美国文学
一、单选(10/20’)
二、True or false(10/10’)
三、填空(15/15’)
四、根据一段作品内容节选，写出该作品的作品名及作家(5/10’)
五、简答(5/25’)
六、文学评论(20’)
简答题：
1.欧文的重要地位是什么？
Washington Irving
（1）first American writer
（2）the messenger sent from the new world to the old world （3）father of American literature
2.超验主义
American Transcendentalism
I.Background: four sources
1.Unitarianism
(1)Fatherhood of God
(2)Brotherhood of men
(3)Leadership of Jesus
(4)Salvation by character (perfection of one’s character)
(5)Continued progress of mankind
(6)Divinity of mankind
(7)Depravity of mankind
2.Romantic Idealism
Center of the world is spirit, absolute spirit (Kant)
3.Oriental mysticism
Center of the world is “oversoul”
4.Puritanism
Eloquent expression in transcendentalism
II.Appearance
1836, “Nature” by Emerson
III.Features
1.spirit/oversoul
2.importance of individualism
3.nature – symbol of spirit/God
garment of the oversoul
4.focus in intuition (irrationalism and subconsciousness)
IV.Influence
1.It served as an ethical guide to life for a young nation and brought
about the idea that human can be perfected by nature. It stressed religious tolerance, called to throw off shackles of customs and traditions and go forward to the development of a new and distinctly American culture.
2.It advocated idealism that was great needed in a rapidly expanded
economy where opportunity often became opportunism, and the desire to “get on” obscured the moral necessity for rising to spiritual height.
3.It helped to create the first American renaissance –one of the most
prolific period in American literature.
V.Ralph Waldo Emerson
1.works
(1)Nature
(2)Two essays: The American Scholar, The Poet
2.point of view
(1)One major element of his philosophy is his firm belief in the
transcendence of the “oversoul”.
(2)He regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral
influence on man, and advocated a direct intuition of a spiritual
and immanent God in nature.
(3)If man depends upon himself, cultivates himself and brings out the
divine in himself, he can hope to become better and even perfect.
This is what Emerson means by “the infinitude of man”.
(4)Everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his
world, and that he makes the world by making himself.
3.aesthetic ideas
(1)He is a complete man, an eternal man.
(2)True poetry and true art should ennoble.
(3)The poet should express his thought in symbols.
(4)As to theme, Emerson called upon American authors to celebrate
America which was to him a lone poem in itself.
VI.Henry David Thoreau
1.works
(1)A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River
(2)Walden
(3)A Plea for John Brown (an essay)
2.point of view
(1)He did not like the way a materialistic America was developing and
was vehemently outspoken on the point.
(2)He hated the human injustice as represented by the slavery system.
(3)Like Emerson, but more than him, Thoreau saw nature as a genuine
restorative, healthy influence on man’s spiritual well-being.
(4)He has faith in the inner virtue and inward, spiritual grace of
man.
(5)He was very critical of modern civilization.
(6)“Simplicity…simplify!”
(7)He was sorely disgusted with “the inundations of the dirty
institutions of men’s odd-fellow socie ty”.
(8)He has calm trust in the future and his ardent belief in a new
generation of men.
3.清教主义(Puritanism)
1.features of Puritanism
(1)Predestination: God decided everything before things occurred.
(2)Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original
sin can be passed down from generation to generation.
(3)Total depravity
(4)Limited atonement: Only the “elect” can be saved.
2.Influence
(1)A group of good qualities – hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety
(serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature.
(2)It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth
– garden of Eden.
(3)Symbolism: the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception
was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism
which is distinctly American.
(4)With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct;
the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility
often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible.
4.欧亨利短篇小说特点（第二册P53）
their wit,
Wordplay
warm characterization
Clever twist endings, "O. Henry ending."
witty narration
5. Henry James（美国人的命运）？？？
(1)Aesthetic ideas
a.The aim of novel: represent life
https://www.doczj.com/doc/743519957.html,mon, even ugly side of life
c.Social function of art
d.Avoiding omniscient point of view
(2)Point of view
a.Psychological analysis, forefather of stream of consciousness
b.Psychological realism
c.Highly-refined language
(3)Style –“stylist”
https://www.doczj.com/doc/743519957.html,nguage: highly-refined, polished, insightful, accurate
b.Vocabulary: large
c.Construction: complicated, intricate
二、称号性评价
(John?Smith)约翰·史密斯------美国文学史上第一个作家
(Thomas?Paine)托马斯·潘恩------美国独立之父
the?father?of?American?revolution
(Philip?Freneau-1752-1832)菲利普·弗伦诺--
a?poet?of?the?American?Revolution，美国诗歌之父
(Washington?Irving-1783-1859)华盛顿·欧文-------美国文学之父，美国短篇小说之父
Nathaniel?Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔·霍桑-----human?soul first?great?American?writer?of?fiction 象征主义大师
Walt?Whitman 沃尔特·惠特曼--------Father?of?free?verse自由诗之父Edgar?Allan?Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡-------侦探小说之父
炉边诗人Fireside?Poets
Henry?Wadsworth?Longfellow 亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费the?first?poet?to?write?the?narrative?poems
Ezra Pound 埃兹拉·庞德诗人，美国意象派诗歌的创始人。
Eugene O'Neill 尤金·奥尼尔---------美国戏剧之父
三、1.Thomas Paine --------The American Crisis
2.Nathaniel Hawthorne（主题）
?Hawthorne showed a great interest in the problems sin and evil.
?To Hawthorne evil existed in the human heart and everyone possessed
some evil secret.
?Most of his works dealt with evil such as poisoning, murder, adultery, and crime.
3.Ralph Waldo Emerson（文章各自的影响力）第一册P139
Works——Nature&Self-Reliance
4. Theodore Dreiser(欲望三部曲)
?The Financier (1912) 金融家
?The Stoic (1947) 巨人
?The Titan (1914) 斯多葛
5. William Faulkner
1. themes
(1)history and race
He explains the present by examining the past, by telling the
stories of several generations of family to show how history
changes life. He was interested in the relationship between blacks
and whites, especially concerned about the problems of the people
who were of the mixed race of black and white, unacceptable to both
races.
(2)Deterioration
(3)Conflicts between generations, classes, races, man and environment
(4)Horror, violence and the abnormal
2.style/features of his works
(1)complex plot
(2)stream of consciousness
(3)multiple point of view, circular form
(4)violation of chronology
(5)courtroom rhetoric: formal language
(6)characterization: he was able to probe into the psychology of
characters
(7)“anti-hero”: weak, fable, vulnerable (true people in modern
society)
4.Emily Dickinson(主题)—love,?nature,?death,?immortality;?
Plain,?brevity,?direct
5.Local Color
I.Appearance
1.uneven development in economy in America
2.culture: flourishing of frontier literature, humourists
3.magazines appeared to let writer publish their works
II.What is “Local Colour”?
Tasks of local colourists: to write or present local characters of their regions in truthful depiction distinguished from others, usually a very small part of the world.
Regional literature (similar, but larger in world)
Garland, Harte – the west
Eggleston – Indiana
Mrs Stowe
Jewett – Maine
Chopin – Louisiana
6.Gilded Age(暂无)
7.作者笔名与原名
Mark Twain---Samuel Langhorne Clemens
O.Henry---William Sidney Porter
Diedrich Knickerbocker--- Washington Irving
8.新英格兰文学的影响（见教材第一册P3）
9.时代代言人
Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林——十八世纪美国启蒙思想代言人
Mark Twain——美国现实主义
F. Scott Fitzgerald——被视为早期"爵士时代"的文学代言人《了不起的
盖茨比》
Ernest Hemingway——，“迷惘的一代”的代表人物
四、对作家及其作品的评价
Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文，美国着名小说家，被称为“美国文学之父”，“美国短篇小说之父”.
James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀，美国首位重要长篇小说家。开创了以《皮裹腿故事集》为代表的边疆传奇小说，其中最为重要的一部是《最后的莫西干人》。开创了航海小说体裁。
Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫?沃尔多?爱默生，美国19世纪着名哲学家、作家、诗人、超验主义代表人物。
《论自然》Nature (the manifesto of American transcendentalism)
《论美国学者》“The American Scholar”（America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence）
《论自立》“Self-Reliance”
Emily Dickinson 艾米莉·迪金森，诗人，艾米莉·迪金森的很多诗作都以死亡为主题。
狄金森诗歌的主题：（1）“永恒”主题的诗Her poems concerning death and immortality
（2）狄金森的爱情诗Her love poems
（3）狄金森的自然诗)Her nature poems
《埃米莉·迪金森诗集》The Poems of Emily Dickinson
诗歌：
“Because I Could Not Stop for Death”
“Success”
“I died for Beauty -- but was scarce”
_______________________________________________________________________ ________
五、获诺贝尔文学奖的作家及其获奖作品
Ernest Hemingway 海明威----
William Faulkner威廉·福克纳
Eugene O'Neill 尤金·奥尼尔
John Steinbeck 约翰·斯坦贝克----
七、富兰克林的主要成就（文学以及教育方面的成就）
(1)He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American
Philosophical Society.
(2)He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire
(electricity in this case) from heaven”.
(3)Everything seems to meet in this one man –“Jack of all
trades”. Herman Melville thus described him“master of each
and mastered by none”.
1.Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. 1.simply speaking , American Puritanism just refers to the spirit and ideal of puritans,who settled in the North American continent in the early part of the seventeenth century because of religious persecutions. 2.In content it means scrupulous ,moral rigor ,especially hostility to social pleasure and religion . 3.with time passing it became a dominant factor in American life , one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and literature.to some extent it is a state of mind,a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the American breathes ,rather than a set of tenets. 4.Actually it is a code of values,a philosophy of life and a point of view in American minds,also a two-faceted tradition of religious idealism and level -headed in common sense . 2.The American Romanticism(浪漫主义):a literary movement flourished as a cultural force the early period and the late period. associated with imagination and boundlessness, as an historical movement it arose in the 18th and 19th centuries.(Walt Whitman, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Edgar Allan Poe.) II.Features of American romanticism (1) It was the expression of “a real new experience(全新体验)”. (2) American Puritanism was a cultural heritage. Many American romantic writings intended to edify(启发) more than they entertained. (3) American Romanticism is full of “newness(新奇)” . Ideals：Individualism; political equality Dream：America: a new Garden of Eden (4)American romanticism was both imitative and independent. 3.Transcendentalism 超验主义 The major features of Transcendentalism: ① The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. 思想超灵宇宙 ② The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. To them, the individual is the most important element of Society. ③ The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was not purely matter. It was alive, filled with God’s ove rwhelming presence. 自然+上帝 Ralph Waldo Emerson. American Transcendentalism:As a philosophical and literary
1.Why did Franklin write his Autobiography? Franklin says that because his son may wish to know about his life, he is taking his one week vacation in the English countryside to record his past. He also says that he has enjoyed his life and would like to repeat it 2.What made Franklin decide to leave the brother to whom he had been apprenticed? His brother was passionate, and had often beaten him. The aversion to arbitrary power that has stuck to him through his whole life .After a brush with the law, Franklin left his brother. 3.How did he arrive in Philadephia? First he set out in a boat for Amboy, the boat dropped him off about 50 miles from Burlington, the next day he reached Burlington on foot, in Burlington he found a boat which was going towards Philadelphia, he arrived there about eight or nine o’clock, on the Sunday morning and landed at the Market Street wharf. 4.What features do you find in the style of the above selection? It is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision(言简意赅). The narrative is lucid(易懂的), the structure is simple, the imagery is homely(朴素的). 二、Questions 1.How many characters does Poe include in The Cask of Amontillado? What are these names? Montresor, Fortunato and Luchesi 2. What drink are the French most famous for? Wine 3.Does Montresor have something of great value to him which we might consider to be his treasure? His pride and the pride of his French family heritage. Perhaps his devious plot of revenge. 4.Does Montresor seem to have much respect for Italians? Montresor does not have much respect for Italians. He feels the French are superior, especially with respect to wine. 5.What was Fortunato's insult? Poe does not tell us directly, but only implies it in the third paragraph 6.Which wine does Montresor use to lure Fortunato into the catacombs? "Amontillado" (the Spanish wine; Montresor's ruse to lead Fortunato down into the catacombs. 7.Why does Montresor entertain Fortunato with wines from his collection? Montresor wants to get Fortunato drunk enough to be able to trap him in his plan of vengeance. 8.In what two ways does Montresor imprison Fortunato? He fetters (chains and locks) Fortunato to the wall of the catacombs. He builds a wall to close Fortunato off in a small corner of the catacombs, where Montresor will leave him to die. 9.In what ways is The Cask of Amontillado grotesque? First, which of Montresor's actions are abnormal? The whole obsessive plot of vengeance. The fettering and entombment of Fortunato. Montresor's sick sense of humor. 10.Is there anything grotesque about Fortunato? His obsession with alcohol. His drunkenness. His tendency to berate Luchesi (he may have been drunk and may have insulted Montresor in a similar
一、什么是现代主义文学？它诞生的背景是什么？有哪些流派？ 二、什么是后现代主义文学？它诞生的背景是什么？有哪些流派？ 三、现代主义和后现代主义异同点有哪些？ 第一部分——什么是现代主义？ 现代主义是资本主义工业化的产物，是1890年－1950年间流行于欧美各国的一个国际文学思潮。 一、现代主义诞生的背景 在社会上，受第一次世界大战和苏联社会主义诞生的影响，因而欧洲知识分子对资本主义产生了怀疑心态。在科技因素上，受到牛顿力学体系瓦解的影响，动摇了欧洲知识分子的宇宙观。在文化哲学因素上，尼采提出「重估一切价值」、「上帝死了」，使欧洲知识分子对古典哲学重新思考。 由此可以看出，当时的大背景下，欧洲的知识分子很难不去怀疑和否定传统。 二、现代主义文学诞生的背景 首先，我们要知道在现代主义出现之前，欧洲文学有两大传统文学流派，一是现实主义，一是浪漫主义。 现代主义可以看做是现实主义和浪漫主义文学转变后形成的。 以王尔德为代表的唯美主义是对传统浪漫主义的转变，其代表作有很著名的《道林格雷的画像》，主张「为艺术而艺术」，可以说走向一个极端，完全沉浸在象牙塔之中。 以左拉为代表的自然主义是对现实主义的转变，其中的代表作有很著名的莫泊桑的《羊脂球》，其文学创作的特点是：a.用生物学的观点写人。b.描写的繁琐性，醉心于对偶然现象的琐碎的描写。c.鼓吹无思想性。提倡要向实验科学家那样纯客观地记录事实，排斥创作的主体性。自然主义走向了另一个极端。 这是传统文学向现代主义文学转变的开端。 三、现代主义文学的流派 1.象征主义。意象派诗歌。这是西方现代主义文学运动中出现最早、影响最大的文学流派，大概有以下几个特点： 创造病态的「美」；表现内心的「最高真实」；运用象征暗示；在幻觉中构筑意象；用音乐性来增加冥想效应。它发展了前期象征主义的艺术特点，反对肤浅的抒情和直露的说教，主张情与理的统一，通过象征暗示、意象隐喻、自由联想和语言的音乐性去表现理念世界的美和无限性。代表作家有庞德、艾略特。代表作品就是很著名的艾略特的《荒原》，还有那篇很多人都不知道想表达什么的庞德的《地铁车站》： 在地铁站 人潮中这些面容的忽现 湿巴巴的黑树丫上的花瓣
美国文学选读第三版课后习题答案洁(部分) Unit 1 Benjamin Franklin Questions 1.Why did Franklin write his Autobiography? Franklin says that because his son may wish to know about his life, he is taking his one week vacation in the English countryside to record his past. He also says that he has enjoyed his life and would like to repeat it 2.What made Franklin decide to leave the brother to whom he had been apprenticed? His brother was passionate, and had often beaten him. The aversion to arbitrary power that has stuck to him through his whole life .After a brush with the law, Franklin left his brother. 3.How did he arrive in Philadephia? First he set out in a boat for Amboy, the boat dropped him off about 50 miles from Burlington, the next day he reached Burlington on foot, in Burlington he found a boat which was going towards Philadelphia, he arrived there about eight
III Multiple choice (20%) 1. Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet. When her poems were published in England, she became known as the “______” who appeared in America. A Ninth Muse B Tenth Muse C Best Muse D First Muse 2. ______ is the sometimes exaggerated use of local language, characters and customs in regional literature. A purple prose B waste-land imagery C local color D symbolism 3. The Fitzgeralds lived so extravagantly that they frequently spent more money than F. Scoot Fitzgerald earned for parties, liquor, entertaining their friends and traveling. It was this living style that nicknamed the decade of the 1920s as _______. A The Jazz Age B The Gilded Age C The Glorious Age D The Beat Age 4. ___________ was a reaction to the ideas of the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment. A Romanticism B Realism C Naturalism D Modernism 5. Although only few of her poems were published in her lifetime and a complete collection of them didn’t appear until the 1950’s, _____ had a major impact on 20th century poetry. A Anne Bradstreet B Gertrude Stein C Emily Dickinson D Amy Lowell 6. Who of the following is NOT a 20th century American poet? A Henry Wordsworth Longsfellow B Amy Lowell C Ezra Pound D Robert Frost 7. Mark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his ______. A International theme B Waste-land imagery C Local color
1、The Colonial Period（1607-1765） American Puritanism ( in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th) 北美第一位女诗人Anne Bradstreet(宗教气息，夫妻恩爱) Edward Taylor 都受英国玄学派影响（metaphysical） 2、The Enlightenment and Revolution Period Benjamin Franklin:Poor Richard's Almanac The Autobiography---“美国梦”的根源 3、American Romanticism（end of 18th to the civil war） American writers emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. 早期浪漫主义Washington Irving father of American Literature
Literary terms这部分的答案均来自星火《英美文学》一书，质量高 1.Transcendentalism: is literature，philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from about 1836 to1860. It originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reaching against the orthodoxy of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian Church, their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world instead. Transcendentalism derived some of its basic idealistic concepts from romantic German philosophy, and from such English authors as Carlyle，Coleridge, and Wordsworth. The ideas of transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Ralph Waldo Emerson in such essays as Nature and Self-Reliance and by Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden. 2.American naturalism：this term was created by Emile Zola. Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory played an important role in naturalism. In the works off naturalism，characters were conceived as complex combinations of inherited attributes and habits conditioned by social and economic forces. At the end of the 19th century，this pessimistic form of realism appeared in America. Naturalism attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness. Characters in the works of naturalism were dominated by their environment and heredity. Naturalism emphasized：the world was around；men had no free will；religious “truth” were illusory；the destiny of human beings was misery in life and oblivion in death. The dominant figures in naturalism were Stephen crane，Frank Norris, Jack London and Theodore Dreiser. 3.The lost generation: included the young English and American expatriates as well as men and women caught in the war and cut from the old value and yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization had gone mad. These writers adopted unconventional style of writing and reacted against the tendencies of the older writers in the 1920s. The term came from Gertrude Stein who said in Hemingway's presence that “you are all a lost generation.” 4.Jazz age: the novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald coined the term "Jazz Age" retroactively to refer to the decade after World War I and before the stock market crash in 1929, during which Americans embarked upon what he called "the gaudiest spree in history". Jazz Age is inextricably associated with the wealthy white "flappers" and socialites immortalized in Fitzgerald's fiction. 5.Free verse: is a poetry that has an irregular rhythm and line length and that attempts to avoid any predetermined verse structure, instead, it uses the cadences of natural speech. While it alternates stressed and unstressed syllables as stricter verse forms do, free verse does so in a looser way. Whitman's poetry is an example of free verse at its most impressive. It has since been used by Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot and other major American can poets of the 20th century. 6. The iceberg analogy: The Iceberg Theory is a writing theory by American writer Ernest Hemingway, as follows：if a writer of a prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that he knows and the reader，if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. 这部分来自星火的为：3,7,8, 来自课本为：1,4,9 来自网络为：2,5,6大家自取之 1.Poe's Poetic Ideas A.His conviction that the function of poetry is not to summarize and interpret earthly experience, but to create a mood in which the soul soars toward supernal beauty. B.He insists that poetry must be disembarrassed of that moral sense. C.Poe believes that the elevation of excitement of the soul should be “the poetic principle” thus poetry must concern itself only with “supernal beauty”. D.Poe defines poetry as “the rhythmical creation of beauty” a definition gi ving unexampled emphasis upon the importance of the rhythmical or musical element in poetry.
第一章五四文学革命 1、1917年1月《新青年》刊出胡适的《文学改良刍议》，从“八事”入手（须言之有物、不摹仿古人、须讲究文法、不作无病之呻吟、务去滥调套语、不用典、不讲对仗、不避俗字俗语） 2、1917年2月《新青年》发表陈独秀《文学革命论》，明确提出“三大主义”，陈独秀把晚清以来的文学革命运动推向了高潮。 3、钱玄同在致《新青年》的信中，以语言进化的角度说明白话取代文言的历史必然性，刘半农与钱玄同（化名为王敬轩）在《新青年》上发表了“双簧信”。 4、周作人发表《人的文学》，从人性、人道主义的角度来要求新文学的内容，倡导新文学内容要从“肉”与“灵”的统一中去表现“人”；在另一篇《平民文学》中提出“人生的艺术派主张”，又提出“以真为主，美即在其中”的创作准则。 5、文学革命的实绩最主要在于创作，文学革命带来文学观念、内容、语言载体、形式各方面全面的革新与解放。 【《学衡》派： 1、发起人及时间地点：1922年，南京东南大学的梅光迪、胡先骕、吴宓等创办了《学衡》杂志，因诸人观点态度相近，被称为《学衡》派 2、主张：尊崇中国的古圣贤者，以融贯中西古今的姿态，标榜“昌明国粹，融化新知，以中正之眼光，行批评之职事”，反对新文化运动和文学革命，思想稳健保守，是“穿西装的复古派”。 3、代表作：梅光迪《评提倡新文化者》；吴宓、胡先骕《论新文化运动》《评<尝试集>》】（3）新文化阵营与章士钊《甲寅》上的复古论调的论争。 13、五四文学革命的历史意义： （1）自晚清以来的被压抑着的现代性获得了最大的生机，形成了新的文化与文学观念，开创了新的主题领域与人物形象谱系； （2）五四文学革命全面革新文学语言、文体形式，奠定了20世纪中国文学的基本审美价值取向和多元并存的接受心理基础； （3）五四文学增添了世界维度，建立了中国文学与世界文学的密切关系，自觉的借鉴、吸收外国文学及文化的营养，形成了面向世界而又有本土特点的开放性现代文学； （4）五四形成的现代作家队伍是以后半个多世纪的文学创作的主体力量，这批作家和他们开创的文学内容及形式形成了新的现代传统，这一传统的赓续是文学现代性的基本保证。第二章20年代小说（一） 1、问题小说代表作家：叶绍钧、许地山、冰心、王统照、庐隐等 （1）冰心：“爱的三部曲”《超人》、《烦闷》、《悟》，其中《超人》（1921）标志着冰心对社会问题开出了她的“药方”，这就是“爱的哲学”（爱、童心、自然是“爱的哲学之鼎的三足”）（2）庐隐：中篇《海滨故人》《或人的悲哀》；短篇《丽石的日记》；长篇《象牙戒指》《女人的心》《归雁》《云鸥情书集》《庐隐自传》等，风格感伤，基调悲戚，与郁达夫同为新文学抒情小说开拓者。 （3）王统照：最重要的长篇小说《山雨》（1933） （4）叶绍钧：20年代出版了《隔膜》《城中》等5个短篇小说集；《倪焕之》（1928）是其唯一长篇小说，显示现实主义趋向，被誉为“扛鼎的工作”。 叶绍钧小说以灰色人生的冷静观察和客观描写，表现了写实主义特征。同时与讽刺兼备，是叶绍钧对小市民知识分子用笔的基本特色。 叶绍钧还是现代中国童话的开山者。鲁迅对其评价：“叶绍钧先生的《稻草人》是给中国的童话开出了一条自己的创作的路的。”
美国文学史及作品选读模拟试题一 ) '×15=15I.Multiple Choice (1'______was the first colony in American history. C1. D.Georgia C. Virginia A. Massachusetts B. New Jersey War. the before Revolutionary only good American author 2. _B_____ was the
One “His shadow lies heavier than any other man's on of his fellow Americans said, this young nation.”D.Thomas Paine B. Benjamin Franklin C. Thomas Jefferson A. John Smith 3. Romantics put emphasis on the following EXCEPT __A____. D. individualism C. intuition B. imagination A. common sense The Raven was written in 1844 by __B______ 4. B. Edgar Allan Poe A. Philip Freneau D. Emily Dickinson C. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 5. The ship __C____ carried about one hundred Pilgrims and took 66 days to beat its way across the Atlantic. In December of 1620, it put the Pilgrims ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts. D. Titanic C. Mayflower B. Armada A. Sunflower D____ is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in 6. Melville's novel __ pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale. Moby Dick D. C. White Jacket A. Typee B. Omoo 7. As a philosophical and literary movement, __D____ flourished in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War. D.Transcendentalism C.Sentimentalism B.Rationalism A.Modernism 8. The theme of original sin is fully reflected in ___A______. B. Sister Carrie A. The Scarlet Letter The Old Man and Sea D. C. The Great Gatsby 9. In all his novels Theodore Dreiser sets himself to project the ___B___ American values. For example, in Sister Carrie, there is not one character whose status is not determined economically. 页1 第 A. Puritan B. materialistic C. psychological D. religious 10. Realism was a reaction against____B__ or a move away from the bias towards
1、Do you think Gatsby deserves to be called “the great”? Why? -------from F、Scoot、Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby Gatsby pursuit “a universe of ineffable gorgeous” in his young age、In fact, Gatsby from West Egg insists his Platonic fantasy、He fell in love with the blonde and his ineffable gorgeous ideal is bined with Daisy’s breathing and desire、Daisy bees the image of ideal in his mind; though she marries Tom and may does not love him, though he can realize her soul full of money and desire, he cannot change his mind which back his love and be together as before、Maybe that is the shining and great part of his soul、Maybe that is the American dream which can show to us、But through the novel, we can have the clear idea that Daisy’s desire was not his drea m, it is not Daisy’s fault but his dream has giant vitality and energy、His dream is far behind Daisy and everything exists、He does his best to build the perfect world and aim in his mind、So his spirit which pursuits on ideal and dedication is also far behind secular frolicking in the bed、For realizing his dream, he donated himself to mud of money in New York; he showed no interests in wealth itself and the life of debauchery、Just like the lotus lives in the pound around with mud but not be polluted、His soul no doubt is suffering in the social life but without any plain、3、What do “petals” and “bough” stands for? -----from Ezra Pound In A Station of the Metro、 First of all, this poem stands the points of economy by Imagism、Every word in this poem has its own unique meaning、For example, the color of black in this poem may represent the train’s color, the railway’s color, the pillar’s color or the dim light of the metro station、Ezra Pound was very sensitive to the color and usually used their different meanings in his poetry、He used the skill of painting in his process of creating the poem、In this poem, every word is used as the pigment、Petals stand for the meaning of color from their unique image、The word “wet” brings the feeling of fresh and bright to the people、And the word “apparition” gives the dim color of pale and weak to the “faces” and “petals”、And the author put the petals and faces together let the faces have the feeling of tender and red、Several pretty faces appear in the metro station from the dimly lit, and they bee the shining petals in the black bough which was wet by the rain、This transformation is based on our vision, but it also shows that the same point between the quiet nature scenery and the noisy industrial environment、Ezra Pound wants tell us that we can find the beauty everywhere in our daily life、And it also shows the metaphor of Imagism、 1、Do you think Gatsby deserves to be called “the great”? Why? (1)I think it is too plicated to simply say Gatsby deserves to be “great” or not、For one thing, Gatsby was ambitious, hardworking, generous and passionate、He was so extremely loyal to his love and Daisy that he could do anything to get Daisy back: he did shady business to earn money and social position; he threw luxurious parties just to draw Daisy’s attention; he could take the blame for a death that he did not cause、(2)In this respect, he is much “greater” than his contemporaries、For another thing, Gatsby never realized that Daisy wasn’t the girl he loved anymore、Gatsby was so innocent that he staked everything on his dreams, not realizing that his dreams are unworthy of him、He wasn’t sober enough to be great、