. These experiments do not show which particles. 这些实验不能显示他们的粒子结构。 4. The operating point is determined by how much bias is used. 操作要点是被用多少偏压决定的。 6. It is not important how this voltage is produced. 这个电压是怎么产生的并不重要。 8. It may be questioned whether this approach is the best for the physicist. 这种方式最适合于医生可能会被质疑。 10. This ball may be used to determine whether that body is charged. 这个球可能用于检测是否身体是带电的。 12. It is known that charged particles emit electromagnetic waves whenever they are accelerated. 众所周知的当电子被加速他们就会发射电磁波。 14. The value of this factor determines how fast the amplitude of the current
第二部分 控制理论 第1章 1.1控制系统的引入 人类控制自然力量的设计促进人类历史的发展,我们已经广泛的能利用这种量进行在人类本身力量之外的物理进程?在充满活力的20世纪中,控制系统工程的发展已经使得很多梦想成为了现实?控制系统工程队我们取得的成就贡献巨大?回首过去,控制系统工程主要的贡献在机器人,航天驾驶系统包括成功的实现航天器的软着陆,航空飞机自动驾驶与自动控制,船舶与潜水艇控制系统,水翼船?气垫船?高速铁路自动控制系统,现代铁路控制系统? 以上这些类型的控制控制系统和日常生活联系紧密,控制系统是一系列相关的原件在系统运行的基础上相互关联的构成的,此外控制系统存在无人状态下的运行,如飞机自控驾驶,汽车的巡航控制系统?对于控制系统,特别是工业控制系统,我们通常面对的是一系列的器件,自动控制是一个复合型的学科?控制工程师的工作需要具有力学,电子学,机械电子,流体力学,结构学,无料的各方面的知识?计算机在控制策略的执行中具有广泛的应用,并且控制工程的需求带动了信息技术的与软件工程的发展? 通常控制系统的范畴包括开环控制系统与闭环控制系统,两种系统的区别在于是否在系统中加入了闭环反馈装置? 开环控制系统 开环控制系统控制硬件形式很简单,图2.1描述了一个单容液位控制系统, 图2.1单容液位控制系统 我们的控制目标是保持容器的液位h 在水流出流量V 1变化的情况下保持在一定 可接受的范围内,可以通过调节入口流量V 2实现?这个系统不是精确的系统,本系 统无法精确地检测输出流量V 2,输入流量V 1以及容器液位高度?图2.2描述了这 个系统存在的输入(期望的液位)与输出(实际液位)之间的简单关系, 图2.2液位控制系统框图 这种信号流之间的物理关系的描述称为框图?箭头用来描述输入进入系统,以及
PART 3 INDUSTRIAL PHARMACY Unit 11 Tablets (The Pharmaceutical Tablets Dosage Form) Role in Therapy The oral route of drug administration is the most important method of administering drugs for systemic effects. Except in cases of Insulin therapy，the parenteral route is not routinely used for self-administration of medications. The topical route of administration has only recently been employed to deliver drugs to the body for systemic effects，with two classes of marketed products: Nitroglycerin硝酸甘油酯for the treatment of angina心绞痛and scopolamine莨菪胺for the treatment of motion sickness晕动病，指晕车、晕船等. Other drugs are certain to follow，but the topical route of administration is limited in its ability to allow effective drug absorption for systemic drug action. The parenteral route of administration is important in treating medical emergencies in which a subject is comatose昏迷的or cannot swallow，and in providing various types of maintenance therapy for hospitalized patients. Nevertheless，it is probable that at least 90 % of all drugs used to produce systemic effects are administered投药，给药by the oral route. When a new drug is discovered，one of the first questions a pharmaceutical company asks is whether or not drug can be effectively administered for its intended effect by the oral route. If it cannot，the drug is primarily relegated to被降级到administration in a hospital setting or physician's office. If patient self- administration cannot be achieved，the sales of the drug constitute only a small fraction of what the market would be otherwise. Of drugs that are administered orally，solid oral dosage forms represent the preferred class of product. The reasons for this preference are as follows. Tablets and capsules represent unit dosage forms in which one usual dose of the drug has been accurately placed. By comparison相比之下，liquid oral dosage forms，such as syrups，suspensions，emulsions，solutions，and elixirs，are usually designed to contain one dose of medication in 5 to 30 ml. The patient is then asked to measure his or her own medication using a teaspoon， 第三部分工业药剂学 第11单元药片(医药的片剂剂型) 在治疗中的作用 口服给药途径是通过给药获得全身作用效果中最重要的方法。除了胰岛素疗法之外，肠外给药途径通常不用于（病人的）自主性用药。而局部给药途径则是在最近才被用来把药物送到体内从而产生全身作用。这种途径有两种上市产品：用于治疗心绞痛的硝酸甘油酯和用于治疗晕动病的莨菪胺。今后肯定还会有其他的药物相继出现，但是局部给药的途径在有效的药物吸收从而获得全身性药物作用方面仍有其局限性。在病人处于昏迷状态或病人不能吞咽的医疗急救处理中，肠外给药途径是很重要的，同时它也给住院的病人提供了各种不同类型的维持疗法。然而，可能至少有90%的被用于产生全身作用的药物是通过口服的途径给药的。当一种新的药物被研发出来的时候，制药公司问的第一个问题就是这种药物能否有效地通过口服给药途径来达到预期的效果。如果不能，那么这种药物就要被降级到医院或者医生的办公室里。如果病人的自主用药不能实现，那么（这种）药物的销量就会是能实现病人的自主用药的药物销量的很少一部分。在所有通过口服来给药的药物当中，固体口服制剂是（人们）偏爱的产品种类。其原因如下：药片和胶囊代表着单元剂量的形式，其中通常已经放置好了一个剂量的药物。相应地，液体口服制剂，比如说糖浆、悬浮液、乳剂、溶液和酏剂，则通常被设计成在5-30 ml （液体中）包含一个剂量的药物。病人会被要求用茶匙、调羹或其他测量装置来衡量他自己的用药量。病人自己用药时这种剂量测量方法，其误差范围通常
果粒橙 图解:译文“蓝色” Unit 6 The Principle of PCM PCM原理 Pcm is dependent on three separate operations, sampling, quantizing, and coding. Many different schemes for performing these three functions have evolved during recent years, and we shall describe the main ones. In these descriptions we shall see how a speech channel of telephone quality may be conveyed as a series of amplitude values, each value being represented, that is, coded as a sequence of 8 binary digits. Furthermore, we shall prove that a minimum theoretical sampling frequency of order 6.8 kilohertz(khz) is required to convey a voice channel occupying the range 300 HZ to 3.4 Khz. Practical equipments, however, normally use3 a sampling rate of 8 khz, and if 8-digits per sample value are used, the voice channel becomes represented by a stream of pulses with a repetition rate of 64khz. Fig .1-1 illustrates the sampling, quantizing, and coding processes. PCM的构成依赖于三个环节，即采样、量化和编码。近年来，人们对这三个环节的实现提出了许多不同的方案，我们将对其中的一些主要的方案进行讨论。在这些讨 论中，我们会看到话路中的语声信号是如何转换成幅值序列的，而每个幅值又被编码，即以8位二进制数的序列表示。而且，我们将证明，为了转换频率范围为300HZ— 3.4KHZ的话路信号，理论上最小采样频率须为6.8khz。但是，实际设备通常用8khz 的采样速率，而如果每个样值用8位码的话，则话路是由一个重复速率为64khz的脉 冲流来表示的。图1-1表示了采样、量化、编码的过程。 Reexamination of our simple example shows us that the speech signal of maximum frequency 3.4khz has been represented by a signal of frequency 64khz. However, if only 4-digits per sample value had been used, the quality of transmission would drop, and the repetition rate of the pulses would be reduced to 32khz. Thus the quality of transmission is dependent on the pulse repetition rate, and for digital communication systems these two variables may be interchanged most efficiently. 让我们再研究一下上面提到的简单例子。可以看出，最高频率为3.4khz的话音信号适用64khz的（脉冲流）信号来表示的。但是，如果每个样值中用4位（码）表示，则传输质量会下降，而脉冲的重复速率也将减小到32khz。因而传输质量是取决于脉 冲重复速率的。对于数字通信系统，这两个量之间极明显的互相影响着。 Digital transmission provides a powerful method for overcoming noisy environments. Noise can be introduced into transmission patch in many different ways : perhaps via a nearby lightning strike, the sparking of a car ignition system, or the thermal low-level noise within the communication equipment itself. It is the relationship of the true signal to the noise signal, known as the signal-to-noise ratio, which is of the most interest to the communication engineer.Basically, if the signal is very large compared to the noise level, then a perfect message can take place; however, this is not always the case. For example, the signal received from a
医学专业英语翻译 医学专业英语翻译如下： portable electric dental engine 轻便电动钻牙机，轻便牙钻portable hearing aid 袖珍助听器 portable microtome 手提式切片机 portable monitor 手提式监护仪 portable obstetric table 轻便产床 portable operating table 轻便手术台 portable photoelectric colorimeter 便携式光电比色计 portable suction unit 便携式吸引器 portable testing set 便携式测试仪器 portable typewriter 手提式打字机 portable X-ray machine 手提式X 光机 portacid 移酸滴管，滴酸器 portal 门，入门 portal venography 门静脉造影术 port B/L 港口提单 portcaustic 腐蚀药把持器 porte 柄 porte-acid 移酸滴管，滴酸器
porte-aiguille 持针器 porte-caustique 腐蚀药把持器 porte-ligature 深部结扎器，缚线把持器porte-meche 填塞条器 porte-noeud 瘤蒂结扎器 porte-polisher 握柄磨光器 porterage 搬运费 portial impression trays 局部牙托portion 部分，段，份 portligature 深部结扎器，缚线把线器port of arrival 到达港 port of delivery 交货港 port of departure 出发港 port of destination 到达港目的港 port of discharge 卸货港 portogram 门静脉造影片 portoraphy 门静脉造影术portovenogram 门静脉造影片 posion 阴离子，阳向离子 position 位置，状态 positioner 定位器（牙），位置控制器
Table of Contents Uuit 1 What is Geomatics? （什么是测绘学） (2) Unit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying（大地测量与平面测量） (6) Unit 3 Distance Measurement（距离测量） (10) Unit 4 Angle and Direction Measurement（角度和方向测量） (14) Unit 5 Traversing （导线测量） (17) Unit 6 Methods of Elevation Determination（高程测量方法） (21) Unit 7 Robotic Total Station （智能型全站仪） (25) Unit 8 Errors in Measurement（测量工作中的误差） (29) Unit 9 Basic Statistical Analysis of Random Errors (32) Unit 10 Accuracy and Precision （准确度和精度） (35) Unit 11 Least-Squares Adjustment (38) Unit 12 Geodesy Concepts (40) Unit 13 Geoid and Reference Ellipsoid (42) Unit 14 Datums, Coordinates and Conversions (44) Unit 15 Map Projection (46) Unit 16 Gravity Measurment (48) Unit 17 Optimal Design of Geomatics Network (50) Unit 18 Construction Layout （施工放样） (53) Unit 19 Deformation Monitoring of Engineering Struvture (56) Unit 20 Understan ding the GPS（认识GPS） (59) Uuit 21 Understanding the GPS (II) 认识GPS(II) (62) Unit 22 Competition in Space Orbit（太空轨道上的竞争） (64) Unit 23 GIS Basics（GIS 的基础） (69) Unit 24 Data Types and Models in GIS GIS中的数据类型和模型 (75) Unit 25 Digital Terrain Modeling（数字地面模型） (79) Unit 26 Applications of GIS (83) Unit 27 Developments of photogrammetry (87) Unit 28 Fundamentals of Remote Sensing （遥感的基础） (90) Unit 29 Digital Image Processing and Its Applications in RS (94) Unit 30 Airborne Laser Mapping Technology（机载激光测图技术） (99) Unit 31 Interferometric SAR(InSAR) (102) Unit 32 Brief Introduction toApplied Geophysics (104) Unit 33 Origon of Induced Polarization (105) Unit 34 International Geoscience Organization (108) Unit 35 Prestigious Journals in Geomatics (110) Unit 36 Relevant Surveying Instrument Companies (115) Unit 37 Expression of Simple Equations and Scientific Formulsa (116) Unit 38 Professional English Paper Writing (119) Unit 39 Translation Techniques for EST (127)
A business survives and thrives on information: information within the organization and information changed with suppliers, customers,and regulators. Moreover, the information needs to be consistent, accessible, and at the right location. We consider information in four forms-voice, data, image, and video-and the implications of distributed requirements. The term voice communications refers primarily to telephone related communications. By far the most common form of communication in any organization and for most personnel is direct telephone conversation. The telephone has been a basic tool of business for decades. Telephone communications has recently been enhanced by a variety of computer-based services, including voice mail and computerized telephone exchange systems. V oice mail provides the ability to send, forward , and reply to voice messages nonsimultaneously , and it has become a cost-efficient tool even for many midsize organizations. It provides saving on answering machines and services as well as more responsive service to customers and suppliers. Advances have also been made in computerized telephone exchange systems, including in-house digital private branch exchanges(PBX) and Centrex systems provided by the local telephone company. These new systems provide a host of features, including call forwarding, call waiting, least-cost routing of long-distance calls, and a variety of accounting and auditing features. The term data communications is sometimes used to refer to virtually any form of information transfer other than voice. It is sometimes convenient to limit this term to information in the form of text(such as reports, memos, and other documents) and numerical data(such as accounting files). The rapid changes in technology have created fresh challenges for management in making effective use of data communications. We will briefly outline the changes in technology in transmission, networks, and communications software that present the manager with new powerful business tools but also the necessity of making choices among complex alternatives. 一个企业生存和蓬勃发展的信息：在改变与供应商，客户和监管机构的组织和信息的信息。此外，对信息的需求是一致的，访问，并在合适的位置。我们认为，在四种形式的语音，数据，图像，视频和分布式需求的影响的信息。 长期的语音通信，主要是指以电话相关的通讯。迄今为止最常见的沟通形式中的任何组织和大多数工作人员是直接的电话交谈。电话已几十年来的基本的业务工具。电话通讯最近已加强各种以计算机为基础的服务，包括语音邮件和程控电话交换系统。语音信箱提供的能力，发送，转发和回复语音邮件nonsimultaneously，它已成为一个成本效益的工具，甚至许多中小型组织。提供节省答录机和服务，以及更快捷的服务客户和供应商。程控电话交换系统，包括内部数字专用分支交换机（PBX）和本地电话公司提供的Centrex系统也取得了进展。这些新系统提供主机的功能，包括呼叫转接，呼叫等待，长途电话的最低成本路由，各种会计和审计功能。 长期的数据通信有时被用来指几乎任何其他信息传输比语音形式。有时可以很方便限制这个术语在文本形式的信息（如报告，备忘录和其他文件）和数字数据（如会计档案）。已创建管理新的挑战，在有效地利用数据通信技术的迅速变化。我们将简要概述在传输技术的变化，网络和通信软件，经理提出新的强大的商业工具，但也使复杂的替代品之间的选择的必要性。