英语说明文写作技巧
就“说明对象”而言，英语说明文可分为对“客观具体事物”的说明和对“主观抽象观念”的说明两大类，比如：对“LASER（激光）”、“Computer Problem of Year 2000（计算机2000年问题）”等等的说明都是对客观或者具体事物的说明，而“The Successful Interview（谈成功的面试）”、“How to Write Good English Composition（如何才能写好英语作文）”等是对主观抽象观念的说明。对我们中学生朋友来说，在汉语说明文的教学中似乎比较侧重前者，即解释客观具体事物的说明文。但在英语说明文中，阐述和说明“主观抽象观念”的说明文占了很大的比重，其中有些类似汉语中的议论文。但是无论是对“客观具体事物”的说明还是对“主观抽象观念”的阐述，英语说明文从结构上看大致可分为三个部分：第一部分一般是文章的第一段，提出文章的主题，也就是说，文章想要阐述、说明的主要内容；第二部分是文章的主体，可由若干个段落组成，对文章的主题进行展开说明；第三部分是结尾段，对文章的主题作归纳总结。从英语说明文的结构可以看出，要写好英语说明文的关键在于第二部分如何对文章主题进行展开说明。在英语中，常见的用来展开
文章主题的方法有下列几种：
1.罗列法（listing）
在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点，然后常用first，second，…and finally加以罗列说明。罗列法广泛地使用于各类指导性的说明文之中，下面这篇学生作文就是用罗列法写成的：
Early Rising
Early rising （早起）is helpful in more than one way. First，it helps to keep us fit （健康）。We all need fresh air. But air is never so fresh as early in the morning. Besides，we can do good to our health from doing morning exercise （做早操）。
Secondly，early rising helps us in our studies. We learn more quickly in the morning，and find it easier to remember what we learn in the morning.
Thirdly，early rising enables （使能够）us to plan the work of the day. We cannot work well without a good plan. Just as the plan for the year should be made in the spring，so
the plan for the day should be made in the morning.
Fourthly，early rising gives us enough time to get ready for our work，such as to wash our faces and hands and eat our breakfast properly.
Late risers may find it very difficult to form the habit of early rising. They ought to make special efforts to do so. As the English proverb says，“Early to bed and early to rise，makes a man healthy，wealthy and wise.”
罗列法经常用下列句式展开段落，我们可以注意模仿学习：
There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all，…Secondly，…And finally，…
We should try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all，…Secondly，…And finally，
必须指出的是，有时罗列法并不一定有明确的first，second…等词，但文章还是以罗列论据展开的。
2.举例法（examples）
举例法是用具体的例子来说明我们要表达的意思，常用for example，for instance，still another example is…等词语引出。下面这篇学生作文就是用举例法写成的：
Recreation
It is impossible to keep in good health unless we take enough recreation （娱乐）。The mind，too，needs change to make it fresh and vigorous （有活力的）There is much truth in the old saying，All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.“
There are many games which boys and girls can play after their school work is done，for instance，football，tennis，and kite-flying. Other examples of recreation are boating，fishing，gardening，cycling，walking，chess-playing，and reading. Persons who sit much at their business should take a kind of recreation that will supply their muscles （肌肉）with exercise. Those who spend most of their time in the open air and do manual work （体力活）should
adopt （采纳）reading or some other quiet form of recreation.
Cycling is said to be an important means of recreation，but many persons foolishly tire out themselves by cycling too much. The same may be said in regard to football. Tennis is a pleasant form of recreation. Many persons take great delight in boating. Fishing requires much patience，and there is much danger of taking cold by sitting still on a cold day too long. A good brisk （轻松）walk is one of the finest forms of exercise. For persons engaged in outdoor labor，chess-playing is another excellent form of recreation.
可以看出，举例法和罗列法有时可以结合使用：即用罗列法来列出例子，用例子充实罗列的说明。
3.比较法（comparison and contrast）
比较法是对两个对象进行比较，从而进行说明的写作手法。比较法又可细分为比较相同点（comparison）和比较不同点（contrast）两种方法，比如：
From Paragraph to Essay
Although they are different in length （长度），the paragraph and the essay are quite similar in structure （结构）。For example，the paragraph starts with either a topic sentence （主题句）or a topic introducer followed by a topic sentence. In the essay，the first paragraph sets up the topic focus （主题所在）Next，the sentences in the body of a paragraph develop the topic sentence. Similarly，the body of an essay consists of a number of paragraphs that discuss and support the ideas given in the introductory （引导的）paragraph. Finally，a concluding sentence （结束句）——whether a restatement，conclusion，or observation——ends the paragraph. The essay，too，has a concluding paragraph which ends the essay logically and satisfactorily. Although there are some exceptions （例外），most well written expository （说明文的）paragraphs and essays are similar in structure.
可以看出，在比较相同点的时候，常用到similarly，also，too，in the same case，in spite of the difference等这样的词语。
European Football and American Football
Although European football is the parent of American football，the two games show several major differences. European football，sometimes called association football or soccer，is played in 80 countries，making it the most widely played sport in the world. American football，on the other hand，is popular only in North America （the United States and Canada）。Soccer is played by eleven players with a round ball. Football，also played by eleven players in somewhat different positions （位置）on the field，is played with an elongated （拉长的）round ball. Soccer has little body contact （接触）between players and therefore needs no special protective equipment. Football，in which players make the greatest use of body contact to stop a running ball-carrier and his teammates，needs special protective equipment. In soccer，the ball is advanced toward the goal by kicking it or by butting （顶）it with the head. In American football，on the other hand，the ball is passed from hand to hand or carried in the hands across the opponent's （对手）goal. These are just a few of the features which distinguish （区别）association and American football.
这是一篇用比较不同点的手法写的说明文。从文章中可以看出：however，on the other hand，in contrast，but，nevertheless 等表示转折的词语常用来引导对不同点的比较。
4.定义法（definition）
定义法也是英语说明文中常用的写作手法，特别是在对具体事物概念进行说明时经常使用。定义法的基本要素是定义句。英语中常见定义句的模式是：
被定义对象is所属类别+限制性定语
可以看出，定义句中限制性定语越详细，定义就越精确，比如：
A bat is a small mouse-like animal that flies at night and feeds on（以……为食品）fruit and insects but is not a bird.
其实，在英—英词典中，对英语单词的英文解释就是定义法的典型例子。比如，看看Longman词典对student和teacher的定义是很有意思的：A student is a person who is studying at a place of education or training. A teacher is a person who gives knowledge or skill to sb. as a profession （专业）。
5.顺序法（sequence of time，space and process）
顺序法是指按时间、空间或过程的顺序进行说明的一种写作手法。比如按照时间顺序介绍一个科学家的生平，用空间顺序阐述逐渐开发西部的重要意义，用过程顺序法解释葡萄酒的生产过程等等。
下面这篇学生作文就是用顺序法写成的：
Coal
Coal underwent （经受）many changes before it became the bright，brittle （脆的），black substance which we now use. During ancient times （在上古时代），when the earth enjoyed a very warm and wet climate，the land was covered with large forests and big plants. As time went on，the ground changed and began to sink （下沉）a little. These very large numbers of trees and vegetables received a deposit （沉淀）of sand and clay. This layer of sand and clay pressed upon the layer beneath and prevented it from contact with air. These trees and plants received the pres sure and changed its appearance.
Generations after generations （几世纪后），as the ground kept gradually sinking，another layer of sand and clay was again deposited （积聚）above the layers already formed.
A great pressure was thus exerted （作用）and the peat （泥煤）was changed into the black and brittle substance which is known as coal.
Coal is a kind of mineral which is formed by nature as above stated. It is an important industrial material and is chiefly used as fuel. It is very valuable in the industrial world. The place where coal deposit is called a coal mine （煤矿）。In China，coal mines are largely found in the north-west part of the country. Shanxi is a famous province for producing coal. It has the most coal of China.
6.分类法（classification）
分类法是将写作对象进行分类说明的一种写作手法。比如：的英国哲学家弗朗西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）在其脍炙人口的《谈读书》（Of Studies）一文中就用到了分类法：
Some books are to be tasted，others to be swallowed，and some few to be chewed and digested，that is，some books are to be read only in parts，others to be read，but not curiously，and some few to be read wholly，and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy，and extracts made of them by others；but that would be only in the less important arguments，and the meaner sort of books…
参考译文：书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所需摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者……
——转摘自《英汉翻译教程》（张培基等）
可见，如果能够根据具体情况，选用合适的写作手法，就可为文章增添无穷的魅力。
除了上述提到的6种展开英语说明文主题的写作方法之外，还有因果法、归纳法等其他方法。但相比之下，对于中学生来说，上述6种方法是首先值得掌握的。另外必须指出的是：在一篇文章中往往
是以一种写作手法为主，同时辅以其他写作手法。有时，甚至会几种写作手法混用而不分主次。因此，必须根据具体情况，选用合适的展开主题的写作手法，才能写出优秀的英语说明文。
温馨提醒： 对于英语基础较差的同学，作文可采用背模板的方法应对。 以下模板仅适用于英语书面表达较差，到目前为止看到题目仍然无从下笔的同学。实属考前临时抱佛脚的无奈之举。 基础较好的同学，请按照题目要求与提示正常完成写作。 写作注意事项： 1、无论如何要写够字数80词 2、如果实在无法写出完整的符合语法的句子，可以按题目提示的中文顺序罗列你所知道的 英文单词 3、一时想不起如何拼写的英文单词，可以到阅读理解等题目中查找。 万能模板1：（适用所有作文类型） The topic of 此处抄写作文题目is becoming more and more popular recently. It is my thinking about this topic below. This First point is very important. 此处翻译题目的中文提示1（如果实在不会写，可抄写阅读理解中的句子两到三个凑数，如能做适当修改更好） This Second point is important, too. 此处翻译题目的中文提示2（如果实在不会写，可抄写阅读理解中的句子两到三个凑数，如能做适当修改更好） So I believe that we should pay more and more attention to this topic from now on. 万能模板2：（适用所有作文类型） I think it is very important to understand 此处抄写作文题目. Why? That’s because many people don’t understand it well enough nowadays. For one thing, 此处翻译题目的中文提示1（如果实在不会写，可抄写阅读理解中的意义有关联的句子两到三个凑数，如能做适当修改更好） For another, 此处翻译题目的中文提示2（如果实在不会写，可抄写阅读理解中的意义有关联的句子两到三个凑数，如能做适当修改更好） It is my point of view about此处抄写作文题目above. Let’s pay more and more attention to this together from now on. 万能模板3：（适用所有作文类型） I think此处抄写作文题目is an interesting topic. Many people around me are talking about this. In my opinion, we should understand 此处抄写作文题目like this. First, 此处翻译题目的中文提示1（如果实在不会写，可抄写阅读理解中的意义有关联的句子两到三个凑数，如能做适当修改更好） Second, 此处翻译题目的中文提示2（如果实在不会写，可抄写阅读理解中的意义有关联的句子两到三个凑数，如能做适当修改更好） In conclusion, let’s pay more and more attention to this together from now on. 万能模板4：（适用信件类作文） Dear **,
中考英语阅读理解集练——说明文 A Reading books is a good hobby for all kinds of reasons.First,reading books is fun.You can always keep yourself happy if you like reading.This is especially useful when the weather is bad.It is a relaxing hobby,too.You can really become lost in a book.Next,you can read a book anywhere:in a car,in a waiting-room,on a plane or in bed.All you need is a book! Reading is a convenient hobby as it is easy to stop and then start again. Another good reason for reading books is that it is useful.If you read as a hobby you will get better and better at it.This makes you read faster and become easier at understanding what you read.If you read enough,you will probably find that your schoolwork becomes much better. Some people say that reading is out of date. This is not true.You can read on computers and,the more you read,the better your computer skills will be.Good readers are most likely to be good writers,too.They are usually good at spelling as well, and have more things to write about.Reading books is a wonderful hobby. Why not start reading right now? 【小题1】The passage mainly tells us______. A.the best place to read books B.how to read books C.why reading is a good hobby 【小题2】What does the underlined word“convenient”mean in Chinese?
高考英语指导写作专题：图表说明文 一，图表说明 1，分类：数字表、函数关系图、曲线图(graph)；表格(table)；几何图形(figure)；图形表、饼状图(pie chart)；条状图、柱状图(bar chart)； 平面图、示意图、外形图(diagram)。 2，一般可分三个层次来写： 按照题目要求描述图表反映的总情况，即概括大意。 对数字进行仔细的比较，抓住特点进行分析、归纳并找出产生变化的原因。 读图表后的想法、结论、评论或针对反映出的问题采取的解决措施。 二．表达方式： 1，常用的描述句型The table/chart/diagram/graph shows that ... According to the table/chart/diagram/graph... As is shown in the table/chart/diagram/graph... As can be seen from the table/chart/diagram/graph/figures... We can see from the figures/statistics... It is clear/ apparent from the figures/statistics... 2．图表中数据(data)的具体表达法 数据(data)在某一个时间段固定不变：fixed in time 在一系列的时间段中转变：changes over time 增加：increase/raise/rise/... 减少：decrease/grow down/drop/fall/decline 稳定：remain stable 3．描写变化的形容词及副词 rapid/rapidly，dramatic/dramatically，significant/significantly，sharp/sharply steep/steeply，steady/steadily，gradual/gradually，slow/slowly，slight/slightly 三、写作模板 As (is) shown/indicated by the figure/in the table/graph/pie chart/chart，_____ has been increased/decreased significantly/steadily from _____ to_____. From the sharp decline/rise in the chart，it goes without saying that_____. There are at least two reasons accounting for / contributing to ____. On the one hand, _____ On the other hand, _____. _____is due to the fact that_____. In addition， _____is responsible for_____. Maybe there are other reasons to show. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly convincing/persuasive. As far as I am concerned，I hold the view that_____. I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded. 四，作文范例 1，最近你校对中学生的消费情况进行了调查。请根据调查表提供的信息写一篇英语短文，简要介绍调查结果并谈谈你对中学生消费的看法。
英语作文说明文 说明文类 写作指导 说明文的出题形式为文字提示或图表，文体有报道、投稿、书信等。写作步骤如下： 第一步：审题，确定主题句、主体时态(一般以现在时态为主)和中心人称； 第二步：在主题句后按提示顺序将各要点以完整的句子表达出来； 第三步：用过渡词将上下文的逻辑关系体现出来。 常用词有： ①表示时间：now, then, afterwards, soon, five minutes later,before long, shortly after that, soon after supper, to this day, just now, just then ②表示顺序、动作过程：first, firstly, first of all, second, secondly, at first, at last, next ③表示转折：but, yet, and yet, however, although, otherwise, in spite of ④表示结果：thus, therefore, so, as a result, seeing that, luckily, unfortunately ⑤表示强调：above all, indeed, surely, certainly, of course, after all, without any delay, at least, at most ⑥表示并列：and, also, as well as, and then ⑦表示递进：besides, what's more, in addition, even, once more, what was worse ⑧表示解释和说明：that is to say, namely, for example, actually, and so on, such as, believe it or not,to tell you the truth,according this, for this reason ⑨表示比较、对比：just like, just as, in the same way, more or less, sooner or later, on the contrary, on the other hand ⑩表示总结：finally, in conclusion, in a word, in general, generally speaking, in short, as you know, in the end 需要注意的是：使用上述过渡性词必须根据上下文需要的原则，力求自然，决不可牵强附会，让人感觉别扭。 精选范文 以“早起是好习惯”为题写篇议论文。请围绕以下几点来写： ①早起与健康； ②早起与学习； ③早起与一天的活动。 (字数80～120，要求自拟标题) Getting Up Early Is a Good Habit Getting up early is a good habit. It is very important to our health, our study, our life and so on. First, getting up early helps to keep us strong. We can do morning exercises in the open air in the morning and breathe fresh air to build our bodies. Second, getting up early helps us to memorize what we have learned in class by reading aloud in the morning. Third, getting up early can help us to find enough time to prepare our work of the day. If we stick to getting up early every day, it will do us a lot of good. 练习 ①某国际性英语刊物有一个介绍各国风俗习惯的专栏，请为该专栏写一篇短文，简单介绍中国的农历新年(春节)。请包括以下要点： a．春节是中国人的重要节日；
作文范文 请以“How should parents help their children to be independent?”为题，按照以下要点写作： 1. 目前很多父母为子女包办一切 2. 其实父母应该。。。。。。 In recent years, the vast majority of Chinese parents tend to …… And most children …… According to a survey, of all the parents interviewed, over 80% ……and more than 85% ….. However, kids cannot depend on their parents forever because …… Besides, being independent …… Therefore, parents need to realize the importance of helping their children to be independent. Parents should encourage their children to …… By doing so, parents …… In addition, parents should urge their kids to …… For example, …… 范文 In recent years, the vast majority of Chinese parents tend to make arrangements and decisions for their children. And most children take such excessive attention for granted and depend on their parents for almost everything. According to a survey, of all the parents interviewed, over 80% still accompany their children to schools, even to examinations, and more than 85% do housework for their kids including cooking
高考英语阅读理解说明文答题方法 1.文体概述 说明文是用平实的语言客观地解说事物、阐明事理，给人以知识的文体。它通过对实体事物(如仪器、产品、自然环境)的解说，或对抽象事理(如概念、原理、定律)的阐释，使人们对事物的形态、特征、构造、性能、种类、成因、功能等有所了解，或对事理的特点、来源、演变、异同等有所认识，从而获得有关的知识。说明文实用性很强，它包括广告、说明书、内容提要、规则章程、解说词、科学小品等。 2.说明文题材 题材涉及科技、社会和文化生活等各个领域。如：介绍科学领域的最新成果、机器的制造过程、产品工艺流程或使用说明、工程项目的规划、社会经济发展过程中出现的新生事物、生物的生存状况、自然或社会现象产生的原因和解决办法、人文地理知识等。 3.说明顺序 时间顺序(如事物的发展变化)、空间顺序(如建筑结构)、逻辑顺序(如因果、现象与本质)。 4.说明方法 为了把事物的本质特征说清楚，或者把事理阐述明白，常用下列说明方法：举例子、作比较、分类别、析因果、列数字、作诠释、打比方、下定义、列图表、作引用、作假设、对比说明相异、类比说明相似等。
5.结构特点 1)总体叙述+细节或过程说明+概括评述； 2)现象或变化+细节或原因阐述+引发的后果和相关启示。 6.语言特点 高考英语阅读理解中的说明文多为科普知识方面的题材，文中常包含有结构复杂、句意深奥的长句难句。因学术性强、抽象度高，解题的难度相对较大。7.说明文阅读理解的特征 英语说明文与其它文体一样，文章所涉及的内容不外乎以下几个方面，即Who →What→When→Where→How→Why。 1) Who：问的是这篇文章的主体是谁？（即所要说明和描述的人或事物） 2) What：问的是主体做了什么事情？（即主体表现出的特性、功能和用途） 3) When和Where：是在何时何地发生的？（即何时何地所表现出的特性、功能和用途） 4) How：通过什么方式表现出来的？ 5) Why：这种特性功能用途的原因是什么？ 8.阅读方法 阅读说明文的关键是：抓住说明对象的本质特征。阅读时须注意： 1) 注意说明的顺序，了解文章的结构，把握文章的脉络。
图表作文写作指导 图表作文至少包含描述图表与解释原因两个部分，而当前的图表作文大多还有第三个段落。图表作文的规律性很强，不像图画式作文那样富于变化。 1．首段的写作 图表作文有表格（table）、柱形图（bar chart）、饼状图（pie chart）和折线图（diagram）之分，后三种都属于图表的范畴（chart）。不管是chart还是table，都需要进行描述，一般放在文章的第一部分，长度宜适中。描述数据我们要首先看看是几个变量（A），每个变量有几个数据（B），不妨以A*B表示。 如果只有一个变量，有三个数据，可以描述如下： From the chart we can see clearly that the average number of hours a student spends on Internet per week has increased from less than two hours in 1998 to nearly four hours in 2000, and then to 20 hours in 2004. 如果是最常见的是2*3的情形，可以描述如下： From the chart, we can see clearly that in a big city in China, state-owned houses declined from 75% in 1990 to 60% in 1995 and then to 20% in 2000, while private houses rose from 25% to 40% and then to 80% during the same period. 这里用了while引起从句来突显对比，是一种非常好的办法，如果用两句话来描述，也完全可以。 如果是1*n（n>3）的情形，将头与尾描述出来即可，比较好的方法就是在句中描述最后一个与第一个相比变化了多少。 碰到多变量、每个变量多数据的情形，大家应首先进行分类，分成上升、下降两类，或者上升、下降、不变三类，这样问题就迎刃而解了。 2．第二段的写作 第二段是解释原因的段落。我们谈谈两个问题。 首先是过渡句这个问题。这里不大可能放在第一段，因为第一段不可能像某些命题作文那样简洁（如只有一句）——例如提纲式作文中的批驳类文章中除第二段首句批驳之外还有首段末句批驳，效果很强烈。 其次就是此段的主题句(topic sentence)的问题。此句或主观或客观，并无拘束，只要上下文风格统一即可。 主观：We believe that three reasons can account for this phenomenon. I believe that three reasons can account for this phenomenon. In my mind, the reasons why the overseas students are on the rise are as follows. 主观之变体（使用插入语，突显主语）：Three reasons, we believe, can account for this phenomenon. Three reasons, I believe, can account for this phenomenon. Three reasons, I firmly believe, can account for this phenomenon. 注意:插入语的使用属于看似平淡却极富功力的技巧，可以达到很好的效果。
大学英语作文万能模板 （一）段首句 1.关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为…… There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____. 2. 俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。 There is an old saying______. It"s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today. 3. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。 Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______. 4. 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外（而且）……。Nowadays，it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______. Besides，______. 5. 任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages. 6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）……，在他们看来，…… People’s opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them,_____. 7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。 Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious. 8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。 ______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.
Work sheet for reading expository articles说明文阅读理解学案 Reading guide In-class reading Passage 1 ①A Chinese scientist, He Jiankui of Southern University of Science and Technology, claimed in a video on Nov. 25, 2018 that he had used CRISPR-Cas9 to edit embryos for seven couples, with two twin girls resulting so far. He said his goal was to try to make the babies resistant to HIV. What's behind the creation? ②As he said, the tool He Jiankui used to create the babies is called CRISPR-Cas9—a gene-editing tool that has been discovered in recent years. This relatively easy way to edit genes makes it possible to operate on DNA to supply a needed gene or disable one that is causing problems. ③CRISPR is a guide molecule (分子) made of RNA, which targets a specific site on the DNA double helix (双螺旋). CRISPR is attached to Cas9, a bacterial enzyme(酶) that works as a pair of "molecular scissors" to cut the DNA at the exact point required. He Jiankui sought to disable a gene called CCR5 that forms a protein doorway that allows HIV, the virus that causes Aids, to enter a cell. ④He said the gene editing occurred during the following process. First, sperm was “washed” to separate it from semen, in which HIV can hide. Next, a single sperm was placed into a single egg to create an embryo. Then the gene-editing tool was added. Is this helpful? ⑤“I believe this is going to help the families and their children,” He Jiankui said. “Society will decide what to do next in terms of allowing or forbidding such science.” ⑥However, many mainstream scientists think it's too unsafe to try. “If true, this experiment is monstrous,” said Julian Savulescu, a professor of practical ethics at the University of Oxford. “Gene editing is experimental and capable of causing social and ethical problems.” 1. What is the purpose of the passage? 2. What do the underlined "that" in paragraph 3 refer to respectively? 3. What does the word “monstrous” mean in the last paragraph? 4. Which of the following statement is true? A. CRISPR-Cas9 was used in the first step of the creation. B. CRISPR made of a bacterial enzyme is used to edit certain genes. C. CCR5 is a protein that allows HIV to enter a cell. D. The chosen sperm should be processed first to avoid HIV virus. 5. What is the attitude of Professor Julian Savulescu mentioned in the last paragraph towards the claimed creation? 6. What is the author's attitude towards the claimed creation?
1. 成功的四个步骤 Four Steps to a Successful Four Steps to a Successful The first time in life? Then grasp your chance with your perfect performance on the dating night, by learning the following principle in heart. Dress properly. While everyone wants to give an impressive debut on the first date, you should avoid wearing something too bizarre to be accepted. If you are still in school, a sportswear can fulfill your purpose. For businessman or grownups, casual clothes are recommended. Never put up your working uniforms,no matter how well you like that Armani suit. It is no work. A few accessories such as a pair of sunglasses or silver loops on the wrist can add up to the romance sphere. Take a bath before dating. And if you like, spray a little perfume, but unless you're sure that he or she likes the smell,don't use ones that are too strong. Watch your manner. You're no prince of the Scotland nor Cinderella in the legend. Proper manners will ensure a lasting relationship while bad ones scare away your sweetheart. And do make sure you do not boast about your fortune, for, not everyone are green addicts. And your way of smiling, or your greatestoath, should neither be "coy" nor "by St. Loy!" after the nun in Chaucer. Be a little sensitive than merely innocent. Do make sure you do not intrude his or her privacy on the first date. For there maybe something deeply concealed within the inner core of every heart, of which the owner doesn't share often with anyone but his intimacy. Finally, wish you good luck. May you get your hearts combined and start a new journey in the miracle of life and love. Stay tuned till a borderline is reached, and keep on through out the whole way. 简评 看来第一次约会真是令人兴奋并紧张期待的。为第一次约会所提出的建议也是仁者见仁、智者见智。王永同学用词简单、结构精炼，读起来节奏快，例如：“Dress Properly....If you are still in school，a sportswear can fulfill your purpose.For businessman Orgrowmups，casual clothes are recommended.”这样的文章结构像是在提醒我们时不我待，要抓住机会，抓紧时间。 2. 我的宿舍生活My Dormitory Life
高考英语说明文阅读技巧 潍坊七中郑秀春2011年7月17日 12:19 “英语说明文”，顾名思义，就是一种以“说明、解释”为主要表达方式的英语文体。它是对客观事物的性状、特点、功能和用途等等做科学解说的。它既不像故事那样重在情节的叙述和描写，也不像议论文那样，重在阐明主张和论点论据；更不像科幻作品那样富于想象和虚构夸张。说明文是通过解说事物、阐明事理，使人们增长知识和技能。说明文是高考英语阅读理解题中的重点内容之一。说明文具有与自己特点相适应的说明方法，因此说明文结构复杂，专业术语多，易于拉开考生分数档次，便于高校分层次选拔人才。然而对于考生来说说明文抽象度高，解题难度增大了。高考对说明文的考查多为科普知识，动植物特性、自然现象和新产品、新工艺介绍以及人文地理、风土人情等方面的说明文，文中解释性、定义性、说明性的句子居多。因此考生要掌握说明文的命题特点，叙述方式，以冷静的心态阅读原文，重点突破长句结构特点和逻辑关系，以便对其做出准确的 语意理解。 一、说明文阅读理解的特征一般说来，英语说明文与其它文体一样，文章所涉及的内容不外乎以下几个方面，即who→what→when→where→how→why。 1. who：问的是这篇文章的主体是谁？（即所要说明和描述的人或事物） 2. what：问的是主体做了什么事情？（即主体表现出的特性、功能和用途） 3. when和where：是在何时何地发生的？（即何时何地所表现出的特性、功能和用途） 4. how：通过什么方式表现出来的？ 5. why：这种特性功能用途的原因是什么？ 做说明文阅读阅读的时候，一定要记住上面的wh-word。边阅读，边搜记，牢记要点，把握全文。 二．说明文阅读理解的类型掌握说明文阅读理解题的类型对考生来说非常有必要。一般来说，高考对阅读理解的命题类型主要有以下几种： 1. 细节理解题 说明文中考查的细节理解题大致与记叙文相似。命题区域都有其共同点。⑴在列举处命题。如用first(1y)、second(1y)、third(1y)finally、not only…but also、then、in addition 等表示顺承关系的词语列举出事实。试题要求考生从列举出的内容中选出符合题干要求的答案项。⑵在例证处命题。句中常用由as、such as、for example、for instance等引导的短语或句子作为例证，这些例句或比喻就成为命题者设问的焦点。⑶在转折对比处命题。一般通过however、but、yet、in fact等词语来引导。对比用unlike、until、not so much…as等词语引导，命题者常对用来对比的双方属性进行考查。⑷在比较处命题。无端的比较、相反的比较、偷换对象的比较，经常出现在干扰项中，考生要标记并且关注到原文中的比较，才能顺利地排除干扰。⑸在复杂句中命题。包括同位词、插入语、定语、从句、不定式等，命题者主要考查考生对句子之间的指代关系和语法关系。 细节类问题一般都能在原文中找到出处，只要仔细就可以在文中找到答案。但正确的选择项不可能与阅读材料的原文完全相同，而是用不同的语句成句型表达相同的意思。 2. 语义猜测题说明文为了把自然规律，事物的性质等介绍清楚或把事理阐述明白，因此学术性强的生词较多，所以常进行生词词义判断题的考查。命题方式多以the underlined part “…” in paragraph…refers to….或what does the underlined word mean?或what is the meaning of the underlined word?为设问方式。解题时考生应认真阅读原文，分析其对某些科学原理是如何定义、如何解释的，并以此为突破口抽象概括出生词词义。也可以通过上下文来猜测某个陌生词语的语意。或者找出某个词语在文章中的同义词。要注意破折号、同位语从句、定语从句、插入句等具有解释、说明作用的语言成分。说明文在阐述说明
高中英语满分写作模板：说明文写作模板 万能句型 (1)It is located in/situated in... 它坐落在…… (2)China is a large country with a long history and much population. 中国是一个历史悠久、人口众多的大国。 (3)The Great Wall of China dates back to more than 2，500 years ago. 中国长城的历史可以追溯到2 500多年前。 (4)New Zealand has a population of about 3.8 million people, of which about fourteen percent are Maori. 新西兰有大约380万人，其中约14%是毛利人。 (5)You will never regret if you pay a visit to it. 如果你参观它，你将绝对不会后悔的。 (6)It is really a great feast for your eyes. 它真的会让你大饱眼福。 (7)A trip to China will make you know more about it besides/as well as/in addition to/apart from its culture and history. 中国之行，除了它的文化和历史之外，将会让你知道得更多。
(8)Go along the street until you come to the traffic lights. 沿这条路一直走到红绿灯那儿。 (9)My home is not far from here. It's only five minutes' walk. 我家离这儿不远，只有步行5分钟的路程。 (10)As a matter of fact, the main cause of it is... 实际上，它的主要原因是…… (11)To ensure success, there is one more thing that you must bear in mind, that is... 为了确保成功，还有一点你必须记住，那就是…… (12)If you can do what has been mentioned above, you can guarantee success. 如果你能做到上面提到的，你就可以取得成功。 黄金模板 模板A 解决问题型模板： 要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径。基本结构是：(1)问题的现状和严重性;(2)怎样解决(不同解决方案的优点和缺点);(3)对解决该问题的看法。
对比观点题型 （1）要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。 1．有一些人认为... 2．另一些人认为... 3．我的看法... The topic of ①-----------------（主题）is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions about it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of ② -----------------（支持A的理由一）What is more, ③-------------理由二). Moreover, ④---------------(理由三). While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly,-----------------(支持B的理由一). Secondly (besides),⑥ ------------------（理由二）. Thirdly (finally),⑦------------------(理由三). From my point of view, I think ⑧----------------（我的观点）. The reason is that ⑨--------------------(原因). As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice . （2）给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点 Some people believe that ①----------------（观点一）. For example, they think ②-----------------（举例说明）．And it will bring them ③ -----------------(为他们带来的好处). In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point. For one thing,④-------------(我不同意该看法的理由一). For another thing, ⑤ -----------------(反对的理由之二)． Form all what I have said, I agree to the thought that ⑥ ------------------(我对文章所讨论主题的看法)． 阐述主题题型 要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述． １．阐述名言或主题所蕴涵的意义． ２．分析并举例使其更充实． The good old proverb ----------------（名言或谚语）reminds us that ----------------(释义). Indeed, we can learn many things form it. First of all,-----------------(理由一). For example, -------------------(举例说明). Secondly,----------------(理由二). Another case is that ---------------(举例说明). Furthermore , ------------------(理由三)． In my opinion, ----------------(我的观点). In short, whatever you do, please remember the say------A. If you understand it and apply it to your study or work, you”ll necessarily benefit a lot from it. 解决方法题型