International Business Law
国际商法
课程教案
YUAN TIAN
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Department
Heilongjiang University
Chapter One
Introduction to International Business Law
I. Teaching Objectives
On completion of this Chapter, students should be able to:
1.Get to know the objectives and feature of this course;
2.Get to know the basic relationship among such elements as:
International;
Business;
Law
3.Grasp the basic requirements of legal English learning.
4.Get to know the features of international law;
5.Get to know the sources of international law.
II. The Points to Be Highlighted
1. The relationship among the key elements as “international”, “business” and “law”
2. The understanding of the nature of law
III. T eaching Approaches and Facilities
Approaches: 1. Pair/Group work 2. Discussion 3 Task-based approach
4. Communicative approach
5. Questions and answers……
Facilities: PPT demonstration in the media classroom; on-line research
IV. Background Information
1. Economic globalization, in recent years, has been one of the hottest focuses in the world. Although it is extremely difficult to define economic globalization, many economists and business experts believe that no business can be purely domestic, and the realities of the modern world make all business international.
2. The causes of these developments are numerous:
(1) Incredible advances in efficiency of communication;
(2) Extraordinary reductions in transport costs;
(3) Growing prevalence of instant tele-and-cyber-transactions;
(4) Treaty and other norms causing reduction of governmental barriers to trade;
(5) The blessing of relative peace in the world.
V. Teaching Procedures and Contents
1. Introduce the outline of this Chapter:
This Chapter will discuss:
WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL LAW?
SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
?International conventions;
?International custom;
?General principles of law;
?Judicial decisions;
?Teachings of publicists.
THE SCOPE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
COMPARISON OF MUNICIPAL LEGAL SYSTEMS
?Romano-Germanic Civil Law;
?Anglo-American Common Law;
?Islamic Law
2. WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL LA W?
Defined: The body of rules and norms that regulates activities carried on outside the legal boundaries of nations
It regulates three international relationships:
1) Those between states and states.
2) Those between states and persons.
3) Those between persons and persons.
The differences between public international law and private international law
Is International Law Really Law?
1) Because nations and individuals regard international law as law, it is law.
2) Comity: The practice, or courtesy, between nations of treating each other with goodwill and civility.
3) Comity is not law because countries do not regard it as something they are required to respect.
3. SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
Defined: Those things which international tribunals rely upon in determining the content of international law; Treaties and Conventions:
1) Definitions:
?Treaties are agreements between one or more nations.
?Conventions are agreements sponsored by international organizations.
2) Reasons for binding effect:
?Shared sense of commitment
?Because one country fears that if it does not respect its promises, other countries will not respect their
promises
3) Rules governing treaties:
?Traditionally customary;
?Now codified in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (in force since 1980).
Custom
1) Defined: Rules that have been around for a long time or which are generally accepted.
Caveat: Customary rules are constantly changing.
2) Establishing the existence of a customary law: Must show two elements —one behavioral and one psychological:
?Usus(Latin for: usage): Is the consistent and recurring action (or lack of action if the custom is one of
noninvolvement) by states.
?Opinio juris et necessitatis (Latin for: Of the opinion that the rule is proper and required): The custom must
be regarded by states observing it as one that they must obligatorily follow.
3) Exceptions to the application of custom:
?Persistent objector: A state that persistently objects to a practice during its formative stages will never
become a party to it.
?A state allowed by the international community to deviate from a customary practice.
General Principles
General principles of law are common to both (or all) the state parties to a dispute.
4. COMPARISONS OF MUNICIPAL LEGAL SYSTEMS
Legal “families”
1) Romano-Germanic Civil Law.
2) Anglo-American Common Law.
3) Islamic Law.
The Romano-Germanic Civil Law System
The Oldest and most influential of the legal families
A. French Civil Code
1) French Civil Code (Code Napoleon) of 1804
?The right to possess private property;
?The freedom to contract;
?The autonomy of the patriarchal family.
2) Differences from the German Code:
?Written in a short period of time.
?Its style and form are one that is straightforward, easy to read, and understandable to everyone.
3) Differences from the English common law: It contains flexible general rules rather than detailed provisions.
B. German Civil Code of 1896.
1)Characteristics of the German Code:
?Incredibly precise and technical.
?Special terminology is used.
2) Differences from the French Code: It is meant exclusively for the use of trained experts (not lay readers).
C. Countries with Civil Law systems distinguish between the civil law and public Law.
1) Public law evolved separately from the movement for codification of civil or private law.
?Public law is constitutional and administrative law.
?Public law is treated in a variety of ways in the civil law countries.
The Anglo-American Common Law System
1) Historical origins:
In 1066, the Normans conquered England and William the Conqueror began to centralize the governmental administration of his new kingdom.
The name “common law” is derived from the theory that the king’s courts represented the common custom of the realm, as opposed to the local customary law practiced in the county and manorial courts.
2) The “common law” must be distinguished from the law which evolved out of:
?Equity: A principle of justice de veloped by the king’s chaplain, or chancellor, to provide parties with a
remedy when none was available in the king’s courts.
?Admiralty (the laws governing sailors) and other specialized jurisdictions.
The Islamic Law System——Known as Shari?a.
1) Sources in the order of their importance:
?The Koran.
?The Sunnah or decisions and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad.
?The writings of Islamic scholars who derived rules by analogy from the principles established in the
Koran and the Sunnah.
?The consensus of the legal community.
2) Note that the Shari’a is primarily a moral code.
?It is principally concerned with ethics.
?In this respect, it contains many principles in common with the civil law and the common law.
?It is much less concerned with promoting commerce and international relations than the secular legal
systems.
VI. Assignments
1. Translation Exercises:
Article 38(1) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice lists the sources that the Court is permitted to
use.
The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply:
(a) International conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states;
(b) International custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law;
(c) The general principles of law recognized by civilized nations;
(d) Subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law.
2. Case study—The Lotus in 1927
A collision occurred on the high seas between a French steamer and a Turkish collier in which some Turkish crew members and passengers lost their lives. When the French ship docked in a Turkish port, the Turkish government began criminal proceedings against the French officers on watch at the time of the collision. The French appealed to the permanent Courts of International Justice arguing that Turkey had violated international law, because, France said, only the flag state has jurisdiction over criminal incidents on the high seas.
The PCIJ said that the few cases France cited for this proposition “merely show that states had often, in practice, abstained from instituting criminal proceedings, and not that they recognized themselves as being obliged to do so; for only if such abstentions were based on their being conscious of a duty to abstain would it be possible to speak of an international custom.”
Conclusion: Turkey was allowed to continue with its criminal prosecution.
VII. Reference Material
International business law (Text, Cases, and Readings) Ray August
International Business Law and Its Environment by Richard Schaffer, Beverley Earle
International Business Law: A Transactional Approach by Larry DiMatteo and Lucien J. Dhooge
Chapter Two
The Multinational Enterprise
I. Teaching Objectives
On completion of this Chapter, students should be able to:
1.know the basic forms of International business;
2.better understand the structures of multinational enterprises.
3.grasp the basic attributes of a multinational organization;
4.learn to differentiate national multinational corporation from international multinational corporation;
5.get familiar with basic international regulations and home state regulations of multinational enterprises
6.get familiar with basic international regulations;
7.grasp the host state regulations of multinational enterprises.
II. The Points to Be Highlighted
1. The difference between the national Multinational Corporation and the international Multinational Corporation.
2. The basic attributes of a multinational organization.
III. T eaching Approaches and Facilities
Approaches: 1. Pair/Group work 2. Discussion 3 Task-based approach
4. Communicative approach
5. Questions and answers……
Facilities: PPT demonstration in the media classroom; on-line research
IV. Background Information
Pre-lecture illustration
Get familiar with the outline of this Chapter:
THE BUSINESS FORM
THE MULTINATIONAL ORGANIZATION
INTERNATIONAL REGULATION OF MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISES
HOME STA TE REGULATION OF MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISES
HOST STATE REGULATION OF MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISES
V. Teaching Procedures and Contents
Section 1 THE BUSINESS FORM
1. Multinational Nature
●Depending on place of creation:
Home or parent organizations—located within a single state;
Multiple parents located in multiple states.
● A matter of municipal law
2. Business Forms in Civil Law States
1) Company: An association of persons or of capital organized for the purpose of carrying on a commercial, industrial, or similar enterprise.
2) Partnership: A company of two or more persons who co-own and manage a business and who are each liable to the full extent of their personal assets for its debts.
?Limited partnership: A company of two or more persons, at least one of whom has unlimited personal
liability for the debts of the business and at least one other who is an investor having limited liability.
?Silent partnership: A secret relationship between two or more persons, one of whom carries on a
business in his name alone without revealing the participation of the other who has limited personal liability.
?Partnership limited by shares: A company of one or more general partners who have unlimited personal
liability for the debts of the company and limited participation by investors in the form of shares. The company is taxed as a corporation.
3) Corporation: A company of capital whose owners have limited personal liability.
?Stock corporation: A corporation that can raise money in the public marketplace through the sale of
freely transferable shares. Its financial statements have to be disclosed to the public.
?Limited liability company: A corporation owned by members that does not issue negotiable share
certificates and is subject to minimal public disclosure laws.
3. Business Forms in Common Law States
1) Company: An association of persons organized for the purpose of carrying on a commercial, industrial, or similar enterprise.
2) Partnership: An association of two or more persons who co-own and manage a business for profit and who are each liable to the full extent of their personal assets for its debts.
?Limited partnership: A partnership consisting of one or more general partners who manage the business
and who are each liable to the full extent of their personal assets for its debts and one or more limited partners whose liability is limited to the funds they invest.
?Secret partnership: A partnership in which the participation of one or more persons as partners is not
disclosed to the public by any of the partners. All of the partners have unlimited personal liability.
3) Joint stock company: An unincorporated association of persons whose ownership interests are represented by transferable shares. The shareholders have unlimited personal liability.
4) Business trust: A business arrangement in which the owners of a property, known as beneficiaries, transfer legal title to that property to a trustee who then manages it for them.
?The beneficiaries hold transferable trust certificates entitling them to the income generated by the
property and a residual equitable share at the time the trust is terminated.
?The trustee has unlimited personal liability while the beneficiaries have limited personal liability.
5) Corporation: A separate juridical entity owned by shareholders who may have limited, unlimited, or no liability.
?Public corporation: A corporation that can raise money in the public marketplace through the sale of
freely transferable shares. Its financial statements have to be disclosed to the public.
?Private corporation: A corporation that may not ask the public to subscribe to its shares, bonds, or other
securities and which is subject to less stringent public disclosure laws than a public corporation.
?Limited liability company: An unincorporated business association.
4. The Importance of the Separate Legal Identity of Companies
1) Juridical entities (such as companies) have legal identities separate from that of their owners. 2) Significance:
? The liability of the owners is limited to their investment in the company.
? The owners are neither managers nor agents nor representatives of the company.
? The rights and benefits accruing to the company belong to the company and not its owners. ? The property rights of a company can only be claimed by that company.
Section 2 THE MULTINATIONAL ORGANIZATION
1. Parent Company
1) The Non-multinational.
? Defined: A domestic firm functioning in the international marketplace through a foreign agent.
? Note: Neither the principal nor the agent are truly multinational enterprises because neither operates
outside of its home state.
2) The National Multinational
? Defined: A firm in one country — the “parent” — that operates in other countries through branches and
subsidiaries.
3) The International Multinational
? Two or more parent companies located in different states operate through jointly owned subsidiaries in
several states.
? Public Trans-nationals.
? Defined: A government-controlled multinational enterprise created by treaty between two or more
states.
2. The Subordinate Structure
1) Subordinates subject to direct control of the parent:
2) Representative office: A foreign contact point where interested parties can obtain information about a particular firm.
? It does not do any business on its own.
3) Agent: An individual who is employed as an independent representative of a firm.
?
Agents are subject to the supervision of the parent firm (or principal).
?Their authority is limited to what the parent delegates to them.
4) Branch: A larger unit of the parent company which involves not only the placement of individuals in a particular locale, but also the establishment of a facility, such as an assembly plant, mining operation, or service office.
?The authority of branch personnel is limited to what the parent has delegated.
5) Disadvantages of these subordinates:
?The parent has to assume all of the risk of investing abroad.
? A foreign firm (or its agent or its branch) is often taxed at higher rates than local firms.
?Many developing states require local participation in order for a foreign firm to either invest or expand
its local investment.
3. Firms not subject to the direct control of the parent
1) Subsidiary: An independently organized and incorporated company.
?The subsidiary’s company status insulates the par ent from unlimited liability.
?Locally organized companies are commonly entitled to certain tax benefits that foreign branches are not.
2) Joint venture: An association of persons or companies who are involved in “a collaboration for more than a transitory period.”
?Business form: May be any type of business form (e.g., an association, a partnership, a limited
partnership, a secret partnership, or a limited liability company).
?The investors share the risk.
?Entry into foreign markets is usually easier for a multinational that is affiliated with a local joint
venturer.
3) Holding company: A subsidiary company that in turn owns other subsidiaries.
?Reason for setting up holding companies:
?To establish a consolidated management team for a group of subsidiaries or subsidiaries owned by
different parents.
?For tax advantages.
?Business form: Most commonly a holding company is organized as a limited liability company whose
shares are held by its parent or parents.
Section 3 INTERNATIONAL REGULATION OF MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISES
1. Several International Organization have Promulgated Rules of Ethical Behavior for Multinational Enterprises, including:
?Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).
?International Labor Organization (ILO).
?International Chamber of Commerce (ICC).
2. These are only Suggested Rules
Binding international codes do not exist as yet.
Section 4 HOME STATE REGULATION OF MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISES
1. Introduction
?The most important forms of home state regulation are:
1) Regulation of competition.
2) Regulation of injuries caused by defective products.
3) Prohibition of sharp business practices.
4) Regulation of securities.
5) Regulation of labor and employment.
6) The establishment of accounting standards.
7) Taxation.
?Some of these rules are applied extraterritorially by home state, most notably:
1) Regulation of competition.
2) Regulation of injuries caused by defective products.
3) Prohibition of sharp business practices.
2. Unfair Competition Laws
1) United States Unfair Competition Laws.
?Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 is the principal US law regulating anti-competitive behavior.
?Clayton Act of 1914 Defines certain specific acts that constitute unfair business competition, including:
◆Exclusive dealing agreements and tying clauses.
◆Mergers that result in a monopoly.
◆Interlocking directorates.
?Robinson-Patman Act of 1936 makes price discrimination illegal.
2) Extraterritorial Application of US Antitrust Laws.
?Statutorily authorized: The Sherman Act declares that it applies to conduct affecting “trade or commerce
among the several states, or with foreign nations.”
?Judicially imposed limits on the extraterritorial application of the US antitrust laws.
?Personal Jurisdiction Requirements:
?Applicable state “long arm statutes.”: Due process forbids a court from assuming personal jurisdiction
unless a defendant has “minimum contacts” with the forum state.
3) Subject matter jurisdiction requirement.
?The courts have created two tests for determining when they have subject matter jurisdiction in an
American antitrust case.
?Effects test: Companies carrying on business outside of the US will come within the subject matter
jurisdiction of a US court if their business activity is:
◆Intended to affect US commerce.
◆Not de minimis.
?Balancing Test (or “choice of law” test): Defined: A court should balance the interests of the states
concerned in determining if subject matter jurisdiction exists.
◆This is now the prevalent test in the US.
3. Regulation of Anticompetitive Behavior in the European Union
1) The European Community Treaty contains two provisions regulating business competition.
?Article 85 prohibits normal arm’s length competitor s from entering into agreements or carrying on
concerted practices which either prevent, restrain, or distort trade.
?Article 86 forbids businesses with a dominant position in their marketplace from taking improper
advantage of their position to the detriment of consumers.
2) Compliance: EU Commission is solely responsible for enforcing Articles 85 and 86.
3) Extraterritorial application of the EU’s business competition rules.
?EU Commission and the EU Court of Justice have adopted (in essence) the US “effects test.”
?EU effects test: The EU business competition rules apply to foreign firms to the extent that the firm’s
activities have an effect on trade or commerce within the EU.
4. Opposition to the Extraterritorial Application of Unfair Competition Laws
1) Blocking Statutes: Typically have three features:
?They limit the extent to which a US plaintiff can obtain evidence or seek production of commercial
documents outside of the US for use in investigations or proceedings in the US.
?They make it difficult for a successful plaintiff to enforce a US judgment outside the US.
?By virtue of a “clawback” provision, they allow defendants to bring suit in their home country to
recover the punitive damages they paid in the US.
?Judicial Injunctions are sometimes granted by courts to prohibit one of their nationals from initiating an
antitrust suit in the US against another of their nationals.
5. Product Liability Laws
1) Purpose of product liability laws: To discourage manufacturers from putting defective products into the marketplace.
2) Product Liability Theories.
?Breach of contract.
?Negligence.
?Strict liability.
Most states use only the first two; Common law countries use all three; EU now relies principally on the last.
3) Extraterritorial Application of Product Liability Laws
?The country that has been most willing to apply its product liability laws extraterritorially: The US.
?Considerations of US courts in determining whether they can exercise jurisdiction in a product liability
case:
?Personal jurisdiction.
?Forum non conveniens.
6. Sharp Practices
1) Defined: Dishonest business dealings meant to obtain a benefit for a firm regardless of the means used.
?Examples: Misrepresentation and bribery.
2) Governing law: Municipal (local) law.
3) Extraterritorial application of sharp practices law.
?The country that has been most willing to apply its sharp practices laws extraterritorially: The US.
?US legislation: Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) of 1977.
?Caveat: They may only be charged with a violation of the FCPA after the company has first been
charged and convicted of the same violation.
?Forbid bribes to:
?Foreign government officials.
?Foreign political party officials.
?Candidates for foreign political office.
Section 5 PIERCING THE COMPANY VEIL
1. Defined:Ignoring the corporate structure of a company (i.e., “piercing the company veil”) and exposing the shareholders to personal liability.
2. Four circumstances where this is done:
1) The Controlled Company: The corporate status of a controlled company will be ignored if both:
?Its financing and management are so closely connected to its parent that it does not have any
independent decision-making authority; and
?It is induced to enter into a transaction beneficial to the parent but detrimental to it and to third parties.
2) The Alter Ego Company: The company veil will be pierced if the company is not treated by its shareholders as a separate juridical entity (i.e., it is treated as the alter ego of the shareholders).
?The commingling of corporate and personal assets.
?The use of company assets by shareholders for their own personal benefit.
?The failure to hold and record minutes of board of directors’ meetings.
3) Undercapitaliza tion: A company’s veil will be set aside if, at the time it was formed, it was provided with insufficient capital to meet its prospective debts or potential liabilities.
4) Personal Assumption of Liability: Shareholders who have personally guaranteed the obligations of a company can, of course, be made to answer for those obligations.
VI. Assignments
1. Critical thinking on Business Forms
Curly owns part of the Nyuck-Nyuck wise Guys, a major league baseball team. Curly becomes disgusted with the whole business of baseball when the team makes a $50-million, five-year deal with a free agent, Mr. Potatohead. Without telling the other owners, Curly purports to transfer his interest in the team to Shemp. (Curly is one of several hundred owners.) On the issue of whether Curly’s interest is in fact transferable, does it matter whether the team is partnership or a corporation?
●If it’s a corporation, Shemp probably is an owner.
Freely transferable ownership for a corporation unless subject to a written restriction on transfer (close corporation)
●If it’s a partnership, Shemp isn’t an owner.
A partnership interest is only transferable with the remaining partners’ approval unless t he partnership contract provides otherwise; without it, the transferee cannot become a full partner (e.g., he cannot vote.)
VII. Reference Material
Principles of International Business Transactions (The Concise Hornbook Series) (Hornbook Series Student Edition) by Ralph H. Folsom, Michael W. Gordon, and John A. Spanogle
Fundamentals of International Business Transactions by Ronald Brand
The Law & Business of International Project Finance by Scott L. Hoffman
Chapter Three
CISG
I. Teaching Objectives
On completion of this Chapter, students should be able to:
1.Get familiar with the application scope of CISG and relevant background knowledge;
2.Get a general idea about the basic theory of contract under common law system.
3.Grasp the basic principles applicable to the interpretation of CISG;
4.Learn to distinguish offer from acceptance in the theory of contracts;
5.Get familiar with the general standards of contract performance. Grasp the function of agency relationship in
corporation law.
II. The Points to Be Highlighted
1.Applying the contract theory to practical issues solving;
2.Specify the application scope of CISG
III. T eaching Approaches and Facilities
Approaches: 1. Pair/Group work 2. Discussion 3 Task-based approach
4. Communicative approach
5. Questions and answers……
Facilities: PPT demonstration in the media classroom; on-line research
IV. Background Information
1. In an international transaction, at least one party is likely to have its rights decided under the law of a foreign country because two parties to the sales contract must be governed by the law of only one country. What is more important, there are many differences between national laws.
2. As a result, the function and nature of sales law are viewed differently in different legal systems. Each system has its individual rules for deciding the validity of a contract for interpreting its terms, and for defining the remedies available to a party upon a breach.
3. Thus, when a firm enters a contract governed by foreign law, it is undertaking an added risk. Obviously, the conflicts of laws of different countries are big impediments to both parties to a sales contract.
V. Teaching Procedures and Contents
Get familiar with the outline of this Chapter:
UNITED NATION’S CONVENTION ON CONTRACTS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS (CISG)
CONTRACTUAL ISSUES EXCLUDED FROM THE COVERAGE OF THE CONVENTION
INTERPRETING THE CONVENTION
INTERPRETING THE SALES CONTRACT
FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT
GENERAL STANDARDS FOR PERFORMANCE
EXCUSES FOR NONPERFORMANCE
Section 1 UNITED NATION?S CONVENTION ON CONTRACTS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS (CISG)
1. Introduction
1) In Effect since January 1, 1988
2) Current State Parties: 54, including the United States
3) Transactions covered in CISG: CISG Applies to Contracts for the International Sale of Goods
The sale must be international.
?The buyer and seller must have their places of business in different states.
?Both of the states must be contracting parties to the convention, or
?The rules of private international law must lead to the application of the law of a Contracting State.
?Note: CISG may apply even if the buyer’s and seller’s places of business are not in a contracting state.
Opting In and Out
?The parties to a contract may exclude or modify the CISG’s application by a “choice of law”
clause.
?Whether parties can exclude a domestic law and adopt the CISG in its place depends on the rules of the state where the case is heard.
4) Sale Defined
CISG does not directly define a sale.
Implied definition: The delivery of the goods and their supporting documentation by the seller and the payment of their price by the buyer.
5) Goods Defined
CISG does not directly define goods.
The drafters assumed that the CISG only applies to goods that are movable and tangible.
6) CISG lists the sales and goods that are excluded from its coverage.
Sales transactions that are excluded:
?Goods bought for personal, family or household use.
?Auction sales.
?Sales on execution or otherwise by authority of law.
Goods that are excluded:
?Stocks, shares, investment securities, negotiable instruments or money.
?Ships, vessels, hovercraft or aircraft.
?Electricity.
7) Mixed Sales
Mixed sales and services contracts are treated by the CISG as sales of goods, unless “the preponderant part of the obligations” of the seller “consists in the supply of labor or other services.”
Preponderant probably means more than half.
Contracts for goods to be manufactured are sales unless the buyer undertakes to supply a substantial part of the materials.
Substantial is probably less than half.
Section 2 CONTRACTUAL ISSUES EXCLUDED FROM THE COVERAGE OF THE CONVENTION
1. The CISG Only Deals With:
1) The formation of contracts.
2) The remedies available to the buyer and seller.
2. The CISG Specifically Excludes Questions About:
1) The legality of the contract.
2) The competency of the parties.
3) The rights of third parties.
4) Liability for death or personal injury.
3. Preemption: When the CISG applies domestic law is preempted
1) Reason: the CISG’s basic function is to establish uniform rules for international sales contracts.
2) Scope of the CISG.
?CISG applies to contractual issues.
?CISG preempts the local law even if the local law gives a different name to a particular remedy.
?CISG preempts the local law even if the local law adds additional elements to a matter that is contractual in nature.
Section 3 INTERPRETING THE CONVENTION
1. Interpreting the Provisions of the CISG
1) Apply the following basic principle: The goal of the CISG is the creation of a uniform body of international commercial sales law.
2) Consider the following sources, in the following order:
The Convention.
The general principles on which the Convention is based.
The rules of private international law.
2. Interpreting the CISG
1) To interpret the words of the CISG itself, consider:
The international character of the Convention.
The need to promote uniformity in the Convention’s application.
The obligation to observe good faith.
2) Rules of interpretation.
“Plain meaning”: Look at the words of Convention itself.
Tr avaux preparatoires: Look to the CISG’s legislative history to determine its intent.
Precedent: Use case law to interpret the CISG.
General Principles
?Each party must communicate information needed by the other party.
?Parties have the obligation to mitigate damages resulting from a breach.
?The CISG requires that general principles be derived only from rules given within the Convention itself.
Rules of Private International Law
?The Convention itself does not directly settle a matter.
?The matter cannot be resolved by the application of a general principle derived from the Convention itself.
Section 4 INTERPRETING THE SALES CONTRACT
1. Statements and Conduct of the Parties
1) Varying approaches in domestic law.
The subjective approach: Look at what was in the minds of the contracting parties at the time they made their contract.
The objective approach: Look only at the circumstances as they would seem to an impartial bystander.
The CISG’s approach:
?Use the subjective intent of a speaker.
?Only do so if “the other party knew or could not have been unaware” of the speaker’s intent.
?When a speaker’s intent is not clear look at “objective” intent.
?The party’s statements and other conduct “are to be interp reted according to the understanding that
a reasonable person of the same kind as the other party would have had in the same
circumstances.”
2. Negotiations
CISG Art. 8(3) directs courts interpreting contracts to give “due consideration … to all relevant
c ircumstances,” including:
1) The negotiations leading up to the contract.
2) The practices the parties have established between themselves.
3) The parties’ conduct after they agree to the contract.
Purpose of Article 8(3): to do away with the technical rules that domestic courts sometimes use to interpret contracts.
1) Example: the common law’s parol evidence rule.
2) Caveat: The CISG allows parties to “derogate from or vary the effect of” any of the provisions of the Convention.
a) If the parties include a contract term (often called an “integration clause”)directing a court to ignore all prior or contemporaneous agreements, the court will have to give effect to that term.
3. Practices and Usages
a. CISG states that parties are bound by “any practices which they have established between themselves” including:
1) Usages the parties agree to.
2) Usages the parties knew or ought to have known and which in international trade are widely known to, and regularly observed by parties of contracts of the type involved in the particular trade concerned.
4. Form
a. Most delegates at the CISG Convention felt that a writing requirement is inconsistent with modern commercial practice.
1) The Soviet delegates insisted that a writing requirement is important for protectin g their country’s longtime pattern of making foreign trade contracts.
b. The CISG compromise.
1) Art. 11: No writing is required.
2) Art. 96: Unless the contracting state of one of the parties to a contract made a declaration at the time of ratification requiring that the contract be in writing.
Section 5 FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT
1. A Contract is formed when an offer to buy or sell a good is accepted
2. The Offer
a. Defined: A proposal addressed to specific persons indicating an intention by the offeror to be bound to the sale or purchase of particular goods for a price.
1) For a communication to be an offer:
The offeror must communicate an intention to be bound.
The proposal must be definite.
A proposal is sufficiently definite if it:
?Describes the goods, and
?States or provides a means for determining the quantity.
A proposal should also state or provide a means for determining the price.
Otherwise the price will be: The price generally charged at the time of the contract for like goods sold under comparable circumstances in the trade concerned.
The proposal must be addressed to one or more specific persons.
Proposals made to the public are invitations to negotiate, unless the contrary is clearly indicated.
b. Effectiveness of an Offer.
1) An offer becomes effective only after it reaches the offeree.
Offers may be withdrawn any time before they reach the offeree.
Offers that promise that they are irrevocable can be withdrawn prior to their reaching the offeree.
2) Revocation.
Offers that do not state that they are irrevocable.
Can be revoked anytime before the offeree dispatches an acceptance.
Similar to the English common law’s “post box” rule.
3) Firm Offers.
The CISG rule: An offeror’s promise to keep an offer open for a fixed period is enforceable.
Requirements:
?The offeror must expressly state the offer is irrevocable, or
?The offeror’s conduct must imply that the offer is firm.
?The promise of irrevocability:
?There is no time limitation.
3. The Acceptance
a. A contract comes into existence at the point in time when an offer is accepted.
b. Acceptance is a statement or conduct by the offeree indicating assent that is communicated to the offeror.
1) The form or mode in which an offeree must express assent: Any form or mode is allowed.
2) The offeree must communicate his assent to the offeror.
c. Silence.
1) Generally, silence or inactivity does not, in and of itself, constitute acceptance.
2) Exception: Where a party voluntarily assumes the duty to respond, silence will constitute acceptance.
d. Time of Acceptance: Acceptance must be received by the offeror within the time period specified in the offer.
1) If no time period is given: Acceptance must be received within a “reasonable” time.
If the offer is oral, acceptance must be made immediately unless the circumstances indicate otherwise.
e. Responsibility for Delays in Communicating Acceptance
1) CISG uses the “receipt rule”: The offeree is responsible for insuring that the acceptance gets to the offeror.
Reason for using this rule: Because it is the offeree who chooses the medium through which to send a response, it is the offeree who is better able to avoid the risk of loss or delay.
f. Assent by Performance of an Act: If the offeror asks for performance of an act rather than the indication of acceptance, the acceptance is effective at the moment the act is performed.
1) Caveat: An act does not constitute acceptance if the offeree is required to notify the offeror first. The notification requirement may be:
In the offer.
A trade usage.
The practice of the parties.
g. Withdrawal: an offeree may withdraw his acceptance anytime before or simultaneous with its receipt.
h. Rejection.
1) A rejection becomes effective when it reaches the offeror.
If an offeree dispatches both a rejection and an acceptance at the same time, the one which reaches the offeror first will be the one given effect.
4. Acceptance with Modifications
a. A would-be acceptance that contains material differences from the offer is a counter-offer.
1) Terms relating to the following constitute material differences:
?Price.
?Payment.
?Quality of the goods.
?Place or time of delivery.
?The extent of one party’s liability to the other.
?The manner of settling disputes.
《国际商法》试题（13） 一、填空题（每空1分，共15分） 1．两大法系是指（大陆法系）和（英美法系）。 2．股份有限公司的设立方式分为（发起设立）和（募集设立）。 3．卖方的担保义务分为（品质担保义务）和（权利担保义务）。 4．票据通常是指（汇票）、（本票）和（支票）。 5．国际上对产品责任的归责原则一般分为两大类，他们是（严格责任原则）和（过错责任原则）。6．代理关系中基本当事人包括（本人(或被代理人) ）、（代理人）和第三人。 7．商事组织按法律分类可以分为（独资制企业）、（合伙制企业）和公司制企业。 二、判断题（每题1分，共10分，正确的打√，错误的打×） ( × )1．提单也叫海运提单，它就是运输合同。 ( ×)2．要约的撤销，是指要约在要约人发出后且到达受要约人前收回。 ( √)3．关于承诺的生效两大法系有不同的法律主张，因而存在达到主义和发信主义的说法。 ( √)4．关于卖方延迟交货，只有其构成严重违约时，买方才可以撤销合同。 ( √ )5．损害赔偿的范围包括直接损失、间接损失和所失利益。 ( √)6．表见代理属于广义上的无权代理的范畴。 ( √ )7．即期汇票不需要承兑。 ( ×)8．一切险已经包含了战争险，所以投保了一切险就没有必要再投保战争险了。 ( × )9．工业产权等同于知识产权。 ( ×)10.只要存在倾销的事实，就可以实施相应的反倾销了。 三、单项选择题：（只有一个符合题意的正确答案，10题，每题1分，共10分） 1．下列关于个人企业的表述，不正确的是( A )。 A.由一名出资者单独出资 B.不具有独立的法律人格 C.可以是法人组织 D. 出资者以其个人全部财产承担企业债务 2．（A）采取公开向社会发行股票的方式来筹集资本。 A.股份有限公司 B.无限责任公司 C.有限责任公司 D.两合公司 3．依我国法律，公司是依法设立的以营利为目的的( A )。 A.合伙企业 B.独资企业 C.企业法人 D.非法人企业 4．出票人签发，承诺自己在见票时无条件支付确定金额给收款人或持票人的票据是（ C ）。 A.支票 B.商业承兑汇票 C.本票 D.银行承兑汇票 5.我国《合伙企业法》规定（ C）不必由全体合伙人共同决定。 A.处分合伙企业的不动产 B.改变合伙企业的企业名称 C.对外签订合同 D.向企业登记机关申请办理变更登记 6．各国公司法对股份有限公司发起人的人数都有具体规定，其中，我国公司法规定发起人的人数至
新编国际商务英语阅读教程译文 第一单元国际贸易理论 重商主义 世界上第一个国际贸易理论——重商主义，产生于16世纪中期。重商主义宣 称金银是一国财富的支柱，是繁荣商业所不可或缺的。当时，金银是国家间的贸易 货币，出口国赚取金银，同样从他国进口货物，导致金银的外流。重商主义认为出 口大于进口从而保持贸易顺差是一国的根本利益。这样，一国积累金银，最终使国 家财富增加，国家地位得以提升。正如1930年，英国重商主义学者托马斯?孟所说: 增加一国财富的最普遍的做法是对外贸易，而且我们必须遵守这样的规则:每 年出口产品的价值要大于进口产品的价值。 遵循这一说法，重商主义提倡政府干涉，以确保贸易顺差。重商主义认为大量 的贸易额并没有什么益处。他们建议颁布政策以扩大出口，限制进口。具体做法可 以是对进口施加关税和对配额进行限制，对出口则给予补贴。 1752年古典经济学 家大卫?休谟指出了重商主义学说的缺陷。据休谟所说，如果英国对法国贸易顺差(即出口大于进口)，相应的金银的流入会导致英国国内货币供应充足，从而产生通 货膨胀。而法国会因为金银的外流产生相反的效应——通货紧缩，价格降低。英法 之间相对价格的变化将促使法国的进口商购买的英国货物数量减少(因为英国货物 变得昂贵)，英国的进口商将购买更多法国的货物(因为法国货物价格降低)。结 果，英国贸易收支状况不断恶化，法国贸易收支逐步得到改善，这种情况一直持续 到英国的顺差被抵消。因此，休谟认为，长期来看，没有国家能够如重商主义者所 想象的那样保持贸易顺差。 除了休谟指出的缺陷之外，重商主义的另一缺限在于其视国际贸易为零和博弈(零和博弈是指一国得益必导致另一国受损)。亚当?斯密和大卫?李嘉图指出了重商
一、单项选择题 1．国际商法是调整（）的法律规范的总称。 A．国际贸易关系 B．国际商事关系 C．国际经济关系 D．国际投资关系 2．（）指的是英国中世纪以来的法和以此为传统或受其影响而发展起来的其他国家的法的总称。 A．英美法系 B．大陆法系 C．民商法系 D．法典法系 3．依我国法律，公司是依法设立的以营利为目的的( )。 A．合伙企业 B．独资企业 C．企业法人 D．非法人企业 4．甲、乙、丙、丁四位投资者设立股份有限公司，甲出资100万元，乙出资200万元，丙出资50万元，根据《公司法》规定，丁至少应出资（）。 A．150万元 B．650万元 C．550万元 D．200万元 5．依照股东的权利义务不同，股份可分为（）。 A．普通股与优先股 B．国有股、法人股与社会公众股 C．公司职工股和内部职工股 D．记名股票与无记名股票 6．公司清算人制作的财产目录和资产负债表，需要提交（）。 A 股东大会 B 注册登记管理部门 C 法院 D 债权人会议 7.无论是英美法国家还是大陆法国家都把（）作为合同成立的要素。 A．当事人所作出的许诺 B．合同的标的与内容必须合法 C．双方当事人的意思表示一致 D．合同必须具有约因或对价 8.甲公司与乙公司订立一书面合同，甲公司签字盖章后邮寄给乙公司签字盖章，该合 同的成立时间为（） A.甲公司与乙公司口头协商一致时 B.甲公司签字盖章时 C.甲公司签字盖章后交付邮寄时 D.乙公司签字盖章时 9．违反担保是指违反合同的次要条款或附随条款。那么违反担保的法律后果（）。A．与违反条件的法律后果相同 B．蒙受损害的一方可以解除合同 C．蒙受损害的一方不能请求损害赔偿 D．蒙受损害的一方不能解除合同，而只能请求损害赔偿 10.根据国际货物买卖合同公约的规定，下列各项中，属于要约的是( ) A.普通商业广告 B.商品目录 C.商品价目表 D.一项包含货物名称、数量和价格的订约建议
第一章国际商法导论 一、单项选择题 1、我国法律最重要的渊源是（） A.制定法 B.立法解释 C.判例 D.司法解释 2、下列国家中，属于普通法体系的有( )。 A．新西兰B．比利时C．荷兰 D.瑞士 3、英国的普通法来源于( )。 A．成文法B．判例法C．衡平法 D.普通法 4、大陆法的主要特点是( )。 A．法典化B．受罗马法影响小C．先例约束力原则 D.民商合一 5、判例在法律上和理论上不被认为是法律的渊源的国家是( )。 A．英国B．美国C．德国D、香港 6、大陆法各国都把全部法律分为公法和私法两大部分，这种分类法最早是由( )提出来的。 A．法国法学家B．罗马法学家C．德国法学家D、美国法学家 7、英国法的主要渊源是（） A、学理 B、判例法 C、成文法 D、习惯 8、英国法的主要特点是( ) A、法典化 B、条理化 C、逻辑性 D、二元性 9、普通法来源于( ) A、成文法 B、习惯法 C、衡平法 D、判例法 10、中国法律最重要的渊源是( ) A、判例法 B、成文法 C、宪法 D、习惯法 11、大陆法系国家最主要的法律渊源是（） A、成文法 B、判例法 C、习惯法 D、国际法 12、大陆法的结构特点之一是把全部法律分为( ) A、普通法与平衡法 B、实体法与程序法 C、国内法与国际法 D、公法与私法 二、多项选择题 1、传统的商法主要包括( )。 A．公司法B．票据法C．海商法D．保险法E．产品责任法 2、下列国家中，属于大陆法系的是( )。 A．法国B．加拿大C．美国 D.英国 E.意大利 3、大陆法中的公法包括( )。 A．民法B．宪法C．行政法D．刑法E．诉讼法 4、大陆法的渊源主要有( )。 A．法律B．法理C．习惯D．判例E．法典 5、普通法与衡平法的主要区别有（） A．救济方法不同B．诉讼程序不同C、法院的组织系统不同D．法律术语不同E．管辖权不同 6、在国际上从事国际商事交易的主体基本上是( ) A、国家 B、企业 C、公司 D、国际机构 E、国际组织
Unit 1~2 Mercantilism 重商主义 Neomeicantilist 新重商主义者 Trade surplus 贸易顺差 Quota and tariff 配额和关税 Government intervention 政府干预 Zero-sum game 零和博弈 Positive-sum game 常和博弈 The theory of absolute advantage 绝对优势理论 The theory of comparative advantage 比较优势理论 Factor endowments 要素禀赋理论 Product life cycle 产品生命周期（+theory ……理论） Economies of scale 规模经济 Diminishing returns 收益递减规律 Green revolution 绿色革命 Voluntary restriction 自动出口限制 Deposit 佣金 First mover advantage 先占优势 Barrier to entry 进入(市场)壁垒 Porter’s diamond theory 波特的钻石理论 National competitive advantage 国家竞争优势 The department of commerce 商务部 Letter of credit 信用证 Draft /bill of exchange 汇票 bill of lading B/L 提单 Sight draft 即期汇票 Time draft 远期汇票 Banker ‘s acceptance 银行承兑（+bill …汇票） Trade acceptance 商业承兑汇票 Countertrade 对等贸易 Barter 易货贸易 Switch trading 转手贸易 Offset 抵消 Counter purchase 互购贸易 Compensation trade 补偿贸易 Mercantilism suggests that it is in a country’s best interest to maintain a trade surplus -- to export more than it imports（重商主义就是保持贸易顺差以实现一国的最大利益---出口超过进口） Mercantilism advocates government intervention(介入) to achieve a surplus in the balance of trade （重商主义主张政府介入以便实现对外贸易顺差） It views trade as a zero-sum game - one in which a gain by one country results in a loss by another （将贸易看成零和博弈，一个国家收益一个国家受损） Absolute Advantage 绝对优势 Adam Smith argued that a country has an absolute advantage in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country in producing it 亚当斯密认为一个国家生产一种商品比其他任何国家效率都高时存在绝对优势 According to Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade these goods for the goods produced by other countries 按照亚当斯密的说法，各国应该专门生产具有绝对优势的商品，然后用他们交换其他国家生产的商品 The Benefit（好处） of Absolute Advantage and Free Trade The Principle for International Division of Labor–Absolute Advantage 国际分工的原则---绝对优势 The Consequence（结果） of Division of Labor and Free Trade 分工的结果和自由贸易 1. To Production: the Flow of the Factor of Production 生产要素的流动； the Efficiency of Factor Distribution 要素分配效率；the Quantity of Production 产品质量。 2. To Consumer: Welfare from Free Trade自由贸易福利: low price of imports and more consumption 低价格的进口更多的消费 Comparative Advantage比较优势 Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage suggests that countries should specialize in the production of those goods they produce most efficiently and buy goods that they produce less efficiently from other countries, even if this means buying goods from other countries that they could produce more efficiently at home李嘉图的比较优势理论认为一个国家分工生产最有效率的产品，而从别国购买自己生产效率相对较低的产品，
研究生谋程班《国际商法》考试题 姓名:学号:成绩: 一、单顼选择题(每小题2分,共20分) 1、根据国际货物买卖合同公约的规定,下列各项中,属于发价的是(D) A.普通商业广告 B.商品目录 C.商品价目表 D.一项包含货物名称、数量和价格的订约建议 2、下列各项中,不属于代理人忠实义务内容的是(D) A.代理人应及时将有关客户的资料披露给被代理人 B.代理人不得以被代理人的名义与自己订立合同 C.代理人不得与第三人恶意串通,损害被代理人的利益 D.代理人应亲自履行代理义务,不得擅自转托他人 3、依商法原理,无限责任公司与合伙企业相比其共同点是(C) A.具有独立的法人地位 B.设立有最低资本额的要求 C.对外承担无限连带责任 D.能对外募集资本 4、美国各州公司法一般允许股东按应选董事的人数,把全部票数集中投于他所同意的董事 名下,这在公司法原理上被称为(C) A.简单多数决原则 B.双重多数决原则 C.累积投票制 D.单纯多数决原则 5、依照世界主要国家公司法的规定,一般认为公司是以营利为目的的(A) A.法人 B.非法人组织 C.财团法人 D.社会团体组织 6、下列各国公司法律中,要求股份有限公司采取法定资本制的是(C) A.英国 B.美国 C.法国 D.荷兰 7、甲公司与乙公司订立国际货物买卖合同。由于卖方甲公司未及时将货物凭证交付给乙公司,致使货物在从甲地运至乙地码头时,乙公司无法提货而滞留,遭风暴全部损毁,双方当事人因未对货物风险分担进行约定,故发生纠纷,依照《国际货物买卖合同公约》,该批货物风险损失应(B) A.由卖方甲公司承担 B.由买方乙公司承担 C.由甲、乙公司分担 D.按公平原则处理 8、乙公司对甲公司发价的接受通知于8月5日从乙地发出,8月9日到达甲公司所在地,8月10日下午到达甲公司传达室,8月11日上午甲公司经理阅及此通知。依《国际货物买卖合同公约》,乙公司接受的生效时间是(C) A.8月5日 B.8月9日 C.8月10日 D.8月11日 9、依照《国际货物买卖合同公约》,对于买方违约时卖方采用的下列补救措施中,表述不正确的是 (D) A.买方不接受货物,卖方将货物售与他人后向买方请求损害赔偿 B.买方在卖方规定的合理的额外时间内履行了合同,但卖方仍然请求损害赔偿 C.买方未在卖方规定的合理的额外时间内履行合同,卖方宣告撤销合同
《国际商法》试卷（3） 一、单项选择题：（只有一个符合题意的正确答案，20题，每题1分，共20分） 1.国际商法是调整（）的法律规范的总称。 A.国际贸易关系 B.国际商事关系 C.国际经济关系 D.国际投资关系 2.国际商法最重要的渊源是（）。 A.国际商事条约或公约 B.国际商事惯例 C.各国国内商事法律 D.国际公法 3.各国法律对股份有限公司的发起人人数均有规定，如德国股份公司发起人的最低人数为（）。 A.3人 B.5人 C.7人 D.9人 4.票据上的权利义务及相关事项完全以票据上的记载为准，说明票据具有（）。 A.要式性 B.无因性 C.文义性 D.流通性 5.发明家期利尼于2000年10月20日就其一项发明在法国申请专利。2001年9月30日，斯利尼又就发明向中国专利局提出了专利申请，并申请了优先权。后斯利尼的该项发明在法国和中国分别于2002年12月31日、2003年8月15日被授予专利权。据此，斯利尼的该发明专利权在中国有效期应截止哪一天？（） A.2020年10月19日 B.2022年8月14日 C.2015年9月29日 D.2021年9月29日 6.甲汽车配件厂对乙汽车厂负有合同债务，此时两公司合并，致使该债务归于消灭，从而使原合同关系亦不复存在。这种合同消灭的方式被称为（）。 A.抵消 B.免除 C.混同 D.混合 7.乙公司对甲公司发价的接受通知于8月5日从乙地发出，8月9日到达甲公司所在地，8月10日下午到达甲公司传达室，8月11日上午甲公司经理阅及此通知。依《国际货物买卖合同公约》，乙公司接受的生效时间是( )。 A.8月5日 B.8月9日 C.8月10日 D.8月11日 8.依大陆法，合伙人之间如对任何一个合伙人的权利有所限制，不得用以对抗( )。
仲裁: 仲裁是指买卖双方在纠纷发生之前或发生之后，签订书面协议，自愿将纠纷提交双方所同意的第三者予以裁决，以解决纠纷的一种方式。 提存: 提存的概念，由于债权人的原因，债务人无法向债权人给付合同标的物时，债务人将合同标的物交付提存机关而消灭合同关系的法律制度。 股份有限公司: 股份有限公司全部注册资本由等额股份构成并通过发行股票(或股权证)筹集资本,公司以其全部资产对公司债务承担有限责任的企业法人。 代理: 代理是指代理人以被代理人（又称本人）的名义，在代理权限内与第三人（又称相对人）实施民事行为，其法律后果直接由被代理人承受的民事法律制度。 提单： 提单是指用以证明海上货物运输合同和货物已经由承运人接收或者装船，以及承运人保证据以交付货物的单证。 海运提单是承运人收到货物后出具的货物收据，也是承运人所签署的运输契约的证明，提单还代表所载货物的所有权，是一种具有物权特性的凭证。 要约: 要约，在外贸业务中又称为发盘或发价，它是一方当事人向对方提出意愿根据一定的条件与对方订立合同，并且包含了一旦该要约被对方承诺时就对提出要约的一方产生约束力的意思表示。 不可抗力： 对市场和电力系统有严重影响的不可预期和不可控制的事件及其产生的后果。包括自然灾害和战争等。符号“f”。背书： 票据的收款人或持有人在转让票据时，在票据背面签名或书写文句的手续。背书的人就会对这张支票负某种程度、类似担保的偿还责任，之后就引申为担保、保证的意思。即为自己的事情或为自己说的话作担保、保证 专利： 一项发明创造的首创者所拥有的受保护的独享权益。专利的三种类型：发明专利、实用新型专利、外观设计专利。专利权是一种专有权，这种权利具有独占的排他性。非专利权人要想使用他人的专利技术，必须依法征得专利权人的同意或许可。 有限责任公司： 有限责任公司，又称有限公司（CO，LTD）。有限责任公司指根据《中华人民共和国公司登记管理条例》规定登记注册，由两个以上、五十个以下的股东共同出资，每个股东以其所认缴的出资额对公司承担有限责任，公司以其全部资产对其债务承担责任的经济组织。有限责任公司包括国有独资公司以及其他有限责任公司。 简答题 1、要约与承诺的要件分别是什么? （一）要约是特定合同当事人的意思表示。（二）要约必须向要约人希望与之缔结合同的相对人发出。（三）要约必须具有缔约目的并表明经承诺即受此意思表示的拘束。 （四）要约的内容必须具备足以使合同成立的主要条件。 1)承诺必须是受要约人作出。 2)承诺的方式符合要约的要求 3)承诺必须在要约的有效期限内到达要约人。 4)承诺的内容必须与要约的内容相一致。 2、提单的性质和作用是什么? （1）提单是承运人或其代理人签发的货物收据，证明已按提单所列内容收到货物。 （2）提单是一种货物所有权的凭证 （3）提单是托运人与承运人之间所订立的运输契约的证明3.知识产权的特征. 1)知识产权具有时间性。 2)知识产权具有地域性。 3)知识产权具有专有性。 4)知识产权须经法律直接确认。 5)知识产权的客体属无形财产。 4.大陆法关于合同消灭的原因有哪些? 1、清偿，是指按合同的约定实现债权的的行为。 2、抵销，是指双方互债务时，各以其债权充当债务之清偿，而使其债务与对方的债务在对等额内相互消灭。 3、提存，是指由于债权人的原因而无法向其交付合标的物时，债务人将该交给提存部门而消灭合同的制度。 4、免除，是指债权人免除债务人的债务，亦即债权人放弃其债权，从而消灭合同关系及其他债之关系的单方面行为。 5、混同，是指债权与债务同属于一个人，即同一个人既是债权人同时又是债务人。 5.代理的特征 1、被代理人和代理人之间是一种法律关系。 2、代理是一种涉及被代理人、代理人和第三人之间的三方关系。 3、被代理人与代理人之间是一种信任关系。 6.保险的基本原则 L、最大诚信原则 2、可保利益原则 3、补偿原则 4、近因原则 论述题： 一、股份有限公司和有限责任公司的特点 有限责任公司和股份有限公司是两种常见的公司形式，它们都是股份制企业，具有企业法人资格，股东承担的是有限责任，公司以营利为目的，依法设立。这些是主要的共同之处，同时，它们又各有一些特点，主要表现在： 1．筹资能力不同。有限责任公司股东人数是有限制，股份有限公司股东人数是无限制，股份有限公司的筹资能力强于有限责任公司。 2．组成因素有差别。股份有限公司以资本联合为基础而组成，这是其显著特点，而有限责任公司除了资本的联合之外，还考虑了人的因素，就是股东之间是相互了解的并有一定的
国际商法自学考试试题及参考答案
一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分) 在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。错选、多选或未选均无分。 1.英国的普通法来源于() A.衡平法 B.习惯法 C.判例法 D.法院解释 2.对宪法和法律的条文本身可作进一步明确界限或做补充规定的是() A.全国人大 B.全国人大常委会 C.最高法院 D.国务院 3.在中国无法律拘束力的法律解释是() A.立法解释 B.司法解释 C.行政解释 D.学理解释 4.英美普通法强调合同的实质在于当事人所作
出的() A.合意 B.法律行为 C.协议 D.许诺 5.对违约金的性质，下列表示正确的是() A.德国认为是损害赔偿性 B.英美法认为是损害赔偿性 C.德国认为是罚金 D.法国认为是罚金 6.重大违约与轻微违约的法律后果的区别是() A.受损害方都能够拒绝履行自己的合同义务 B.受损害方都不能够拒绝履行自己的合同义务 C.受损害方都能够要求解除合同 D.对于前者，受损害方能够解除合同，即解除自己应履行的义务；对于后者，受损害方不能拒绝履行自己的合同义务 7.根本违反合同的基本标准是() A.违约方剥夺了对方根据合同有权期待得到的东西 B.违约方剥夺了对方非依合同有权得到的利益
C.违约方并不预知而且同样一个通情达理的人处于相同情况中也没有理由预知会使对方因此失去有权期待得到的利益 D.违约方剥夺了对方根据合同无权期待得到的东西 8.确定出口商品价格的基本要素是() A.货物风险 B.卖方责任 C.货物质量 D.贸易术语 9.下列哪个术语表示，卖方承担最重的义务?() A.EXW B.DDP C.FAS D.DDU 10.1990年国际贸易术语解释通则把13种贸易术语分为E、F、C、D四组，它的排列是按照() A.贸易术语各自适应的运输方式 B.以前通则的习惯做法 C.买方责任的由小到大顺序 D.卖方责任的由小到大顺序
14. I.1.Get letters, documents and packages delivered overnight. 2.Handle nearly 2 million packages and documents per day 3.Own a large number of airplanes, trucks and vans for handling delivery 4.Ensure that most of its flights arrive within fifteen minutes of schedule https://www.doczj.com/doc/627966314.html,e a combination of direct services and independent contractors for international deliveries 6.Promote the company's record of efficiency and on time delivery 7.Face intense competition from electronic mail 8.Businesses need to be able to communicate quickly with employees around the world 9.Offer international service to over one hundred countries 10.An adverse impact which losses in international operations have on a firm's earnings 11.Increase a company's fixed costs of international operations 12.Experience poor sales performance due to very stiff competition 13.Have difficulty in building a global infrastructure to support its operations 14.Try to improve its services through more sophisticated computers II.1.Businesses and individuals in the United States and the whole world benefit greatly from the overnight letter,document and package delivery service handled by Federal Express. 2.Federal Express has up-do-date means of transport,highly efficient service centers and facilities, and loyal and hardworking employees, which ensures the quick and punctual fulfillment of its delivery service. 3.To promote its delivery service, Federal Express motivates its employees by offering them excellent training and compensation, so that they have very high level of service and efficiency. 4.Despite its remarkable business performance, Federal Express is faced with fierce competition from its rivals in its business operations, with the result of a considerable loss of its market share. 5.Although it has experienced many difficulties and setbacks in its business operations, Federal Express is convinced that, by improving its service through more sophisticated computers and customer relations, it can certainly succeed in attaining further overseas expansion. Revision Exercises(LL.8-14) I.1.in 2.in 3.with 4.for 5.to 6.of 7.on 8.in 9.to 10.with 11.on 12.with 13.from 14.of 15.by 16.in II.1.along with 2.importers 3.ensure 4.advertise 5.establishing 6.existing 7.blueprint 8.in contrast with 9.in spite of 10.was subject to 11.were aimed at 12.are likely to 13.prevailing 14.affect 15.regardless of 16.extent III.1.the government will provide them with preferential loans and relatively
商法试题及答案 一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20 分)在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。 1.依照英国法，下列各项中会使合同无效的是() A. 一方当事人意思表示的错误 B. 一方当事人判断上的错误 C. 一方当事人对自己履约能力的估计错误 D. 在认定当事人上发生错误 2. 依照法国法，合同违约责任的归责原则是() A. 过失责任原则 B. 无过失责任原则 C. 结果责任原则 D. 公平责任原则 3. 依美国法，法院通常会作出实际履行的判决的合同是() A. 提供个人劳务的合同 B. 土地买卖合同 C. 当事人一方为未成年人的合同 D. 建筑合同 4. 依照英国法，一方违约，对方既可以解除合同，又可以要求赔偿损失的，是指违反了() A. 条件条款 B. 担保条款 C. 条件条款和担保条款 D. 条件条款或担保条款 5. 依照我国《合同法》，适用诉讼时效期间为4 年的合同是() A. 国际货物买卖合同 B. 技术开发合同 C. 技术转让合同 D. 承揽合同 6. 根据英国货物买卖法的规定，下列不属于卖方对其所出售的货物应承担品质担保义务的是() A. 凭说明的交易，卖方所交付的货物必须与说明相符 B. 营业中出售货物，即使有关货物的缺陷已在订约前提醒买方注意，卖方所提供的货物仍然应具有商销品质 C. 凭样品成交的买卖，卖方所交的货物在品质上应与样品相符 D. 在交易中既有样品，又有说明，则卖方所交的货物应与样品和说明都一致 7. 根据国际货物买卖合同公约的规定，在双方当事人没有约定的情况下，货物运输过程中发生毁损灭失的风险原则上应由() A. 买方承担 B. 卖方承担 C. 买方或卖方承担 D. 买方和卖方共同承担 8. 根据国际货物买卖合同公约的规定，当卖方只交付部分货物而未构成根本违反合同时，买方所不能采取的救济方法是() A. 退货 B. 减价 C. 损害赔偿 D. 撤销整个合同 9. 根据国际货物买卖合同公约的规定，接受通知在传递中可能发生的失误风险，其承担人应是() A. 发价人 B. 受发价人 C. 传递人 D. 主要由发价人承担，传递人有过失的，也应分担部分风险 10. 根据国际货物买卖合同公约的规定，在合同已有效成立而又没有明示或默示地规定货物的价格或规定确定价格的方法时，确定货物价金的依据是() A. 交货时卖方所在地的合理价格 B. 交货时买方所在地的合理价格 C. 交货时合同履行地的合理价格 D. 订立合同时的通常价格
国际商务英语教程期末调研试卷 命题人Chiang yao 一，短语(1x20=20分） 1.shop around for 2.资本劳动比率 3 横向联合4,税收收入 5.比较劣势 6. technological gap 7.中间产品 8.制造工序 9.管理权10.购买力平价11，税额优惠12，市场潜力13.企业管理14.成本效益15.国际市场营销16.on a par with 17. 独资所有人18.企业实体19.制定转账价格20. 逃税 二，介词（1x10=10分） 1.The basic functions of commercial banks are to accept demand deposits ______which checks can be drawn and to make short-term loans. 2.when a country's currency is strong ,foreign goods can be bought _____relatively low prices. 3.As we monitored the progress of the program ,it became obvious to us that timely access____information is indispensable. 4.Services can be classified as being either consumer or industrial services _____nature. 5.A lack of cooperation in some countries may stem ____ cultural differences in how intellectual property is viewed. 6.China's gross domestic product grew _____over 8 percent a year for 14 years. 7.This trend continued for many years until improvements _____transportation and communication enabled large producers to manufacture goods at lower costs and charge lower prices. 8.In contrast ___lifestyle business,some small firms are small simply because they are new. 9.By 1992 Hong Kong's share ___ total Chinese exports had risen to 44%. 10._____ respect to economic crisis , it may be caused by casually used free market. 三，（请从以下括号内选择最合适的单词或词组与有关的句子相匹配，并根据需要改变词形）（2x15=30分） ((1)staff recruitment (2)subsidiary (3)merge with (4)emotional strain (5)huge conglomerates (6)per capita (7)infrastructure (8)payback period (9)commission (10)stimulus (11)adapt to (12)make a compromise
附录一国际商法模拟试题及其参考答案 国际商法试题（A卷） 一、填空题：每空1分，共20分。 1 国际商法的渊源主要有三个，即：（1 ）国际商事条约；（2）国际商务惯例；（3）各 国有关商事的国内立法。 2 合同必须合法包括两个方面，即：（1）合同的标的物必须合法；（2）合同所追求的 目的和行使的范围必须合法。 3 损害赔偿的范围原则上应包括：因债务人违约所造成的（1）实际损失;（2）利润 损失（或预期损失）。 4 如果买方收取了卖方超量交货的全部或一部分时，原则上买方应按合同价格支付货 5 产品责任法中的产品是指生产者生产并已投入流通领域而可供使用的有形物品。 6 美国社会目前实施的产品责任法理论主要是严格责任理论。 7 商标的种类一般可分为：制造商标、商业商标和服务商标三种。 8 在规范专利申请时，各国专利法一般采用“一发明，一申请”的原则。 9 无限公司完全以股东个人的信用为基础，在公司法理论中属于一种典型的人合公 _____________ 司。 10 股票是股份证券形式，是一种表现股东权利的不完全的有价证券。 11和解程序可以由有关当事人随时随地合意开始进行，一般没有第三者参与。 12 仲裁机构进行仲裁审理的方式一般可以分为开庭审理和书面审理两种方式。 13 保险人承保海上货物运输保险的责任期限，在国际上通常是按仓至仓的责任规定办理。 14 在海运保险中，战争险的责任期限是以货物装上海轮时开始，到货物最后在卸货 港卸离海轮时止；或者在海轮到达目的港当天午夜起算满15天为止。 15 根据1980年《联合国国际货物多式联运公约》的规定，对于迟交货物的索赔，收 货人应于交货后60天内向联运人送交书面通知，否则联运人可免除赔偿之责。 16 在代理关系中，被代理人与代理人对第三人的关系称为外部关系。 17 被代理人为代理人在其授权范围内行为时的过错而承担义务的情况称为转承义 ____________ 务。 18 根据我国《民法通则》规定，在无权代理的情况下，只有经过被代理人追认，—代理人才承担责任。 、判断正误题：若正确在题后答案表中的相应位置内画"，错误的画X。每题 1分，共20分。
14. 1. 1 .Get letters, documents and packages delivered overnight. 2.Handle nearly 2 million packages and documents per day 3.Own a large number of airplanes, trucks and vans for handling delivery 4.Ensure that most of its flights arrive within fifteen minutes of schedule https://www.doczj.com/doc/627966314.html,e a combination of direct services and independent contractors for international deliveries 6.Promote the company's record of efficiency and on time delivery 7.Face intense competition from electronic mail 8.Businesses need to be able to communicate quickly with employees around the world 9.Offer international service to over one hundred countries 10.An adverse impact which losses in international operations have on a firm's earnings II.Increase a company s fixed costs of international operations 12.Experience poor sales performance due to very stiff competition 13.Have difficulty in building a global infrastructure to support its operations 14.Try to improve its services through more sophisticated computers IL 1.Businesses and individuals in the United States and the whole world benefit greatly from the overnight letter,document and package delivery service handled by Federal Express. 2.Federal Express has up-do-date means of transport,highly efficient service centers and facilities, and loyal and hardworking employees, which ensures the quick and punctual fulfillment of its delivery service. 3.To promote its delivery service, Federal Express motivates its employees by offering them excellent training and compensation, so that they have very high level of service and efficiency- 4.Despite its remarkable business performance, Federal Express is faced with fierce competition from its rivals in its business operations, with the result of a considerable loss of its market share. 5.Although it has experienced many difficulties and setbacks in its business operations, Federal Express is convinced that, by improving its service through more sophisticated computers and customer relations, it can certainly succeed in attaining further overseas expansion. Revision Exercises(LL.8-14) I.Lin 2.in 3.with 4.for 5. to 6.of 7.on 8.in 9.to 10. with 1 Lon 12.with 13.from 14.of 15.by 16.in IL 1.along with 2.importers 3.ensure 4.advertise 5.establishing 6.existing 7.blueprint 8.in contrast with 9.in spite of 10.was subject to 11 .were aimed at I2.are likely to 13.prevailing 14.affect 15.regardless of 16.extent III.1.the government will provide them with preferential loans and relatively cheap raw materials