学习类
1(1). "We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own; disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning."
通常，我们从与我们意见相同的人身上学到的要比从那些与我们意见相悖的人身上学的东西要多得多；（因为）意见不统一会带来压力并且阻碍学习。
（与我们）持相同意见者和持不同意见者对学习的作用
Topic：虽然从某种程度上来讲，不同意见会给我们带来压力，但这不是理由，我们从与我们意见相同的人身上学到的要比从那些与我们意见相悖的人身上学的东西要多得多；
1）我们很难从观点与我们相同或相似的人那儿获得新知识和受到启发。
2）相反，我们能从与我们观点相悖的人身上获取新视野，从而找到解决问题的方法eg 与此同时，我们能从与我们观点相悖的人身上发现自身的不足eg
3）历史告诉我们，无论是对个人还是社会，主要是通过不同意见的争论来获取进步，向前发展的。
4）诚然，不同意见会给我们带来压力，但正是这种压力才更好的促使我们去思考。
.
2(4). "No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study."
在任何一个研究领域当中，除非有该领域之外的人引进他们的知识和经验，否则该领域就很难获得巨大的发展。
Outsider: a person does not belong to a particular group
闭门造车，旁观者清
Topic：同意，知识领域的重大进展依赖于各学科的知识和经验，甚至能创造出一个新的学科。
1）不同领域的科学其内部是相互联系的，相互依赖的eg。管理学与统计学，考古学与分析化学
2）一个领域的重大发现往往依赖于其他领域的突破。Eg计算机对天文学和数学发展的影响3）更进一步讲，不同学科之间的交流甚至能创造出一个新的学科领域。Eg纳米科学的出现是：材料学，电子学，物理学，化学，机械工程，生命科学发展到一定的程度之后所提出的共同要求
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3(14). "It is necessary for everyone to read poetry, novels, mythology and other types of imaginative literature."
每个人都应该阅读诗歌、小说、神话以及各种各样的想象文学。
想象文学与人
Topic：阅读诗歌、小说、神话以及各种各样的想象文学对我们是有好处的，虽然不一定是对每个人。
1）智慧结晶，丰富精神生活
2）培养想象力，培养应对社会复杂现象的能力
3）其他国家或宗教的文学和历史能帮助我们更好的理解差异，增进交流
4）但是建议每个人学习过于武断，有些人从事应用学科的研究，从中并没什么收益。。
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4(28). "Students should memorize facts only after they have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts
that help explain those facts. Students who have learned only facts have learned very little."
学生们在记忆知识的时候应该先学习有助于解释那些知识的理念、潮流和概念。仅仅死学知识的学生是学不到什么东西的。
局部和整体之触类旁通
Topic：同意说法：students who have learned only facts have learned very little.但是认为只有在学习有助于解释那些知识的理念、潮流和概念之后才记忆知识是不公平的。1）学习理念、潮流和概念有助于理解知识并洞悉其重要性，这样学生就更容易记住知识。
（个人经验，初学物理的时候，对于距离公式S=Vot+1/2at2 记不住，后来在理解了初速度和加速度的概念之后就明确了，而且忘不掉）
2）假如仅仅关注于记住知识，那么学习的过程就等同于记忆，这在解决实际问题中是无益的。（许多亚洲国家的教育模式，死记硬背，不理解//）
3）但从学习的过程来看，记忆一些基本的知识是必要的，那是掌握更多理念、潮流和概念的基础。一味的强调理念、潮流和概念在先是不公平的。Eg就像人要先学会走路一样，在复杂的东西也要从1234和abcd开始，
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5(42). "Because learning is not a solitary activity but one that requires collaboration among people,
students of all ages will benefit academically if they work frequently in groups."
由于学习不是一种孤立的行为而是需要人们之间合作的，所以各种年龄的学生如果经常小组学习的话就会在学术上受益匪浅。
少数和多数之学习小组
Topic：同意学习不是一个孤立的过程而需要交流与协作，但不能丧失独立思考的习惯。1）学习的内容远远大于书本知识，而其形式也远远多于一个人本身。合作学习能扩大知识面，培养批判思维的能力
2）合作学习还能培养沟通能力和协作精神。
3）有些领域的学习紧靠研读书本是没法完成的，eg新闻学，市场营销学
4）合作不能以丧失独立思考习惯为代价，那是合作的基础。
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6(57). "The depth of knowledge to be gained from books is much richer and broade r than what can
be learned from direct experience."
通过书本获得的知识要比通过直接体验获得的知识要更加丰富和广泛。
直接经验和间接经验
Topic：承认书本知识比实践经验中获取的知识更多更系统，但实践经验是检验书本的唯一途径。
1）通过书本我们学习抽象的系统的理论知识，那时学习其他知识的基础。Eg formal education所学过的课程涉及方方面面
2）实践经验中得出的知识更深刻更生动，并且通过实践能检验书本知识的正确性。Eg麦哲伦（Magellan）第一次用实践证明地球是圆的。
3）只有把书本知识与实践经验相融合，才能更好的充实个人，造福于社会。Eg个人经历，
大学的精工实习课，从书本上学到的机械加工学，测量学，还都是抽象的，只有到车间里，通过洗车段床的实践才能对书本知识有更深刻的理解，并检验了书本知识的正确性。
Eg个人专利
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7(59). "Too much emphasis is placed on role models. Instead of copying others, people should learn to think and act independently and thus make the choices that are best for them."
太多的注意力被放在了模式化方面。与其模仿别人，人们还不如学习独立思考和作出最适合自己的选择。
模式化和独立思考
Topic：不同意：尽管消极的效仿榜样（不考虑个人差异）会带来问题，但我们确实能从榜样身上学到很多。
1）榜样的成功对我们有激励作用
2）榜样的成功能提供我们新的思路与想法
3）无视差异而消极模仿榜样是徒劳甚至是有害的。Eg个人经历，在一次学习经验交流会上，交流者谈到他在晚上11点到凌晨2点的时间段里学习效率是最高的。于是我也拿来模仿，不仅晚上看不进去而且还严重影响了第二天上课的效果得不偿失。
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8(73). "In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge." 在大多数职业和学术领域中，想象力要比知识更加重要。
想象力和知识（49）
Topic：在绝大多数领域中，要想有所成就，想象力和知识都是不可或缺，是同等重要的的。1）在自然科学的领域，知识是成功的基础，而想象力则是成功的催化剂eg英国科学家霍金对于宇宙大爆炸理论的见解
2）在艺术领域，想象力是创新的灵魂，而知识则是灵魂所依附的肉体。Eg达芬奇（Da Vinci）能画出《最后的晚餐》，《蒙拉丽莎》这样杰出的作品，尤其一系列的理论作背景，比如透视光纤等绘画理论，以及解剖尸体的方法片p444/
3）两者不可或缺，相互促进，想象力能激发兴趣去学习知识，而知识的积累能扩大想象的空间。
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9(92). "In any academic area or professional field, it is just as important to recognize the limits of
our knowledge and understanding as it is to acquire new facts and information."
在任何学术或者职业领域中，承认我们知识和理解的不足同获取新的知识同等重要。
自我批评
Topic：同意：在我们各自的领域中，认识到知识的局限性和获取知识是同样重要的，两者相辅相成。
1）只有认识到了问题的局限性，才有更大的动力去获取新知识。
2）而获取了新的知识又能更进一步的认识到知识的不足eg古希腊哲学家Zeno曾在教育弟子的时候在地上画了二个圈，说小的是你的知识范围，大的是我的知识范围，我的圈虽然比你的大，但我的圆周也比你大，接触外界的地方比你多，就越是感到自己的无知。，3）人类文明的不断进步正式这两个过程的不断交替
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10(117). "The depth of knowledge to be gained from books is richer and broader than what can be learned from direct experience."
从书本中获得的知识要比通过直接经验获得的知识内容更加丰富，范围更加广阔。
直接经验和间接经验
完全同57
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11(122). "We owe almost all our knowledge not to people who have agreed, but to people who have disagreed."
我们所掌握的知识差不多都是源于持不同意见者而非意见相同者。
统一和分歧之知识
point: agree,我们地知识大部分的确是来自于鹤我们论点不同的人
1）从与我们意见相同的人那里，我们很少学到新的有启发性的知识
eg
2）对立的观点就像一面镜子，能够使我们发现的自己的缺点，并且不同的意见的不同观点的人们哪里，我们可以学到新的观点，新的途径来解决问题
eg 波粒二象性
结尾，世界充满了矛盾，所以我们也必须用批判的眼光来看待事物，多多接触与我们相抵触的观点，正是这些不同观点的冲突，知识和灵感的火花正是在不同意见的
12(138). "Only through mistakes can there be discovery or progress."
失败是成功之母
point: 同意，但不是前提（学习限定性的开头）
1）从教育心理学的角度，人们总是通过从错误中吸取经验吸取到更多的经验，“Smart person is the one who never commits the same mi stake”
2）历史上有大量这样的例子，（物理学几乎就是在不断的继承和自我否定中发展起来的，Aristotal->Newton->einstein）,这治学的领域，人们也是通过不断的尝试，从错误中吸取了经验，知道了什么是不可行或者是不正确的，才找到了一条适合发展的道路《闭关锁国---改革开放；计划经济----市场经济》
3）但是错误并不是前提，因为历史上有很多成功的案例不是从
13(164). "Sometimes imagination is a more valuable asset than experience. People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible and thus can approach a task without constraints of established habits and attitudes."
有时候想象力是比经验更有价值的财富。缺少经验的人得以自由的想象任何可能性，并且由此可以达成一个目标而不受既定习惯和态度的限制。
想象力和经验
point: both imagination and experience are necessary, 并且它们是互为补充的
1) 工作经验和生活经验时达成目标不可缺少的established knowledge , 没有了这些知识，imagination就会变成useless的fantasy
（欧文，理想社会主义）
2) imagination 是creativity and originality 的基础, 没有了imagination，人们所掌握的经验就会变得没有价值，除了简单的重复
（物理学，爱因斯坦，和光赛跑的想象，要有丰厚的前人的经验知识的总结作基础）3）结为：没有，没有，我们目前的社会过多地强调了经验的重要性
14(177). "The study of an academic discipline alters the way we perceive the world. After studying the discipline, we see the same world as before, but with different eyes."
对于一门学科的研究会改变我们对世界的看法。在学习这门学科之后，我们看到的世界一如既往，但是我们本身的角度和眼光已然不同。
知识对于人类的影响
point: agree The study of an academic discipline alters the way we perceive the world，无论是广度还是深度,还是观察手段
1)The study of an academic discipline拓展了我们的眼光，使我们认识到许多全新的事物，
从而改变了我们对于世界的看法
《对于天文学的认识，伽利略，使我们对宇宙的认识，从最开始的神话阶段的模型，拓展到了无穷的》
2）。。。。。。。。大大加深了我们对于已有知识的理解，使我们重新认识了原本我们自认为熟悉的事物
《爱伊斯坦，霍金改变了时间观，》
3）。。。。。。。。富裕了我们很多全新的观察手段，从而能够更加客观地看待世界《光学显微镜----scanning electronic microscope------atomic force m -------scanning tunnel microscope 》
15(179). "What most human beings really want to attain is not knowledge, but certainty. Gaining
real knowledge requires taking risks and keeping the mind open but most people prefer to be
reassured rather than to learn the complex and often unsettling truth about anything."
大多人真正想要得到的不是知识而是结论。获得真正的知识需要冒险和不停歇的思考－但是大多数人更愿意获得确定的答案而不是去学习复杂而不确定的真理。
独立思考
point: 历史上很多真理曾动摇了平常人，并比大多数人所反对，因为这些知识与组成这些人的内心的东西相抵触，所以得到真理是要冒很大风险的，但是人的本性中的好奇心，使得人们无法抵挡住真理的诱惑，所以真理往往最后是被社会所承认的
1）在自然科学领域，提出地除了传统的伟大思想者总是遭到社会强烈的反对而不是接受，（Bruno Copernicus, Darwin的theory of evolution, 普朗克的量子力学---物质状态的随机性）
2）在社会领域，人们总是愿意接受社会上流行的观点并随时准备为持现状（in china, the social and economic reform encounters resistance）
3) 尽管如此，人们从来没有停止过多自然的探索, 并且真理最终还是会被社会大众所接受，伟大思想者中就会得到应有的尊重
16(181).（都有作用，a更重要）"The way students and scholars interpret the materials they work with in their academic
fields is more a matter of personality than of training. Different interpretations come about when people with different personalities look at exactly the s ame objects, facts, data, or events and see
different things."
学生和学者们在诠释学术研究对象时使用的方法更多的是一种个性化（因人而异）而非一种培训（模式化）。不同的诠释来自于具有不同个性的人在看待相同的目标、事实、数据或者事件的时候以及他们在看待不同事情的时候。
个体和整体之学术方法论
personality
training
points: Both personalities and training play their roles in deciding the way they interpret and understand the same material and what they see from the same objects. However, in my opinion, the key factor in their interpretation is their training and educational background.
1) 不同的个性的人有不同的视角（塞翁失马，丢马/好事-----母马摔伤/好事-----战死）
2) 培训提供给人们不同的教育背景的同时，更重要的，还会影响人们的个性，the way of their thinking 学习自然科学的人更加理性，学习艺术的人更加有想象力
（??）
17(183). "As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensib le, but more complex and more mysterious."
当我们获得越来越多的知识，事情并没有变的更加透彻，相反是变的更复杂更神秘。
Points:the larger a circle is the more outside space it will touch ----Zeno, agree the more knowledge we acquire, the more complex and mysterious world we will encounter. Depth and extent of our knowledge are consequently increasing, which will inevitably make the things become more complex and abstruse
1) 知识大爆炸的时代，知识在不断地变多, 而且互相之间的联系前所未有的紧密。为了了解一个事物，可能需要用到若干门的知识，而对每一门知识的了解可优惠要求到其他领域的概念的支持。从而大大增加了人们理解的难度。（数学曾经对与业余爱好者来说也是可能理解的，比如felma, 一个律师，仅用业余时间就对数学几乎所有领域有了完整的理解，并做出贡献然而，目前数学理论的割裂，只能了解某一块，即使数学家本身对于他所不熟悉的领域也会感到迷茫，更不要说业余的）
2）知识的深度与本身的复杂性也在加强。自然是复杂的，探索过程就是把知识从人类的假象，这个好理解，推向更接近自然真理，这个一般说来比较深奥abstruse和复杂，的过程。（经典物理----相对论，关于时间的概念；量子力学-----关于物质的概念，随机性，确定性，
甚至因为它的不确定性，遭到了吴学家本身的反对，小爱）
3）随着探索的不断加深，更多的问题将会涌现，这都将向人们提出问题，从而事情变得更加复杂
18(200). "The most elusive knowledge is self-knowledge, and it is usually acquired through solitude, rather than through interaction with others."
Elusive: Abstruse, hard to comprehend
Self-knowledge: knowledge or understandings of one s own capabilities, character, feelings, or motivations
Solitude: alone, seclusion
最艰深难懂的学问都是自知之明的，这些学问通常都是独立发展起来的而非通过和其他学科的交流。
少数和多数之自知之明的学问
points: Both introspection and personal interaction could contribute to self-knowledge
1)的确很难，评价自己很难，大部分的人对自己只是有一个模糊的自我印象，并且总是很
难清晰地认识自己
（我的系主任在自己的领域是一个著名的人物，曾取得过一个专利，他盲目的相信自己在商界也能取得成功，就自己出资推广这个专利，结果失败；the one who is in
love---feeling，; ）
2）内性很扮演重要角色（st. Augustinus Confucius “people should introspect themselves at least three times a day ”）
3）与人交往也很重要（可以察觉自己察觉不了的缺点other people’s attitude and feedback will reflect the distinct characteristics and disposition, Lee long ji, one of the most famous emperors in Chinese history, said ‘take history as a mirror, which will reflect the flourish and ruin of countries; take another person as a mirror, it will reflect the advantages and defects of oneself ’）
19(204). "We learn through direct experience; to accept a theory without experiencing it is to learn nothing at all."
我们通过直接经验来学习，如果没有通过体验来接受一个理论就等于根本没学。
直接经验和间接经验（14 题）
points: both direct experience and indirect experience contribute to our knowledge
1)it is true that some of the knowledge come from the direct experience and theories were tested
in practice
(Newton and apple; Magellan prove the earth is round, experiment in nature science, )
2)However, most of our knowledge does not result from direct experience but from studying the
indirect knowledge, which is accumulated by the human intellectual endeavor
(?? )
3)It is na?ve and unreasonable that we must experience a theory personally before we accept it
(cost-effect)
20(217). "In order to produce successful original work, scholars and scientists must first study the
successful work of others to learn what contributions remain to be made."
为了创作出成功的原创著作，学者和科学家们必须研究别人的著作以了解这些著作仍然保持着哪些贡献。
他山之石可以攻玉，科学是承前继后的过程
position: agree 人们应该同时学习成功的何不成功的前人著作
1）历史的经验告诉我们，学习前人的成功经验是必要的，这是知识基础（爱因斯坦不可能从1+1=2开始研究工作，最后推出E=m*c*c的公式）；
2）学习前人成功著作可以enlighten and inspire one to make innovation and creation （ostered and faraday if there current in the circuit the beside compass will turn its direction, faraday was inspired by this phenomenon, and believe the magnet is fixed the circuit with current passing by will rotate. Finally, he invent the generator, one of the most inventions in his
life ）过多地依赖于前人的经验，而不加批判与创新精神，会使人无所作为，甚至被误导（euclid principle axiom Newton philosopher like Spinoza fails waste time）
3) 学习前人的失败经验也能(波粒二象性)
21(229). "The best way to learn a new subject or skill is to study small segments or details in great
depth rather than to start by trying to develop a sense of the whole."
学习一门新学科活着新技术的最好方法是深入的学习某一个小的部分或者细节，而不是一开始就试图去从整体来把握。
整体和局部的关系之伤其十指不如断其一指
position: disagree, to efficiently learing a new subject or skill, a sense of whole before delving into the details is significant and meaningful. Is no less important than grasping small segments and details for ultimate/ulterior goal .
1)overall picture reasonable plan and scientific strategy (我的大学学习经历，Chinese
painting, 只有多化几幅，自己才会有理解，才会知道把精力放在什么地方，中国画讲究的是神韵，而不是外形，学习的重点应该是如何能显出前者，而非vivid的外形)
2)enables us understand the interconnection of various parts significance of various small
segments or details (Einstein feels shortage of his knowledge of mathematics to back his
research in the last period of his life, and he attributed this to the lack of sensitivity to the learning of mathematics in his early age, he said ” unlike )
3)studying small parts in depth is equally important for finally grasping the subject (一个领域
的专家往往对这个领域的各个部分都有着透彻的理解，newton对力学的深入研究，导致他产生了微机分的思想，为其他研究提供了帮助)
GRE写作Argument具体性指令有哪些? Q：Argument的具体性指令有哪些? A：Argument的具体性指令主要有8种，分别是： 1. Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument. 这个具体指令中不需要写出前提，重点是分析有哪些具体的例证可以削弱和加强该结论。 2. Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted. 该具体指令要求重点分析前提条件，然后分析怎么削弱或加强这个前提条件。并且需要分析没有假设前提会导致什么结果。该指令出现以下若干变形： 3. Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions
gre写作issue与argument的异同 在gre写作考试中会有issue和argument。那么，各位对gre 作文issue、gre作文argument有没有进行过了解呢?下面就和大家分享gre写作issue与argument的异同,希望能够帮助到大家，来欣赏一下吧。 gre写作issue与argument的异同 考生想要在gre写作中取得好成绩，就需要同时写出两篇不错的*来，这对于不少英语基础一般，写作水平也普通的同学来说并不容易做到。不过，如果大家能够充分了解gre作文issue 和argument的异同点，并进行足够的练习，高分作文也还是很有把握的。下面就为大家全面解析gre写作两篇作文的异同之处，帮助大家练好写作思路确保作文高分。 gre写作两篇作文相同点 虽然gre作文argument和issue有很多不同之处，但在一些基本的规范和要求上还是有共通之处的： 1. *基本要求相同 gre两篇作文的考试时间都是30分钟。考生需要在30分钟内完成从审题到构思到最后成文的整个流程。而两篇*的文体风
格也基本相同，都是属于议论文性质的写作。因此，很多考生比较惧怕的描述类*就不会有所涉及了。同时，虽然gre考试本身并没有做出任何字数方面的限制和要求，但根据历年来的高分范文总结，一般作文字数在400-500字左右是比较稳妥的，这一点ISSUE和ARGUMENT两篇作文也没有太大区别。 2. *评分标准相同 除了规范要求外，gre两篇作文在评分标准上也是基本相同的。大致都可以分为*整体结构、逻辑思维能力、对于词句语法的运用以及论据素材的使用这几个方面。当然，由于两篇*本身具体写作要求的区别，可能在一些评分细节上还存在不同。 3. 官方复习资源相同 无论是ISSUE作文还是ARGUMENT作文，两篇gre作文的复习资源也是基本相同的。除了官方公布的作文练习题外，高分范文、黄金词句和论据素材都是帮助考生练习写作能力锻炼作文水平需要用到的复习必备材料。 gre写作两篇作文不同点 说完了相似之处，接下来为大家介绍一下两篇作文的不同之处： 1. 写作具体要求区别
新GRE写作Issue模板 ——By Jason Lee 一、作文步骤 1.审题(1min) 2.首段(5min) 3.构思+提纲(2min) 4.中间段+尾端(20min) 5.检查润色(2min) 二、题型 1.表态+论述(statement/ recommendation/ challenge/ policy) 2.讨论(both of views) 3.因果分析(claim+ reason) 三、模板 1.表态+论述(statement/ recommendation/ challenge/ policy) ◆首段： Never in the history of humanity have we witnessed such a great accentuation on…（时间+话题关键词+矛盾性） What especially concerns the public involves whether…（矛盾核心） It is my personal conviction that…for reasons as follows. （表态） ◆中间段： (1)One compelling argument is that…（提出论点） The threshold matter inherent in the issue of…is that… It is a truth of prevalent recognition that…（扩展论证） (2)Another indispensable part of my argument is that… Common sense informs us that… (3)Nevertheless, it is of vital prominence not to disregard the fact that… It is logically justifiable to hold that… ◆尾段： In the final analysis, （转述观点+引述结束）
GRE写作ARGUMENT逻辑技巧 GRE作文argument为批判性论述文，需要对给出的一段论述文字进行分析，找到其逻辑漏洞并加以攻击。下面就和大家分享GRE写作ARGUMENT区分主次要逻辑技巧，来欣赏一下吧。 GRE写作ARGUMENT区分主次要逻辑技巧 GRE写作怎样判断主次要逻辑漏洞? 如上文所说，其实很多时候一篇argument题目素材里，存在的逻辑漏洞往往不止一处，对于一些写作驳论文经验丰富的考生来说，有些题目甚至一眼望去就是千疮百孔的。但这并不代表大家随便抓住一点就可以写出很有说服力的*。学会区分逻辑漏洞的主要和次要，集中精力从主要漏洞入手进行写作才能让*更有说服力。下面通过一个实例为大家分析： GRE写作ARGUMENT真题实例分析 The following appeared as part of an article in a business magazine. A recent study rating 300 male and female Mentian advertising executives according to the average number of hours they sleep per night showed an association between the amount of sleep the
executives need and the success of their firms. Of the advertising firms studied those whose executives reported needing no more than 6 hours of sleep per night had higher profit margins and faster growth. These results suggest that if a business wants to prosper, it should hire only people who need less than 6 hours of sleep per night. Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted. 作文题目翻译 最近一项研究根据每晚平均睡眠时间对300名男性和女性Mentian广告经理需要的睡眠总量与他们公司的成功之间的关联。被研究的广告公司中，那些报告每晚需要的睡眠不超过6小时的经理有较高的利润率和较快的增长。这些结果表明，如果一个企业想要成功，就应该雇佣那些每晚只需要不超过6小时睡眠时间的人。 写一篇回应*，探讨上述论据中明示和/或隐含的假设，并解释该论据如何建立在这些假设之上;如果这些假设不合理，会对该论据产生什么影响";
GRE作文ISSUE满分范文 GRE作文ISSUE满分范文，希望可以给大家一些写作参考。 "Success, whether academic or professional, involves an ability to survive in a new environment and, eventually, to change it." Many wonder the intrinsic impact of industrial revolution over the last century. Is it a blessing or a curse? Ever since the invention of steam engine, mass production enabled factories to make out products in a madly efficient manner, while machines also supplanted innumerous traditionally skilled artisan, forcing them out of work. Gone are the days when they boasted of their craftsmanship that they assumed to be able support their family all their life. Consumers became more aspiring to novel design instead of durability as goods were made to be discarded. Hundreds years later, with the first installation of integrated circuit on the chip, another profound turnover took place. Now the computer pervades our life so much that one may find himself half illiterate in absence of input skill. This time, thousands of jobs were created in Silicon Valley, transforming some of the few into billionaire over one night. Nevertheless, the original inventor might not expect that the ensuing slow down and thus recession in IT sector would approach so soon in less than 10 years, which is obviously less than a presumable 15 years time normal for a periodical change. Positive or negative, one mark that characterizes the technological bombardment indicates a constant fact: changes exist ubiquitously and operating at an ever-increasing tempo; those who fail to catch up with the torrent of change would ineluctably engulfed by billows, floating no where and eventually dissolve as negligible bubbles. Favors as well as opportunities goes to who adapt to the contemporary trend. Fully recognizing this axiom, long before the scientists announced accomplishment of sketches of human genes or earlier successful cloning of Doris, candidates preparing for university admission have smelt the sense. Today, in the U.S., biology and its branch disciplines become the first choice for top students of senior high, determining that this subject, foretold as the third wave in technology, could bring them brilliant future as“Bill Gates”dreamt the same in the previous wave. In addition to academic realm, respect would be paid to people who though deprived of their past secure professions, choose not to be a loser in the whimsical society. Like the artisans who lost jobs, a vast number of skilled laborer in China’s city of Wengzhou have undergone darkness and depressio n in those old days. However, after years of endeavor and refinement, they prove their value again. By accurately posit the economic trend and market demand, they play an active role in almost all economic sectors, garments, catering and lodging, hi-tech industry, you name it. While ability honed in surviving the fickleness of the world makes the path through success shorter, it is essential for the more ambitious to acquire the pith of reformist and lead the trend. In this way, it could help him distinguish from the mediocracy and platitude. This is absolutely not an easy task. Inborn insight and foresight are needed to tell uncommon out of the commonplace; extraordinary perseverance
新GRE写作Argument范文 来源：互联网 新对于国内考生比较难的一个问题就是中国人的思维与西方人不同，所以的方式也不太一样。因此，大家可以通过参考一些优秀的新GRE的范文来提高自己的写作水平。 Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. following appeared in a memorandum written by the vice president of Nature's Way, a chain of stores selling health food and other health-related products. "Previous experience has shown that our stores are most profitable in areas where residents are highly concerned with leading healthy lives. We should therefore build our next new store in Painesville, which has many such residents. Painesville merchants report that sales of running shoes and exercise clothing are at all-time highs. The local health club, which nearly closed five years ago due to lack of business, has more members than ever, and the weight training and aerobics classes are always full. We can even anticipate a new generation of customers: Painesville's schoolchildren are required to participate in a 'fitness for life' program, which emphasizes the benefits of regular exercise at an early age." following appeared in a letter sent by a committee of homeowners from the Deer haven Acres to all homeowners in Deer haven Acres.
快速搞定GREIssue写作 GRE写作实战中，大家普遍存在一个问题，那就是对写作无感，一时半会大脑里面憋不出来东西，下面就和大家分享快速搞定GRE Issue写作,希望能够帮助到大家，快来学习一下吧。 快速搞定GRE Issue写作 3个不纠结 第一，不能纠结辞藻的华丽，因为官方备考指导对于词汇的要求只有“effective”。 这就意味着我们是来穿着运动服跑鞋冲刺的，而非穿着礼服来品酒的，所以要表达“幸灾乐祸”，你不必非要用8秒想出来8秒钟拼错schadenfreude，而最好用3秒钟写出来“laugh at others bad luck”。 第二，不必纠结事例的真假，完全可以现编，因为官方备考指导规定hypothetical example是和real example可以一样用的。 这也很人性化，毕竟有些练习题难度较大，像第36原题“It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves.”，我们如果难以想到Dr.dre通过认同匪帮说唱
的社会群体来定义自己的音乐风格这样的真人真事，完全可以现编一个“小红通过认同瑜伽群体来定义内心深处的静静”。 第三，不必纠结政治性对错，依然是备考指导的规矩“there is no right or wrong”。所以面对美国考官可以尽情批判特朗普付给艳星封口费，完全不用顾虑考官的什么爱国主义偏见而导致分数低。 考前的笨功夫 如何享受在考场上遇到一个思维熟练的练习题二话不说直接提笔干倒的快感，答案无他，唯有准备。 扔掉备考资料，因为题目是随机抽选的，一个考场上每个人的题都是不一样的，放下原版《资本论》《奥德赛》这种软实力熏陶积淀，我们就聚焦官网上现成的练习题，149道，除去重复的部分，如果准备好其中的五分之二(即60道左右)，不用全写，每道有个清晰的思路即可，那么我们就不可能遇到陌生的题，从而免去了考场上现想带来的时间浪费。 毕竟，如果你v+q 330，但是写作3分，是很尴尬的。再考一次，哪怕是考试时间都要占去4个小时。而上面提到的60来道GRE写作题，每道题花5分钟构思一下思路，总共也就5个多小时。而这些思路也可以为今后美国寂寞的冷板凳学术生活准备好足够的聊天素材。
GRE的Argument写作方法：让步式攻击法 本文是为广大考生整理的GRE Argument写作技巧：让步式攻击，希望协助大家解决GRE考试难题，取得好的成绩。 让步式攻击： 首先，攻击原文第一个错误，例如是调查类错误，攻击其调查过程、调查数据是否具有代表性等等。 然后，在攻击第二个错误时，假定上面的调查即便是在没有错误的情况下实行的，也不能导出作者原文的第二个论断，言外之意就是何况这个调查还是有错误的。 最后，在攻击第三个错误时，假定第二个问题也是成立的(没有错误)，也无法导出第三个论断。这样一种让步式的体系，到最后就彻底驳斥了原文的整个逻辑体系，让原文的逻辑无法成立，题目最后的结论自然就成为了空中楼阁。 下面我们拿例题来做一个讲解 Argument The following memo appeared in the newsletter of the West Meria Public Health Council. “An innovative treatment has come to our attention that promises to significantly reduce absenteeism in our schools and workplaces. A study reports that in nearby East Meria, where fish consumption is very high, people visit the doctor only once or twice per year for the treatment of colds. Clearly, eating a substantial amount of fish can prevent colds. Since colds are the reason most frequently given for absences from school and work, we recommend the daily use of
模板： 开头：三部分：引述题目，表达正反两方面的观点，陈述自己的观点； 引述题目：反问法； 正反两方面的观点：用转折词，比如while、but、despite、although等，例如While some people can find beauty in the mosr common places, true beauty is only found in the exceptional. There can be no doubt that some of the world's most common things are beautiful, yet it' is ofthen the exceptional objects that possess the true beauty. 陈述自己的观点：例如： I believe that ……，because…… In my view……，this is because…… It is cleat that…… After weighing the evidence, it si certain that 三个例子： 1、The speaker asserts that……. It has some merits in terms of ……/from a normative standpoint. However, I disagree with the speaker for some reasons, including^/ as discussed below.适用于单纯观点，不涉及争论的话题。 2、Where/ does it / can we …….while/ even though/ there can be no doubt some people …… I would like to agree with that …… 3、The speaker asserts/considers that ___. While this claim seems plausible
G R E i s s u e写作之自己 总结的万能例子 集团文件版本号：（M928-T898-M248-WU2669-I2896-DQ586-M1988）
Renaissance For example, the helpless fate can be felt from the tragedy works, written by Shakespeare. Mona Lisa, created by Beethoven, revealed the mysterious and implicit smile. Although works completed by different artists and writers revealed slight variations in the access, performing form, and social aspect focusing on, as far as common theme and hidden ideas were concerned, the obvious similries to each other seemed much more than any of the minute differences, namely, resisting the feudalization and corrupt institution and enlightening freedom of human being. This is called “Renaissance” in the history. Genetic engineering 迄今为止，基因工程还没有用于人体，但已在从细菌到家畜的几乎所 有非人生命物体上做了实验，并取得了成功。事实上，所有用于治疗 糖尿病的胰岛素都来自一种细菌，其ＤＮＡ中被插入人类可产生胰岛 素的基因，细菌便可自行复制胰岛素。基因工程技术使得许多植物具 有了抗病虫害和抗除草剂的能力；在美国，大约有一半的大豆和四分 之一的玉米都是转基因的。目前，是否该在农业中采用转基因动植物 已成为人们争论的焦点：支持者认为，转基因的农产品更容易生长， 也含有更多的营养（甚至药物），有助于减缓世界范围内的饥荒和疾
英语考试作文 【作文分析】GRE写作Argument高分范文用 法真题实例讲解 GRE考试中，考生最不容易把握的一个部分可能就是作文了。虽然GRE官方公开了作文题库，但想要全部练习一遍花费时间精力太多并不现实，也无法确保高分。更好的提分做法无疑就是看官方范文练写作。不过，即使如此范文在使用上也是有注意事项的，错误使用只会适得其反，下面就为大家具体介绍GRE写作Argument作文的高分范文用法。GRE作文避免扣分词汇语法要过关 GRE写作Argument高分范文真题实例分析 真题实例 The following appeared as part of an article in a daily newspaper: “Most companies would agree that as the risk of physical injury occurring on the job increases, the wages paid to employees should also increase. Hence it makes financial sense for employers to make the workplace safer: they could thus reduce their payroll expenses and save money.”
Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument. In your discussion be sure to analyze the line of reasoning and the use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may need to consider what questionable assumptions underlie the thinking and what alternative explanations or counterexamples might weaken the conclusion. You can also discuss what sort of evidence would strengthen or refute the argument, what changes in the argument would make it more logically sound, and what, if anything, would help you better evaluate its conclusion. 高分范文 This argument states that it makes financial sense for employers to make the workplace safer because by making the workplace safer then lower wages could be paid to employees. This conclusion is based on the premise that as the list of physical injury increases, the wages paid to employees should also increase. However, there are several assumptions that may not necessarily apply to this argument. For example, the costs associated with making the workplace safe must outweigh the increased payroll expenses due to hazardous conditions. Also, one must look at the plausability of improving the work environment. And finally, because most companies agree that
英语考试作文 GRE写作Issue部分精品素材分享之美德与 情感 想要在GRE作文部分的考试中写出优秀的文章，论据素材是重要的一环。好的论据不仅能帮助你支撑观点，加强说服力，还能体现出考生在阅读量上的积累和深厚扎实的语言功底基础。特别是ISSUE作文，更是需要大量好素材作为储备，才能保证考生无论遭遇那种题目，都能游刃有余地完成一篇高分作文的写作。为大家整理了GRE ISSUE作文各类题目的精品优质素材，一起来看吧。 康德观点：脾性与美好情感 Kant asserted that the human temperaments or dispositions are fixed and separate characters. An individual who has one frame of mind has no feeling or sense for the finer feelings that occur in a person of another temperament. A person who has a constitution that is melancholic will have a predominating feeling for the sublime. That person may possess genuine virtue based on the principle that humanity
has beauty and worth. 康德观点：同情与真正的美德 Sympathy or compassion and also good-natured agreeableness are not true virtues, according to Kant. True virtue is the quality of raising the feeling of humanity’s beauty and dignity to a principle. When a person acts in accordance with this principle, regardless of inclination, that person is truly and sublimely virtuous. “A profound feeling for the beauty and dignity of human nature and a firmness and determination of the mind to refer all one’s actions to this as to a universal ground is earnest, and does not at all join with a changeable gaiety nor with the inconstancy of a frivolous person.”With this observation, Kant will attempt to fit the various feelings of the beautiful and sublime, and the resulting moral characters, into Galen’s rigid arrangement of the four humors or human temperaments: melancholic, sanguine, choleric, and phlegmatic. 艺术改善了我们的生活 Art is a deliberate recreation of a new and special
Renaissance For example, the helpless fate can be felt from the tragedy works, written by Shakespeare. Mona Lisa, created by Beethoven, revealed the mysterious and implicit smile. Although works completed by different artists and writers revealed slight variations in the access, performing form, and social aspect focusing on, as far as common theme and hidden ideas were concerned, the obvious similries to each other seemed much more than any of the minute differences, namely, resisting the feudalization and corrupt institution and enlightening freedom of human being. This is called “Renaissance” in the history. Genetic engineering 迄今为止，基因工程还没有用于人体，但已在从细菌到家畜的几乎所有非人生命物体上做了实验，并取得了成功。事实上，所有用于治疗糖尿病的胰岛素都来自一种细菌，其ＤＮＡ中被插入人类可产生胰岛素的基因，细菌便可自行复制胰岛素。基因工程技术使得许多植物具有了抗病虫害和抗除草剂的能力；在美国，大约有一半的大豆和四分之一的玉米都是转基因的。目前，是否该在农业中采用转基因动植物已成为人们争论的焦点：支持者认为，转基因的农产品更容易生长，也含有更多的营养（甚至药物），有助于减缓世界范围内的饥荒和疾病；而反对者则认为，在农产品中引入新的基因会产生副作用，尤其是会破坏环境。 诚然，仍有许多基因的功能及其协同工作的方式不为人类所知，但想到利用基因工程可使番茄具有抗癌作用、使鲑鱼长得比自然界中的大几倍、使宠物不再会引起过敏，许多人便希望也可以对人类基因做类似的修改。毕竟，胚胎遗传病筛查、基因修复和基因工程等技术不仅可用于治疗疾病，也为改变诸如眼睛的颜色、智力等其他人类特性提供了可能。比如，运用此技术，可使患儿的父母生一个和患儿骨髓匹配的孩子，然后再通过骨髓移植来治愈患儿。 So far, genetic engineering has not been used in human, but it has achieved successful experiment in almost all the objects on non-human life--from bacteria to livestock already. In fact, all the insulin treatment for diabetes come from a kind of bacteria which can be inserted into a human genes to make copies of insulin by bacteria oneself. Genetic engineering technology makes many plants have the disease-resistant ability and herbicide, In the USA, about half of soybean and a quarter of corn is genetically modified. At present, whether the transgenic plants used in agriculture has become the focus of debate, transgenic supporters think: the agricultural is faster to growth, and easier to contain more nutrition (even medicine), to help slow down worldwide famine and disease, But opponents argued, introducing new genes into agricultural will occur side effects, especially destroy the environment. Advantage: Admittedly, ethicist rejected the innovative development of genetic engineering because,
Argument Example 调查 1, Selective sample:样本选择，一部分被排除在外 One major problem is about the sample the author studied in the survey. the author considers only...(selective sub-groups) although (the sub-groups the author studied) do constitute a significant part of (the whole general population), however, (many other sub-groups)are actually excluded from the survey. Perhaps...or...without ruling out all the possibilities above, the author could not make any general conclusion about...merely based on (selective sub-groups). 4，14，16，45，63，65，67，80，84，88，90，97，123，146，154，156，168，179，185，193，196，207，227，231，232，236，238，239 2, Quantity of the sample样本数量 ( pointing out that the current sample is too small in its size)(the fact cited by the author) could hardly illustrate the assumption that... because the author provides only N samples of (the general population),however, (the limited sample) might not be representative of the whole general group. thus we cannot accept the author’s conclusion that...before he/she coul d provide more statistic data about (the situation of other sub-groups). 10，14，33，40，53，69，95，115，123，132，139，150，154，158，167，179，180，188，191，239 3, Do the statistics make any difference:调查只调查了部分情况，忽略了一部分 The information provided by the author is insufficient for the author to reach the conclusion. the survey only studies the situation of ...(an(some) insignificant case(s)), however, many other more essential cases (related to the final conclusion)were ignored in the survey.(we need to know the condition of some other cases about which we care more/ the current case studied in the survey makes little sense on the final conclusion, the author should provide some more important information about the case he studied. )Lacking further studies on these important issues, the author could not hastily conclude that...merely based on the insignificant study. 158，165，183，202，211，217 17，115，147，220 5, Who conducted the survey:结果扭曲，调查者为了自己的利益 The reliability of the survey is also open to doubt due to the organization who conducted the survey. (the organization)has vested interest in the final decision/conclusion which was based on the result of the survey, and thus might distort the actual answers of the respondents.(the institution/individuals may benefit greatly from the result if the result was interpreted as was currently ) Thus, the author should cite a survey which is conducted by an independent institution to convince us that (the assumption). 115，156 6, When was the survey conducted:时间变化 The effectiveness of the result of the survey cited by the author as main evidence is also open to doubt. The survey was conduct (during a special period, or a long time ago), thus may not reflect the current situations accurately. It is true that ( the survey may reflect the opinions or situations of respondents at the time when it was conducted), but people’s opinion toward (the subject surveyed)may have changed greatly during the past time (or, while this fact could not sufficiently illustrate that (the general group) will also...all the time)(many factors that could influence the validity of the survey will change in the future, or respondents may act differently during the period when the survey was conducted, thus the result of the survey could not represent the all-time situation. ) Thus, a more recent survey, if a survey is needed at all, should be provided to sufficiently illustrate the author’s assumption that...