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所有权的总成本:一个关键的概念,战略成本管理的决定【外文翻译】

所有权的总成本:一个关键的概念,战略成本管理的决定【外文翻译】
所有权的总成本:一个关键的概念,战略成本管理的决定【外文翻译】

外文文献翻译译文

一、外文原文

原文:

Total cost of ownership: a key concept in strategic cost

management decisions

Strategic cost management is not a new concept in theory. In application, however, it presents major opportunities for decision-making improvements for most organizations. As described by Shank and Govindarajan. strategic cost management takes a broad view of the organization's costs, both internal and external in such a way as to enhance competitive advantage.

Much of the literature on strategic cost management has approached it from a financial or accounting perspective. This is logical, since those functions of the organization often have fiduciary responsibility for cost control. In many organizations, however, it is the supply management area, also referred to as purchasing, procurement, sourcing. or a number of other names, that has the ultimate responsibility for controlling the bulk of the organization's expenditures. A recent study indicates that purchased items make up an average of 63.5% of total costs for manufacturing firms and 25% for nonmanufacturers. Such expenditures are directly related to the organization's costs, but many discussions of strategic cost management concepts focus primarily on control of manufacturing costs, such as labor and machine time. In most organizations, the costs of purchased materials and services far outweigh internal manufacturing costs.

This article has several purposes. It begins with an exploration of the concept of total cost of ownership (TCO) and why it is an increasingly viable model for use in acquisition decisions today. Second, a review of the TCO literature as it applies to purchasing decisions is presented. Next, the relationship between strategic cost management and TCO analysis in purchasing decisions is explored.

Case studies of eleven organizations that apply TCO concepts to their purchasing decisions are used to overview how and where TCO models are currently being applied. Based on those data and previous research, evidence is presented as to why TCO concepts are not more widely implemented. Managerial/strategic suggestions are presented for overcoming barriers to applying TCO in purchasing and for linking TCO to strategic cost management concepts. The paper closes with suggestions for future research.

TCO is a purchasing tool and philosophy aimed at understanding the relevant cost of buying a particular good or service from a particular supplier. References to TCO and related concepts, such as life cycle cost analysis, have been in the literature for some time, but its practical application has been somewhat limited. TCO is an important tool to support strategic cost management. It is a complex approach that requires the buying firm to determine which costs it considers most relevant or significant in the acquisition, possession, use, and subsequent disposition of a good or service. In addition to the price paid for the item, TCO may include the costs incurred by purchasing for order placement, research and qualification of suppliers, transportation, receiving, inspection, rejection, storage, and disposal.

Review of the literature

One use of TCO analysis is to support the supplier selection and evaluation decision. Traditional approaches include selecting and retaining a supplier based on price alone, or based primarily on price. or qualitatively evaluating the supplier's performance using categorical or weighted point/matrix approaches. While the latter arc preferred to a "price only" focus, such approaches tend to deemphasize the costs associated with all aspects of a supplier's performance and generally disregard internal costs. Examination of such costs is a strength of the TCO approach.

TCO Analysis

Selection and evaluation concepts closely aligned with TCO include life-cycle costing, zero-base pricing, all-in-costs, cost-based supplier performance evaluation. and the cost-ratio method, None of these approaches have received significant, widespread support in the literature or in practice for a variety of reasons, primarily

because of their complexity and the lack of general understanding of the concepts.

Life-cycle costing focuses primarily on capital or fixed assets," The aim is to go beyond the purchase price of an asset, to determine how much it actually costs the organization to use, maintain, and dispose of that asset during its lifetime. Pre transaction costs tend to be de-emphasized. This approach is congruent with TCO but is only a subset of TCO activity. TCO is applicable to virtually every type of purchase and includes the pre purchase costs associated with a particular supplier.

Zero-base pricing and cost-based supplier performance evaluation both advocate understanding suppliers' total costs. In contrast to TCO, zero-base pricing focuses heavily on the supplier's pricing structure and cost of doing business. Cost-based supplier performance evaluation has a narrower scope than TCO, focusing primarily on the external costs of doing business with a supplier rather than considering both the internal and external costs.

More recently, several articles have focused specifically on TCO. Handfield and Pannesi explore understanding TCO specifically for components. They note that TCO components issues are directly related to where the component is within its life cycle, which may not be related to the overall product life cycle.

Carr and Ittner overview TCO approaches used by several organizations. The models they present are all modified versions of the cost-ratio method. Using that method, an organization usually identifies several key factors or activities that increase costs. Factors such as those resulting from poor quality and late delivery are added to the total purchase price. Dividing these total costs by the total purchase price yields an "index." This index is then used as a multiple for future bids/prices from the supplier to evaluate the true "total cost of ownership" of doing business with that supplier. Ellram and Siferd developed a conceptual framework for costs to be included in TCO analysis, Ellram used case studies of organizations that have used formal TCO analysis to develop a framework for TCO implementation. Ellram also developed a taxonomy for classifying TCO models based on the type of buy, also known as "buy class." and according to whether the TCO model is standard or unique. Bennett presents a TCO approach used by Compumotor, a manufacturer of flow

control equipment. Compumotor links TCO to its activity-based costing system to provide an integrated approach to TCO analysis.

Approaches similar to TCO in purchasing have been advocated in the logistics literature and strategic management literature. These approaches are a means of understanding total costs throughout the supply chain in order to provide direct support for strategic cost management efforts.

Lack of understanding of TCO can be very costly to the firm. Poor decisions will likely result, hurting the firm's overall competitiveness, profitability, pricing decisions, and product mix strategies.

Theoretical Roots

Economists have long acknowledged the importance of going beyond price to encompass the transaction costs in purchasing from external sources. Economists have focused on transaction cost analysis primarily from a make-or-buy perspective, considering vertical integration versus buying goods or services in the market. Transaction costs analysis is also the foundation of TCO analysis.

While TCO analysis can be applied to the analysis of the make-or-buy decision, it should also be applied after an organization has determined that it will use a third party (buy) rather than use an internal source (make). Transaction costs can vary significantly among suppliers and can be an important decision factor.

Previous literature on TCO analysis defined transaction costs as costs incurred prior to actual sale; associated with the sale, including price; and after the sale has occurred, including disposal. From this perspective, transaction cost analysis in the economics literature provides the theoretical basis for further examining TCO analysis. TCO analysis is the tool and philosophy to support the theory of transaction cost analysis.

When TCO Is Strategic Cost Management

It can be argued that TCO is only truly strategic cost management when it occurs on a strategic level, as in helping to Improve the processes in the organization or the supply chain. In order for TCO analysis to qualify as strategic cost management, cost considerations must span the boundaries of the organization to include costs both

external and internal to the organization. By definition, all applications of TCO analysis do this by specifically considering the effects of the supplier's performance, and the performance of purchased goods or services, on the organization's total costs.

Unlike traditional cost reduction and cost savings techniques, which focus internally. All TCO analysis is supportive of strategic cost management. That is because all TCO analysis considers the broad effect of purchase decisions on the organization's costs, as well as the implications of purchase decisions on other cost parameters.

How TCO Models Support Strategic Cost Management

According to Shank and Govindarajan, three key themes are blended in strategic cost management: value chain analysis, strategic positioning analysis, and cost driver analysis. Each is discussed briefly below, as related to TCO analysis.

The value chain analysis concept is quite similar to the supply chain management concept discussed in the purchasing and logistics literature. Simply stated, the value chain framework requires that an organization consider all activities in which it engages that are required to produce the product or serve ice and provide it to the ultimate consumer. This focus is external, considering all activities, which add value, from the earliest raw material sources through the production process to the ultimate end-user. With few exceptions. purchasing cost analysis has tended toward an internal focus.

TCO clearly supports the value chain approach by considering the total cost of dealing with suppliers, such as internal and external costs of supplier selection, assessment, management and related factors, internal costs of application/use of the purchased item, internal and external costs associated with disposal or failure of the product or service in appllcationor in the field. An illustration of the value chain approach is an auto manufacturer that moved to application of just-in-time concepts, reducing its own inventory. This reduction, however, merely shifted more inventory and uncertainty to the suppliers. The suppliers costs actually increased more than the auto manufacturer's costs decreased.By using TCO concepts to analyze this purchase situation, this expensive decision could have been avoided.

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八大成本管理理念

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1.机会成本是观念上的成本并非实际发生的成本; 2.机会成本只有存在两个以上机会选择时才存在; 3.机会成本对于项目决策有着重要意义. 四、边际成本概念 增加每一个单位生产量或服务量需要支出的成本费用. 1.边际收益大于边际成本才是理性决择; 2.保障边际利润是减价让利的前提; 3.获取边际利润扩大生产与服务规模的财务边界. 五.时间成本观念 含义:资金与资金是有时间价值的,放弃或减少的时间价值就是成本的增加. 1.不同时间点的收益与利润有着不同的质量和价值; 2.不仅要有保本销售点的概念,而且要有保本销售期的概念; 3.计算投资回报期与投资回报率是必须考虑资金时间价值; 4.加速资产周转速度有利于资金成本的节约. 六.作业成本观念 1.设计成本 2.研发成本 3.投资成本 4.采购成本 5.制造成本 6.库存成本 7.营销成本8.管理成本 9.配送成本10.服务成本 七.资产运营成本 (一)持有现金成本 1.机会成本 2.管理成本 3.转换成本 4.短缺成本 (二)应收账款成本 1.机会成本 2.管理成本 3.坏账成本 4.利息成本 (三)存货成本 1.取得成本 2.储存成本 3.短缺成本 (四)固定生产成本 1.取得成本 2.维护成本 3.更新成本 八.公司治理成本观念 1.公司设立成本 2.机构设置成本 3.制度实施成本 4.内部控制成本 5.鼓励约束成本 6.信息披漏成本 7.政府管制成本8.中介服务成本 贰.应树立的成本控制意识 一.产品实体成本控制意识-----节能降耗 (一)材料费用控制 1.严格控制材料消耗数量 1)改进产品设计,采用先进工艺; 2)控制运输和储存中的材料消耗;

成本管理基本概念

成本管理基本概念 一、成本所谓成本,广义地讲是指工程项目为实现生产经营目的而取得各种特定资产或劳务所发生的费用支出。它包含了工程项目施工过程中一切对象化的费用支出。本书所述成本是指工程项目施工过程中所消耗的劳材机及其它费用的总和。在项目实施成本管理过程中,我们应注意掌握和区分预算成本和实际成本这两个基本概念,它们的含义是有根本区别的。预算成本是依据施工图、施工组织设计、有关定额及费用标准、市场各种材料价格计算求得;实际成本顾名思义就是实际发生的成本,它是完成工程施工已消耗和已发生的费用总和。二、目标利润目标利润是指运用量本利分析原理和技术,结合企业实际,利用有效的信息数据资料,对影响项目利润高低变动因素进行综合分析测算,合理确定预期实现的利润目标,是企业和项目共同追求最大化的利润目标,也是企业管理水平的体现。目标利润能否实现的关键,一是目标利润测定是否符合实际情况;二是项目管理综合能力和综合素质能否保证。通过项目努力能够实现的目标利润,是测算准确的,实事求是的,是可以调动职工的积极性和创造性的。反之,则会挫伤职工的积极性和创造性,达不到预期目标,甚至会造成一定的负面影响。本章所指的目标利润是针对工程项目而言,其基本关系式为:目标利润=合同总收入-目标成本,它由合同利润、管理利润和争取利润三部分组成。三、目标成本目标成本是企业根据现有管理水平和有关费用标准,结合现场实际测定的为完成工

程项目施工一切对象化的成本消耗目标,也是工程项目为完成本项目施工确定的最高成本消耗标准。目标成本与目标利润是相辅相成、相互依赖、相对共存的。在合同总收入不变的情况下,目标成本测定的准确程度直接影响目标利润的准确性。目标成本由各项目根据施工图、施工组织设计、企业内部定额及有关规定标准、市场调查价等资料编制计算后经公司核定而成,分析计算的预算单价反映了企业内部先进的管理水平,须通过努力才能实现;它是公司(含集团公司,各子、分公司,以下同)对项目控制成本、核定目标利润的基本依据。四、责任成本与责任主体责任成本是指在项目施工过程中,按照责任者的可控范围,应由责任者负担的成本。责任主体是指承担责任成本管理与实施的责任成本中心。在正常情况下,应先有单元责任成本,后根据单元责任成本的具体工作内容,成立相应的责任成本中心,这样有利于责任的界定和项目的协调。责任成本中心按照所签订的责任成本合同(责任成本预算)组织实施,承担一切责任。五、可控成本可控成本与不可控成本是相对而言的。所谓可控成本是指在正常条件下或可预测的范围内,责任中心按照自己所负责的责任范围可以计量、能够掌握其发生的情况,并通过自身努力能够调节的成本。可控成本必须同时符合以下四个条件:1、责任中心所承担的责任和成本必须相统一;2、责任中心能够预测将发生什么样性质的消耗;3、责任中心有办法计量它的消耗;4、责任中心有办法控制并调节它的消耗。可控成本随着管理方式、责任范围的变化而变化。本文所指责任成本就是可控成本。根据责任成本的具体内容界定和建立责任成本中心,同时规

成本控制【外文翻译】

外文翻译 原文 Cost Control Material Source:Encyclopedia of business,2 and ed. Author:Anthony, Robet N 1 Cost Control Cost control, also known as cost management or cost containment, is a broad set of cost accounting methods and management techniques with the common goal of improving business cost-efficiency by reducing costs, or at least restricting their rate of growth. Businesses use cost control methods to monitor, evaluate, and ultimately enhance the efficiency of specific areas, such as departments, divisions, or product lines, within their operations. During the 1990s cost control initiatives received paramount attention from corporate America. Often taking the form of corporate restructuring, divestment of peripheral activities, mass layoffs, or outsourcing, cost control strategies were seen as necessary to preserve—or boost—corporate profits and to maintain—or gain—a competitive advantage. The objective was often to be the low-cost producer in a given industry, which would typically allow the company to take a greater profit per unit of sales than its competitors at a given price level. Some cost control proponents believe that such strategic cost-cutting must be planned carefully, as not all cost reduction techniques yield the same benefits. In a notable late 1990s example, chief executive Albert J. Dunlap, nicknamed "Chainsaw Al" because of his penchant for deep cost cutting at the companies he headed, failed to restore the ailing small appliance maker Sunbeam Corporation to profitability despite his drastic cost reduction tactics. Dunlap laid off thousands of workers and sold off business units, but made little contribution to Sunbeam's competitive position or share price in his two years as CEO. Consequently, in 1998 Sunbeam's board fired Dunlap, having lost confidence in his "one-trick" approach to management. A complex business requires frequent information about operations in order to plan for the future, to control present activities, and to evaluate the past performance of managers, employees, and related business segments. To be successful,

成本控制的含义

成本控制的含义 企业在竞争激烈的市场经济条件下,要想生存或谋求发展壮大,除了技术领先、资本雄厚之外,管理在其中起到越来越重要的作用。而成本控制是企业管理活动中永恒的主题,成本控制的直接结果是降低成本,增加利润,从而提升企业管理水平,增强企业核心竞争力。现今的市场更多的是买方市场,每一个细分市场都有众多企业在竞争,而生产的往往是同质产品,差异不大,这时就要看哪家企业具有成本领先优势,提供的服务是否优质,品牌的美誉度如何,其中成本控制是最基本的也是最关键的因素。要是企业的成本比竞争对手具有优势,那么他就可以运用低价竞争手段,扩大市场占有率,进而增加生产量,获得规模效应,占领市场。企业只有不断加强成本控制,才能提高企业的市场竞争能力和获利水平。 一、成本控制的基本含义 所谓成本控制,是企业根据一定时期预先建立的成本管理目标,由成本控制主体在其职权范围内,在生产耗费发生以前和成本控制过程中,对各种影响成本的因素和条件采取的一系列预防和调节措施,以保证成本管理目标实现的管理行为。它包括成本预测、成本计划、成本控制、成本核算、成本考核和成本分析等六个环节。这些环节按成本发生的时间先后分为事前控制、事中控制和事后控制。事前控制进行成本预测和成本计划,对控制核算提出要求;事中控制进行成本控制和成本核算,为分析、考核提供依据;事后控制进行成本考核和

成本分析,对预测计划提供信息。 成本控制的过程是运用系统工程的原理对企业在生产经营过程 中发生的各种耗费进行计算、调节和监督的过程,同时也是一个发现薄弱环节,挖掘内部潜力,寻找一切可能降低成本途径的过程。科学地组织实施成本控制,可以促进企业改善经营管理,转变经营机制,全面提高企业素质,使企业在市场竞争的环境下生存、发展和壮大。 二、成本控制的基础工作 成本控制的起点,或者说成本控制过程的平台就是成本控制的基础工作。成本控制不从基础工作做起,成本控制的效果和成功可能性将受到大大影响。 1、定额制定。定额是企业在一定生产技术水平和组织条件下, 人力、物力、财力等各种资源的消耗达到的数量界限,主要有材料定额和工时定额。成本控制主要是制定消耗定额,只有制定出消耗定额,才能在成本控制中起作用。工时定额的制定主要依据各地区收入水平、企业工资战略、人力资源状况等因素。在现代企业管理中,人力成本越来越大,工时定额显得特别重要。在工作实践中,根据企业生产经营特点和成本控制需要,还会出现动力定额、费用定额等。定额管理是成本控制基础工作的核心,建立定额领料制度,控制材料成本、燃料动力成本,建立人工包干制度,控制工时成本,以及控制制造费用,都要依赖定额制度,没有很好的定额,就无法控制生产成本;同时,定额也是成本预测、决策、核算、分析、分配的主要依据,是成本控制工作的重中之重。

浅论企业成本管理的意义

浅论企业成本管理的意义 企业产品成本的高低,不仅影响到国家的积累,而且同企业自身和职工群众的利益息息相关。在国民经济进一步调整当中,改进成本管理问题已日益引起人们的重视和关注。 一、成本效益理念 传统的成本管理是以企业是否节约为依据,片面地从降低成本乃至力求避免某些费用的发生入手。强调节约和节省。传统成本管理的目的可简单地归纳为减少支出、降低成本。这就是成本论成本的狭隘观念。在传统的计划经济下,产品实行统收入。因此,降低产品成本就意味着增加企业的收购统销,企业的产出等于企业的 益,企业必然将成本管理的重点放在降低产品成本上,而陷入单纯的为降低成本而管理成本的滞后状态,不能为决策提供所需要的正确信息。 随着市场经济的发展,卖方市场逐渐向买方市场转变,企业不能再将成本管理简单地等同于降低成本。因为,企业不仅要关注产品的生产成本,而且要关注其产品能在市场上实现的效益。在市场经济的环境下,适应瞬息万变的环境,获得经济效益取得持续性的竞争优势,始终是现代企业管理必须考虑的首要问题。企业成本管理工作中也应该树立成本效益观念,实现由传统的“节约、节省”观念向现代效益观念转变。特别是在我国市场经济体制逐步完善的今天,企业管理应以市场需求为导向,通过向市场提供质量尽可能高、功能尽可能完善的产品和服务,力求使企业获取尽可能多的利润。与企业管理的这一基本要求相适应,企业成本管理也就应与企业的整体经济效益直接联系起来,以一种新的认识观——成本效益观念看待成本及其控制问题。企业的一切成本管理活动应以成本效益观念作为支配思想,从“投入”与“产出”的对比分析来看待“投入”(成本)的必要性、合理性,即努力

成本控制和成本管理战略【外文翻译】

外文翻译 原文 Cost-Containment and Cost-Management Strategies Material Source: Author: Alan f. Goldberg ,William P. Fleming The leadership and boards of trustees of all healthcare organizations are the ultimate stewards of the limited resources available to best meet community needs. The strategic planning process leads the organization down a clear path of setting priorities, making choices, and taking action. The day a new cancer center opens or the latest technology arrives is an exciting one for the community. After the ribbon cutting, these new programs become the responsibility of the hospital's service line directors or clinical managers. Their staffing is based on projections and other assumptions that may or may not be on point but have a direct impact on the operations and finances of the organization. As part of normal decision making for a hospital's new initiatives, a payer mix and revenue stream were predicted. Now two significant environmental events have made projections more uncertain and put aggressive cost management on center stage: the economic downturn and payment reform. The economic downturn affecting hospitals began in the fall of 2008. Its broad impact on the organization was described by Goldberg and Petasnick (2010): With credit markets drying up, unemployment rising, consumer confidence eroding, and employee morale shaken, healthcare system executives had their hands full. The combined result of the turmoil made the old adage "cash is king" truer than ever. As consumers pulled back and individuals lost health insurance, hospitals experienced losses in volume for elective, nonemergent healthcare. Financial operating results suffered. Meanwhile, losses in investment values eliminated the safety net reserves created by nonoperating income. Many hospitals and healthcare systems were forced to consider or enact layoffs and postpone or cancel capital-intensive projects. All were required to rethink their strategic plans. Because of the economic downturn and high unemployment, which led to income declines and individuals losing job-based healthcare coverage, Medicaid enrollment is projected to increase 10.5 percent in fiscal 2010.

战略成本管理的观念、方法与应用(doc 12)

战略成本管理的观念、方法与应用 为了应对经济全球化条件下日趋激烈的竞争局面,提高企业的长期竞争实力,战略管理的理论与方法兴起。它突破了传统管理“正确地做事”的思维X式,而立足于“做正确的事”。这一思想深深影响了作为企业决策支持系统的管理会计,成本管理自然也不例外,从战略角度来研究成本形成与控制的战略成本管理(strategic cost management,SCM)应运而生。本文将对SCM的思想观念、在这一观念指导下的方法集以及这些观念和方法如何在我国企业中有效推行等问题进行较为全面的探讨。 一、战略成本管理(SCM)的观念 美国会计学界两位著名的教授库伯(Cooper)和斯拉莫得(Slagmulderr)对SCM 曾作如下简明的界定:SCM意指企业运用一系列成本管理方法来同时达到降低成本和加强战略位置(improve thestrategic position of a firm)之目的[1]。综合当今SCM的思想观念与方法,笔者认为其与传统的成本管理相比至少具有以下特点: l.成本管理的目的变化SCM的目的不仅在于降低成本,更重要的是为了建立和保持企业的长期竞争优势。也就是说企业必须探求提高(或不损坏)其竞争地位的成本降低途径。如果某项成本降低途径削弱了企业的战略地位,则应弃之不用;另一方面,如果某项成本的增加有助于增加企业的竞争实力,则这种成本的

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