口碑营销外文翻译文献
(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)
原文：
A new way to measure word-of mouth marketing
April.2010 ? Jacques Bughin, Jonathan Doogan, and Ole Jrgen Vetvik
? McKinsey Quarterly
Consumers have always valued opinions expressed directly to them. Marketers may spend millions of dollars on elaborately conceived advertising campaigns, yet often what really makes up a consumer’s mind is not only simple but also free: a word-of-mouth recommendation from a trusted source. As consumers overwhelmed by product choices tune out the ever-growing barrage of traditional marketing, word of mouth cuts through the noise quickly and effectively.
Indeed, word of mouth1 is the primary factor behind 20 to 50 percent of all purchasing decisions. Its influence is greatest when consumers are buying a product for the first time or when products are relatively expensive, factors that tend to make people conduct more research, seek more opinions, and deliberate longer than they otherwise would. And its influence will probably grow: the digital revolution has amplified and accelerated its reach to the point where word of mouth is no longer an act of intimate,one-on-one communication. Today, it also operates on a one-to-many basis: product reviews are posted online and opinions disseminated through social networks. Some customers even create Web sites or blogs to praise or punish brands.
As online communities increase in size, number, and character, marketers have come to recognize word of mouth’s growing importance. But measuring an d managing it is far from easy. We believe that word of mouth can be dissected to understand exactly what makes it effective and that its impact can be measured using what we call “word-of-mouth equity”—an index of a brand’s power to generate messages that influence the consumer’s decision to purchase. Understanding how and why messages work allows marketers to craft a coordinated, consistent response that reaches the right people with the right content in the right setting. That generates an exponentially greater impact on the products consumers recommend, buy, and become loyal to.
A consumer-driven world
The sheer volume of information available today has dramatically altered the balance of power between companies and consumers. As consumers have become overloaded, they have become increasingly skeptical about traditional company-driven advertising and marketing and increasingly prefer to make purchasing decisions largely independent of what companies tell them about products.
This tectonic power shift toward consumers reflects the way people now make purchasing decisions.2 Once consumers make a decision to buy a product, they start with an initial consideration set of brands formed through product experience, recommendations, or awareness-building marketing. Those brands, and others, are actively evaluated as consumers gather product information from a variety of sources and decide which brand to purchase. Their post-sales experience then informs their next purchasing decision. While word of mouth has different degrees of influence on
consumers at each stage of this journey, it’s the only factor that ranks among the three biggest consumer influencers at every step.
It’s also the most disruptive factor. Word of mouth can prompt a consumer to consider a brand o r product in a way that incremental advertising spending simply cannot. It’s also not a one-hit wonder. The right messages resonate and expand within interested networks, affecting brand perceptions, purchase rates, and market share. The rise of online communities and communication has dramatically increased the potential for significant and far-reaching momentum effects. In the mobile-phone market, for example, we have observed that the pass-on rates for key positive and negative messages can increase a co mpany’s market share by as much as 10 percent or reduce it by 20 percent over a two-year period, all other things being equal. This effect alone makes a case for more systematically investigating and managing word of mouth.
Understanding word of mouth
While word of mouth is undeniably complex and has a multitude of potential origins and motivations, we have identified three forms of word of mouth that marketers should understand: experiential, consequential, and intentional.
Experiential
Experiential word of mouth is the most common and powerful form, typically accounting for 50 to 80 percent of word-of-mouth activity in any given product category. It results from a consumer’s direct experience with a product or service, largely when that experience deviates from what’s expected. Consumers rarely complain about or praise a company when they receive what they expect.) Complaints when airlines lose luggage are classic example of experiential word of mouth, which adversely affects brand sentiment and, ultimately, equity, reducing both receptiveness to traditional marketing and the effect of positive word of mouth from other sources. Positive word of mouth, on the other hand,can generate a tailwind for a product or service.
Consequential
Marketing activities also can trigger word of mouth. The most common is what we call consequential word of mouth, which occurs when consumers directly exposed to traditional marketing campaigns pass on messages about them or brands they publicize. The impact of those messages on consumers is often stronger than the direct effect of advertisements, because marketing campaigns that trigger positive word of mouth have comparatively higher campaign reach and influence. Marketers need to consider both the direct and the pass-on effects of word of mouth when determining the message and media mix that maximizes the return on their investments.
Intentional
A less common form of word of mouth is intentional—for example, when marketers use celebrity endorsements to trigger positive buzz for product launches. Few companies invest in generating intentional word of mouth, partly because its effects are difficult to measure and because many marketers are unsure if they can successfully execute intentional word of-mouth campaigns. What marketers need for all three forms of word of mouth is a way to understand and measure its impact and financial ramifications, both good and bad.
Word-of-mouth equity
A starting point has been to count the number of recommendations and dissuasions for a given product. There’s an appealing power and simplicity to this approach, but also a challenge: it’s difficult for marketers to account for variability in the power of different kinds of word-of-mouth messages. After all, a consumer is significantly more likely to buy a product as a result of a recommendation made by a family member than by a stranger. These two kinds of recommendations constitute a single message, yet the difference in their impact on the receiver’s behavior is immense. In fact, our research shows that a high-impact recommendation—from a trusted friend conveying a relevant message, for example—is up to 50 times more likely to trigger a purchase than is a low-impact recommendation.
To assess the impact of these different kinds of recommendations, we developed a way to calculate what we call word-of-mouth equity. It represents the average sales impact of a brand message multiplied by the number of word-of-mouth messages. By looking at the impact—as well as the volume—of these messages, this metric lets a marketer accurately test their effect on sales and market share for brands, individual campaigns, and companies as a whole. That impact—in other words, the ability of any one word of-mouth recommendation or dissuasion to change behavior—reflects what is said, who says it, and where it is said. It also varies by product category.
What’s said is the primary driver of word-of-mouth impact. Across most product categories, we found that the content of a message must address important product or service features if it is to influence consumer decisions. In the mobile-phone category, for example, design is more important than battery life. In skin care, packaging and ingredients create more powerful word of mouth than do emotional messages about how a product makes people feel. Marketers tend to build campaigns around emotional positioning, yet we found that consumers actually tend to talk—and generate buzz—about functional messages.
The second critical driver is the identity of the person who sends a message: the word-of mouth receiver must trust the sender and believe that he or she really knows the product or service in question. Our research does not identify a homogenous group of consumers who are influential across categories: consumers who know cars might influence car buyers but not consumers shopping for beauty products. About 8 to 10 percent of consumers are what we call influentials, whose common factor is trust and competence. Influentials typically generate three times more word-of-mouth messages than nonin fluentials do, and each message has four times more impact on a recipient’s purchasing decision. About 1 percent of these people are digital influentials—most notably, bloggers—with disproportionate power.
Finally, the environment where word of mouth circulates is crucial to the power of messages. Typically, messages passed within tight, trusted networks have less reach but greater impact than those circulated through dispersed communities—in part, because there’s usually a high correlation between people w hose opinions we trust and the members of networks we most value. That’s why old-fashioned kitchen table recommendations and their online equivalents remain so important. After all, a person with 300 friends on Facebook may happily ignore the advice of 290 of them. It’s the small, close-knit network of trusted friends that has the real influence.
Word-of-mouth equity empowers companies by allowing them to understand word of mouth’s relative impact on brand and product performance. While marketers have alway s known that the impact can be significant, they may be surprised to learn just how powerful it really is. When Apple’s iPhone was launched in Germany, for example, its share of word-of-mouth volume in the mobile-phone category—or how many consumers were talking about it—was about 10 percent, or a third less than that of the market leader. Yet the iPhone had launched in other countries, and the buzz accompanying those messages in Germany was about five times more powerful than average. This meant the iPhone’s word of- mouth equity score was 30 percent higher than that of the market leader, with three times more influentials recommending the iPhone over leading handsets. As a result, sales directly attributable to the positive word of mouth surrounding the iPhone outstripped those attributable to Apple’s paid marketing six-fold.Within 24 months of launch, the iPhone was selling almost one million units a year in Germany.
The flexibility of word-of-mouth equity allows us to gauge the word-of-mouth impact of companies, products, and brands regardless of the category or industry. And because it measures performance rather than the sheer volume of messages, it can be used to identify what’s driving—and hurting—word-of-mouth impact. Both insights are critical if marketers are to convert knowledge into power.
Harnessing word of mouth
The rewards of pursuing excellence in word-of-mouth marketing are huge, and it can deliver a sustainable and significant competitive edge few other marketing approaches can match. Yet many marketers avoid it. Some worry that it remains immature as a marketing discipline compared with the highly sophisticated management of marketing in media such as television and newspapers. Others are concerned that they can’t draw on extensive data or elaborate marketing tools fine-tuned over decades. For those unsure about actively managing word of mouth, consider this: the incremental gain from outperforming competitors with superior television ads, for example, is relatively small. That’s because all c ompanies actively manage their traditional marketing activities and all have similar knowledge. With so few companies actively managing word of mouth—the most powerful form of marketing—the potential upside is exponentially greater.
The starting point for managing word of mouth is understanding which dimensions of word-of-mouth equity are most important to a product category: the who, the what, or the where. In skincare, for example, it’s the what; in retail banks, the who. Word-of-mouth equity analysis can detail the precise nature of a category’s influentials and pinpoint the highest-impact messages, contexts, and networks. Equipped with these insights, companies can then work on generating positive word of mouth, using the three forms we identified: experiential, consequential, and intentional.
Although the importance of these triggers varies category by category, experiential sources are the most important across them. Harnessing experiential word of mouth is fundamentally about providing customers with the opportunity to share positive experiences and making the story relatable and relevant to the audience. Some companies, such as Miele and Lego, build buzz around products before launch and work to have early, highly influential adopters by involving consumers in product development, supported by online communities. Consistently refreshing the product experience also
helps harness experiential word of mouth—consumers are more likely to talk about a product early in its life cycle, which is why product launches or enhancements are so crucial to generating positive word of mouth. Buzz also can be sustained after launch: Apple has maintained interest in and excitement about the iPhone via its apps store, as constantly evolving and user-generated content maintains positive word of mouth.
Most companies actively use customer satisfaction insights when developing new products and services. Yet a satisfied customer base may not be enough to create buzz. To create positive word of mouth that actually has impact, the customer experience must not only deviate significantly from expectations but also deviate on the dimensions that matter to the customer and that he or she is likely to talk about. For instance, while battery life is a crucial driver of satisfaction for mobile-handset consumers, they talk about it less than other product features, such as design and usability. To turn consumers into an effective marketing vehicle, companies need to outperform on product and service attributes that have intrinsic word-of-mouth potential.
Managing consequential word of mouth involves using the insights provided by word-of mouth equity to maximize the return on marketing activities. By understanding the word of- mouth effects of the range of channels and messages employed and allocating marketing activities accordingly, companies can equip consumers to spread marketing messages and drive their reach and impact. In fact, McKinsey research shows that marketing-induced consumer-to-consumer word of mouth generates more than twice the sales of paid advertising in categories as diverse as skincare and mobile phones.
Two things supercharge the creation of positive consequential word of mouth: interactivity and creativity. They are interrelated, and particularly important for brands in relatively low-innovation categories that often struggle to gain consumer attention. One example of a company successfully harnessing this power is the UK confectioner Cadbury, whose “Glass and a Half Full” advertising campaign used creative, thoughtful, a nd integrated online and traditional marketing to spur consumer interaction and sales.
The campaign began with a television commercial featuring a gorilla playing drums to an iconic Phil Collins song. The bizarre juxtaposition was an immediate hit. The concept so engaged consumers that they were willing to go online, view the commercial, and create amateur versions of their own, triggering a torrent of YouTube imitations. Within three months of the advertisement’s appearance, the video had been viewed more than six million times online, year-on-year sales of Cadbury’s Dairy Milk chocolate had increased by more than 9 percent, and the brand’s positive perception among consumers had improved by about 20 percent.
Intentional word-of-mouth campaigns revolve around identifying influentials who become brand and product advocates. Of course, companies can’t precisely control what consumers tell others. But ambitious marketers can use word-of-mouth equity insights to shift from consequential to intentional campaigning.
The type of campaign that companies choose to adopt depends on the degree to which marketers can find and target influentials. Marketers capable of undertaking one-to-one marketing—such as mobile-phone operators—are uniquely positioned to execute controlled and effective intentional word-of-mouth campaigns. Mobile carriers have granular customer data that can precisely locate influentials who know the category, talk
to many people, and provide them with trusted opinions. That means messages can be directed at specific individuals who are most likely to spread positive word of mouth through their social networks. As a message spreads, this approach generates an exponential word-of mouth impact, similar to the ripple effect when a pebble is dropped in a pond.
Companies unable to target influentials precisely must take a different approach. While Red Bull, for example, can’t send text messages to specific consumers, it has successfully deployed science to orchestrate effective intentional word-of-mouth campaigns. After identifying influentials among its different target segments, the energy-drink company ensures that celebrities and other opinion makers seed the right messages among consumers, often through events. While it can’t be sure who will attend, Red B ull knows that those who do will be the kinds of consumers it seeks—and that the positive messages they will relay across their own social networks can generate a superior return for its marketing investment.
Marketers have always been aware of the effect of word of mouth, and there is clearly an art to effective word-of-mouth campaigning. Yet the science behind word-of-mouth equity helps reveal how to hone and deploy that art: it shows which messages consumers are likely to pass on and the impact of those messages, allowing marketers to estimate the tangible effect word of mouth has on brand equity and sales. These insights are essential for companies that want to harness the potential of word of mouth and to realize higher returns on their marketing investments.
衡量口碑营销的新方法
了解口碑
口碑无疑颇为复杂，并拥有多种可能的根源和动机，而我们则确定了营销者应该了解的三种形式的口碑：经验性口碑、继发性口碑，以及有意识口碑。
经验性口碑
经验性口碑是最常见、最有力的形式，通常在任何给定的产品类别中都占到口碑活动的50%～80%。它来源于消费者对某种产品或服务的直接经验，在很大程度上是在经验偏离消费者的预期时所产生的。（当产品或服务符合消费者的预期时，他们很少会投诉或表扬某一企业。）航空公司丢失行李引起的投诉，是经验性口碑的典型例子，它会对品牌感受产生不利影响，并最终影响品牌价值，从而降低受众对传统营销活动的接受程度，并有损出自其他来源的正面口碑的效果。反过来，正面的口碑则会让产品或服务顺风满帆。
继发性口碑
营销活动也会引发口碑传播。最常见的就是我们所称的继发性口碑：当消费者直接感受传统的营销活动传递给他们的信息或所宣传的品牌时形成的口碑。这些消息对消费者的影响通常比广告的直接影响更强，因为引发正面口碑传播的营销活动的覆盖范围以及影响力相对来说都会更大。营销者在决定何种信息及媒体组合能够产生最大的投资回报时，需要考虑口碑的直接效应以及传递效应。
有意识口碑
不像前两种口碑形式那么常见的另一种口碑是有意识口碑——例如，营销者可以利用名人代言来为产品发布上市营造正面的气氛。对制造有意识口碑进行投资的企业是少数，部分原因在于，其效果难以衡量，许多营销商不能确信，他们能否成功地开展有意识口碑的推广活动。
对于这三种形式的口碑，营销商都需要以适当的方式从正反两个方面了解和衡量其影响和财务结果。
口碑价值
计算价值始于对某一产品的推荐及劝阻次数进行计数。这种方法有一定的吸引力并且比较简单，但是也存在一大挑战：营销商难以解释说明不同种类的口碑信息的影响可变性。显然，对于消费者来说，由于家人的推荐而购买某产品的可能性要显著高于陌生人的推荐。这两种推荐可以传达同样的信息，而它们对接收者的影响却不可同日而语。事实上，我们的研究表明，影响力高的推荐（例如，来自于所信任的朋友传达的相关信息）导致购买行为的可能性，是低影响力推荐的50倍。
为了评估这些不同种类的推荐的影响，我们开发了一种方法来计算我们所说的口碑价值，它用一条品牌信息的平均销售影响力来乘以品牌信息的数量。这个指标既考查这些信息的影响力，也考查其总量，可以让营销者准确地测试这些信息对品牌、单项推广活动以及整个企业的销售和市场份额的影响。这种影响（也就是任何口头推荐或劝阻
能够改变购买行为的能力）反映了信息所涉及的内容、何人传递的信息、以及在何地所说。这种影响会因产品类别而异。
信息所传递的内容是口碑产生影响力的首要推动因素。我们都发现，在多数产品类别中，如果要影响消费者的决策，信息的内容必须针对产品或服务的重要特性和功能。例如，在手机类产品中，设计比电池寿命更重要。在皮肤护理产品中，关于包装和成份构成的口碑比有关产品为人们带来的感觉这类情感信息更有影响力。营销商往往围绕情感定位来营造推广活动，然而，我们发现，消费者实际上倾向于对功能信息进行讨论并形成口碑。
第二个关键推动因素是信息传递者的身份：口碑接收者必须信任传递者并相信他或她真的了解所说的产品或服务。我们的研究并未发现一个在各类产品中都具有影响力的同质消费者群体：了解汽车的消费者可能对购车者有影响力，但是，不能影响购买美容产品的消费者。大约有8%~10%的消费者属于我们所说的有影响力的人，他们的共同特征是可信和施加影响的能力。有影响力者形成的口碑信息，通常是无影响力者的三倍，其每条信息对接收者购买决策的影响力通常是无影响力者的四倍。在这些人中，大约有1%是通过数字技术发挥影响力，最引人注意的是博客写手，其影响力极其巨大。
最后，传播口碑的地域环境对于信息的影响力至关重要。与通过分散的社区传播相比，在彼此信任、关系密切的圈子中传播的信息覆盖范围通常较小，但影响力较大，部分原因在于，我们信任其意见的人与我们所重视的圈子的成员，通常存在密切的关联性。正是由于这
零售企业营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
译文： 零售企业的营销策略 Philip Kotlor 今天的零售商为了招徕和挽留顾客，急欲寻找新的营销策略。过去，他们挽留顾客的方法是销售特别的或独特的花色品种，提供比竞争对手更多更好的服务提供商店信用卡是顾客能赊购商品。可是，现在这一切都已变得面目全非了。现在，诸如卡尔文·克连，依佐和李维等全国性品牌，不仅在大多数百货公司及其专营店可以看到，并且也可以在大型综合商场和折扣商店可以买到。全国性品牌的生产商为全力扩大销售量，它们将贴有品牌的商品到处销售。结果是零售商店的面貌越来越相似。 在服务项目上的分工差异在逐渐缩小。许多百货公司削减了服务项目，而许多折扣商店却增加了服务项目。顾客变成了精明的采购员，对价格更加敏感。他们看不出有什么道理要为相同的品牌付出更多的钱，特别是当服务的差别不大或微不足道时。由于银行信用卡越来越被所有的商家接受，他们觉得不必从每个商店赊购商品。 百货商店面对着日益增加的价格的折扣店和专业商店的竞争，准备东山再起。历史上居于市中心的许多商店在郊区购物中心开设分店，那里有宽敞的停车场，购买者来自人口增长较快并且有较高收入的地区。其他一些则对其商店形式进行改变，有些则试用邮购盒电话订货的方法。超级市场面对的是超级商店的竞争，它们开始扩大店面，经营大量的品种繁多的商品和提高设备等级，超级市场还增加了它们的促销预算，大量转向私人品牌，从而增加盈利。 现在，我们讨论零售商在目标市场、产品品种和采办、服务以及商店气氛、定价、促销和销售地点等方面的营销策略。 一、目标市场 零售商最重要的决策时确定目标市场。当确定目标市场并且勾勒出轮廓时，零售商才能对产品分配、商店装饰、广告词和广告媒体、价格水平等作出一致的决定。如沃尔玛的目标市场相当明确：
什么是口碑营销?口碑营销有哪些方法？有哪些口碑营销成功案例 （一）什么是口碑营销 口碑营销指的是以口碑传播为核心的营销方式，企业借助一定的渠道和途径进行口碑传播，以实现品牌曝光、商品交易、赢得顾客满意和忠诚、提高企业和品牌形象。 先来看下世界顶级营销大师们对于口碑营销的描述： ┃伊曼纽尔·罗森曾经给出过关于口碑的管理学定义，他说：“口碑是关于品牌的所有评述，是关于某个特定产品、服务或公司的所有的人们口头交流的总和。”所以，早期的口碑一般侧重于人们直接的口头交流。 ┃世界营销之父菲利普·科特勒给21世纪的口碑传播的定义是：口碑是由生产者以外的个人通过明示或暗示的方法，不经过第三方处理、加工，传递关于某一特定或某一种类的产品、品牌、厂商、销售者，以及能够使人联想到上述对象的任何组织或个人信息，从而导致受众获得信息、改变态度,甚至影响购买行为的一种双向互动的传播行为。 ┃口碑营销大师马克?休斯(MarkHughes)在《三张嘴传遍全世界—口碑行销威力大》书中曾提出，最具威力的营销手法，便是“把大众与媒体一起拖下水；藉由口耳相传，一传十、十传百，才能让你的品牌与产品讯息传遍全世界。”
┃安迪-塞诺威兹解释对口碑营销的理解是：“创造一个理由，让人们谈论你的产品，同时，还要创造机会，让人们谈论时更加轻松自如。”后来更是在《做口碑》一书中，给出了一非常清晰的口碑营销分析框架和步骤。谈论者（Talkers）、话题（Topics）、工具（Tools）、参与（T aking Part）和跟踪（Tracking）的5T原则。 在互联网高速发展，网络快速普及的今天，口碑营销也从原来传统线下的传播形式开始着力于互联网的用户习惯和网络意识变得更加多元化。因为我一直在乙方公司从事营销策划和网络运营，给各类行业几百家中大型企业服务过口碑营销、危机公关、品牌包装和整合营销的整体网络营销策划和实际的执行操作。 今天我就从互联网角度来谈一谈现在的口碑营销，来进行更加深度的剖析和理解 l 口碑营销：别人对你的评论就是你的口碑，这是一个从发声-传播-接收的循环的过程。套用在目前的互联网上，即包含着以下三重元素构成： 1. 发声：第三方的身份，品牌身份以外的相关或者无关干系人 2. 传播：发声的渠道平台，进行传播和曝光 3. 评价：对发声的信息接收以后进行互动交流，实现用户到用户的信息口碑传播
E---MARKETING (From:E--Marketing by Judy Strauss,Adel El--Ansary,Raymond Frost---3rd ed.1999 by Pearson Education pp .G4-G25.) As the growth of https://www.doczj.com/doc/673434166.html, shows, some marketing principles never change.Markets always welcome an innovative new product, even in a crowded field of competitors ,as long as it provides customer value.Also,Google`s success shows that customers trust good brands and that well-crafted marketing mix strategies can be effective in helping newcomers enter crowded markets. Nevertheless, organizations are scrambling to determine how they can use information technology profitably and to understand what technology means for their business strategies. Marketers want to know which of their time-ested concepts will be enhanced by the Internet, databases,wireless mobile devices, and other technologies. The rapid growth of the Internet and subsequent bursting of the dot-com bubble has marketers wondering,"What next?" This article attempts to answer these questions through careful and systematic examination of successful e-mar-keting strategies in light of proven traditional marketing practices. （Sales Promotion;E--Marketing；Internet；Strategic Planning ） 1.What is E--Marketing E--Marketing is the application of a broad range of information technologies for: Transforming marketing strategies to create more customer value through more effective segmentation ,and positioning strategies；More efficiently planning and executing the conception, distribution promotion,and pricing of goods,services,and ideas;andCreating exchanges that satisfy individual consumer and organizational customers` objectives. This definition sounds a lot like the definition of traditional marketing. Another way to view it is that e-marketing is the result of information technology applied to traditional marketing. E-marketing affects traditional marketing in two ways. First,it increases efficiency in traditional marketing strategies.The transformation results in new business models that add customer value and/or increase company profitability.
口碑营销经典案例分析 口碑营销一直备受市场营销关注，在如今社会化和互联网高速发展的时代，消费者的沟通更倾向于网络，人们之间信息交流、资源互换频繁出现，使得企业产品、服务透明化，企业的形象也被放大很多倍，这时候口碑越来越受到重视，口碑营销也在企业营销策略中举足轻重。今天，带大家分享几个值得学习的口碑营销案例，希望对于企业策划人员有所启示： 1.加多宝“红动伦敦畅饮加多宝” 红动伦敦畅饮加多宝2012年4月，加多宝“红动伦敦精彩之吉”活动在广州拉开序幕，加多宝“红动伦敦之星”评选同期启动。之后“红动伦敦畅饮加多宝”系列活动随即以“城市接力”的形式，在全国十大城市依次展开主题活动。无论是社会名流、奥运冠军还是普通百姓，都可以将自己对于奥运的祝福写在上面，并将寄语带到伦敦。在伦敦奥运即将开幕之前的7月8日，当一面庄严壮丽的红动大旗在两个巨型加多宝红罐造型的热气球牵动下，于鸟巢上空冉冉升起的时候，全场人群欢呼雀跃。在红旗的辉映下，现场的每一位国人都突然感觉到，自己和伦敦奥运的距离其实是如此之近。伦敦时间7月22日上午，由国家体育总局体育文化发展中心和加多宝集团联合发起的“红动伦敦畅饮加多宝”在伦敦新地标——伦敦眼举行了一次别开生面的为伦敦奥运祝福的活动。本次活动是更名后的加多宝品牌首次在海外惊艳亮相，这无疑展现了加多宝集团的雄厚实力和在全球范围内推广凉茶文化的坚定信心。 评述：口碑营销的特点就是以小搏大，在操作时要善于利用各种强大的势能来为己所用。加多宝的此次体育营销正是借势伦敦奥运会，不断激发中国国民的爱国热情，也拉进了普通民众和伦敦奥运会的距离，让群众获得参与感，使国民的爱国感情得到抒发，从而树立加多宝的正面红色形象，也符合产品定位。使得消费者将加多宝和正能量联系起来，不断扩大口碑宣传。 2.星巴克数字化营销星巴克自然醒专辑微信无疑是今年最火的移动社交应用，星巴克一直走在科技与时尚的前沿，自然要在微信这个新兴平台中进行尝试。今年9月，星巴克在其微信中推出“自然醒”活动：在微信中加“星巴克中国”为好友，只需发送一个表情符号，星巴克将即时回复你的心情，即刻享有星巴克《自然醒》音乐专辑，获得专为您心情调配的曲目，感受自然醒的超能力，和星巴克一同点燃生活的热情和灵感。这种创新式的互动推广获得了消费者的喜爱。之后星巴克又推出“星巴克闹钟”活动，以配合早餐系列新品上市。
市场营销策略 1 市场细分和目标市场策略 具有需求，具有购买能力并愿意花销的个体或组织构成了市场。然而，在大多数市场中，购买者的需求不一致。因此，对整个市场采用单一的营销计划可能不会成功。一个合理的营销计划应以区分市场中存在的差异为起点，这一过程被称为市场细分，它还包括将何种细分市场作为目标市场。 市场细分使公司能更加有效地利用其营销资源。而且，也使得小公司可以通过集中在一两个细分上场上有效地参与竞争。市场细分的明显缺点是，其导致了比单一产品、单一大市场策略更高的生产和营销成本。但是，如果市场细分得当的话，更加符合消费者的需求，实际上将生产更高的效率。 确定目标市场有三种可供选择的策略，它们是统一市场、单一细分市场和多重细分市场。统一市场策略即采取一种营销组合用到一个整体的、无差异的市场中去。采取单一细分市场策略，公司仍然仅有一种营销组合，但它只用在整个市场的一个细分市场中。多重细分市场策略需要选择两个或更多的细分市场，并且每个细分市场分别采用一种单独的营销组合。 2 产品定位 管理者将注意力集中于一种品牌，并以恰当的方式将其与类似的品牌相区分，但这并不意味着该品牌就一定能够最后赢利。因此，管理者需要进行定位，即塑造与竞争品牌和竞争对手的其他品牌相关的自我品牌形象。 市场营销人员可以从各种定位策略中加以选择。有时，他们决定对某一特定产品采用一种以上的策略。以下是几种主要的定位策略： 2.1与竞争者相关的定位 对一些产品来说，最佳的定位是直接针对竞争对手。该策略特别适用于已经具有固定的差别优势或试图强化这种优势的厂商。为排挤微处理器的竞争对手，Intel公司开展了一项活动使用户确信它的产品优于竞争对手的产品。公司甚至为电脑制造商出钱，让它们在自己的广告中带上“Intel Inside”标志。作为市场领导者，可口可乐公司推出新产品并实施其市场营销策略。同时，它密切注视百事可乐公司，以确保对主要竞争对手的任何一次巧妙、有效的营销举措采取相应的对策。 2.2 与产品类别和属性相关的定位 有时候，公司的定位策略有必要将自己的产品与其类别和属性相联系（或相区别）。一些公司尽力将其产品定位在期望的类别中，如“美国制造”。用一句某顾问的话来说，“当你说‘美国制造’的时候，有一种强烈的感情因素在吸引着你”。因此，一家名为Boston Preparatory的规模不大的运动服制造商正在运用这种定位策略，以期胜过那些并非所有产品都在美国制造的势力强大的竞争对手如Calvin Kiein和Tommy Hilfiger。 2.3 通过价格和质量定位 某些生产者和零售商因其高质量和高价格而闻名。在零售行业，Saks Fifth Avenue和Neiman Marcus公司正是定位于该价格—质量策略的。折扣店Target Kmart则是定位于该策略的反面。我们不是说折扣商店忽视质量，而是说它们更加强调低廉的价格。Penny's公司努力—并且大多获得了成功—通过升级高级服装线和强调设计者的名字将其商店定位于价格—质量策略上。 “品牌”一词是个综合性的概念，它包含其他更狭义的理解。品牌即一个名称和（或）标志，用以识别一个销售者或销售集团的产品，并将之与竞争产品相区别。 品牌名称由能够发音的单词、字母和(或)数字组成。品牌标志是品牌的一部分，它以符号、图案或醒目的颜色、字体的形式出现。品牌标志通过视觉识别，但当人们仅仅读出品牌名称的时候，品牌标志并不能够被表达出来。Crest、Coors、Gillette都是品牌名称。AT&T由醒目的线条构成的地球以及Ralph Lauren's Polo的马和骑手是品牌标志，而Green Giant（罐装冷冻菜蔬产品）和Arm&Hammer（面包苏打）既是品牌名称又是品牌标志。 商标是销售者已经采用并且受到法律保护的品牌。商标不仅包括品牌标志，如许多人所认为的那样，也包括品牌名称。1946年的The Lanham Art法案允许厂商向联邦政府注册商标，以保护它们免受其他厂商的使用或误
外文翻译 原文 Marketing Material Source：Marketing Management Author：Philip Kotler Marketing Channels To reach a target market, the marketer uses three kinds of marketing channels. Communication channels deliver messages to and receive messages from target buyers. They include newspapers, magazines, radio, television, mail, telephone, billboards, posters, fliers, CDs, audiotapes, and the Internet. Beyond these, communications are conveyed by facial expressions and clothing, the look of retail stores, and many other media. Marketers are increasingly adding dialogue channels (e-mail and toll-free numbers) to counterbalance the more normal monologue channels (such as ads). The marketer uses distribution channels to display or deliver the physical product or service to the buyer or user. There are physical distribution channels and service distribution channels, which include warehouses, transportation vehicles, and various trade channels such as distributors, wholesalers, and retailers. The marketer also uses selling channels to effect transactions with potential buyers. Selling channels include not only the distributors and retailers but also the banks and insurance companies that facilitate transactions. Marketers clearly face a design problem in choosing the best mix of communication, distribution, and selling channels for their offerings. Supply Chain Whereas marketing channels connect the marketer to the target buyers, the supply chain describes a longer channel stretching from raw materials to components to final products that are carried to final buyers. For example, the supply chain for women’s purses starts with hides, tanning operations, cutting operations, manufacturing, and the marketing channels that bring products to customers. This supply chain represents a value delivery system. Each company captures only a certain percentage of the total value generated by the supply chain. When a company acquires competitors or moves upstream or downstream, its aim is
VANCL凡客诚品是国内的这段时间比较突出的时尚服装品牌，它在中国市场出现的时间相比要比其他品牌要晚很多，而对于时尚服装营销而言，想在一个新市场当中抢得一席之地，即使大量的营销投入，也未必完全可以实现目标。相比VANCL凡客诚品的营销策略，应该说他们很懂市场，他们所做的事情，完全符合市场切入的需要与开展营销的必要元素。 关注VANCL凡客诚品的体验营销和整合营销的这些环节。可以对VANCL凡客诚品所作的策略进行深入的洞察。 一、网络病毒营销 互联网是消费者学习的最重要的渠道，在新品牌和新产品方面，互联网的
重要性第一次排在电视广告前面。 VANCL凡客诚品采用广告联盟的方式，将广告遍布大大小小的网站，因为采用试用的策略，广告的点击率也是比较高，因为采用了大面积的网络营销，其综合营销成本也相对降低，并且营销效果和规模要远胜于传统媒体。 二、体验营销 一次良好的品牌体验(或一次糟糕的品牌体验)比正面或负面的品牌形象要强有力的多。VANCL凡客诚品采用“VANCL试用啦啦队”，免费获新品BRA——魅力BRA试穿写体验活动的策略，用户只需要填写真实信息和邮寄地址，就可以拿到试用装。当消费者试用过VANCL凡客诚品产品后，那么就会对此评价，并且和其他潜在消费者交流，一般情况交流都是正面的(试用装很差估计牌子就砸掉了)。 三、口碑营销 消费者对潜在消费者的推荐或建议，往往能够促成潜在消费者的购买决策。铺天盖地的广告攻势，媒体逐渐有失公正的公关，已经让消费者对传统媒体广告信任度下降，口碑传播往往成为消费最有力的营销策略。 四、会员制体系 类似于贝塔斯曼书友会的模式，订购VANCL凡客诚品商品的同时自动就成
Marketing Strategy Market Segmentation and Target Strategy A market consists of people or organizations with wants,money to spend,and the willingness to spend it.However,within most markets the buyer' needs are not identical.Therefore,a single marketing program starts with identifying the differences that exist within a market,a process called market segmentation, and deciding which segments will be pursued ads target markets. Marketing segmentation enables a company to make more efficient use of its marketing resources.Also,it allows a small company to compete effectively by concentrating on one or two segments.The apparent drawback of market segmentation is that it will result in higher production and marketing costs than a one-product,mass-market strategy.However, if the market is correctly segmented,the better fit with customers' needs will actually result in greater efficiency. The three alternative strategies for selecting a target market are market aggregation,single segment,and multiple segment.Market-aggregation strategy involves using one marketing mix to reach a mass,undifferentiated market.With a single-segment strategy, a company still uses only one marketing mix,but it is directed at only one segment of the total market.A multiple-segment strategy entails selecting two or more segments and developing a separate marketing mix to reach segment. Positioning the Product Management's ability to bring attention to a product and to differentiate it in a favorable way from similar products goes a long way toward determining that product's revenues.Thus management needs to engage in positioning,which means developing the image that a product projects in relation to competitive products and to the firm's other products. Marketing executives can choose from a variety of positioning strategies.Sometimes they decide to use more than one for a particular product.Here are several major positioning strategies:
失败的社会媒体营销案例分析 (2009-07-11 00:00:00) 转载▼ 面对日益红火的社会媒体营销,企业家跃跃欲试.有的已经吃螃蟹,有的还在河边观望.上不上社会媒体营销,答案是肯定需要上社会媒体营销的,就如我在之前<<浅谈五个社会媒体营销误区>>中提到的:”你的客户和潜在的用户都”掉”在网络中,在线讨论你们企业.企业需要积极参与到这些讨论中.未来企业的营销主战场将会由社会化媒体(网络),传统媒体等多层次,多渠道形式构成.放弃社会化媒体营销,你就放弃了一半的天空”虽然说放弃社会化媒体营销,有可能没有那么夸张,放弃了一半的天空,但是社会化媒体营销的实际意义是明显. 吃螃蟹的会获得很高的投资收益率,抢先登陆不是大型企业的专利,目前在中国我们可以很明显的看到能够有战略,着实做社会媒体营销都是大企业.其实江浙的中小企业,有很大的发挥空间.不过多种原因造成了无法进行社会化媒体营销.原因有:1,中小企业的企业主还没有达到了解或者认可什么是社会化媒体营销.2,社会化媒体营销的服务商,咨询机构,一开价格,中小企业就傻掉了.3,目前专注中小企业类型的中国社会媒体营销服务整合提供商还没有建立等多种原因. 做社会媒体营销,就如广告界流传的那样:一半的广告费都浪费了,你还不知道浪费在哪里.其实浪费还不是最糟糕的,如果是一个失败的社会化媒体营销案例,那么影响将是深远的,不像普通的广告或营销活动的失败,仅仅反应在销售额上,对于品牌的影响力还不是致命的.社会化媒体的营销将给你的品牌和未来带来的
是持续的,失败一次,后果将延续多月,多年.结合口碑营销,病毒营销,品牌认知误区等问题,后果不堪设想. 不要以为你看到的是类似于DELL,INTEL等企业成功的社会媒体营销案例,就以为我提前做,容易,做;大部分是成功的.理性的看待社会化媒体营销,构建合理的战略方案,严格的社会化媒体营销中传播的监控和引导.是我们需要好好拿捏.成功的案例有许多创新,失败的案例那么就有那么几种: 鉴于之前参与的项目和美国圈内朋友的交流,我初步总结了以下5个方面的失败原因:和大家共同商榷: 1 .选错了投放的社会化媒体 我们可以看到twitter,facebook,国内的开心网等SNS媒体,人流量暴多,一派其乐融融;这些平台也拿出他们的数据给媒体购买者,企业主看,你看我们有***在浏览我们的网站,怎么样?可以吧?那好,掏钱吧.我不是说这些网站是忽悠客户.我们需要在研究我们产品和社会媒体的人群,他们的浏览行为.和常规的媒体选择类似的问题:购买媒体,不用随大流,没有独立思考.社会媒体和销售的业绩不是紧密相联系的.比如你在抢车位中奇瑞公司把自己的品牌放进去,能说明什么?便宜车?对于此类的头发,还不错我们构建一个病毒的视频营销传播,在社会媒体平台上发.
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 营销策略 内容提要：为了组织的销售能是成功的，它需要根据一个营销策略计划来帮助保证其努力的目标和宗旨与市场的需要想吻合。营销策略审查市场以确定潜在顾客的需要，竞争者的战略和市场地位，并且尝试制定出一套能使组织在市场上获取或维护竞争优势的相关战略。有一些因素会对营销策略计划的发展造成冲击性的影响，它包括内部因素例如组织的财产、技能和组织文化，外在因素例如各种各样的市场驱动者、市场或产业运作方式、战略窗口和竞争的本质。一个优选的营销策略计划也需具备一套意外情况防备策略以应对市场治理及组织生产能力的不确定性。 关键词：竞争优势竞争策略市场地位市场份额营销销售计划组织文化营销策略 营销策略简述 无论组织的产品或服务多么好，除非它们的价值能被传达给潜在的顾客，否则组织依然无法实现它的使命。这种传达和交流是组织内市场营销功能的职责。根据美国市场协会，营销是“一个组织效能和一套创造过程、交流和传达产品价值给顾客、处理与顾客关系的有益于组织和它的利益共享者的方式”。营销作用包括相辅相成的两方面。营销策略在市场上审查市场来确定潜在顾客和竞争者本质的需要，并且试图开发出在市场上将使组织获取或维护竞争优势的战略。操作的营销被建立在营销策略作用和贯彻各种各样的计划和策略(包括适当的混合营销的发展)吸引顾客和促进顾客忠实的基础之上的。 产品和服务营销的方法 有很多的方式能用来销售你的产品或服务包括做广告，直接响应、推销活动和宣传。然而，除非你能了解顾客、市场和产业的需要并且竞争的优势和劣势，否则这些方法是不太可能成功的。营销策略帮助一个组织尖化它的焦点和在市场顺利地竞争。营销策略与二个组分有关：目标市场和用最佳的方式传达你的产品价值或服务到那个市场。一个可实行的销售方针的发展取决于几个关键维度。首先，与组织之内的所有全球性战略一样，一个成功的销售方针需要由在组织之内的最高管理层
营销背景： 随着中国男士使用护肤品习惯的转变，男士美容市场的需求逐渐上升，整个中国男士护肤品市场也逐渐走向成熟，近两年的发展速度更是迅速，越来越多的中国年轻男士护肤已从基本清洁开始发展为护理，美容的成熟消费意识也逐渐开始形成。 2012年欧莱雅中国市场分析显示，男性消费者初次使用护肤品和个人护理品的年龄已经降到22岁，男士护肤品消费群区间已经获得较大扩张。虽然消费年龄层正在扩大，即使是在经济最发达的北京、上海、杭州、深圳等一线城市，男士护理用品销售额也只占整个化妆品市场的10%左右，全国的平均占比则远远低于这一水平。作为中国男士护肤品牌，欧莱雅男士对该市场的上升空间充满信心，期望进一步扩大在中国年轻男士群体的市场份额，巩固在中国男妆市场的地位。 营销目标： 1、推出新品巴黎欧莱雅男士极速激活型肤露，即欧莱雅男士BB 霜，品牌主希望迅速占领中国男士BB霜市场，树立该领域的品牌地位，并希望打造成为中国年轻男性心目中的人气最高的BB霜产品。 2、欧莱雅男士BB霜目标客户定位于18岁到25岁的人群，他们是一群热爱分享，热衷于社交媒体，并已有一定护肤习惯的男士群体。 执行方式：
面对其他男妆品牌主要针对"功能性"诉求的网络传播，麦肯旗下的数字营销公司MRM携手欧莱雅男士将关注点放在中国年轻男性的情感需求上，了解到年轻男士的心态在于一个"先"字，他们想要领先一步，先同龄人一步。因此，设立了"我是先型者"的创意理念。 为了打造该产品的网络知名度，欧莱雅男士针对目标人群，同时开设了名为@型男成长营的微博和微信帐号，开展一轮单纯依靠社交网络和在线电子零售平台的网络营销活动。 1、在新浪微博上引发了针对男生使用BB的接受度的讨论，发现男生以及女生对于男生使用BB的接受度都大大高于人们的想象，为传播活动率先奠定了舆论基础。 2、有了代言人"阮经天"的加入，发表属于他的先型者宣言："我负责有型俊朗，黑管BB负责击退油光、毛孔、痘印，我是先型者阮经天"，号召广大网民，通过微博申请试用活动，发表属于自己的先型者宣言。微博营销产生了巨大的参与效应，更将微博参与者转化为品牌的主动传播者。 3、在京东商城建立了欧莱雅男士BB霜首发专页，开展"占尽先机，万人先型"的首发抢购活动，设立了欧莱雅男士微博部长，为关于BB霜使用者提供的一对一的专属定制服务。另外，特别开通的微信专属平台，每天即时将从新品上市到使用教程、前后对比等信息均通过微信推送给关注巴黎欧莱雅男士公众微信的每一位用户。 营销效果：
市场营销策略外文文献及翻译 Marketing Strategy Market Segmentation and Target Strategy A market consists of people or organizations with wants,money to spend,and the willingness to spend it.However,within most markets the buyer' needs are not identical.Therefore,a single marketing program starts with identifying the differences that exist within a market,a process called market segmentation, and deciding which segments will be pursued ads target markets. Marketing segmentation enables a company to make more efficient use of its marketing resources.Also,it allows a small company to compete effectively by concentrating on one or two segments.The apparent drawback of market segmentation is that it will result in higher production and marketing costs than a one-product,mass-market strategy.However, if the market is correctly segmented,the better fit with customers' needs will actually result in greater efficiency. The three alternative strategies for selecting a target market are market aggregation,single segment,and multiple segment.Market-aggregation strategy involves using one marketing mix to reach a mass,undifferentiated market.With a single-segment strategy, a company still uses only one marketing mix,but it is directed at only one segment of the total market.A multiple-segment strategy entails
本科生毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 学院：商贸学院 学号： 120134030 专业班级：市场营销1301班 学生姓名：宫超 指导教师：赵丹 年月日 Marketing Channels and Value Networks Most producers do not sell their goods directly to the final users between them stands a set of intermediaries performing a variety of functions. These intermediaries constitute a marketing channel also called a trade channel or distribution channel .Formally marketing channels are sets of interdependent organizations involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption. They are the set of pathways a product or service follows after production culminating in purchase and use by the final end user. Some intermediaries-such as wholesalers and retailers-buy take title to and resell the merchandise they are called merchants. Others-brokers manufacturer’s representatives sales agents-search for customers and may negotiate on the producers behalf but do not take title to the goods they are called agents. Still others-transportation companies independent warehouses banks advertising agencies-assist in the distribution process but neither take title to goods nor negotiate purchases or sales they are called facilitators. The Importance of Channels A marketing channel system is the particular set of marketing channels a firm employs and decisions about it are among the most critical ones management
文献出处：Guzzo T, D’Andrea A, Ferri F, et al. Evolution of Marketing Strategies: From Internet Marketing to M-Marketing[C]//On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems: OTM 2012 Workshops. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012: 627-636. 原文 Evolution of Marketing Strategies:From Internet Marketing to M-Marketing Tiziana Guzzo, Alessia D’Andrea, Fernando Ferri, and Patrizia Grifoni 1 Introduction Marketing is “the process which creates, communicates, delivers the value to the consumers, and maintains the relationship with consumers. It generates the strategy that underlies sales techniques, business communication, and business developments. It is “an integrated process through which companies build strong consumers relationships and create value for their consumers and for themselves” Marketing strategies have a long history and mainly interested economists and sociologists. The wide use of Internet, pervasiveness of social networks and the evolution of mobile devise are implying a wider involvement of interdisciplinary competences enlarging the interest toward ICT competences. This paper is to describe the evolution of marketing strategies from the advent of the Web (Internet Marketing) - through the advent of Social Networks (Marketing 2.0) - to the evolution of Mobile Social Networks (M-marketing). In particular, the paper analyses the use that Italian people make of mobile devices and the user perception and acceptance of M-marketing.