Routine brake system maintenance
The braking system is the most important system on a car. If the brakes don't work properly, the result can be disastrous. So the good brakes are essential for safety.
There are two completely independent braking systems on a car. One is the service brake, and the other is parking brake. The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The parking brake's purposes are to hold a car stationary while it is unattended, and to keep the car from rolling on unleveled ground. It is also called the handbrake.
Basically, all car brakes are friction brakes. When the driver applies the brake, the control device will force brake shoes or pads against the rotating brake drums or discs at wheels. Friction between the shoes or pads and the drums or disks then slows or stops the wheels so that the car is braked.
Disc brake
Disc brakes are used on the front wheels of most cars and on all four wheels on many cars.
The main components of a disc brake are the brake pads, the caliper which contains a piston, and the rotor which is mounted to the hub.
The disc brake is a lot like the brakes on a bicycle. Bicycle brakes have a caliper, which squeezes the brake pads against the wheel. In a disc brake, the brake pads squeeze the rotor instead of the wheel, and the force is transmitted hydraulically instead of through a cable. Friction between the pads and the disc slows the disc down.
A moving car has a certain amount of kinetic energy, and the brakes have to remove this energy from the car in order to stop it. The brakes convert the kinetic energy to heat generated by the friction between the pads and the disc, so the car stops.
Drum brake
So if disk brakes are so great, how come we still have cars with drum brakes? The reason is cost. While all most vehicles for many years have disk brakes on the front wheels, drum brakes are cheaper to produce for the rear wheels. Drum brake is shown in Fig.
Drum brakes consist of a backing plate, brake shoes, brake drum, wheel cylinder, return springs and an automatic or self-adjusting system. When you apply the brakes, the wheel cylinder pushes the brake shoes into contact with the machined surface on the inside of the drum. When the pressure is released, return springs pull the shoes back to their rest position. As the brake linings wear, the shoes must travel a greater distance to reach the drum. When the distance reaches a certain point, a self-adjusting mechanism automatically reacts by adjusting the rest position of the shoes so that they are closer to the drum.
Hydraulic Brake Systems
When the operator steps on the brake pedal, the brake pedal operates a hydraulic system.
The typical brake system is composed of the following basic components
(1) Master cylinder. That is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts your foot's mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure.
(2) Brake lines and brake hoses, they connect the master cylinder to the wheel cylinders located at each wheel.
(3) Brake fluid: that is special oil that has special properties. It is designed to withstand cold temperature without thickening as well as very high temperature without boiling.
In the brake system, master cylinder contains two separate sections, there is a piston in each section and both pistons are connected to a brake pedal in the driver's compartment. When the brake is pushed down, brake fluid is sent from the master cylinder to the wheels. At the wheels, the fluid pushes shoes, or pads, against revolving drums or disks, which can slow and stop car. This slows or stops the revolving wheels, which, in turn, slow or stop the car.
Routine maintenance of automobile brake fluid: Usually brake fluid maintenance period of 2 years or 48,000 km. Recommended brake fluid on the maintenance period, the European car manufacturers generally set a few years; and Japan and the United States car manufacturers are generally in their owner's manual have detailed descriptions. The abs function with anti-lock braking system, brake fluid and timely supplement is especially important. This is mainly due to energy storage in the pollution of dust and moisture of the body will lead to expensive failure, and thus laid security risk when vehicle braking force owners to find weak, you can use brake fluid test strips humidity assisted analysis of whether there is any fault of defect caused by brake fluid. If the brake fluid for the failure of the root causes of lack of sufficient quantity to be added in time brake fluid. By the brake fluid tank vent in a normal infiltration (or when tank lid open non-regular access to) the moisture and dust reduced brake fluid maintenance cycle. Maintenance of the brake fluid in the same time, must not neglect the wheel brake parts.
Auto brake pad, brake drum, rotating body, and brake calipers: the current drive vehicle for leading the trend, people are concerned about how to play the 2 / 3 of the front brake lines brake tasks for scientific and effective maintenance. Now, after a variety of drive, all-wheel drive, trucks and suv blossom everywhere, people "before re-light after the" traditional concept has gradually changed.
Gradually replace the asbestos linings in the semi-metallic brake pad will cause the whole surface of rotating serious wear and tear. Brake parts on the car wheel or brake pad inspection is a complex task, not simply from a visual look at both sides of the front brake pads wear the middle point. In actual operation, even if the brake caliper of open distance just to let you see both sides of the brake pad, it does not mean we can be handy, unimpeded
operation of the. In addition, the popularization of brake shield, and the brake pad of rotating the contact surface is multi-block, hard look. As for the rear wheel with disc brake, it is hidden, is difficult to comprehend the appearance.
Typically, the only system in the apparent leak, we will focus on checking brake fluid sealing. The comprehensive system of inspection, including the traditional static checking (that is, to find leaks in situ static) and dynamic checks (ie check the seal during braking). In any case, when the vehicle braking system to maintain up to 48 000 km driving range, they need the vehicle's braking system to conduct a comprehensive professional maintenance Brake rotating body of minor scratches do not cause illness. But since the fastening nut tightening force thickness of inequality and uneven brake rotating body rotation caused by excessive wear and tear will seriously affect the braking performance. To reduce weight, many rotating body size using unconventional structure, which is difficult to meet some of the machine tool clamping the basic requirements. If you find a rotating body has been processed, then follow the same axle of the second rotating body is only the size of its replacement. In theory, you can only replace a rotating body, but to get the best balance between braking effect, or the proposed replacement with two on the same axle rotating body. The proposal also applies to vehicles during braking, brake caliper piston through the experience back movement, we can complete the key features of the automatic brake calipers inspection. If the brake caliper piston back position is unsound, please replace a new brake caliper; If you want to discharge or filling brake fluid, make sure relief valve can be normally open; if the relief valve setting, replace the new The brake caliper.
If the asbestos linings have worn 3.175mm, this time even under light loading, the security of driving range has also been very limited. Also, if needed at this time of high load brake, the wear lining weak braking force will make the traffic safety compromised.
Some rear disc brake, rear-drive rotary body with a cap, the cap body also acts as a rotary brake drum. There are many car owners often overlook the parking brake will cancel the direct-drive vehicles, the rotating body and the brake shoes in direct metal - metal friction, the result is bound to cause a rotating body, brake pads and brake shoes of serious wear and tear.
译文：
汽车制动系统的日常维修保养
制动系统是汽车上最重要的系统。如果制动系统不能正常工作，后果不堪设想。因此良好的制动系统是安全所必需的。
车上有两种完全独立的制动系统，一种是行车制动，一种是驻车制动。行车制动能
够在汽车正常行驶过程中使汽车减速或停车，这个过程是通过驾驶员踩下或松开制动踏板实现的。驻车制动也叫手刹，它的作用是在车辆停止时，保持车辆不动，防止车轮滚动。
基本上所有的制动都是摩擦制动。当踩下刹车时，控制机构推动制动蹄片或制动块，阻止制动鼓或制动盘转动。制动蹄片或制动块与制动鼓或制动盘之间产生摩擦，降低或停止车轮的转动速度，以使汽车制动。
盘式制动器
大多数汽车的前轮和所有四轮驱动汽车的四个轮子采用盘式制动器。
盘式制动器的主要组成部分有摩擦+t-g~，内部有活塞、卡钳和固定在轮毂上的转子。
盘式制动器有点像自行车的制动系统。自行车的制动系统有个卡钳，与制动衬块压紧，制动衬块与车轮固定在一起，而汽车的盘式制动器中，制动衬块与转子压g-．，而不是与车轮，并采用制动液传递动力，而不是钢丝绳。摩擦衬块与制动盘之间的摩擦力使制动盘的转速降低。行驶中的汽车有一定动能，制动器必须将此能量从汽车上移除，汽车才能停下来。只有通过摩擦衬块和制动盘之间的摩擦，制动器才能将动能转化成热能，汽车才能停下。
鼓式制动器
既然盘式制动器好，为什么仍有很多车采用鼓式制动器呢?原因是价格便宜。多年来，大多数汽车前轮采用盘式制动器，后轮采用鼓式制动器。鼓式制动器。
鼓式制动器包括底板、制动蹄、制动鼓、轮缸、回位弹簧和机械的或自动的调节装置。当制动器工作时，轮缸推动制动蹄，使其与制动鼓的内侧面接触。当制动压力解除，在回位弹簧的作用下，制动蹄回到原来的位置。当摩擦片磨损，制动蹄与制动鼓之间的间隙变大。如果这个间隙增大到一定程度，自动调节装置就会调节制动蹄的位置，使制动蹄与制动鼓之间的间隙减小。
液压制动系统
当驾驶员踩下制动踏板，制动踏板控制整个液压系统。
典型的制动系统包括以下几个基本组成部分。
(1)主缸：直接与制动踏板连接，将脚的机械压力转换成液压。
(2)制动管路和制动软管：它们将主缸与各车轮的轮缸连接起来。
(3)制动液：这是一种具有特殊性能的油。这种油能够在低温下不凝固，高温下不沸腾。
在制动系统中，主缸分成独立的两部分，每部分里面都有一个活塞，两个活塞都与驾驶室的制动踏板相连，当制动踏板被踩下时，制动液从主缸被送到车轮的轮缸中，车轮的轮缸中，液体推动制动蹄片或制动块阻止制动鼓或制动盘的转动，这样可降低车速或制动汽车。
汽车制动液的日常保养：通常制动液的维护周期为2年或者4.8万km。关于制动液的推荐维护周期，欧洲汽车制造商笼统地定为几年；而日本和美国的汽车制造商则在其
车主手册中一般都有详细的描述。对于具有防抱死abs功能的制动系统，及时地补充制动液就显得尤为重要。这主要是由于其蓄能器中灰尘和湿气的污染会导致价格不菲的阀体发生故障，并由此埋下安全隐患当车主发现汽车制动力衰弱时，可以使用制动液湿度测试纸辅助分析故障原因是否因制动液缺损所致。如果该故障的根源为制动液不足，必须及时补充足量的制动液。由制动液储液罐通风口处正常渗入(或当储液罐盖打开时非正常进入)的湿气和灰尘缩短了制动液的维护周期。在对制动液进行维护的同时，切不可疏忽车轮制动部分。
汽车刹车垫、制动鼓、旋转体及制动钳：当前驱车辆主领潮流时，人们关注的焦点是如何对担当了2/3制动任务的前轮制动系进行科学有效的维护。现在，由于各种后驱车、全驱车、货车和suv遍地开花，人们“重前轻后”的传统观念已经在逐步改变。
逐渐取代石棉衬片的半金属刹车垫将导致旋转体全表面的严重磨损。对汽车车轮制动部件或刹车垫的检查是一项复杂的工作，并不是简简单单地从两边目测一下前轮刹车垫中间点的磨损量。在实际操作过程中，即使制动钳的开口距离恰好能够让您看到两边的刹车垫，也并不等于就可以得心应手、畅通无阻地操作了。此外，由于制动器防护罩的普及应用，使得旋转体与刹车垫的接触面被多重遮挡、难以察看。至于采用盘式制动的后轮，那更是深藏不露，令人难窥其貌。
通常，只有系统出现明显泄漏时，我们才会着重检查制动液的密封性。其全面系统的检查包括传统的静态检查(即原地静态查找泄漏点)和动态检查(即检查制动过程中的密封状况)。无论如何，当车辆制动系维护后续驶里程达到4.8万km时，便需要对车辆的制动系进行一次全面的专业维护。
汽车制动旋转体上的轻微划痕并无大碍。不过由于紧固螺母拧紧力不均和制动旋转体厚度不均而导致旋转体的过度磨损将严重影响制动性能。为了减轻重量，许多旋转体采用了非常规结构尺寸，从而难以满足部分机床加工夹持的基本要求。如果您发现某一旋转体已经过加工，那么请按照同一车轴上第二只旋转体的尺寸对其进行更换。理论上，可以仅更换一只旋转体，但是为了获得最佳的制动平衡效果，还是建议同时更换同一车轴上的两只旋转体。该建议同样也适用汽车在制动过程中，通过感受制动钳活塞的回复运动，便可以完成制动钳关键功能的自动检查工作。如果制动钳活塞回位不顺，请更换一只新的制动钳；如果要泄放或充注制动液，请确认泄放阀可以正常打开；如果泄放阀凝结，请更换为新的制动钳。
如果石棉衬片磨损了3.175mm，此时即使在轻负荷下，其安全驶里程也很有限了。另外，如果需要进行中高负荷的刹车，该磨损衬片弱的制动力将使行车的安全性打折扣。
一些后轮盘式制动的后驱车采用了帽式旋转体，该帽式旋转体还充当了驻车制动鼓。有人忽略取消驻车制动便直接驱动汽车，其旋转体和制动蹄进行直接的金属-金属摩擦，结果必将导致旋转体、刹车垫和制动蹄发生严重磨损。
概述
在如今社会中，随着人们生活水平的不断提升。汽车已成为人类生不可缺少一部分了。汽车作为中国产业的朝阳产业也得到了国家的大力支持。伴随着汽车在生活中的越来越普及，汽车的维修与保养也日常频繁和重要。生在当代的我也很幸运的接触并学习汽车
石家庄科技信息职业学院顶岗实习岗位技术工作论文 汽车转向器的故障分析 学号:131208038 姓名: 李鹤 专业:汽车检测与维修技术 年级:13 级 企业指导老师:王振华 校内指导老师:乔晓英
转向系是汽车行驶的指南针，它的好坏关系着汽车能否安全行驶。本文首先讲述了汽车动力转向系的整体结构；具体介绍了它的功用；分类和工作原理。然后具体对轿车动力转向系统常见的几种故障：一转向沉重，二转向时有噪声, 三方向盘自由行程过大，四左右转向时轻重不一，五转向时转向盘强烈抖动，六汽车直线行驶时，转向盘发飘或跑偏。最后讲述了轿车动力转向系中转向盘的自由行程，转向储液罐的液面高度，液压泵的泵送压力，液压系统的密封性, 转向柱的检查方法以及通过轿车动力转向系的故障现象进行了诊断分析和检修。对使用和维护汽车有着很现实的意义。 关键词轿车，转向器，故障分析，检查维修
引言 (4) 1汽车转向系统的简介 (5) 1.1汽车动力转向系的组成 (5) 1.2汽车动力转向系的工作原理 (6) 2轿车动力转向系故障诊断分析 (9) 2.1转向沉重 (9) 2.2 转向时有噪声 (10) 2.3方向盘自由行程过大 (10) 2.4左右转向时轻重不一 (11) 2.5转向时转向盘强烈抖动 (11) 2.6汽车直线行驶时，转向盘发飘或跑偏 (12) 3轿车动力转向系的检查与维修 (12) 3.1转向盘的自由行程的检查 (12) 3.2转向储液罐的液面高度的检查 (13) 3.3液压泵的泵送压力的检查 (13) 3.4液压系统的密封性的检查 (13) 3.5转向柱的检修 (13) 4 汽车故障事例分析 (14) 4.1故障事例一 (14) 4.2故障事例二 (15) 结论 (15) 参考文献 (16)
Statistical hypothesis testing Adriana Albu，Loredana Ungureanu Politehnica University Timisoara,adrianaa@aut.utt.ro Politehnica University Timisoara,loredanau@aut.utt.ro Abstract In this article,we present a Bayesian statistical hypothesis testing inspection, testing theory and the process Mentioned hypothesis testing in the real world and the importance of, and successful test of the Notes. Key words Bayesian hypothesis testing; Bayesian inference;Test of significance Introduction A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether from a controlled experiment or an observational study (not controlled). In statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold probability, the significance level. The phrase "test of significance" was coined by Ronald Fisher: "Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance, and when such tests are available we may discover whether a second sample is or is not significantly different from the first."[1] Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, in contrast to exploratory data analysis. In frequency probability,these decisions are almost always made using null-hypothesis tests. These are tests that answer the question Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of observing a value for the test statistic that is at [] least as extreme as the value that was actually observed?) 2 More formally, they represent answers to the question, posed before undertaking an experiment,of what outcomes of the experiment would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified probability of an incorrect rejection. One use of hypothesis testing is deciding whether experimental results contain enough information to cast doubt on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of frequentist statistical inference. The Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability.[3][4]Other approaches to reaching a decision based on data are available via decision theory and optimal decisions. The critical region of a hypothesis test is the set of all outcomes which cause the null hypothesis to be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The critical region is usually denoted by the letter C. One-sample tests are appropriate when a sample is being compared to the population from a hypothesis. The population characteristics are known from theory or are calculated from the population.
附录 附录A Braking system function is to make the car driving in accordance with the requirements of the pilot required even slow down park; They offend car has in various road conditions (including in the slope stability) in car; Make the downhill cars speed to be stable. For car up the role of brake is only in the car and role with the direction of the car driving direction opposite forces, and the size of these forces are random, do not control, so cars must be installed on a series of special equipment to achieve the function. Automobile brake system is to point to to ensure that the car in technology, improve the safe driving car average speed, etc., and the admiration installed in the car brake special brake institutions. In general automobile brake system including crane brake system and parking brake two sets of independent device. One crane brake device is a driver with feet to manipulate, and it said the foot brake. Parking brake device is a pilot with the hand, so it says of the manipulation of the hand brake. The function of the crane brake system is to make the car slow down or running in the shortest distance parking within. And parking brake function is to make had stopped the car on the road all keep still. But, sometimes, in an emergency, two braking device can be used at the same time and increase the effect of auto brake. Some special purpose of cars and often in the mountains cars, long and frequently brake will lead to crane brake system overheating, so in these cars often add all sorts of different types of auxiliary braking equipment, so as to speed up the hill stability. According to the braking energy situation, brake system can also be divided into human brake system, power brake system, and servo brake system, three. Human brake system to the driver's physical strength as braking energy; Power brake system engine power to the transformation of the air pressure or hydraulic braking energy as; And servo brake system is the most human and engine power as a brake energy. In addition, according to the braking energy transfer mode, brake system and can be divided into mechanical and hydraulic, pneumatic type and assolenoid style wait until a few kinds.
吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title（Times New Roman ，三号） 学生学号：08810219 学生姓名：袁庚文 专业班级：信息与计算科学0802 指导教师：赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期：2012.2.27～2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献（学术期刊网上的），译成中文，与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前，同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为：上边距：3.5厘米，下边距：2.5厘米，左边距：3.5厘米，右边距：2厘米，页眉：2.5厘米，页脚：2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”，每段落首行缩进2字；或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字，字体：宋体，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距1.3，间距：前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意：各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1．第一级标题（如：第1章绪论）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：三号，1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为11磅。 2．第二级标题（如：1.2 摘要与关键词）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：四号，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 3．第三级标题（如：1.2.1 摘要）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：小四，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格（半角）。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书（论文）撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。
汽车检测与维修专业毕业论文题目1.论汽车检测技术的发展 2.微型车怠速不良原因与控制措施 3.柴油机电子控制系统的发展 4.发动机排放技术的应用分析 5.发动机自动熄火的诊断分析 6.汽车发动机怠速抖动现象的原因及排查方法探讨 7.现代汽车渗漏故障与控制技术 8.桑塔纳故障诊断方法的研究 9.现代发动机自诊断系统探讨 10.发动机控制系统的传感器检测 11.氧传感器故障检测 12.汽车电控技术分析 13.现代伊兰特发动机电控系统故障的诊断与检修（广本雅阁、桑塔纳任选一车型） 14.汽车常用防盗系统综述 15.我国汽车尾气排放控制现状与对策 16.帕萨特1.8T排放控制系统的结构控制原理与检修 17.汽车排放控制系统的检修 18.奥迪A6排放控制系统的结构控制原理与检修 19.柴油机微粒排放的净化技术发展趋势 20.汽车污染途径及控制措施 21.汽车节油技术的探讨 22.电控发电机不能起动故障的原因分析与诊断流程 23.电子燃油喷射系统的诊断与维修 24.奥迪A6电子燃油喷射系统的诊断与维修 25.上海帕萨特B5电子燃油喷射系统的诊断与维修 26.捷达轿车发动机常见故障分析与检修 27.汽车底盘的故障诊断分析
28.捷达轿车底盘常见故障分析与检修 29.汽车四轮定位的探讨 30.分析轮胎性能对汽车行走行使的影响 31.汽车变速箱故障故障诊断 32.汽车转向盘摆振故障分析 33.汽车制动系统故障诊断 34.分析国产几种汽车行走系统特点 35.分析国产几种汽车制动系统特点 36.分析国产几种汽车转向系统特点 37发动机冷却系统的检修与故障分析 38.上海帕萨特B5自动变速器的结构控制原理与检修 39.电控液动式自动变速器的结构控制原理与维修 40.桑塔纳手动变速器的结构控制原理与检修 41.数据流分析及其在电控发动机故障诊断中的应用 42.防抱死系统在常用轿车上的使用特点分析 43.汽车ABS综述 44.汽车制动系统新技术方向（如：ABS、ASR、EBD等） 45.丰田系列ABS故障诊断方法的探讨（通用系列 46.上海通用别克转向系统故障的诊断与检修 47.现代伊兰特转向系统故障的诊断与检修 48.现代伊兰特制动系统故障的诊断与检修 49.SONATA制动系统的结构控制原理与检修 50.电控悬架系统的结构控制原理与检修 51.丰田凌志400悬架系统的结构控制原理与检修 52.上海通用别克悬架与车桥故障分析与检修 53.桑塔纳制动系统故障的诊断与检修 54.丰田佳美制动系统的结构控制原理与检修 55.安全气囊的发展与应用 56.信息技术在汽车中的应用 57.机电液一体化技术在汽车中的应用
盘式制动器毕业设计(论文) 1.课题研究的目的及意义 汽车的设计与生产涉及到许多领域，其独有的安全性、经济性、舒适性等众多指标，也对设计提出了更高的要求。汽车制动系统是汽车行驶的一个重要主动安全系统，其性能的好坏对汽车的行驶安全有着重要影响。随着汽车的形式速度和路面情况复杂程度的提高，更加需要高性能、长寿命的制动系统。其性能的好坏对汽车的行驶安全有着重要影响，如果此系统不能正常工作，车上的驾驶员和乘客将会受到车祸的伤害。 汽车是现代交通工具中用得最多、最普遍、也是运用得最方便的交通工具。汽车制动系统是汽车底盘上的一个重要系统，它是制约汽车运动的装置，而制动器又是制动系中直接作用制约汽车运动的一个关键装置，是汽车上最重要的安全件。汽车的制动性能直接影响汽车的行驶安全性。随着公路业的迅速发展和车流密度的日益增大，人们对安全性、可靠性的要求越来越高，为保证人身和车辆安全，必须为汽车配备十分可靠的制动系统。 车辆在形式过程中要频繁进行制动操作，由于制动性能的好坏直接关系到交通和人身安全，因此制动性能是车辆非常重要的性能之一，改善汽车的制动性能始终是汽车设计制造和使用部门的重要任务。 现代汽车普遍采用的摩擦式制动器的实际工作性能是整个制动系中最复杂、最不稳定的因素，因此改进制动器机构、解决制约其性能的突出问题具有非常重要的意义。2.汽车制动器的国内外现状及发展趋势 对制动器的早期研究侧重于试验研究其摩擦特性，随着用户对其制动性能和使用寿命要求的不断提高，有关其基础理论与应用方面的研究也在深入进行。 目前，汽车所用的制动器几乎都是摩擦式的，可分为鼓式和盘式两大类。盘式制动器被普遍使用。但由于为了提高其制动效能而必须加制动增力系统，使其造价较高，故低端车一般还是使用前盘后鼓式。汽车制动过程实际上是一个能量转换过程，它把汽车行驶时产生的动能转换为热能。高速行驶的汽车如果频繁使用制动器，制动器因摩擦会产生大量的热量，使制动器温度急剧升高，如果不能及时的为制动器散热，它的效率就会大大降低，影响制动性能，出现所谓的制动效能热衰退现象。 在中高级轿车上前后轮都已经采用了盘式制动器。不过，时下还有不少经济型轿车采用的还不完全是盘式制动器，而是前盘后鼓式混合制动器（即前轮采用盘式制动器、后轮采用鼓式制动器），这主要是出于成本上的考虑，同时也是因为轿车在紧急制动时，负荷前移，对前轮制动的要求比较高，一般来说前轮用盘式制动器就够了。当然，前后轮都使用盘式制动器是一种趋势。在货车上，盘式制动器也有被采用的，但离完全取代
Automobile Brake System The braking system is the most important system in cars. If the brakes fail, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes. Two complete independent braking systems are used on the car. They are the service brake and the parking brake. The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The primary purpose of the parking brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking brake foot pedal or hand lever is set. The brake system is composed of the following basic c omponents: the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood, and is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses” connect the master cylinder to the cylinders” located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme conditions, fills the system. “Shoes” and “pads” are pushed by cylinders to contact the “drums” and “rotors” thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows the car. The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder (Figure).
软件专业毕业论文外文文献中英文翻译 Object landscapes and lifetimes Tech nically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, in herita nee, and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as importa nt. The rema in der of this sect ion will cover these issues. One of the most importa nt factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object con trolled? There are differe nt philosophies at work here. C++ takes the approach that con trol of efficie ncy is the most importa nt issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocatio n and release, and con trol of these can be very valuable in some situati ons. However, you sacrifice flexibility because you must know the exact qua ntity, lifetime, and type of objects while you're writing the program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided desig n, warehouse man ageme nt, or air-traffic con trol, this is too restrictive. The sec ond approach is to create objects dyn amically in a pool of memory called the heap. In this approach, you don't know un til run-time how many objects you n eed, what their lifetime is, or what their exact type is. Those are determined at the spur of the moment while the program is runnin g. If you n eed a new object, you simply make it on the heap at the point that you n eed it. Because the storage is man aged dyn amically, at run-time, the amount of time required to allocate storage on the heap is sig ni fica ntly Ion ger tha n the time to create storage on the stack. (Creat ing storage on the stack is ofte n a si ngle assembly in structio n to move the stack poin ter dow n, and ano ther to move it back up.) The dyn amic approach makes the gen erally logical assumpti on that objects tend to be complicated, so the extra overhead of finding storage and releas ing that storage will not have an importa nt impact on the creati on of an object .In additi on, the greater flexibility is esse ntial to solve the gen eral program ming problem. Java uses the sec ond approach, exclusive". Every time you want to create an object, you use the new keyword to build a dyn amic in sta nee of that object. There's ano ther issue, however, and that's the lifetime of an object. With Ian guages that allow objects to be created on the stack, the compiler determines how long the object lasts and can automatically destroy it. However, if you create it on the heap the compiler has no kno wledge of its lifetime. In a Ianguage like C++, you must determine programmatically when to destroy the
汽车维修毕业论文题目 在欧美、日本等成熟的汽车市场中，汽车维修占领着很大的市场，随着我国汽车市场飞速增长，我国汽车维修等后市场顺势增长强劲，成为全球增速最快的国家。现在我国也有很多专业研究汽车维修市场领域，下面学术堂为这些学生们整理了最新的100个汽车维修毕业论文题目，欢迎各位同学借鉴。 汽车维修毕业论文题目一： 1、试论现代汽车维修技术特点 2、汽车维修行业现状及优化策略探究 3、基于移动互联技术的汽车故障救援与维修系统设计与实现 4、面向汽车快修业的数字化维修辅助系统的设计与实现 5、基于横向转运策略的汽车维修备件库存管理研究 6、浅谈汽车底盘常见故障诊断分析与维修 7、汽车维修行业的发展现状及对策 8、基于制造企业的汽车维修保养服务平台的研究 9、汽车维修经济的相关思考 1
10、汽车设计运用的检测与维修技术分析 11、基于信息技术的汽车检测与维修培养模式研究 12、电子诊断在汽车维修技术中的应用实践 13、谈汽车维修保养的技巧与常识 14、汽车发动机常见故障及维修探讨 15、汽车电控发动机系统故障诊断与维修技术探讨 16、汽车维修管理系统的设计与实现 17、越野汽车维修性试验评价研究 18、试论汽车发动机故障诊断与维修 19、汽车维修管理中维修工时定额方式的运用 20、基于本体的汽车维修服务知识管理系统研发 21、3D打印技术在汽车制造与维修领域应用研究 22、汽车变速器可靠性分析及维修决策系统软件开发 23、汽车发动机的维修技术分析 24、汽车维修管理系统设计与实现 25、汽车销售服务企业维修业务内部控制研究 26、汽车电控发动机系统故障的诊断与维修研究 27、国内汽车维修服务中心社区连锁经营模式研究 28、汽车电气系统故障诊断与维修 29、运输企业汽车维修与配件管理信息系统设计 30、汽车维修与保养 31、关于汽车新技术故障的维修 32、互联网时代的汽车养护维修平台模式的思考 33、基于B/S架构的汽车维修技术互助系统的设计与实现 34、新环境下汽车维修的特点与技术分析 2
摘要 本课题的题目是转向系的设计。以齿轮齿条转向器的设计为中心，一是汽车总体构架参数对汽车转向的影响；二是机械转向器的选择；三是齿轮和齿条的合理匹配，以满足转向器的正确传动比和强度要求；四是动力转向机构设计；五是梯形结构设计。因此本课题在考虑上述要求和因素的基础上研究利用转向盘的旋转带动传动机构的齿轮齿条转向轴转向，通过万向节带动转向齿轮轴旋转，转向齿轮轴与转向齿条啮合，从而促使转向齿条直线运动，实现转向。实现了转向器结构简单紧凑，轴向尺寸短，且零件数目少的优点又能增加助力，从而实现了汽车转向的稳定性和灵敏性。在本文中主要进行了转向器齿轮齿条的设计和对转向齿轮轴的校核，主要方法和理论采用汽车设计的经验参数和大学所学机械设计的课程容进行设计，其结果满足强度要求，安全可靠。 关键词：转向系；机械型转向器；齿轮齿条；液压式助力转向器 1.绪论 1.1汽车转向系统概述 转向系统是汽车底盘的重要组成部分，转向系统性能的好坏直接影响到汽车行驶的安全性、操纵稳定性和驾驶舒适性，它对于确保车辆的行驶安全、减少交通事故以及保护驾驶员的人身安全、改善驾驶员的工作条件起着重要作用。随着现代汽车技术的迅速发展，汽车转向系统已从纯机械式转向系统、液压助力转向系（HPS）、电控液压助力转向系统（EHPS），发展到利用现代电子和控制技术的电动助力转向系统（EPS）及线控转向系统（SBW）。 按转向力能源的不同，可将转向系分为机械转向系和动力转向系。 机械转向系的能量来源是人力，所有传力件都是机械的，由转向操纵机构(方向盘)、转向器、转向传动机构三大部分组成。其中转向器是将操纵机构的旋转运动转变为传动机构的直线运动(严格讲是近似直线运动)的机构，是转向系的核心部件[2]。 动力转向系除具有以上三大部件外，其最主要的动力来源是转向助力装置。由于转向助力装置最常用的是一套液压系统，因此也就离不开泵、油管、阀、活
毕业论文（设计）外文翻译 题目：中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 系部名称：经济管理系专业班级:会计082班 学生姓名：任民学号： 200880444228 指导教师：冯银波教师职称:讲师 年月日
译文： 中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 国际商业管理杂志 2009.10 摘要：本文把重点集中于中国上市公司的融资活动，运用西方融资理论，从非制度性因素方面，如融资成本、企业资产类型和质量、盈利能力、行业因素、股权结构因素、财务管理水平和社会文化，分析了中国上市公司倾向于股权融资的原因，并得出结论，股权融资偏好是上市公司根据中国融资环境的一种合理的选择。最后，针对公司的股权融资偏好提出了一些简明的建议。 关键词：股权融资，非制度性因素，融资成本 一、前言 中国上市公司偏好于股权融资，根据中国证券报的数据显示，1997年上市公司在资本市场的融资金额为95.87亿美元，其中股票融资的比例是72.5％，，在1998年和1999年比例分别为72.6％和72.3％，另一方面，债券融资的比例分别是17.8％，24.9％和25.1％。在这三年，股票融资的比例，在比中国发达的资本市场中却在下跌。以美国为例，当美国企业需要的资金在资本市场上，于股权融资相比他们宁愿选择债券融资。统计数据显示，从1970年到1985年，美日企业债券融资占了境外融资的91.7％，比股权融资高很多。阎达五等发现，大约中国3/4的上市公司偏好于股权融资。许多研究的学者认为，上市公司按以下顺序进行外部融资：第一个是股票基金，第二个是可转换债券，三是短期债务，最后一个是长期负债。许多研究人员通常分析我国上市公司偏好股权是由于我们国家的经济改革所带来的制度性因素。他们认为，上市公司的融资活动违背了西方古典融资理论只是因为那些制度性原因。例如，优序融资理论认为，当企业需要资金时，他们首先应该转向内部资金（折旧和留存收益），然后再进行债权融资，最后的选择是股票融资。在这篇文章中，笔者认为，这是因为具体的金融环境激活了企业的这种偏好，并结合了非制度性因素和西方金融理论，尝试解释股权融资偏好的原因。
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目：汽车制动系统 文献、资料英文题目： 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）： 专业：汽车检测与维修 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2017.02.14
Automobile Brake System The braking system is the most important system in cars. If the brakes fail, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes. Two complete independent braking systems are used on the car. They are the service brake and the parking brake. The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The primary purpose of the brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking brake foot pedal or hand lever is set. The brake system is composed of the following basic components: the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood, and is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses” connect the master cylinder to the “slave cylinders” located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme conditions, fills the system. “Shoes” and “pads” are pushed by the slave cy linders to contact the “drums” and “rotors” thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows the car. The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder (Figure). Basically, all car brakes are friction brakes. When the driver applies the
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译 院（系部）电气工程与自动化 专业名称电子信息工程 年级班级 04级7班 学生姓名 指导老师
Infrared Remote Control System Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique,drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos etc.characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage.Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application. The purpose that design this system is transmit cu stomer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish