传播Communication 内向/自我传播Intrapersonal Communication 人际传播Interpersonal Communication 群体传播Group Communication 组织传播Organization Communication 大众传播Mass Communication 单向传播One-Sided Communication 双向传播Two-Sided Communication 互动传播Interactive Communication 媒介Media 大众传播媒介Mass Media 新媒介New Media 新闻洞News Hold 新闻价值News Value 传播者Communicator 主动传播者Active Communicator 受传者/受众/阅听大众Audience 受众兴趣Audience Interest 受众行为Audience Activity 信息Information 信号Signal 讯息Message 信息熵Entropy 冗余/冗余信息Redundancy 传播单位Communication Unit 奥斯古德模式Osgood Model 编码Encoding 解码Decoding 信源Source 传播的数学理论Mathematical Theory of Communication 传播渠道Communication Channel 有效传播Effective Communication 传播效果Effects 知识沟Knowledge-Gap 使用与满足模式Uses and Gratifications Model 使用与依从模式Uses and Dependencys Model 口传系统System of Oral Communication 地球村Global Village 内爆Implosion 全球化Globalization 本土化Localization 电子空间Cyber Space 数字化Digitalization 文化帝国主义Culture Imperialism 跨文化传播Intercultural Communication 守门人Gatekeeper 新闻采集者News Gatherers 新闻加工者News Processors 模式Model 有线效果模式Limited Effects Model 适度效果模式Moderate Effects Model 强大效果模式Powerful Effects Model 子弹论Bullet Theory 两级传播模式Two-Step Flow Model 多级传播模式Multi-Step Flow Model 沉默的螺旋模式Spiral of Silence Model 劝服传播Persuasive Communication 议程设置模式the Agenda-Setting Model 时滞Time Lag 最合适效果跨度Optimal Effects Pan 时间跨度Time Span 公众舆论Public Opinion 选择性接触Selective Exposure 选择性注意Selective Attention 选择性理解Selective Perception 选择性记忆Selective Retention 可信性提示Credibility Heuristic 喜爱提示Liking Heuristic 共识提示Consensus Heuristic 市场驱动新闻学the Market-Driven Journalism 意识形态Ideology 霸权Hegemony 权力话语Power Discourse 视觉文本Visual Text 文本Text 超级文本Hypertext 结构主义Constructionism 解构主义Deconstructionism 文化工业Culture Industry 大众文化Mass Culture 文化研究Cultural Studies 批判学派/批判理论Critical Theory 法兰克福学派Frankfurt School 女权主义/女性主义Feminism 符号学Semiotics/Semiology 符号Sign 能指与所指Signified/Signifier 非语言符号Nonverbal Sign 非语言传播Nonverbal Communication 意指Signification 话语理论Theories of Discourse 文化期待Culture Expectations 文化批判Culture Criticizing 范式Paradigm 叙事范式Narrative Paradigm 强语境High Context 弱语境Low Context 功能理论Functionalism
forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.
2019大学英语四级翻译中的中国特色词汇(1)一、汉语的那些秘密 小编啰嗦一句：汉语是世界上最美的文字，没有之一 汉字 Chinese character 单音节 single syllable 汉语四声调 the four tones of Chinese characters 阳平 level tone 阴平 rising tone 上声 falling-rising tone 去声 falling tone 五言绝句 five-character quatrain 七言律诗 seven-character octave 八股文 eight-part essay; stereotyped writing 二、课本中的四书五经你忘了嘛? 四书五经 The Four Books and The Five Classics 1、四书 the Four Books 《大学》 The Great Learning 《中庸》 The Doctrine of the Mean 《论语》 The Analects of Confucius 《孟子》 The Mencius/The Works of Mencius
2、五经 The Five Classics 《春秋》 the Spring and Autumn Annals 《诗经》 The Books of Songs;The Book of Odes 《易经》(《周易》) I Ching; The Book of Changes 《礼记》 The Book of Rites 《尚书》 (《书经》) The Books of History
从传播学视角谈翻译 二十世纪中叶以来，翻译研究一直在不断吸收其他学科的理论成果，以丰富自身理论，指导翻译实践活动。今天，翻译既是一门独立的学科，又与其他学科形成了交叉互连的关系。作为一种语际转换过程，翻译也是 跨文化的信息交流活动[1] ，翻译的任务在很多时候就是信息的传播。传播学起源于二十世纪初期，形成并成熟于中后期，是一门研究人类信息传播活动及其规律的科学。二十世纪末期，翻译研究界开始关注传播学的理论，用传播学的理论指导翻译实践活动。翻译将原文作者、原文文本、译者、译文文本和读者组成了一个信息传递系统，传播学则是研究人与人、人与团体、团体与团体、社会与团体之间怎样借助符号，进行信息沟通[2] ，所以说传播也是一种信息的传递过程。本文从目的、本质和模式三个方面对两者进行分析比较，借助传播学的研究拓宽翻译的理论视野，为翻译研究提供另一个视角。 、翻译与传播的目的比较 译者在从事翻译工作时，总是从文本的意义出发，在语义允许的范围内进行语言、文化等方面的转换活动。因此，“意义” 在翻译过程中享有最重要的地位，翻译工作者和翻译研究者都把原作意义的传达视为翻译的根本任务。 译者的首要任务是透过语言符号捕捉、理解隐藏在字里行间里的意义，再用另外一种语言将其重现。因此，传递原作的意义 既是翻译的出发点又是翻译的归宿。美国著名翻译家尤金?奈达 Eugene A. Nida ）指出“ Translation means translating meaning ”，“翻译就是翻译其意思” [3] ，这一观点清楚地说明了翻译的主要任务。 传播学主要关注的是信源到受众的信息传递过程。传播学中的信源相当于翻译中的原文文本，信息是译者要尽量传达原文的意义，而信源的受众则相当于翻译活动的译文读者。所以，准确传递意义是翻译的根本任务，翻译的最终目的是要让译文读者获得跟原文读者读原文时获得相同的信息一样。译者所起的是媒介作用，通过翻译这一语际转换活动，将原文的信息转化成译文传递给译文读者，这是译者的基本使命。从有效传递信息的角度来说，翻译和传播学的目的是一致的。传播学对应的是宏观方面的信息
本科毕业设计（外文翻译） 题目居住区交往空间规划与设计 院（系部）xxx学院 专业名称xx 年级班级xx 学生姓名xx 指导教师xx xx 年xx 月x 日 Planning and Design of Association Space of residential District
Xia dong liang 【Abstract】:The association space refers to the indoor and outdoor space for communication between residents.The article presents an overall discussion of the necessity，hierarchy and functionality of association space,with a wish to create positive and healthy association atmosphere and stimulate good communication among residents so that the residential area can become a homeland full of love and harmony． 【Keyword】:residential area；association space；necessity；hierarchy；Functionality 【Foreword】：As the housing system reform and the rapid development of real estate, urban residential areas large urban settlements have emerged on the layout of residential buildings, public buildings, public green space, life and living facilities such as roads, to provide urban residents live in the community and The establishment, is an integral part of the city. Exchanges between the living room area residents is to communicate and exchange of indoor and outdoor space. At this stage, people's living standards greatly improved the living environment of continuous improvement district. Developers should not only focus on residential construction and the reasonable comfort, paying greater attention to the construction of residential environment. However, the current environment in the construction of residential areas, they are often the natural ecology of greening the environment is much more to consider, and the promotion of exchanges between the residents of the space environment to consider less, environmental construction can not meet the occupants of the psychological characteristics and needs. From the basic physiological needs gradually to meet the psychological and cultural fields of promoting a higher level, the residential area is not only the function of living, but also people's thinking and feelings of the local exchange. Therefore, the strengthening of exchanges between the residential areas of space construction, increase residential neighbourhood affinity, should be developed in the planning and construction of residential areas should also consider the issue. How to conduct exchanges between the residential areas of space planning and design, improve people's quality of life, the author of his own real estate development
1. 元宵节：Lantern Festival 2. 刺绣：embroidery 3. 重阳节：Double-Ninth Festival 4. 清明节：Tomb sweeping day 5. 剪纸：Paper Cutting 6. 书法：Calligraphy 7. 对联：(Spring Festival) Couplets 8. 象形文字：Pictograms/Pictographic Characters 9. 人才流动：Brain Drain/Brain Flow 10. 四合院：Siheyuan/Quadrangle 11. 战国：Warring States 12. 风水：Fengshui/Geomantic Omen 13. 铁饭碗：Iron Bowl 14. 函授部：The Correspondence Department 15. 集体舞：Group Dance 16. 黄土高原：Loess Plateau 17. 红白喜事：Weddings and Funerals 18. 中秋节：Mid-Autumn Day 19. 结婚证：Marriage Certificate 20. 儒家文化：Confucian Culture 21. 附属学校：Affiliated school 22. 古装片：Costume Drama
23. 武打片：Chinese Swordplay Movie 24. 元宵：Tangyuan/Sweet Rice Dumpling (Soup) 25. 一国两制：One Country, Two Systems 26. 火锅：Hot Pot 27. 四人帮：Gang of Four 28. 《诗经》：The Book of Songs 29. 素质教育：Essential-qualities-oriented Education 30. 《史记》：Historical Records/Records of the Grand Historian 31. 大跃进：Great Leap Forward (Movement) 32. 《西游记》：The Journey to the West 33. 除夕：Chinese New Year’s Eve/Eve of the Spring Festival 34. 针灸：Acupuncture 35. 唐三彩：Tri-color Pottery of the Tang Dynasty/ The Tang Tri-colored pottery 36. 中国特色的社会主义：Chinese-charactered Socialist/Socialist with Chinese characteristics 37. 偏旁：radical 38. 孟子：Mencius 39. 亭/阁：Pavilion/ Attic 40. 大中型国有企业：Large and Medium-sized State-owned Enterprises 41. 火药：gunpowder 42. 农历：Lunar Calendar 43. 印/玺：Seal/Stamp 44. 物质精神文明建设：The Construction of Material Civilization and Spiritual Civilization
在认知语言学的视角下看翻译 摘要：在翻译学界，翻译的标准与原则一直是大家广泛关注的焦点和热门话题，而对于如何实现翻译，研究得更多的是如何处理具体的字、词、句和篇章，实现它们从原语到译语的解码，也就是实现两语对等。但在实际翻译过程中，也就是在对翻译材料进行理解和表达时，译者常常遇到许多困难，因为对材料无法用具体的两语对等方法来处理。所以本文试图从翻译过程中遇到的这些问题出发，在认知语言学的视角下进行思考和研究，运用认知语义学、类典型与基本层次范畴等理论，分析这些问题中隐藏的深层次意识，然后提出自己的观点。 关键词：认知语言学翻译认知语义学类典型基本层次范畴理论 引言 在翻译学界，翻译的标准与原则一直是大家广泛关注的焦点和热门话题。关于翻译的标准，我国历来就有不同的看法，早在汉朝和唐朝时期，就有了“文”与“质”之争，实际上是直译与意译之争；还有清代翻译大师严复于1898年提出了“信”、“达”、“雅”的标准，即忠实于原著，译文流畅，文字典雅。1951年，傅雷先生提出了文学翻译的“传神”论，这是比“信”、“达”、“雅”更高的翻译标准，傅雷先生认为，“以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。”1964年，钱钟书先生提出了翻译的“化境”之说：“文学翻译的最高标准是‘化’”；除了国内的翻译家提出的翻译标准之外，早在1972年，英国著名学者亚历山大·弗雷赛·泰特勒在他的著作《论翻译的原则》里，就提出了翻译中的三项基本原则：一、译文应完全复写出原作的思想；二、译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同；三、译文应和原作同样流畅。（冯庆华2020：P4-5） 对于如何达到翻译的最高标准，研究得更多的是如何处理具体的字、词、句和篇章，实现它们从原语到译语的解码，也就是实现两语对等。但在实际翻译过程中，也就是在对翻译材料进行理解和表达时，译者常常遇到许多困难，因为对材料无法用具体的两语对等方法来处理。所以本文试图从翻译过程中遇到的这些问题出发，在认知语言学的视角下进行思考和研究，运用认知语义学和类典型与基本层次范畴等理论，分析这些问题中隐藏的深层次意识，然后提出自己的观点。
浅谈美学视角下文学作品的翻译 本文从网络收集而来，上传到平台为了帮到更多的人，如果您需要使用本文档，请点击下载按钮下载本文档（有偿下载），另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意！ 文学翻译作为翻译研究的重中之重，在国内外星罗棋布的翻译研究中，大部分成果是关于文学翻译从而开展的。在翻译美学理论的结构中，翻译者的审美具有举足轻重的作用，译者的审美活动对译作的质量起着决定性作用，同时也影响着读者对作品的评价。译者在尊重原作的基础上，为了达成翻译目的，在翻译过程中会表现出其主观能动性，包括文化意识、人文品格以及对审美的创造性。美学注重的是读者的主体性与创造性，体现出了读者的重要性。在某种意义上说，文学作品就是为读者而创作的，而“真正”的读者是美学意义上的读者，此类读者在本质上影响了作品的存在，因为每部作品的艺术生命，在一定程度上都是由读者的接受来决定其长短。文学翻译作为翻译研究的组成部分，至关重要，国内外的翻译理论与实践都从不同的角度去探讨怎样成功、完美的做好文学翻译。 在文学翻译中，美学视角逐渐得到了关注，改变了传统的翻译观，翻译美学也因此为翻译研究拓展了
全新的理论视角与研究方法。在文学翻译领域中，波及到的美学问题不能用一个统一的标准来对待，因为其包括了多种体裁的文学作品翻译，比如：论述文、叙述文等，不同的体裁都有着各自的特点，从而决定了在对其翻译的时候需要考虑到不同的侧重点和策略，波及到的美学问题也完全一样。本文主要从美学的视域下对文学作品中的诗歌与散文这两种文体的翻译进行探讨，比较和分析文学翻译的原则、标准及对其制约影响的因素，为促进美学视角下的文学翻译提供参照。 一、诗歌翻译的美学问题 诗歌是有节奏、有韵律，并且是最古老、最基本的文学形式，其以抒发情怀的方式，高度凝练，具有丰富的感情色彩，可称之为是文学的灵魂，在文学上具有崇高的地位。虽然诗歌的语言简洁，但并涵盖了丰富的喻意。中国诗歌的最大特点就是在读者品读之后，意境依然存在且深远，其音韵、意境、风格和情感等诸多方面的完美融合才构成一部统一的古诗，只有掌握这几个方面的因素，才能成功的翻译中国的诗歌。要翻译出一部好的译作，就需要让这部作品不但有表现形式，还要具有精神气韵，保持原文的音形意这三个方面的美。
1.Opinion Leaders Active in information networks, have many information channels ,so they can often provide information and advice for others and can influence others. 2.The Spiral of Silence For a controversial issue, people will watch the "climate of opinion" before they make comments . judging their opinion whether the "majority opinion", when people feel that their views are "majority" or in the "advantage" , it will tend to boldly express this opinion; when found his views are "a few" or in a "disadvantage" they often remain "silent." The more people remain silent, the more feel that their views are not well accepted, thus a result, the more they tend to remain silent. Repeated several times, they form representing "dominant" status views and more powerful, while holding "inferior" opinions of people sound more and more weak, such a cycle, forming a "one more loudly, and the other more and more silent spiral down the process. " 3.Gatekeeper Lewin was first proposed this idea. The information was screened and filtered by communicator. Communicators decide what we can see and how we can see . 4.Selective exposure hypothesis Audience in the contact information of the mass media is not
毕业设计英文资料翻译 Tran slati on ofthe En glish Docume nts for Graduati on Desig n 课题名称_____________________________________ 院< 系）_____________________________________ 专业 _____________________________________ 姓名 _____________________________________ 学号 _____________________________________ 起讫日期 _____________________________________ 指导教师 _____________________________________ 2018 年2月25日 原文: Abstract：Gree n buildi ng refers to do its best to maximize con servati on of resources (en ergy, land, water, and wood> , protecti ng the environment and reduce polluti on in its life cycle. Provide people with healthy, appropriate and efficient use of space, and nature in harmony symbiosis buildings. Idescribed more details of green building design ' notion, green building ' design, as well as the sig ni fica nee of the con
On Translation of Chinese Culture-loaded Words 论中国特色词汇的英译 Introduction Chapter One Chinese Culture-loaded Words 1.1 Definition of Chinese Culture-loaded Words “中国特色词汇”的定义：（从内容与结构两个方面定义） 集中体现中国特有的事物或现象并具有中国语言独有的语言表达形式的一类词汇 1.2 Characteristics of Chinese Culture-loaded Words “中国特色词汇”的特点：（从内容与结构两个方面说明特点） 1.体现中国特色：集中体现中国特有的事物、现象，并往往带有鲜明的时代特 点，涉及政治、经济、社会、文化教育、日常生活等几乎所有领域。（反映的是具有中国特色的事物） 中国特色词汇是相对于普通词汇和外语词汇而言的，是在中外文化交流过程中突显出来的。其往往缺乏直接对应的英文词汇。 这些特殊词汇或表达法语言生动活泼, 形式简洁明了，并且通俗和富有特色,内涵含蓄丰富, 带有丰富的中国文化内涵反映了中国社会在各个时期独特的社会文化现象, 涵 盖政治、经济、文化教育、社会、外交、艺术、科技、网络、日常生活等方方面面。 政治类的，比如，“三讲”，“三通”，“两会代表”，“中国人民政治协商会议”“一00国两制”、“两手抓”、“三个代表”、“三下乡”、“八荣八耻”、“节日腐败”、“双规”、“地方粮票”等；经济类的，比如，“小康”，“龙头企业”，“解困基金”、“包产到户”、“练摊”、“倒爷”、“假日经济”、“黄金周”、“出口创汇”、“回扣”等等；社会类的，如，“安居工程”，“公款吃喝”，“货币化分房”、“托儿”、“红包”、“啃老族”、“毕婚族”、“超女”、“哈日”、“包二奶”、等；文化教育类的：如“禅宗”，“小品”、相声？“高考移民”、“高考状元”、“保送生”、“普九工程”、“希望工程”、“素质教育”等等；生活行为类的，如，“剪彩”，“皈依三宝”等，诸如此类，不胜枚举。 （这些新用语所包括的文化内涵,一开始不为英语国家人民所理解,但随着我国经济文化的繁荣和综合国力的增强,英语国家人民渴望进一步了解中国,他们开始逐步接受其文化中 所没有的这些具有中国特色的用语。） 2.具有中国语言独有的语言表达形式, 包括一些概念、政治术语、短语和汉语 民族文化特色鲜明的词语等。 这些词中, 有些是旧有词汇被赋予了新义, 有些是外来词汇进行了中国化改造, 有些是根据汉语特点新造出来的词汇。从总体上看, 这些特色词汇反映了汉语构词灵活, 内涵丰富的特点, 很难在英语中找到意思一致的词汇或表达, 因此, 给译者带来极 大的困难。 对与其构词灵活的特点，可以做如下分析。汉语的字和词是分开的。汉语的字是有限的，虽然人们还在造新字，但是这是极为有限的。而汉语新词构造却是无限的。汉字的词形较为
生态翻译视角下的辜鸿铭《论语》英译研究 I believe that smartand intellectual western readers and scholars can think about Chinese and Chinese cultur e from a brand-new perspective, get rid of prejudice and have a more positive attitude towards and Chinese tradition al culture and China.” That means Ku Hungming hopes to change the western attitude towards China and give up t he the violence of imperialist. Translation purpose is of vital importance in the process of a text, and we can know Ku’s English version tra nslation of Lun Yu is fit for temporal social background and has a great influence on Chinese and westerners. 3.Embodiment of the Principles of Eco-translatology Adaptation in Ku Hungming's English Translation of Lun Y u 3.1 Adaptation of the Translational Eco-environment Lefevere once said:” translators function plays an important role in a given culture at a given time.” At the be ginning, we have introduced the history and times background-eco-environment where Ku Hungming lives, because s ome special times and history bac kground will greatly influence translators’ thinking and behaviors. Eco-environment i s closely connected with the following factors, including society, politics, culture and communication. 3.1.1 Society and Politics Before 1840, China is an independent country, and westerners regard China as a mysterious, old and magica l country with all kind of goods everywhere and endless natural resources. In fact, because of the complement of cl ose-door policy for a long time, it seriously hinders the development and enhancement of Chinese society. However, western countries, such as England, France and others have began industrial revolution, and the production takes p lace of hand labor, creating plenty of wealth and excellent science technology, which produces huge energy more th an previous sum of all times. However, the quick development of western countries also deepens capital contraction, and they need to conquer more countries to enlarge their power, and China is one of their destinations. Although Qing Dynasty has rich resources, yet the close-door policy makes him behind the world trend. Western countries sta rt their attacks to China, and China can’t withstand the force of imperialism, and they have to sign the first unequal treaty-Nanjing Treaty, which marks the beginning of semi-colonial and semi -feudal society. After Nanjing Treaty, a s
外文原文 Study on Human Resource Allocation in Multi-Project Based on the Priority and the Cost of Projects Lin Jingjing , Zhou Guohua SchoolofEconomics and management, Southwest Jiao tong University ,610031 ,China Abstract----This paper put forward the a ffecting factors of project’s priority. which is introduced into a multi-objective optimization model for human resource allocation in multi-project environment . The objectives of the model were the minimum cost loss due to the delay of the time limit of the projects and the minimum delay of the project with the highest priority .Then a Genetic Algorithm to solve the model was introduced. Finally, a numerical example was used to testify the feasibility of the model and the algorithm. Index Terms—Genetic Algorithm, Human Resource Allocation, Multi-project’s project’s priority . 1.INTRODUCTION More and more enterprises are facing the challenge of multi-project management, which has been the focus among researches on project management. In multi-project environment ,the share are competition of resources such as capital , time and human resources often occur .Therefore , it’s critical to schedule projects in order to satisfy the different resource demands and to shorten the projects’ duration time with resources constrained ,as in [1].For many enterprises ,the human resources are the most precious asset .So enterprises should reasonably and effectively allocate each resource , especially the human resource ,in order to shorten the time and cost of projects and to increase the benefits .Some literatures have