1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （ alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)
高考英语重点词汇集中复习前130 高考英语重点词汇集中复习前130高考英语重点词汇集中复习前1301. able 一般用法：be able to do 特殊注意：反义词unable表示不能，而disabled表示残疾的。 be able to do可以表示经过艰难困苦才能做到的事。 2. abroad 一般用法：表示到（在）国外，是一个副词，前面不加介词。 特殊注意：可以说from abroad, 表示从国外回来。 3. admit 一般用法：表示承认的时候后面要加上动名词形式。 特殊注意：表示允许进入的时候与介词to搭配。 4. advise 一般用法：advise sb. to do; advise doing 特殊注意：后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气。即：advise that sb. (should) do的形式。 5. afford 一般用法：通常与动词不定式搭配使用。 特殊注意：前面需要有be able to或can等词。
6. after 一般用法：表示在时间、空间之后；be after表示追寻。 特殊注意：用在将来时的时候后面接一时间点，而in接一个时间段，如：after 3 o'clock; in 3 days. 7. agree 一般用法：与介词on, to, with及动词不定式搭配。 特殊注意：agree on表示达成一致；agree to表示批准；agree with表示同意某人说的话。 8. alive 一般用法：表语性形容词，在句中只能作表语，不能作定语。 特殊注意：可以作状语使用，表示活活地，如：bury alive. 9. allow 一般用法：allow doing; allow sb. to do 特殊注意：可以表示允许进入，如：please allow me in. 10. among 一般用法：用在三者或三者以上的群体中。 特殊注意：还可以表示其中之一，如：he is among the best. 11. and 一般用法：用于连接两个词、短语、句子或其他相同结构。
试题三 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.(30%) 1.According to the degree of similarity, homonyms can be classified into ( ) A. perfect homonyms B. homonyms C. homophones D. all the above 2.Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example ( ) A. ad for “advertisement” B. dish for “food" C. fond for “affectionate” D. an editorial for “an editorial article" 3.It is a general belief that the meaning does not exist in the word itself, but it rather spreads over ( ) A. the reader’s interpretation B. the neighbouring words C. the writer's intention D. the etymology of the word 4.Which of the following is a prefix of time and order? A. extra- B. pro- C. re- D. semi- 5.Which of the following dictionaries is not a specialized dictionary? A. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology B. Chamber's Encyclopedic English Dictionary C. Longmont Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs D. Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms 6.Which of the following statements is Not true? A. Reference is the relationship between language and the world. B. The relationship between a word and its referent is arbitrary. C. Concept is universal to all men alike. D. Sense denotes the relationships outside the language. 7.The words which occur before or after a word and may affect its meaning form ( ) A. physical context B. grammatical context C. lexical context D. linguistic context 8."Smith is an architect. He designed World Trade Center. "The clue provided in the context is ( ) A. definition B. explanation C. example D. hyponym 9.The term "vocabulary" is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that ( ) A. it can refer to the common core of a language B. it can refer to the total number of the words in a language C. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical period D. it can stand for words in given dialect or field 10.The idiom "a dark horse" is a ( ) A. simile B. metaphor
MPACC 考试英语二高频词汇。 1.break (1) break away 突然离开，强行逃脱 (2) break down 损坏 (3) break in 非法闯入 (4) break into 非法闯入，强行进入 (5) break out 爆发，突然出现 (6) break off 突然停止，中断 (7) break through 突围，冲破 (8) break up 打碎；终止，结束 (9) break out 爆发，突然出现 2.bring (1) bring about导致，引起 (2)bring around/round 使恢复知觉（或健康）；说服，使信服 (3) bring down 使落下；降低，减少 (4) bring forth 产生，提出 (5) bring forward 提出，提议；提前 (6) bring off 使实现，做成 (7) bring on 引起，促进 (8) bring out 出版，推出；激起，引起 (9) bring through 使（病人）脱险，使安全度过 (10)bring to 使恢复知觉 (11)bring up 养育，教养；提出（问题） 3.call (1) call at/on 访问，拜访 (2) call back 回电话 (3) call for 要求，需要 (4) call in 招来，叫～进来 (5) call off 取消 (6) call on/upon (sb. to do sth) 号召，要求 (7) call up 打电话；招集 4.carry (1) carry forward 推进 (2) carry off 拿走，夺走 (3) carry on 继续 (4) carry out 执行，完成，实现 (5) carry over 使）继续下去，将～延后 (6) carry through 实现，完成，坚持下去；使度过困难（或麻烦）https://www.doczj.com/doc/669412106.html,e (1) come about 发生，产生 (2) come across 偶然遇见，碰上 (3) come along 出现，发生；进步，进展 (4) come apart 破碎，崩溃 (5) come around/round 到来，顺便来访；苏醒，复原
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料c h a p t e r 文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]
Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split.
2010届高考英语核心词汇复习系列第5课时 (careless—club) 1．单词拼写 (1)These flowers like sunshine and will not grow in a cold c_____________． (2)I am working as a c_____________ and keep records or accounts in an office． (3)As a result of the American C_____________ War, slaves became free． (4)Fred became a British c_____________ after living there for several years． (5)A c_____________ is held every year to remember those who died in the war． (6)She is fascinated by the ancient c_____________ (文明)of Greece and Rome． (7)The temperature went down to -56℃_____________． (8)A more detailed example will be given in the next c_____________ (章节)． (9)The kids are watching cartoons on Disney c_____________ (频道)． (10)The church was built in the 13th c_____________． 2．介词填空 (1)They sent me a cheque _____________ $100． (2)I’ve always been cautious _____________giving people my phone number．． (3)The shop charges less if the customer pays _____________ cash． (4)I know _____________ certain the missing file is in here somewhere． (5)Your goods will be sent free _____________ charge． (6)Susan sat on a chair close _____________ the window． (7)The children stood round _____________ a circle． (8)“Welcome to our restaurant!” the waitresses said _____________ a chorus． (9)I bought these glov es, but they’re too large．Can I change them _____________ a smaller size? (10)There are spare batteries there，_____________ case you need them． 3．单项选择 (1)Will the government carry _____________ its promise to create more jobs? A．on B．out C．away D．through (2)If you get caught _____________ in some countries，they will cut off your hand． A．steal B．to steal C．stealing D．to have stolen (3) _____________ are kept on the firm for their meat or milk． A．200 head cattle B．200 head of cattle C．200 head cattles D．200 heads of cattle (4)Teaching young children is a _____________ job． A．challenge and reward B．challenging and rewarded C．challenging and rewarding D．challenged and rewarded (5)There’s a lways the chance _____________ something will go wrong． A．if B．what C．how D．that (6)Gibbons has been charged _____________． A．with attempted murder B．of attempted murder C．with attempt murder D．of attempt murder (7)I have a wide range of gifts _____________，so I can’t make up my mind．
全国高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832 Ⅰ．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.（30%）1．According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.（） A．meaning B．Sound C．combination of sounds D．Group 2．The pronunciation has changed ______ spelling over the years.（） A．more slowly than B．As quickly as C．more rapidly than D．Not so quickly as 3．Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by ______.（）A．use frequency B．notion C．origin D．sound 4．Rapid growth of science and technology breeds such new words as the following EXCEPT______.（） A．green revolution B．fast food C．moon walk D．space shuttle 5．Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new ______ to meet the new need. （）A．form B．meaning C．look D．pronunciation 6．Reviving archaic words also contribute to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, in American English “fall” means ______ in British English.（） A．four B．fell C．for D．autumn 7．The plural morpheme “-s” is realized by /s/after the following sounds EXCEPT ______. （）A．/t/ B．/g/ C．/p/ D．/k/ 英语词汇学试卷第 1 页共9 页
考研英语二重要词汇整理 词汇是考研英语复习的基础，即使是现阶段冲刺复习，仍有不少考生词汇还是老大难，凯程网考研频道希望这些考生能够抓紧复习，词汇大关必须要过，下面是整合的英语二核心词汇，大家捡着重要的背背。 concerned a有关的；关切的，担心的 largely ad. 大量地;主要地 astr on aut n 宇航员 unlikely a. 未必可能的；靠不住的 swallow vt.吞咽n.燕子 solar a.太阳的，日光的；利用太阳光的 glitter vi.闪闪发光，闪烁n.闪光 whereas conj.而，去卩；反之 revolve vi. 旋转；绕转 to swallow up 吞没，耗尽 cloudless a.无云的，晴朗的 lesser a较小的；更少的；次要的 pla net n.行星 White Dwarf ［天］白矮星 to make use of 利用 crowd n. 群，人群vi. 聚集，群集 plateau n.(［复［plateaus 或plateaux)高原 as a rule 通常；一般说来 weaken vt. 削弱，减弱vi. 变弱 parliament n.议会，国会；［P-］议会 whilst conj.(=while)当…时然而；虽然，尽管 above all 首先，首要 debate vt./n.争论，辩论vi.对…进行争论，辩论 injection n. 注射；注射剂，针剂 criterion n. 标准，准则 prosecute vt.对…起诉，告发 euthanasia n无痛楚的死亡；安乐死 n atio nwide a.全国性的ad.在全国范围内 deteriorate vt./vi.( 使)恶化 Dutch a.荷兰人的；荷兰语的n.荷兰人；荷兰语 request vt./n.请求，要求 a great many 很多 lethal a.致死的
Explain the following terms 一1) free morpheme/ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered发出，表达alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In the traditional sense, a free morpheme is a word. 例如hand ,eat, get 2) bound form/never used as sentences. – ess in countess, lioness and duchess –ish in boyish, childish and greenish –s in hats, books and cups 3) function words/ function words are often short words, they do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; They are often short words such as determiners限定词, conjunctions连词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries辅助物, and so forth. 如to, the , of , by 4) content words实词/ They are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. They are the nouns, main verbs, adjectives形容词and adverbs副词of a language. 二1) syntheti c综合的language / inflectional grammatical markers, French, German and Russian. 2) analytic language/word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs , English and Chinese 3) Indo-European family of languages/ Europe and parts of Southern Asia Eight groups 三1) morphemes /The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible可分的or analyzable into smaller forms. 2) allomorphs/variants变体of the same morphem如im-, ir-, il- : allomorphs of the morpheme in- 3) root / is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. work able, work er, work ed, and work ing 4) stem /A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it. It is the part of word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 如undesirables, undesirable; desired, desire 5) base / A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Desirable, desire - base and root, not stem; undesirable, desirable-base, not root and stem 6) inflectional affixes/A inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality复数, tense, and the comparative比较的or superlative 最高的degree. 如-s, -ed, -er, -est 7) derivational affixes / When they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word. re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er 8) compounding 复合法/Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combining two or more bases to form a compound word 9) derivation 派生法/Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base 10) conversion 转化法/Conversion is a word-formation process in which a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. 11) initialism/It is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. 12) acronym首字母缩略词/Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 13) blending拼缀/Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by
考研英语词汇复习笔记 翻硕复习的一大重头戏就是词汇，而词汇量是巨大的，必须要有日常的积累和复习，并且掌握科学的记忆方法，才能最有效地积累词予匚量。下面是关于英语词汇的学习笔记，以供大家参考。(1) 1. bereave :使某人丧失(尤指亲属)bereave Sb Of Sb an accident WhiCh bereaved Him Of his Wife 使他丧失妻子的事古攵the bereaved husband 死了妻子的男人 the bereaved丧失亲人的人 bereavement(n):丧亲之痛，丧失亲人 deprive : take Sth away from sb;PreVent Sb from enjoying Or USing Sth剥夺sb/sth的sth;阻止某人 享有或使用Sth deprive sb/sth Of Sth deprive Of OneS CiVil rights剥夺某人的公民权deprivation(n):剥夺;贫困;被剥夺的事物WideSPreaCl deprivation 普遍贫困 MiSSing the HOIiday WaS a great deprivatiOrL错失假日是极大的损失。 deprived(adj):贫困的，穷苦的deprived ChildhOOd 贫苦的童年
2. abdomen : Part Of the body below the CheSt and CliaPhragm,cOntaining the stomach.腹部 abdominal(adj)腹部的an abdominal OPeratiOn 月复咅8手术belly : (口)front Of the HUman body from the WaiSt to the groin;belly 肚子，胃 With an empty belly 空着肚子 in the belly Of a ShiP 在船腹里 belly OUt(动词用法):鼓涨,凸出The Wind bellied OUt the SaiIS 3. c onSeCrate : devote sth/sb to Or reserve sth/sb for a SPeCial (esp religious) PUrPOSe 扌巴sth/sb 献给 sth/sb 做某种(尤其宗教)用途COnSeCrate sth/sb to Sth COnSeCrate OneS Iife to the SerViCe Of GOd,to the relief Of SUffering献身于为神服务(解除世人痛苦)的事业 devote : give OneS time z energy to sth/sb; dedicate 为某人付出，向某人奉献，献身于devote Oneself/sth to sb/sth devoted(adj):热爱的，非常忠实的Z全心全意的a devoted SOn
高考英语重点词汇填空专项练习 请根据句意和汉语提示填入一个恰当的英语单词(注意形式)。 1. Prices have risen steadily during the past _________(十年), namely from 2005 to now. 2. His interest in this subject gradually _________(减少) because he dislikes the new teacher. 3. Such _________(装饰品) is a typical feature of the new year festival. 4. It was not long before the ________(潮湿的) clothes dried up in the sun. 5. I must apologize for the ________(延误) in writing back to you. 6. I am much __________(高兴) to be present at the lecture and to give you a speech. 7. The thin mailman _________(递送) letters and parcels from door to door every morning. 8. Our headteacher _________(要求) we get to the classroom before half past six in the morning. 9. He had been suffering from toothache for a few days before he went to see a _________(牙医). 10. The hero should _________ (值得/应得) praise and a reward for his brave behavior. 11. It’s admitted that everyone _________(期望/想要) to live in a world free of wars and starvation. 12. If you don’t speak good English, you will be at a big _________(劣势) when seeking a job. 13. There was a ________(失望的) look on his face when he failed to pass the driving test again. 14. Our school _________(阻止/使气馁) us from staying up late to study. 15. Every day after I get up, I _______(给……穿衣服) my son and then wash his hands and face. 16. So _________(满是灰尘的) is the window that I can’t see anything clearly outside. 17. I _______(捐赠) my blood for free each year with the hope of helping those people in need. 18. He works hard, but he does not ______(赚/挣) much money to support his family. 19. I go all out for my ideal university, for I think nothing is more important than ________(教育). 20. What is certain is that every ________(结果) must have a cause. 21. I work hard to improve my English, believing that my ________(努力) will pay off soon. 22. There are four _________(紧急情况) exits in the department store in all. 23. To save money, many shops prefer to ________(雇佣) students during summer vacation. 24. Without your _________(鼓励), I would have given up learning and dropped out of school. 25. When asked why she remained single all the time, she felt a bit _________(尴尬). 26. Some people are tired of living on the earth and want to ________ (体验) the life on Mars. 27. With the College E Examination coming, we are under great pressure. 28. Mr. Smith is an ________(专家) on foreign language teaching. 29. Only by practicing a lot can you speak (流利的) English. 30. She had the f the other day and she went to see a doctor. 31. He is so poor that he can’t afford to buy the ________ (昂贵的) furniture. 32. The whole building was in ________(火焰) and it took two hours to put out the great fire. 33. As the saying goes, f is the mother of success. 34. We should try our best to create a better living ________ (环境). 35. Mr. Wang often encourages me to join in more activities to ________ (丰富) my
英语词汇学试题 Introduction and Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabula ry（练习1） I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. 1.Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of _________construct. A. word B. form C. morpheme D. root 2.________ is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. A. Semantics B. Linguistics C. Etymology D. Stylistics 3.Modern English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes. A. Greek B. Roman C. Italian D. Germanic 4. Semantics is the study of meaning of different _________ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc. A. linguistic B. grammatical C. arbitrary D. semantic 5.Stylistics is the study of style . It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effects A. situation B. context C. time D. place 6.Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form , meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a _______ difference. A . spelling B. semantic C. pronunciation D. pragmatic 7. Terminology consists of _______ terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas. A. technical B. artistic C. different D. academic 8. __________refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades, and professions communicate among themselves. A. Slang B. Jargon C. Dialectal words D. Argot 9 ._________ belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words. A. Jargon B. Argot C. Dialectal words D. Slang 10. Argot generally refers to the jargon of _______.Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups and outsiders can hardly understand it. A. workers B. criminals C. any person D. policeman 11.________ are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question. A. Argot B. Slang C. Jargon D. Dialectal words 12. Archaisms are words or forms that were once in _________use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. A. common B. little C. slight D. great 13. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on ______meanings. A. new B. old C. bad D. good 14. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals. A. functional B. notional C. empty D. formal 15. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called _______words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category. A. content B. notional C. empty D. new