Lesson 1 THE MIDDLE EASTERN BAZAAR 中东的集市
Aims of teaching
1. To comprehend the whole text
2. To lean and master the vocabulary and expressions
3. To understand the structure of the text
4. To appreciate the style and rhetoric of the passage.
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Important and difficult points
1. What is description?
2. The comprehension and appreciation of the words describing sound, colour, light, heat, size and smell.
3. The appreciation of the words and expressions used for stress and exaggeration.
4. Some useful expressions such as to make a point of, it is a point of honour…, and etc.
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Background information
This text is taken from Advanced Comprehension and Appreciation Pieces (1962), which was intended for students preparing for the Cambridge Certificate of Proficiency Examination, & for students in the top class of secondary schools or in the first year of a university course.
课文内容:
The Middle Eastern Bazaar
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The Middle Eastern bazaar takes you back hundreds --- even thousands --- of years. The one I am thinking of particularly is entered by a Gothic - arched gateway of aged brick and stone. You pass from the heat and glare of a big, open square into a cool, dark cavernwhich extends as far as the eye can see, losing itself in the shadowy distance. Little donkeys with harmoniously tinkling bells thread their way among the throngsof people entering and leaving the bazaar. The roadway is about twelve feet wide, but it is narrowed every few yards by little stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold. The din of the stall-holder; crying their wares, of donkey-boys and porters clearing a way for themselves by shouting vigorously, and of would-be purchasers arguing and bargaining is continuous and makes you dizzy.
Then as you penetrate deeper into the bazaar, the noise of the entrance fades away, and you come to the muted cloth-market. The earthen floor, beaten hard by countless feet, deadens the sound of footsteps, and the vaulted mud-brick walls and roof have hardly any sounds to echo. The shop-keepers speak in slow, measured tones, and the buyers, overwhelmed by the sepulchral atmosphere, follow suit .
One of the peculiarities of the Eastern bazaar is that shopkeepers dealing in the same kind of goods do not scatter themselves over the bazaar, in order to avoid competition, but collect in the same area, so that purchasers can know where to find them, and so that they can form a closely knit guild against injustice or persecution . In the cloth-market, for instance, all the sellers of material for clothes, curtains, chair covers and so on line the roadway on both sides, each open-fronted shop having a trestle trestle table for display and shelves for storage. Bargaining is the order of the cay, and veiled women move at a leisurely pace from shop to shop, selectin
g, pricing and doing a little preliminary bargaining before they narrow down their choice and begin the really serious business of beating the price down.
It is a point of honour with the customer not to let the shopkeeper guess what it is she really likes and wants until the last moment. If he does guess correctly, he will price the item high, and yield little in the bargaining. The seller, on the other hand, makes a point of protesting that the price he is charging is depriving him of all profit, and that he is sacrificing this because of his personal regard for the customer. Bargaining can go on the whole day, or even several days, with the customer coming and going at intervals .
One of the most picturesque and impressive parts of the bazaar is the copper-smiths' market. As you approach it, a tinkling and banging and clashing begins to impinge on your ear. It grows louder and more distinct, until you round a corner and see a fairyland of dancing flashes, as the burnished copper catches the light of innumerable lamps and braziers . In each shop sit the apprentices – boys and youths, some of them incredibly young – hammering away at copper vessels of all shapes and sizes, while the shop-owner instructs, and sometimes takes a hand with a hammer himself. In the background, a tiny apprentice blows a bi-, charcoal fir e with a huge leather bellowsworked by a string attached to his big toe -- the red of the live coals glowing, bright and then dimming rhythmicallyto the strokes of the bellows.
Here you can find beautiful pots and bowls engrave with delicate and intricate traditional designs, or the simple, everyday kitchenware used in this country, pleasing in form, but undecorated and strictly functional. Elsewhere there is the carpet-market, with its profusion of rich colours, varied textures and regional designs -- some bold and simple, others unbelievably detailed and yet harmonious. Then there is the spice-market, with its pungentand exotic smells; and the food-market, where you can buy everything you need for the most sumptuous dinner, or sit in a tiny restaurant with porters and apprentices and eat your humble bread and cheese. The dye-market, the pottery-market and the carpenters' market lie elsewhere in the maze of vaulted streets which honeycomb this bazaar. Every here and there, a doorway gives a glimpse of a sunlit courtyard, perhaps before a mosque or a caravanserai , where camels lie disdainfully chewing their hay, while the great bales of merchandise they have carried hundreds of miles across the desert lie beside them.
Perhaps the most unforgettable thing in the bazaar, apart from its general atmosphere, is the place where they make linseed oil. It is a vast, sombre cavern of a room, some thirty feet high and sixty feet square, and so thick with the dust of centuries that the mudbrick walls and vaulted roof are only dimly visible. In this cavern are three massive stone wheels, each with a huge pole thro
ugh its centre as an axle. The pole is attached at the one end to an upright post, around which it can revolve, and at the other to a blind-folded camel, which walks constantly in a circle, providing the motive power to turn the stone wheel. This revolves in a circular stone channel, into which an attendant feeds linseed. The stone wheel crushes it to a pulp, which is then pressed to extract the oil .The camels are the largest and finest I have ever seen, and in superb condition – muscular, massive and stately.
The pressing of the linseed pulp to extract the oil is done by a vast ramshackle apparatus of beams and ropes and pulleys which towers to the vaulted ceiling and dwarfs the camels and their stone wheels. The machine is operated by one man, who shovels the linseed pulp into a stone vat, climbs up nimbly to a dizzy height to fasten ropes, and then throws his weight on to a great beam made out of a tree trunk to set the ropes and pulleys in motion. Ancient girders girders creak and groan , ropes tighten and then a trickle of oil oozes oozes down a stone runnel into a used petrol can. Quickly the trickle becomes a flood of glistening linseed oil as the beam sinks earthwards, taut and protesting, its creaks blending with the squeaking and rumbling of the grinding-wheels and the occasional grunts and sighs of the camels.
(from Advanced Comprehension and Appreciation pieces, 1962 )
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NOTES
1) This piece is taken from Advanced Comprehension and Appreciation Pieces, compiled for overseas students by L. A. Hill and D.J. May, published by Oxford University Press, Hong Kong, 1962.
2) Middle East: generally referring to the area from Afghanistan to Egypt, including the Arabian Peninsula, Cyprus, and Asiatic Turkey.
3) Gothic: a style of architecture originated in N. France in 11th century, characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaulting, steep, high roofs, etc.
4) veiled women: Some Moslems use the veil---more appropriately, the purdah --- to seclude or hide their women from the eyes of strangers.
5) caravanserai (caravansary): in the Middle East, a kind of inn with a large central court, where bands of merchants or pilgrims, together with their camels or horses, stay for shelter and refreshment
课文详解:
Detailed Study of the Text
1. Middle East: Southeast Asia and Northeast Africa, including the Near East and Iran and Afghanistan.
Near Ease: the Arabian Peninsula ( Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrein, and Kuwait), Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Egypt and Sudan.1. Middle East: Southeast Asia and Northeast Africa, including the Near East and Iran and Afghanistan.
Near Ease: the Arabian Peninsula ( Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrein, and Kuwait), Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Egypt and Sudan.
Far East: China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia and East Siberia
2. particular: special, sing
le and different from others. When sth. is particular, we mean it is the single or an example of the whole under consideration. the term is clearly opposed to general and that it is a close synonym of "single".
Particular is also often used in the sense of special.
I have sth. very particular (special) to say to Mr. Clinton.
She always took particular (special) notice of me.
On this particular (single) day we had to be at school early.
I don't like this particular (single) hat, but the others are quite nice.
3. Gothic-arched: a type of architecture (see. ALD, church picture)
Goth: one of the German tribes
Arch: a curved top sometimes with a central point resting on 2 supports as above a door.
aged: a. [d d]
My son is aged 10.
When he was aged 6, he went to school.
a middle aged couple
b. [d id] ancient
He is aged; her aged grandfather
medicare for the sick & aged
4. glare: shining intensely, harshly, uncomfortably, and too strong; in a way unpleasant to the eyes
5. cavern: a large deep cave (hollow place in the side of a cliff or hill, or underground), closed roofed place. Here in the text we can see that it is a long, narrow, dark street or workshops and stores with some sort of roof over them.
6. losing itself in the shadowy distance: in the farthest distance everything becomes obscure, unclear, or only dimly visible in the dark surroundings.
lose: come to be without
shadow: greater darkness where direct light, esp. sunlight, is blocked by sth.; a dark shape
shadowy: hard to see or know about clearly, not distinct, dim
Here shadowy suggests the changing of having and not having light, the shifting of lightness and darkness. There may be some spots of brightness in the dark.
7. harmonious:
harmony: musical notes combined together in a pleasant sounding way
tinkle: to make light metallic sound
cf:
jingle: light tinkling sound
The rain tinkled on the metal roof.
She laughed heartily, a sound as cool as ice tinkling in the glass.
to tinkle coins together
8. throng: large crowd of people or things, a crowd of people busy doing sth. searching up and down, engaging in some kind of activity
cf: crowd: general term, large number of people together, but without order or organization.
Crowd basically implies a close gathering and pressing together.
The boulevard was crammed with gay, laughing crowds.
Throng varies so little in meaning from crowd that the two words are often used interchangeably without loss. Throng sometimes carries the stronger implication of movement and of pushing and the weaker implication of density.
Throngs circulating through the streets.
The pre-Xmas sale attracted a throng of shoppers.
9. thread: make one's way carefully, implies zigzag, roundabouts
The river threads between the mountains.
10. roadway:
a. central part used by wheeled traffic, the middle part of a road where vehicles drive
b. a strip of land over which a road passes
11. narrow:
In the bright sunlight she had to narrow her eyes.
The river narrows at this point.
They narrowed the search for the missing boy down to five streets near the school.
She looked far into the shadowy distance, her eyes narrowed, a hand on the eyebrows to prevent the glare.
The aircraft carrier was too big to pass through the narrows (narrow passage between two large stretches of water).
12. stall: BrE. a table or small open-fronted shop in a public place, sth. not permanent, often can be put together and taken away, on which wares are set up for sale.
13. din: specific word of noise, loud, confused, continuous noise, low roar which can not be distinguished exactly until you get close, often suggests unpleasant. disordered mixture of confusing and disturbing sounds, stress prolonged, deafening, ear-splitting metallic sounds
The children were making so much din that I could not make myself heard.
They kicked up such a din at the party.
The din stopped when the curtain was raised.
the din of the cheerful crowd
14. wares (always-pl.) articles offered for sale, usu. not in a shop. The word gives the impression of traditional commodity, items, goods, more likely to be sold in free-markets.
to advertise / hawk / peddle one's wares
Goods: articles for sale, possessions that can be moved or carried by train, road; not house, land,
There is a variety of goods in the shops.
goods train / freight train, canned goods, half-finished goods, clearance goods, textile goods, high-quality goods
ware: (lit.) articles for sale, usu. not in a shop
The silversmith showed us his wares.
The baker travelled round the town selling his wares.
kitchenware, tableware, hardware, software
earthenware, tinware, ironware, silverware
commodity: an article of trade or commerce, esp. a farm or mineral product
Wheat is a valuable commodity.
Wine is one of the many commodities that France sells abroad.
a commodity fair
merchandise: (U.) things for sale, a general term for all the specific goods or wares.
The store has the best merchandise in town.
We call these goods merchandise.
15. would-be: likely, possible, which one wishes to be but is not
a would-be musician / football player
16. purchase (fml. or tech.) to buy
You buy some eggs, but purchase a house.
17. bargain: to talk about the condition of a sale, agreement, or contract
18. dizzy: feeling as if everything were turning round , mentally confused
If you suffer from anaemia, you often feel dizzy.
Every night, when my head touches the pillows, I felt a wave of dizziness.
The two-day journey on the bus makes me dizzy.
19. penetrate: to enter, pass, cut, or force a way into or through. The word suggests force, a compelling power to make entrance and also resistance in the medium.
The bullet can penetrate a wall.
The scud missile can penetrate a concrete works of 1 metre thick.
Rainwater has penetrated through the roof of my h
ouse.
20. fade: to lose strength, colour, freshness, etc.
fade away: go slowly out of hearing, gradually disappearing
The farther you push / force your way into the bazaar, the lower and softer the noise becomes until finally it disappears. Then you arrive at the cloth market where the sound is hardly audible.
Colour cloth often fades when it is washed.
The light faded as the sun went down.
The sound of the footsteps faded away.
The noise of the airplane faded away.
21. mute:
adj.
a. silent, without speech
The boy has been mute since birth.
b. not pronounced:
The word "debt" contains a mute letter.
noun:
a. a person who cannot speak
The boy was born a deaf mute.( has healthy speech organs but never has heard speech sounds, can be trained to speak)
{cf: He is deaf and dumb (unable to speak).}
b. an object that makes a musical instrument give softer sound when placed against the strings or in the stream of air
verb: to reduce the sound of, to make a sound softer than usual
to mute a musical instrument
Here in the text the word "muted" is used to suggest the compelling circumstances, forcing you to lower your sound.
22. beaten: (of a path, track, etc.) that is given shape by the feet of those who pass along it, suggesting ancientness, timelessness. The path becomes flat due to the treading of countless people through thousands of years.
We followed a well-beaten path through the forest.
23. deaden: to cause to lose strength, force, feeling, and brightness
to deaden the pain
Two of these pills will deaden the ache.
24. measured: steady, careful, slow, suggesting lack of speed, paying attention to what to say
25. overwhelm: overcome, control completely and usu. suddenly
The enemy were overwhelmed by superior forces.
Sorrow overwhelmed the family.
She was overwhelmed with grief
They won an overwhelming victory / majority.
26. sepulchral: related to grave, gloomy, dismal
sepulchre / er : old and bibl. use, a burial place; a tomb, esp. one cut in rock or built of stone
27. follow suit: to do the same as one else has, to play / to deal the cards of the same suits (in poker, there two red suits, and two black suits. They are hearts, diamonds, spades, clubs, jokers, aces, kings, queens and jacks (knaves).
When the others went swimming, I followed suit.
He went to bed and I followed suit after a few minutes.
28. peculiarity: a distinguishing characteristic, special feature, suggesting difference from normal or usual, strangeness. One of his peculiarities is that his two eyes are not the same colour.
The large fantail is a peculiarity of the peacock.
The peculiarity of her behaviour puzzled everyone.
29. deal in: sell and buy, trade in
This merchant deals in silk goods.
Most foreign trading companies in West Africa deal in rubber, cocoa and vegetable oils.
30. scatter: to cause (a group) to separate widely, to spread widely in all directions
as if by throwing
The frightened people scattered about in all directions.
One of the special features / characteristics of the M.E. bazaar is that shopkeepers in the same trade always gather together in the same place to do their business.
31. knit: to make things to wear by uniting threads into a kind of close netw**, to unite or join closely
32. guild / gild: an association for businessmen or skilled workers who joined together in former times to help one another and to make rules for training new members
33. persecution: cruel treatment
persecute: to treat cruelly, cause to suffer, esp. for religious or political beliefs
The first immigrants came to American mainly because they wanted to avoid religious persecution / after being persecuted for their religious beliefs.
be persecuted by sb. for sth.
bloody / terrible /relentless persecution
suffer from / be subjected to political / religious persecution
34. line: form rows along
35. trestle: wooden beam fixed at each end to a pair of spreading legs, used, usu. in pairs, as a removable support of a table or other flat surface.
36. order of the day: the characteristic or dominant feather or activity, the prevailing state of things
If sth. is the order of the day, it is very common among a particular group of people
Confusion became the order of the day in the Iraqi headquarters due to the electronic interference from the Allied forces. Learning from Lei Feng and Jiao Yulu has become the order of the day recently.
Jeans and mini-skirts are no longer the order of the day now.
During that period, the Gulf War became the order of the day.
37. veil: covering of fine net or other material to protect or hide a woman's face
38. leisure: time free from work, having plenty of free time, not in a hurry to do sth.
39. pace: rate or speed in walking, marching, running or developing
40. preliminary: coming before sth. introducing or preparing for sth. more important, preparatory
There were several preliminary meetings before the general assembly.
A physical examination is a preliminary to joining the army.
41. beat down: to reduce by argument or other influence, to persuade sb. to reduce a price
The man asked $5 for the dress, but I beat him down to $4.50.
42. a point of honour: sth. considered important for one's self-respect
It's a point of honour with me to keep my promise = I made it a point of honour to keep my promise.
In our country, it is a point of honour with a boy to pay the bill when he is dining with a girl / when he dines a girl; but on the other hand, a western girl would regard it a point of honour (with her) to pay the bill herself.
43. make a point of / make it a point to: do sth because one considers it important or necessary, to take particular care of, make extraordinary efforts in, regard or treat as necessary
I always make a point of checking that all the windows are shut before
I go out.
I always made a point of being on time.
I always make a point of remembering my wife's birthday.
He made a point of thanking his hostess before he left the party.
The rush-hour commute to my job is often nerve-racking, so I make it a point to be a careful and considerate motorist.
Some American people make it a point of conscience to have no social distinctions between whites and blacks.
44. what it is: used to stress
What is it she really likes?
What is it you do?
What is it you really want?
45. protest: to express one's disagreement, feeling of unfairness
Here: insist firmly, a firming strongly
46. deprive of: take away from, prevent from using
to deprive sb. of political rights / of his power / civil rights
The misfortunes almost deprived him of his reason.
The accident deprived him of his sight / hearing.
47. sacrifice: to give up or lose, esp. for some good purpose or belief
The ancient Greeks sacrificed lambs or calves before engaging in a battle.
(infml) to sell sth. at less than its cost or value
I need the money and I have to sacrifice (on the price of) my car.
48. regard: regard, respect, esteem, admire and their corresponding nouns are comparable when they mean a feeling for sb. or sth.
Regard is the most colourless as well as the most formal. It usu. requires a modifier to reinforce its meaning
I hold her in high / low / the greatest regard.
to have a high / low regard for sb's opinion.
Steve was not highly regarded in his hometown.
It is proper to use respect from junior to senior or inferior to superior. It also implies a considered and carefulevaluation or estimation. Sometimes it suggests recognition of sth. as sacred.
He respected their views even though he could not agree with them.
to have respect for one's privacy, rights...
Esteem implies greater warmth of feeling accompanying a high valuation.
Einstein's theory of relativity won for his universal esteem.
Admiration and Admire, like esteem, imply a recognition of superiority, but they usually connote more enthusiastic appreciation, and sometimes suggest genuine affection. Sometimes the words stress the personal attractiveness of the object of admiration, and weaken the implication of esteem.
I have long felt the deepest esteem for you, and your present courageous attitude has added admiration to esteem.
regard:
to regard sb's wishes / advice / what... (but not sb.)
respect:
to respect sb.
to respect sb.'s courage / opinion /
esteem:
to esteem sb.
to esteem sb. for his honesty / courage
admire:
to admire sb.
to admire the flowers / sb.' poem
49. the customer coming and going at intervals.
A customer buys things from a shop; a client get services from a lawyer, a bank or a hairdresser; One who get medical services is a patient and a guest is served in a hotel.
at intervals: happening regularly after equal periods of time
Trains leave at short intervals.
The trees were planted b
eside the road at 50-meters intervals.
50. picturesque: charming or interesting enough to be made into a picture, striking, vivid
51. -smith: a worker in metal, a maker
copper- / gold- / tin- / black- / gun-smith
52. clash: a noisy, usu. metallic sound of collision
swords clash
The dustbins clashed as the men emptied them.
bang: to hit violently, to make a loud noise
The door banged open / shut.
He banged the window shut.
53. impinge on (upon): to strike or dash esp. with a sharp collision
I heard the rain impinge upon the earth.
The strong light impinge on his eyes.
The noise of the aeroplane overhead impinged on our ears.
to have effect on
The need to see that justice is done impinges on every decision made in the courts.
54. distinct: clearly seen, heard, understood, etc. plane, noticeable, and distinguishable to the eye or ear or mind
Anything clearly noticed is distinct
There is a distinct smell of beer in this room.
A thing or quality that is clearly different from others of its kind is distinctive or distinct from
Beer has a very distinctive smell. It is quite distinct from the smell of wine.
55. round:
Please round your lips to say "oo".
Stones rounded by the action of water are called cobbles.
The ship rounded the cape / the tip of the peninsula.
56. burnish: to polish, esp. metal, usu. with sth. hard and smooth, polish by friction, make smooth and shiny
57. brazier: open metal framework like a basket, usu. on leg, for holding a charcoal or coal fire (see picture in ALD)
58. youth: often derog. a young person, esp. a young male
a group of youths
the friends of my youth
collective noun: the youth (young men and women) of the nation
59. incredible: This word comes from credit, which means belief, trust, and faith
credit card
We place full credit in the government's ability.
We gave credit to his story.
credible: deserving or worthy of belief, trustworthy
Is the witness's story credible?
After this latest affair he hardly seems credible as a politician.
incredible: too strange to be believed, unbelievable
60. hammer away at:
away: continuously, constantly
So little Hans worked away in his garden.
He was laughing (grumbling) away all afternoon.
61. vessel:
a. usu. round container, such as a glass, pot, bottle, bucket or barrel, used for holding liquids
b. (fml) a ship or large boat
c. a tube that carries blood or other liquid through the body, or plant juice through a plant: blood vessel
62. bellows: an instrument for blowing air into a fire to make it burn quickly
63. the red of the live...
The light of the burning coal becomes alternately bright and dim (by turns, one follows the other) as the coal burns and dies down, burns again, along with the repeated movements of the bellows.
64. glow: send out brightness or warmth, heat or light without flame or smoke
When you draws a deep mouthful, the cigare
tte tip glows.
65. rhythmically: happening at regular periods of time, alternately; by turns
66. stroke: single movement, which is repeated (esp. in a sport or game)
She can't swim but has made a few strokes with her arms.
67. engrave: to cut (words, pictures, etc.) on wood, stone, or metal
The terrible memory was engraved on his mind.
cf.: carve: to cut (usu. wood or stone) in order to make a special shape
68. delicate: finely made, needing careful handling, easily broken or hurt, delightful. The word stresses fineness, subtlety and fragility rather than smallness. It implies an appeal not only to the eye but also to any of the senses or spirit.
as delicate as silk / the delicate skin of a young girl
Do you see the delicate workmanship on the bronze doors?
delicate feelings
n. delicacy
69. intricate: containing many detailed parts and thus difficult to understand.
Here: a specific word meaning the designs are of interwinding or interlacing parts. Just because of these, it is hard to follow.
70. functional: completely and exactly of practical use. Not ornamental not with many decoration
71. profuse: plenty, great or too great amount, abundance
to make promises in profusion
Seldom have seen food and drink served in such profusion.
72. rich: (of colour) deep, strong, beautiful
73. texture: the arrangement of the threads in a textile fabric / in any material made by weaving, the way n which the threads of a cloth have been woven
a carpet of loose / firm / uneven texture
74. bold: clearly formed, strongly formed
words printed in bold type / printed in bold letters
May I make so bold as to ask your name, sir?
He was bold enough to say that he was a strictly honest man.
75. pungent: (often neg.) having a strong, sharp, stinging, burning taste or smell that may or may not seem unpleasant Onions, garlic and Chinese prickly ash give out pungent smell. (An onion a day keeps everybody away.)
76. exotic: (always positive, sth pleasing) not native to the place where found, alien, strikingly or excitingly different or unusual, out of ordinary, introduced from another country Kebab gives exotic smell.
77. sumptuous: costly, rich, suggesting lavish expenditure, showing great value, generosity, grand.
A sumptuous meal was served to the visiting guests.
The king wore sumptuous robes.
A sumptuous meal / flat / etc. is one on which a great deal of money has been spent.
78. humble: (of people) low in rank or position
(of things) poor, mean
Your humble servant (very fml letter ending)
humble pie: submission, obedience, apology made under pressure
A boy with a stepfather has to eat humble pie.
Tom told a lie about George, and when he was found out, he had to eat humble pie.
79. pottery: earthenware
80. maze: a confusing intricate network of passages,
as set of twisted passages which is very difficult to pass through
81. honeyco
mb: a container made of beeswax and consisting of 6-sided cells in which honey is stored
to fill with holes, tunnels, hollow passages like honeycomb
The streets that pierce the bazaar from all directio sections ns and lead towards all directions cut the bazaar into small like a honeycomb.
82. glimpse: a quick, incomplete look or view of sth. out of the corner of one's eye
glance: It may denote sth. which is seen as a sudden flash, or the presence or movement of sth. which is recognized by a swift sudden flash.
throw / steal / take a glance at...
glimpse: It also may apply to sth. seen as a flash. But more commonly it implies a brief view of a thing, or even more often, so much of it as may be taken in at a glance
get a glimpse of glance: vi.
glance at ...
glance about / around / round / back
glance up / down the list of names
glance over one' shoulder
glimpse: vt.
glimpse the field / her among the crowd
83. mosque: Moslem temple or place of worship (where there are wells, fountain, space for assemble, a niche showing the direction of Mecca, the birthplace of Mohammed
84. caravanserai: an inn surrounding a court in eastern countries where caravans rest at night
caravan: a company of travellers on a journey through desert of hostile regions
85. disdainful: scornful, contemptuous, showing lack of respect, regard sb. or sth. as low and worthless Here, arrogant, in a superior manner, suggesting that the camels are all stately, strong, heads holding high
cf:
Contempt (n.) suggests very strong sense of condemnation of the person as a low rank and undesirable
Scorn (vt. & n.) implies quick, indignant or profound contempt
Disdain (n. & vt.)suggests a visible manifestation of pride and arrogance
86. bale: large bundle of goods
cf:
A Bundle is a collection of articles bound or rolled together, fastened, tied, held across the middle
A Bunch is a collection of things usually of the same sort, fastened closely together in orderly fashion, fastened, held, or growing together at one point
a bunch of rice
A Bale is a large bundle of goods bound up for storage or transportation and esp. one composed of materials (as rags, hay, straw, cotton or wool) which are closely pressed together so as to form a mass, usu. rectangular, tightly bound with stout cord or wire
87. merchandise: (fml) things that you buy, sell or trade with
88. huge, vast
huge: rather general term indicating extreme largeness, usu. in size, shape, or capacity
A whale or an elephant is a huge animal.
The huge rocket towered high above the buildings around it.
She spent a huge amount of money on that coat.
vast: denotes extreme largeness or broadness, esp. of extent or range
The Sahara is a vast desert.
The vast plans of the country spread for hundreds of miles.
The camel caravan crossed the vast expanse of the Sahara.
A billion dollars is a vast amount of money.
89. vast, sombre cavern of a room
sombre: dark-col
oured, gloomy, dismal, solemn, very serious atmosphere
When sb. dies, there is a sombre mood.
She was dressed in sombre black for the funeral.
His sombre expression bespeaks the bad news.
cavern of a room: apposition
Who is to blame but her tyrant of a father.
He had to work in the hell of a fertilizer factory.
She lives in a palace of a house / a match-box of a house.
Before his stood a little shrimp of a fellow.
90. revolve: to (cause to) spin round (on a central point), to go around in a circle
a revolving door / stage
revolver: a pistol containing several shots in a barrel that turns round after each one is fire
cf: turn, revolve, rotate, spin, and circle
Turn is a general, rather colourless word implying movement in circle after circle, or in a single full circle or through an arc of a circle
a wheel turning on its axle
He turned to speak to his friend.
Revolve may suggest regular circular motion on an orbit around sth. outside to it.
The earth revolves around the sun.
Rotate is likely to suggest a circular motion on an interior axis (the imaginary axle)
The earth rotates on its axis while it revolves in its orbit.
Spin implies rapid sustained, continuous, constant rotation on an inner axis or fast circling around an exterior point A wheel spinning on its axle
The dance spun on her toes.
To spin strands of cotton or wool, etc, is to twist them into thread.
Circle basically applies to a movement around in a more or less circular pattern, but it can also be used to convey a lack of straight directness in a winding course.
Our plane circled the airport for an hour before landing.
The fence circles the yard.
91. motive: causing movement. Motive power (a common collocation) provides energy that can be used to operate machinery
Electricity is just one form of motive power.
92. circular: round, not direct, being shaped like or nearly like a circle
93. channel: the bed of a stream of water, narrow passage, passage for liquid
94. constantly: unchanged, fixed, continuous, without break, the stress is laid on lack of change, firmness, and steadiness
cf:
Endless connotes weariness, tediousness and monotony.
95. attendant: a person who attends another to perform a service, esp. an employee; a person who goes with and serves or looks after; a person who is employed to look after and help visitors to a public place
a museum / parking lot / library attendant; but a shop assistant
cf:
Waiter: a person who serves food at the tables in restaurant
96. crush: to press with great power so as to break, destroy, the natural shape into power, to break by pounding or grinding Several people were crushed to death as they tried to escape from the burning theatre.
The machine crushes wheat grain to make flour.
The sugar cane is taken to the factory where the juice is crushed out.
The army quickly crushed the uprising.
97. pulp: the soft almost liquid mass of plant or animal mater
ial, such as the soft inside part of many fruits or vegetable
98. extract: to pull or take out, often with difficulty
to extract one tooth / a bullet from a wound
The policemen extracted secret information from a criminal.
99. superb: perfect in form, quality, etc. wonderful, marked to the highest degree by excellence, brilliance or competence.
This word describes sth. that reaches the highest conceivable point.
100. muscular: having well-developed muscles, strong, implying great physical strength
101. stately: grand in style, noble, dignified; Here implies that the camels walk in a constant, unhurried way with their heads holding high, seemingly dignified.
102. ramshackle: of a building or vehicle, badly made or needing repair, shaky, unsteady, likely to go to pieces, as from age or neglect, carelessly or loosely constructed.
a ramshackle house a ramshackle bike, which produces a sound at every part except the bell.
103. apparatus: a set of machines, instruments, tools, etc. that work together for a particular purpose
104: beam: a large long heavy piece of wood, (usu. square)- esp. one of the main ones used to support a building.
cf:
pole (usu. round)
the main bar of a weighing scales
105. pulley: an apparatus consisting of a wheel over which a rope or chain can be moved, sued for lifting heavy things
106. tower: to be very tall, esp. in relation to the height of the surroundings.
The mountain towers into the sky.
The monument to the People's Heroes towers aloft on Tian’anmen.
The Statue of Liberty towers above the harbour of New York.
He towers above his contemporaries.
107. dwarf: to cause to appear small by comparison
Snow-white & the 7 dwarfs
The building dwarfs all the other buildings in the town.
Most basketball players dwarfs other men.
The brilliance of his poetry dwarfed the accomplishments of his contemporaries.
108. shovel: used for moving or lifting loose material such as sand, snow, coal
cf:
spade: used for digging earth, with a blade, often pressed with one foot
109. nimble: quick-moving, moving or acting quickly and lightly; quick. light and neat in movement, agile, as nimble as a goat / a squirrel
a nimble climber
Madame Defarge knitted with nimble fingers
nimble: suggesting surpassing lightness and swiftness of movement or action, it often implies darting here and there
110. trickle: a slow, small flow of liquid
111. ooze: (of thick liquids) pass slowly through small openings
Blood was still oozing from the wound
Tiny drops of oil are pressed out to form a small flow down the runnel.
If you squeeze the tube of toothpaste, it oozes out of the tube.
112. runnel: a small, narrow channel, an open passage, a brook, or a passage dug beside the road to carry away water
113. glisten: (esp. of wet of polished surface, tear-filled eyes) shine brightly, sparkle
His eyes glistened with tears.
Her ha
ir glistens with oil.
glistening dew-drops
cf:
flash: It implies a sudden outburst of light or a sudden display of sth. that brilliantly reflects light.
Lightening flashed in the sky.
The light on top of the police car was flashing.
A brilliant idea flashed through his mind.
a flash of hope / genius
glitter: connotes greater brilliancy or showiness than sparkle, sometimes with the implication of sth. sinister All is not gold that glitters.
114. taut: tightly drawn
115. girder: large horizontal beam, usu. made of iron or steel, which supports the smaller beams in a floor or room I-shaped girder
116. blend: the equivalent of mix, but usu. it implies a mixing of harmonious things, a union of intimate as to obscure the individuality of the component parts
文章结构:
Structural and stylistic analysis&Writing Technique
Section I: ( paras. 1, 2) General atmosphere
Topic Sentence: The Middle Eastern...takes you ...years.
ancientness, backwardness, primitiveness
harmonious, liveliness, self-sufficient, simple, not sophisticated, active, vigorous, healthy
Section II (One of the peculiarities) the cloth market
Section III (One of the most picturesque) the coppersmith market and etc.
Section IV (Perhaps the most unforgettable) the mill where linseed oil is made
TYPE of Writing: Description: A description is painting a picture in words of a person, place, object, or scene.
a description essay is generally developed through sensory details, or the impressions of one’s senses --- sight, hearing, taste, smell and touch. The writer generally chooses those that help to bring out the dominant characteristic or outstanding quality of the person or thing described.
________________________________________
1. From Macro to Micro
2. words appealing to senses: light & heat, sound & movement, and smell & colour.
3 nouns, adjectives and even adverbs used as verbs: thread, round, narrow, price, live, tower and dwarf.
4. words imitating sounds: onomatopoeia.
5. stressful and impressive sentence structures:
the one I am thinking of particularly…
one of the peculiarities …
one of the most picturesque and impressive parts …
the most unforgettable thing in the bazaar,…
修辞学习:
RHETORIC
tenor (subject): the concept, object, or person meant in a metaphor
vehicle (reference): a medium through which something is expressed, achieved, or displayed
Simile: A simile makes a comparison between two unlike things having at least one quality or characteristic in common. The two things compared must be dissimilar and the basis of resemblance is usually an abstract quality. The vehicle is almost always introduced by the word "like" or "as".
Self-criticism is as necessary to us as air or water.
The water lay grey and wrinkled like an elephant's skin.
M
y very thoughts were like the ghostly rustle of dead leaves.
The bus went as slowly as a snail.
Her eyes were jet black, and her hair was like a waterfall.
The comparison is purely imaginative, that is, the resemblance between the two unlike things in that one particular aspect exists only in our minds, and not in the nature of the things themselves.
As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.
Metaphor: A metaphor, like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike things, but the comparison is implied rather than stated. Some say it the substitution of one thing for another, or the identification of two things from different ranges of thought. Contrary to a simile in which the resemblance between two unlike things is clearly stated, in a metaphor nothing is mentioned. It is often loosely defined as "an implied comparison", " a simile without 'like' or 'as'".
Metaphor is considered the most important and basic poetic figure and also the commonest the most beautiful.
Snow clothes the ground.
The town was stormed after a long siege.
Boys and girls, tumbling in the streets and playing, were moving jewels.
Metaphor:
dark cavern, fairyland, maze, honeycomb, etc
form a closely knit guild...
Simile:
a vast sombre cavern of a room
Onomatopoeia:
creak, squeak, rumble, grunt, sigh, groan, etc.
tinkling, banging, clashing
Personification:
The Middle Easter bazaar takes you...
dancing flashes
The beam sinks…taut and protesting
Hyperbole:
takes you ...hundreds even thousands of years
every conceivable, innumerable lamps, incredibly young, with the dust of centuries
Onomatopoeia:
creak:
(to make) the sound of a badly-oiled door when it opens
When you move in a wooden bed, it creaks.
The hinge of the door needs oiling, it creaks every time it is opened.
squeak:
(to make) a short very high but not loud sound
the squeak of a mouse
rumble:
(to make) a deep continuous rolling sound
The thunder / the big guns rumbled in the distance.
I am hungry, my stomach is rumbling.
grunt:
(of certain animals, to make) short deep rough sounds in the throat, as if the nose were closed, such as the deep short sound characteristic of a hog, or a man making a similar sound expressing disagreement, boredom, irritation
sigh:
(to let out) a deep breath slowly and with a sound, usu. expressing tiredness, sadness, or satisfaction We all heaved a sigh of relief when the work was done.
groan:
(to make) a sound caused by the movement of wood or metal parts heavily loaded, (to make) a deep sound forced out by pain, or expressing despair
The patient groaned as he was lifted on to the stretcher.
The ancient chair gave a groan when the fat woman sat down on it.
The roof creaked and groaned under the weight of the snow.
词汇(Vocabulary)
Bazaar (n.) : (in Oriental countries)a market or street of shops and
stalls(东方国家的)市场，集市
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cavern (n．) : a cave，esp．a large cave洞穴，山洞(尤指大洞穴，大山洞)
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shadowy (adj.) : dim；indistinct模糊的；朦胧的
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FONT style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: cornflowerblue" color=white>harmonious (adj．) : having musical tones combined to give a pleasing effect；consonant(音调)和谐的，悦耳的／harmoniously adv．
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throng (n.) :a great number of people gathered together；crowd人群；群集
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conceivable (adj.) : that can be conceived，imagined 可想象的，想得到的
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din (n.) : a loud，continuous noise喧闹声，嘈杂声
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would-be ( adj．) : intended to be预期成为……的；将要成为……的
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muted (adj.) : (of a sound)made softer than is usual(声音)减弱的
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vaulted ( adj．) : having the form of a vault；arched穹窿形的；拱形的
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sepulchral(n．) : a cave，esp．a large cave洞穴，山洞(尤指大洞穴，大山洞)
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shadowy (adj.) : suggestive of the grave or burial；dismal；gloomy坟墓般的；阴森森的
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guild ( n．) : any association for mutual aid and the promotion of common interests互助会；协会
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trestle (n.) :a frame consising of a horizontal beam fastened to two pairs of spreading legs，used to support planks to form a table，platform，etc．支架；脚手台架；搁凳
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impinge (v．) : strike，hit，or dash；have an effect撞击，冲击，冲撞；对……具有影响
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fairyland (n.) : the imaginary land where the fairies live；a lovely enchanting place仙境；奇境
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burnish ( v．) : make or become shiny by rubbing；polish擦亮；磨光；抛光
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brazier ( n.) : a metal pan，bowl，etc．，to hold burning coals or charcoal，as for warming a room or grilling food火盆；火钵
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dim ( v．) :make or grow unclear(使)变暗淡；(使)变模糊
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rhythmic /rhythmical ( adj．) :having rhythm有韵律的；有节奏的／rhythmically adv
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bellows ( n.) sing．&p1.)a device that produces a stream of air through a narrow tube when its sides are pressed together(used for blowing fires，etc．)(单复同)风箱
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intricate ( adj．) :complex；hard to follow or understand because full of puzzling parts，details，or relationships；full of elaborate detail错综复杂的；精心制作的
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exotic ( adj．) :strange or different in a way that is striking or fascinating奇异的；异常迷人的
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sumptuous ( adj．) :involving great expense；costly lavish豪华的；奢侈的；昂贵的
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maze ( n.) :
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( n.) :a confusing，intricate network of winding pathways 迷津；迷宫；曲径
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honeycomb ( v．) :fill with holes like a honeycomb使成蜂窝状
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mosque ( n.) :a Moslem temple or place of worship清真寺；伊斯兰教堂
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caravanserai ／caravansery ( n.) :in the Orient．a kind of inn with a large central court，where caravans stop for the night东方商队(或旅行队)的客店
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disdainful ( n.) :feeling or expressing disdain；scornful and aloof；proud轻视的，轻蔑的；傲慢的／disdainfully adv．
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bale ( n.) :a large bundle大包，大捆
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linseed ( n.) :the seed of flax亚麻籽
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somber ( adj．) :dark and gloomy or dull阴沉的；昏暗的
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pulp ( n.) :a soft，moist，formles
s mass that sticks together浆
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ramshackle ( adj．) :1ikely to fall to pieces；shaky要倒塌似的，摇摇欲坠的 ．
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dwarf ( v．) :make small or insignificant；make seem small in comparison使矮小；使无足轻重；使(相形之下)显得渺小；使相形见绌
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vat ( n.) :a large tank，tub，or cask for holding liquids大缸；大桶
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nimble ( adj．) :moving or acting quickly and lightly灵活的；敏捷的／nimbly adv．
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girder ( n.) :a large beam，usually horizontal，of timber or steel．for supporting the joists of a floor，the framework of a building．the superstructure of a bridge，etc?大梁
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trickle ( n.) :a slow，small flow细流；涓流
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ooze ( v．) :flow or leak out slowly，as through very small holes 渗出；慢慢地流
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runnel ( n.) :runnel a small stream；little brook or rivulet；a small channel or watercourse小溪；小沟；小槽
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glisten (v．) :shine or sparkle with reflected light, as a wet or polished surface；flash(湿的表面或光滑面)反光；闪耀，闪光
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taut ( adj．) :tightly stretched，as a rope(绳子等)拉紧的，绷紧的
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短语 (Expressions)
thread one’s way: move through carefully or slowly，changing direc- tion frequenfly as moving小心，缓慢地挤过(不断地改变方向)
例： Slowly she threaded her way back through the moving mass of people．她慢慢挤过熙熙攘攘的人群往回走。
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follow suit: to do the same as someone else has done赶潮流，学样
例： Many young girls are fond of following suit at present．时下许多年轻女孩热衷于赶潮流。
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narrow down: reduce the number of缩小(范围，数字等)
例： Please narrow down the topic of your speech to avoid waste of time．请缩小你讲话的主题以免浪费时间。
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beat down: bargain with(seller)，causing seller to lower price(与卖主)往下砍价
例： It is necessary to know how to beat down the price when bar- gaining．在与卖主讲价时应该知道怎样压价。
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make a point of: regard or treat it as necessary认为……是必要的
例： The teachers make a point of setting strict demands on the students．老师们认为为学生制定严格的要求是很必要的
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take a hand: join to help帮助，帮忙
例： When you meet troubles we are gladt0 take a hand ourselves．当你遇到困难时我们愿意帮助你。
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throw one’s weight on to (sth．): use all one’s strength to press down使劲压在(某物)上
例： he doctor throws his weight on t0 the patient’s chest，but it does not work．医生使尽全身力气压住病人的胸口，但是无济于事。
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set…in motion: set sth．going；launch使…一运动，移动
例： Before the gasoline is discovered，people use diesel oil to set the engine in motion．在发现汽油之前，人们使用柴油来发动引擎。
课文翻译
中东的集市仿佛把你带回到了几百年、甚至几千年前的时代。此时此刻显现在我脑海中的这个中东集市，其入口处是一座古老的砖石结构的哥特式拱门。你首先要穿过一个赤日耀眼、灼热逼人的大型露天广场，然后走进一个凉爽、幽暗的洞穴。这市场一直向前延伸，一眼望不到尽头，消失在远处的阴影里。赶集的人们络绎不绝地进出市场，一些挂着铃铛的小毛驴穿行于这熙熙攘攘的人群中，边走边发出和谐悦耳的叮当叮当的响声。市场的路面约有十二英尺宽，但每隔几码远就会因为设在路边的小货摊的挤占而变窄；那儿出售的货物各种各样，应有尽有。你一走进市场，就可以听到摊贩们的叫卖声，赶毛驴的小伙计和脚夫们大着嗓门叫人让道的吆喝声，还有那些想买东西的人们与摊主讨价还价的争吵声。各种各样的噪声此伏彼起，不绝于耳，简直叫人头晕。
随后，当往市场深处走去时，人口处的喧闹声渐渐消失，眼前便是清静的布市了。这里的泥土地面，被无数双脚板踩踏得硬邦邦的，人走在上面几乎听不到脚步声了，而拱形的泥砖屋顶和墙壁也难得产生什么回音效果。布店的店主们一个个都是轻声轻气、慢条斯理的样子；买布的顾客们在这种沉闷压抑的气氛感染下，自然而然地也学着店主们的榜样，变得低声细语起来。
中东集市的特点之一是经销同类商品的店家，为避免相互间的竞争，不是分散在集市各处，而是都集中在一块儿，这样既便于让买主知道上哪儿找他们，同时他们自己也可以紧密地联合起来，结成同盟，以便保护自己不受欺侮和刁难。例如，在布市上，所有那 1些卖衣料、窗帘布、椅套布等的商贩都把货摊一个接一个地排设在马路两边，每一个店铺门面前都摆有一张陈列商品的搁板桌和一些存放货物的货架。讨价还价是人们习以为常的事。头戴面纱的妇女们迈着悠闲的步子从一个店铺逛到另一个店铺，一边挑选一边问价；在她们缩小选择范围并开始正儿八经杀价之前，往往总要先同店主谈论几句，探探价底。
对于顾客来说，至关重要的一点是，不到最后一刻是不能让店主猜到她心里究竟中意哪样东西、想买哪样东西的。假如让店主猜中了她所要买的商品的话，他便会漫天要价，而且在还价过程中也很难作出让步。而在卖主那一方来说，他必须竭尽全力地声称，他开出的价钱使他根本无利可图，而他之所以愿意这样做完全是出于他本人对顾客的敬重。顾客有时来了又去，去了又来，因此，像这样讨价还价的情形有可能持续一整天，甚至好几天。
集市上最引人注目、给人印象最深刻的地方之一是铜器市场。你一走近这里，耳朵里便只听得见金属器皿互相碰击时所发出的一阵阵砰砰啪啪、丁丁当当的响声；走得越近，响声便越来越大，越来越清晰。直待你走到拐角处一转弯，眼前便出现了锃亮的铜器，它们映照着无数盏明灯和火盆，流光飞舞，有如仙境。每个铜匠铺子里都有几个徒工——他们都是一些男性青少年，其中有的年龄小得让人难以置信——在那里不停地锤打着一些形状各异、大小不一的铜器，而铺子的老板则在一旁指点着，有时也亲自操锤敲打几下。铺子的后边，还有一个小不点儿的徒工在那里用一根拴在大脚趾上的绳子鼓动着一个巨大的皮风箱，煽着一大炉炭火——燃烧着的木炭随着风箱的鼓动而有节奏地变得忽明忽暗。
在这里，你会看到许多精美的锅碗瓢盆，上面雕刻着各种精细复杂的传统图案，也能看到一些当地人日常使用的质朴无华的厨房用具，虽无花纹图案，但造形美观，经济实用。 再走一处便是地毯市场。这儿有各种质地的地毯，它们色彩斑炯，花纹图案富有地方特色——有的简单粗犷，有的精巧和谐得令人吃惊。再往前走便是香料市场，这里充满各种浓烈的异香奇味；接下来是食品市场，在这里，你可以买到豪华酒宴上所需的任何山珍海味，也可以与徒工、脚夫一道坐进小饭馆里去