Exercise 9
Jean Wagner‘s most enduring contribution to the
study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it be analyzed in a religious, as well as secular, frame of
Line reference. The appropriateness of such an approach may 5 seem self-evident for a tradition commencing with spirituals and owing its early forms, rhythms, vocabulary, and evangelical fervor to Wesleyan hymnals. But before Wagner a secular outlook that analyzed Black poetry
solely within the context of political and social protest
10 was dominant in the field.
It is Wagner who first demonstrated the essential
fusion of racial and religious feeling in Afro-American poetry. The two, he argued, form a symbiotic union in which religious feelings are often applied to racial issues
15 and racial problems are often projected onto a metaphysical plane. Wagner found this most eloquently illustrated in the Black spiritual, where the desire for freedom in this world and the hope for salvation in the
next are inextricably intertwined.
(159 words)
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) contrast the theories of Jean Wagner with
those of other contemporary critics
(B) document the influence of Jean Wagner on the development of Afro-American poetry
(C) explain the relevance of Jean Wagner‘s work to
the study of Afro-American religion
(D) indicate the importance of Jean Wagner‘s
analysis of Afro-American poetry
(E) present the contributions of Jean Wagner to
the study of Black spirituals
2. All of the following aspects of Afro-American
poetry are referred to in the passage as having been influenced by Wesleyan hymnals EXCEPT
(A) subject matter
(B) word choice
(C) rhythm
(D) structure
(E) tone
3. It can be inferred from the passage that, before
Wagner, most students of Afro-American poetry did
which of the following?
(A) Contributed appreciably to the transfer of
political protest from Afro-American poetry to
direct political action.
(B) Ignored at least some of the historical roots of
Afro-American poetry.
(C) Analyzed fully the aspects of social protest
to be found in such traditional forms of Afro-
American poetry as the Black spiritual.
(D) Regarded as unimportant the development
of fervent emotionalism in a portion of Afro-
American poetry.
(E) Concentrated on the complex relations
between the technical elements in Afro-
American poetry and its political content.
阅读1：
詹"瓦格纳（Jean Wagner）对美国黑人诗歌研究作出的最经久不衰的贡献是他的如下主张，即美国黑人诗歌应该被置于一个宗教的而不仅仅是世俗的参照框架中予以分析。对于美国黑人诗歌这一起源于圣歌（spiritual）并从卫斯理赞美诗集（Wesleyan hymnal）中借鉴了其早期形式、节奏、语汇、以及狂热激情的文学传统来说，这一方法的恰当性可谓是不证自明的。但在瓦格纳之前，一种将黑人诗歌仅仅置于政治以及社会抗议这一背景当中来进行分析的世俗观点在这一领域中占据了主导地位。
正是瓦格纳最早证明了种族和宗教情感在美国黑人诗歌中的有机融合。他指出，两者形成了一种共生结合，在这里，宗教的情感常常被应用于种族问题，而种族问题也常常被投射于形而上的层面。瓦格纳发现，这一点在黑人圣歌中得到了最有力的例证，而在黑人圣歌中，对现世自由的渴望以及对后世灵魂超度的希翼被不可分割地交织于一体。
Q1：由首句退出contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry，说的是JW这人重要性，所以选D；
Q2：哪个没有被Wesleyan hymnals 影响？
解析：定位到line 6：spirituals and owing its early forms, rhythms, vocabulary, and evangelical fervor，所以选E；
Q3：定位到line 11：It is Wagner who first demonstrated the essential fusion of racial and religious feeling in Afro-American poetry. 选B；
In the early 1950‘s, historians who studied
preindustrial Europe (which we may define here as
Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began,
for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more
5 of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3
percent who comprised the political and social elite: the
kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local
magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. One difficulty, however, was that few of the remaining
10 97 percent recorded their thoughts or had them chronicled by contemporaries. Faced with this situation, many historians based their investigations on the only records that seemed to exist: birth, marriage, and death records. As a result, much of the early work on the
15 nonelite was aridly statistical in nature; reducing the vast majority of the population to a set of numbers was hardly more enlightening than ignoring them altogether. Historians still did not know what these people thought
or felt.
20 One way out of this dilemma was to turn to the records of legal courts, for here the voices of the nonelite can most often be heard, as witnesses, plaintiffs, and defendants. These documents have acted as ―a point of entry into the mental world of the poor.‖ Historians
25 such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups (these attitudes include, but are not confined to, attitudes toward crime and the law) and have revealed how the authorities
30 administered justice. It has been societies that have had
a developed police system and practiced Roman law,
with its written depositions, whose court records have yielded the most data to historians. In Anglo-Saxon countries hardly any of these benefits obtain, but it has
35 still been possible to glean information from the study of legal documents.
The extraction of case histories is not, however, the
only use to which court records may be put. Historians who study preindustrial Europe have used the records to 40 establish a series of categories of crime and to quantify indictments that were issued over a given number of years. This use of the records does yield some information about the nonelite, but this information gives us little insight into the mental lives of the
45 nonelite. We also know that the number of indictments in preindustrial Europe bears little relation to the number of actual criminal acts, and we strongly suspect that the relationship has varied widely over time. In addition, aggregate population estimates are very
50 shaky, which makes it difficult for historians to compare rates of crime per thousand in one decade of
the preindustrial period with rates in another decade. Given these inadequacies, it is clear why the case
history use of court records is to be preferred.
(473 words)
4. The author suggests that, before the early 1950‘s, most historians who studied preindustrial Europe
did which of the following?
(A) Failed to make distinctions among members of the preindustrial European political and social elite. (B) Used investigatory methods that were almost exclusively statistical in nature.
(C) Inaccurately estimated the influence of the preindustrial European political and social elite. (D) Confined their work to a narrow range of the preindustrial European population.
(E) Tended to rely heavily on birth, marriage, and death records.
5. According to the passage, the case histories extracted by historians have
(A) scarcely illuminated the attitudes of the political and social elite
(B) indicated the manner in which those in power apportioned justice
(C) focused almost entirely on the thoughts and feel- ings of different social groups toward crime and
the law
(D) been considered the first kind of historical writing that utilized the records of legal courts
(E) been based for the most part on the trial testimony of police and other legal authorities
6. It can be inferred from the passage that much of the early work by historians on the European nonelite
of the preindustrial period might have been more illuminating if these historians had
(A) used different methods of statistical analysis to investigate the nonelite
(B) been more successful in identifying the attitudes of civil authorities, especially those who administered justice, toward the nonelite
(C) been able to draw on more accounts, written by
contemporaries of the nonelite, that described
what this nonelite thought
(D) relied more heavily on the personal records left
by members of the European political and
social elite who lived during the period in
question
(E) been more willing to base their research on the
birth, marriage, and death records of the
nonelite
7. It can be inferred from the passage that a historian
who wished to compare crime rates per thousand
in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth
century with crime rates in another decade of that
century would probably be most aided by better
information about which of the following?
(A) The causes of unrest in the city during the two
decades
(B) The aggregate number of indictments in the
city nearest to the city under investigation
during the two decades
(C) The number of people who lived in the city
during each of the decades under investigation
(D) The mental attitudes of criminals in the city,
including their feelings about authority, during
each of the decades under investigation
(E) The possibilities for a member of the city‘s
nonelite to become a member of the political
and social elite during the two decades
先上难句翻译：In the early 1950’s，historians who studied preindustrial Europe（which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800）began，for the first time in large numbers，to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite:the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. （4）
难句类型:复杂修饰、插入语
译文:二十世纪五十年代早期，研究前工业化时代欧洲（此处我们可将其界定为约自1300年至1800年这一时期的欧洲）的史学家，首次以众多的人数（杨鹏的书中:第一次以大量的数据），开始调查前工业化时代欧洲人口中的大多数，而非那些构成了政治与社会精英阶层的百分之二或三的人口，即国王、将军、法官、贵族、主教、以及地方上的达官显贵，而正是这部分人一直到那时为止普遍充斥于史学著作。
解释:句子中有两个插入语，一个是跟在preindustrial Europe之后的which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800,这个插入语的直接作用是解释前面的preindustrial Europe的年代，而起到的客观作用则是把主句中的主语和谓语分割得很远；第二个插入语是在began，for the first time in large numbers, to investingate中间，把一个好好的began to斩为两段。这句话另外一个难以理解的地方是more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent，表示
的是在工业化以前的欧洲人口中超过了那2%到3%的人，亦即占97%到98%的人民群众。
Q4:定位至line 4：began for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite，由first time 推断出：之前的都是在研究那2%-3%的社会精英，所以选D；
Q5：定位至line 24：Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups (these attitudes include, but are not confined to, attitudes toward crime
and the law) and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. 看到最后半句说how the authorities administered justice, 所以选B；
Q6：定位至line 42：This use of the records does yield some information about the nonelite, but this information
gives us little insight into the mental lives of the nonelite. 应该多关注一些精神世界，所以选C；
Q7：定位至line 49：aggregate population estimates are very shaky, which makes it difficult for historians to compare rates of crime per thousand in one decade of the preindustrial period with rates in another decade。困难在于总人口估计值有些不可信，所以to better，就要知道实际值，选C；
Mycorrhizal fungi infect more plants than do any
other fungi and are necessary for many plants to thrive,
but they have escaped widespread investigation until
Line recently for two reasons. First, the symbiotic association
5 is so well-balanced that the roots of host plants show no
damage even when densely infected. Second, the fungi
cannot as yet be cultivated in the absence of a living
root. Despite these difficulties, there has been important
new work that suggests that this symbiotic association
10 can be harnessed to achieve more economical use of
costly superphosphate fertilizer and to permit better
exploitation of cheaper, less soluble rock phosphate.
Mycorrhizal benefits are not limited to improved
phosphate uptake in host plants. In legumes,
15 Mycorrhizal inoculation has increased nitrogen fixation
beyond levels achieved by adding phosphate fertilizer
alone. Certain symbiotic associations also increase the
host plant‘s resistance to harmful root fungi.
8. Which of the following most accurately describes
the passage?
(A) A description of a replicable experiment
(B) A summary report of new findings
(C) A recommendation for abandoning a difficult
area of research
(D) A refutation of an earlier hypothesis
(E) A confirmation of earlier research
For the following question, consider each of the
choices separately and select all that apply
9. It can be inferred from the passage that which of
the following has NOT been a factor influencing the
extent to which research on mycorrhizal fungi has
progressed?
□A Lack of a method for iden fying mycorrhizal
fungi
□B Di?cul es surrounding laboratory produc on
of specimens for study
□C Di?cul es ensuing from the high cost and
scarcity of superphosphate fertilizers
阅读2；
菌根真菌（mycorrhizal fungi）比诸于其它任何真菌会感染到更多的植物，并且对于许多植物的茂盛生长显得不可或缺；然而，它们直到最近为止由于两个缘由而没能得到广泛的研究。首先，共生联系（symbiotic association）是平衡得如此之好，以致于寄主植物（host plant）的根部即使在遭到密集感染的情况下亦不会显示出任何受损害的迹象。其次，这种真菌迄今为止尚无法在缺乏有生命的植物根茎的情况下被培养出来。尽管存在这些困难，科学家已完成了重要的全新研究，表明这种共生联系可被利用起来，对昂贵的过磷酸钙化肥可获得更为经济的用途，并允许人们更好地利用较为廉价、不那么易于溶解的岩磷酸钙化肥。菌根的益处并非局限于寄主植物身上业已提高的磷酸肥吸收量。在豆科植物（legume）上，菌根的移入土壤提高了固氮率，其效果要超过单靠增施磷酸化肥所能取得的固氮水准。某些共生联系还能增强寄生植物对有害的根部真菌的抵抗力。这种抵抗力是否源自通过场所竞争对有害真菌的驱逐，是否源自那种涉及抗菌素产生的新陈代谢变化，或是否源自植物活力的提高，这些尚不得而知。
Q8：文章讲什么的？
解析：开篇就是一个观点，然后分1,2点列出，很明显这是个总结报告，所以选B；
Q9：哪个不是影响因素？
解析：文章提到两个影响因素，一是共生关系太和谐，其实寄主植物densely infected, 也看不出有什么damage。二是没有living root这个真菌就不能被培育。（我个人看法，根据我残余的高中生物知识，很多真菌在营养基上培育的，所以这种真菌才一直没收到重视，跟选项中提到的实验室条件不够完善没有关系）
所以选ABC；
It is one of nature‘s great ironies that the availability
of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on
plant growth even though the plants‘ leaves are bathed
in a sea of nitrogen gas. The leguminous plants—among
5 them crop plants such as soybeans, peas, alfalfa, and
clover—have solved the nitrogen supply problem by
entering into a symbiotic relationship with the bacterial
genus Rhizobium.
10. Which of the following situations is most closely analogous to the situation described by the author
as one of nature‘s great ironies?
(A) That of a farmer whose crops have failed
because the normal midseason rains did not materialize and no preparations for
irrigation had been made
(B) That of a long-distance runner who loses a marathon race because of a wrong turn that
cost him twenty seconds
(C) That of shipwrecked sailors at sea in a
lifeboat, with one flask of drinking water to
share among them
(D) That of a motorist who runs out of gas a mere
five miles from the nearest gas station
(E) That of travelers who want to reach their destination as fast and as cheaply as possible,
but find that cost increases as travel speed
increases
Throughout human history there have been many stringent taboos concerning watching other people eat or eating in the presence of others. There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of
5 inappropriate social relationships either between those who are involved and those who are not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need, or between those already satiated and those who appear to be shamelessly gorging. Undoubtedly such elements 10 exist in the taboos, but there is an additional element with a much more fundamental importance. In prehistoric times, when food was so precious and the
on-lookers so hungry, not to offer half of the little food one had was unthinkable, since every glance was a plea 15 for life.
(124 words)
11. If the argument in the passage is valid, taboos against eating in the presence of others who are
not also eating would be LEAST likely in a society
that
(A) had always had a plentiful supply of food
(B) emphasized the need to share worldly goods
(C) had a nomadic rather than an agricultural
way of life
(D) emphasized the value of privacy
(E) discouraged overindulgence
12. The author‘s hypothesis concerning the origin of
taboos against watching other people eat emphasizes
the
(A) general palatability of food
(B) religious significance of food
(C) limited availability of food
(D) various sources of food
(E) nutritional value of food
13. Select the sentence in the passage in which the author
suggests that past attempts to explain some taboos
concerning eating are incomplete.
阅读1：这是大自然一个极大的讽刺，那就是土壤中可用氮的含量往往限制了植物的生长，虽然职务的叶子沐浴在丰富的氮气之中。
Q10：要我们做一个类比
解析：原文说的是虽然这种东西含量很高，但是可用的很少。
正确选项C：救生艇上的水手虽然被海水包围着，却只能很多人共享一瓶水。
先上翻译：
在整个人类历史上，看人吃饭或当着别人的面吃饭都是很犯忌的行为。人们一直想将这些忌讳与各种不恰当的社会关系联系起来加以解释，比如一方已经饥肠辘辘，而另一方还没到满足身体需要的时候；或者一方已经酒足饭饱，而另一方却似乎还在不顾体面的大吃大喝。无疑各种禁忌当中确实有这些因素，但存在着的另外一个因素却更具根本的重要性。在史前时代，当食物极其宝贵而旁边的人又是饥饿难耐时，不把仅有的那点食物分出一半来给人是无法想象的，因为每一个眼神都是在哀求救命。而且在那个时代，人们生活在核心家庭或大家族中，分享食物等于支持自己的家庭，广义地说，其实就是在保全自我。
Q11：整篇文章都是在讲吃饱与吃不饱的问题，所以存在禁忌。那么这种禁忌要求别人不在吃饭时不可以吃饭，是最不可能发生在什么样的社会？有原文最后一句看出，食物贫乏时，你吃饭别人看你一眼都是在乞讨，所以肯定不是发生在食物很充足的时候。
Q12：作者基于禁忌起源的假设是强调那个方面？
关键点还是文章后半部分，作者强调的是additional element，就是食物很precious的情况。所以选C；
Q13：强调之前的不完整，还是因为看到了additional，所以答案是Undoubtedly such elements exist in the taboos, but there is an additional element with a much more fundamental importance.
GRE阅读小笔记Exercise 7 Hydrogeology is a science dealing with the properties, distribution, and circulation of water on the surface of the land, in the soil and underlying rocks, and Line in the atmosphere. The term ―geohydrology∥ is 5 sometimes erroneously used as a synonym for ―hydrogeology.∥ Geohydrology is concerned with underground water. There are many formations that contain water but are not part of the hydrologic cycle because of geologic changes that have isolated them 10 underground. These systems are properly termed geohydrologic but not hydrogeologic. Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it with the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic. (107 words) ==================================== 1. It can be inferred that which of the following is most likely to be the subject of study by a geohydrologist? (A) Soft, porous rock being worn away by a waterfall (B) Water depositing minerals on the banks of a gorge through which the water runs (C) The trapping of water in a sealed underground rock cavern through the action of an earthquake (D) Water becoming unfit to drink through the release of pollutants into it from a manufacturing plant (E) The changing course of a river channel as the action of the water wears away the rocks past which the river flows 2. The author refers to ―many formations∥ primarily in order to (A) clarify a distinction (B) introduce a subject (C) draw an analogy (D) emphasize a similarity
阅读下面的文字，完成各题。 流浪的名著 蒋新 ①中午的文化市场已经退去沸腾和热闹，人头攒动与淘宝捡漏的各色眼神终于渐渐收场，给这个季节的清冷腾出许多可以畅快呼吸的空间。冷风重新凝聚，换挡提速，自由鼓荡，在人们身边进行新一轮穿梭。冷风里的阳光十分柔和，暖暖灿灿的，宛如尼采的纤细之手，移动着抚摸着地上那些还没有撤走的物品，当然还有我的感觉。那些醒目的枣红色，宛如一群被冷落被流浪的红鹤，倔强在那个杂乱的地摊上，无奈而又高贵。 ②蹲下。捡起。端看。眼睛一碰触精装书面上的烫金书名，周身像被灌了一瓶六十二度二锅头似的，顿时热乎起来一一原来是群诺贝尔文学奖书籍悄无声息地集结在这冬季里！ ③封面：《诺贝尔文学奖全集·41》，主编：陈映真。获奖年度：1966年。获得者：以色列作家约瑟夫·阿格农；瑞典作家、诗人奈丽·沙克丝……我呆了，瞬间把自己雕塑在冷风里。 ④书籍之“书龄”已经超越而立之年，开始在不惑之路上行走，可书们为什么会来到这里？ ⑤我蹲在为阳光抚摸、为冷风扫射的地摊边，迅速将散放的枣红色书一本一本收集到跟前，一共十五本。从书的编码看，十五本只是这套诺贝尔文学奖全集的一部分，后边有无不敢断定，前面应该还有确凿的四十部——因为摆在面前的最小截止书目号是“41”。
⑥“那些书呢？”我抬头问那人，直言不讳。 ⑦“哪些书？没有了，就这些。”黑瘦矮的摊主似乎有些不耐烦。地上那些落满一层尘土的书已被收集在无序的纸箱里。摊主准备走，把空间让给清冷的风。 ⑧摊主见我还在翻看，便跺着脚催问买不买。他急着要走，因为冷，因为要吃饭，因为到了散摊的正午时光。于是询价，掏钱，打包，在柔和清冷的阳光抚摸中，我把那摞枣红色书籍带回了家。 ⑨用白菜价格买来的那排枣红色，宛如钱塘江涌出的一线潮，整齐醒目地摆在书橱中央。然而，望着捡漏得来的书籍和由它们簇成的风景，我却怎么也高兴不起来。 ⑩市场和文化一接轨，就成为买卖文化的市场，一切与文化沾边的标识，比如青铜、陶瓷、字画、家具、钱币、刺绣、木雕等等，都贴着文化的标签，以古董的身份在不同的位置出现和交易。至于真假，新旧，年代，那就考验淘宝者的眼力、胆识和运气。书，自然是文化的，可是，在这交易文化的市场里，除了古籍和稀有版本受到收藏者淘宝者的青睐外，其他都白菜萝卜般地拥挤在地摊上。一堆一堆任人翻、任人找、任人看的书，在这里成为真正的落魄者和流浪者，既失去了“书中自有黄金屋”和“书中自有颜如玉”的高贵价值，也失去了可以归属的身份证。它们的高贵去哪儿了呢？ ?寻找被遗失被冷落的那些高贵书籍，常成为我周末的主题。 ?在不同城市的文化市场和相同模样的地摊书摊上，我寻找到许多高贵的书籍，如四卷本《柳宗元集》，四卷本《乐府诗集》，三卷本
Exercise 11 Many critics of Eamily Bronte‘s novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on, if it does not reverse, the first part, where a ―roman c‖ reading receives more con?rma on. Seeing 5 the two parts as a whole is encouraged by the novel‘s sophisticated structure, revealed in its complex use of narrators and time shifts. Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry 10 James, their presence does encourage attempts to unify the novel‘s heterogeneous parts. However, any interpretation that seeks to unify all of the novel‘s diverse elements is bound to be somewhat unconvincing. This is not because such an 15 interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis (although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger), but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that, ultimately, resist inclusion in an all-encompassing 20 interpretation. In this respect, Wuthering Heights shares a feature of Hamlet. (164 words) 1. According to the passage, which of the following is a true statement about the first and second parts of Wuthering Heights? (A) The second part has received more attention from critics. (B) The second part has little relation to the first part. (C) The second part annuls the force of the first part. (D) The second part provides less substantiation for a ―roman c‖ reading. (E)The second part is better because it is more realistic. 2. Which of the following inferences about Henry James‘s awareness of novelistic construction is best supported by the passage? (A) James, more than any other novelist, was aware of the difficulties of novelistic construction. (B) James was very aware of the details of novel-
2019中考语文模拟试卷练习及答案 为了能更好更全面的做好复习和迎考准备，确保将所涉及的中考考点全面复习到位，让孩子们充满信心的步入考场，现特准备了2019中考语文模拟试卷练习的内容。 一、积累与运用(16分) 1.请用正楷字，笔画清晰地填写相应的诗文名句。(8分，每小题1分) ①江山代有才人出，。(赵翼《论诗》) ②，为有源头活水来。(朱熹《观书有感》) ③大漠孤烟直，。(王维《使至塞上》) ④，载不动许多愁。(李清照《武陵春》) ⑤________________，_________________!风雨不动安如山。(杜甫《茅屋为秋风所破歌》) ⑥，。所谓伊人，在水之湄。(《诗经》) ⑦己所不欲，。(《论语》十则) ⑧我是你额上熏黑的矿灯，。(《祖国啊，我亲爱的祖国》) 2.阅读下面这段文字，按要求回答问题。(3分) 文化是民族的根。中华民族优秀的文化，积淀着久远的岁月印痕。(A)它绽放在春节缤纷的花炮中，闪烁在京剧斑斓的脸谱中，跳动在二胡凄美的弓弦上，，传扬在诗词浪漫的意境里…… 传统文化承载着民族的记忆，五彩纷呈的形式令人赏心悦
目。(B)保护并了解我们的传统文化，是每个中国人义不容辞的责任。我们也会在文化的熏陶下变得厚重而雅致。(3)，①仿照(A)处画曲线的句子，选择一种传统文化形式(如锣鼓、风筝、书法等)，为横线处补写句子。(写在下面的横线上)(2分) ②文段中(B)处画横线的句子有语病，请将修改后的语句写在下面的横线上。(1分) 原句：保护并了解我们的传统文化，是每个中国人义不容辞的责任。 改句： 3.阅读下面的文字，按要求回答问题。(5分) A自缚跪于帐前。B变色曰：“汝以全家之命，领此重任。汝若早听王平之言，岂有此祸?今败军折将，失地陷城，皆汝之过也!若不明正军律，何以服众?”叱左右推出斩之。将斩。参军蒋琬入见B曰：“昔楚杀得臣而文公喜。今天下未定，而戮智谋之臣，岂不可惜乎?”B流涕而答曰：“昔孙武所以能制胜于天下者，用法明也。今四方分争，兵戈方始，若复废法，何以讨贼耶?合当斩之。”随后，B自作表文，言称自己“不能训章明法，授任无方”，请“自贬三等，以督厥咎”。 ①请用简洁的语言概括此故事情节：,文段中“败军折将，失地陷城”是指：。(2分) ②文段中的人物“B”指的是：，(1分)结合文段内容，谈
标题：从清华到阿尔伯塔大学交换全经历·尚友学院街 里面有关于UA的点点滴滴，如果是申请本科或研究生，可以跳过前面交换攻略部分，如果是交换，可以细读。鉴于我(清华热能工程系9字班)是清华大学和加拿大阿尔伯塔大学（University of Alberta）开展本科生交换项目的第一人，义不容辞的想给学弟学妹们留下一些经验教训和建议，遂成此文。这篇文章适用于清华大学欲赴阿尔伯塔大学交换的同学们，同时也可供清华出国交换生以及中国其他大学赴阿尔伯塔大学交换及留学的学生参考。 一、关于交换 清华大学本科生大三上学期和大三下学期有校级交换项目可供同学们选择，同时也会有系内的系级交换项目（例如人文学院、经管学院等）。像我这种系里面没有系级项目的工科男，果断选择校级交换，一般需要提前一年申请，记得关注info上面的申请信息。 第一个问题，必须是，为什么要交换？ 有的人想单纯的去体验国外的学术、生活、文化和思维方式，有的人铁心出国做科研，把交换作为出国的跳板，而我交换则是为了回答一个问题，我到底要不要出国深造？适不适合出国深造？以上的理由都无可厚非，可以确定的一点是，我认识的了解到的大部分同学和学长都认为交换绝对是一件回报大于投入的事情。无论去哪个国家哪个学校，从中得到的思维冲击，旅行的快乐，英语水平的提高，自己掌控生活的快感以及最重要的——在交换期间会比在清华有更多更多的自我思考的经历，说白了，就是一个深刻的自知的过程，明白自己想要什么，想过什么样的生活，因为当一个人独自面对自己的时候，才是最真实的时候。
二、交换前——准备阶段 1、首先是网申，在可以申请的时间段，登陆info——其他信息——外事信息管理——交换项目在线申报（交换项目在线查询系统可以查询XX校有XX人报名）。有任何疑问最好是直接去工字厅古月堂西院（荷园对面）问海外交流部的老师，她们人都很nice。 网申选校，是一个拼人品的过程，从无定数。一般来说美国的学校最难申，加拿大和欧洲的学校次之（当然你有小语种的话去对应的国家会有一定优势），日本韩国等亚洲国家最好申。至于香港台湾的话，变化很大，要看当年有多少人想去。 选校基本原则是专业合适，如果你是工科生，至少要保证去的学校的同类专业存在，去那边有课可上，回来可以课程替代。简言之，两件事，第一件是打开该校主页（如UA的www.ualberta.ca），找到自己的faculty以及curricul um，看每个课程的简介，然后找个学长帮你看看哪些课程和大三要学的课程比较相似，挑出来打印下来；第二件去系里面让管教务的老师帮你看看能不能替代，如果可以，那就没问题了。选择的时候注意时时关注想要交换的学校的已报名人数，这是个简单的概率问题，人多难去，人少好去，一般来说，如果你的学校通过初审的学生数小于该校的名额数，你都八九不离十可以走成的，老师真的很nice。这里重点说一下第二志愿，如果你宁为玉碎不为瓦全，一心只想去佐治亚理工、普度这样的学校，那就可以忽略之，但如果你非常想获得交换这次经历，而不那么在乎大学水平的话，建议你好好研究一下第二志愿，二志愿最好选一个已报名人数小于等于或略大于名额数的学校，可以瞄准加拿大、欧洲或新加坡选校。 2、网申完了还有一堆材料要交、手续要办，包括个人中英文简历、个人陈述等等，这些材料并不那么重要，但一定要认真对待，一个认真的态度、好的写作格式和合适的语气措辞加上够格的简历就能保证你过初审（记得学分绩的硬性要求是前二分之一，不知道改了没有）。 初审一般会刷三分之一左右的人，过了初审老师会给你打电话告诉你面试时间和地点，个人认为从接到通知到面试这段时间比较重要，需要好好重新审视自己交过的材料，老师很有可能会问你一些关于你个人陈述的问题。另外
新部编七年级语文上册课外阅读理解阅读训练及答案 一、部编语文七年级上册课外阅读理解练习 1．阅读下面短文，完成练习。 四月的维也纳 开头几天，四月的维也纳真令我失望。此时的春天似乎只是绿色连看绿色。大片大片的草地上，没有五月那无所不在的明媚的小花。没有花的绿地是寂寞的。我对驾着车一同外出的留学生小吕说：“四月的维也纳可真乏味!绿色到处泛滥，见不到花几，下次再来非躲开四月不可!” 小吕听了，就把车子停住，叫我下车，把我领到路边一片非常开阔的草地上，然后让我蹲下来拨开草好好看看。我用手拨开草一看，大吃一惊：原来青草下边藏了满满一层花儿______白的______黄的______紫的______纯洁______娇小______鲜亮______这么多______这么密、这么辽阔!它们比青草只矮几厘米，躲在草下边，好像只要一努劲儿，就会齐刷刷地全冒出来…… “得要多少天才能冒出来?”我问。“也许过几天，也许就在明天。”小吕笑道，“四月的维也纳可说不准，一天换一个样儿。” 可是，当夜冷风冷雨，接连几天时下时停，太阳一直没露面儿。我很快就要离开这里去意大利了，便对小吕说：“这次看不到草地上那些花儿了，真有点遗憾呢，我想它们刚冒出来时肯定很壮观。“ 小吕驾着车没说话，大概也有些怏怏然吧。外边毛毛雨点把车窗遮得像拉了一道纱帘。可车子开出去十几分钟，小吕忽然对我说：“你看窗外”隔过雨窗，看不清外边，但窗外的颜色明显地变了：白色、黄色、紫色，在窗上流动。小吕停了车，手伸过来，一推我这边的车门，未等我弄明白是怎么回事，便说：“去看吧—你的花!” 迎着细密的、凉凉的飘在我脸上的雨点，我看到的竟是一片花的原野。这正是前几天那些千千万万朵花儿藏身的草地，此刻一下子全冒出来，顿时改天换地，整个世界铺满全新的色彩。虽然远处大片大片的花已经与蒙蒙细雨融在一起，低头却能清晰看到每一朵小花，在雨中都像英雄那样傲然挺立，明亮夺目，神气十足。我惊奇地想：它们为什么不是在温暖阳光下冒出来，偏偏在冷风冷雨中拔地而起?小小的花( )有如此气魄!四月的维也纳( )叫我明白了生命的意味是什么，是—勇气!这两个普通又非凡的字眼，又一次叫我突然感到心头一震。这一震，便使眼前的景象定格成为四月春天独有的壮丽的图画，并终于使我找到了。 （1）在第二自然段的横线处加上标点符号。 （2）在文中括号里填上带有“然”字的词语。 （3）第三自然段中的“冒”字换成“长”字合适吗?说说原因。 （4）作者由一朵朵小花悟出的哲理。 （5）你是怎么理解“它们为什么不是在温暖的阳光下冒出来，偏偏在冷风冷雨中拔地而起”这句话的? 【答案】（1），、、；、、；、 （2）竟然；忽然 （3）不合适，因为用“冒”字更形象、更生动地表现了维也纳的花儿呈现的状态。
标题：美国购物游盘点深受欢迎的购物场所·尚友学院街 在美国有许多理想的购物场所，不仅价格优惠、种类繁多，而且购物环境十分舒适。以下是小编为您推荐的购物场所，定能成为您心头的大爱! 梅西百货(Macy)(整个美国地区) 梅西百货是美国最大的连锁百货公司，全美各地共计800多个门店。这家高档百货主要经营“买得起的奢侈品”，产品多以各类男式、女式、儿童时尚品牌和配饰、化妆品、香水以及家居用品为特色。在美国人心中最爱的百货公司购物的国际游客可尊享“游客折扣”。该百货公司推出的国际节省卡(International Savings Card)现已免费向旅行社和旅游机构发放，游客可自行前往索取。该卡附有包括中文在内的十种语言支持。如欲了解更多详细信息，敬请访问：https://www.doczj.com/doc/7a19181945.html,。
美国精品购物胜地(整个美国地区) 美国精品购物胜地旗下购物中心云集，每年吸引着来自世界各地的数百万游客至此，以体验世界上最好的购物环境
和餐饮美食。该公司奢侈品专卖中心包括：阿拉莫纳中心(Ala Moana Center )(檀香山)、时装秀(拉斯维加斯)、大运河购物中心(The Grand Canal Shoppes)、Palazzo名店(拉斯维加斯)、水塔广场(Water Tower Place)和奥克布鲁克中心(Oakbrook Center)(芝加哥)、先锋广场(Pioneer Place )(波特兰)、拉卡特拉名店(圣安东尼奥)以及梅里克公园村(Village of Merrick Park )(迈阿密)。 这里的店商和精品店出售的奢侈品无论是质量上还是种类上都堪称全美第一。除了有知名百货大楼和专卖店(如诺德斯特龙Nordstrom、萨克斯第五大道Saks Fifth Avenue以及内曼·马库斯Neiman Marcus等)，该中心还有路易·威登Louis Vuitton、卡地亚Cartier、香奈儿Chanel、蒂芙尼Tiffany &Co、范思哲Versace、雨果·波士Hugo Boss、普拉达Prada 等诸多以设计师名字著称的奢侈品专卖。Palazzo名店是拉斯维加斯最新开业的奢侈品购物名店之一。位于拉斯维加斯大道，与大运河购物中心毗邻的购物中心则以拥有内华达州唯一的纽约巴尼百货商店以及包括托里·伯奇Tory Burch、巴宝莉Burberry、迈克·柯尔Michael Kors、克里斯提·鲁布托Christian Louboutin，黛安·冯芙丝汀宝Diane Von Furstenberg等顶尖设计师在内的精品店而著称。 在美国精品购物胜地所购物游客们还有一大超凡体验，那就是那里还有各式各样的美食餐饮可供选择，足以令人大饱口福。不仅在当地的咖啡吧或餐馆就能品尝到风味独特的地方美食，还可以选择自己中意的民族餐厅，那里也是美国最负盛名的厨艺大师和烹饪艺术家们(包括沃尔夫冈·帕克Wolfgang Puck，约瑟·门汀Jose Mendin、埃默里尔·拉加斯Emeril Lagasse，查理·曲特Charlie Trotter等) 的摇篮。 美国精品购物胜地的游客均可获得一份“顶级通行大礼包(Premier Passport packet )”，内赠价值数百美元的购物和餐饮优惠券，以及赠送个性化购物、送行李至酒店、免费修改服饰等特殊服务和私人表演入场券等。游客可从旅行社和旅游运营商领取“顶级通行大礼包”，也可从美国精品购物胜地官网站上自行下载：www.AmericasShopping https://www.doczj.com/doc/7a19181945.html, 城堡奥特莱斯Citadel Outlets(位于加州洛杉矶)
UCLA – Anderson School of Management 1.Overview 基本情况一览表 成立时间1919年 学校类型公立 教师人数4016 学生人数本科生：26,536人 研究生：11,684人 所在地点美国加州洛杉矶西木区 校园环境市区 洛杉矶加利福尼亚大学（University of California, Los Angeles，通常缩写为UCLA，也常译称为加州大学洛杉矶分校）是一所位于美国加利福尼亚州洛杉矶的公立大学。UCLA是美国商业金融、高科技产业、电影艺术等专业人才的摇篮。UCLA是加利福尼亚大学系统中的第二所大学，与柏克莱加利福尼亚大学（UC Berkeley）齐名，皆是美国享誉盛名的公立大学。拥有超过三万五千名学生，大学部提供118种不同科系的学位，硕士有86种，还有其他108种不同的博士和专业学院。它是南加州地区入学竞争最激烈的学校，也是整个加州最大的大学。UCLA 先后共有5名教授与5名校友获得诺贝尔奖。 加州大学洛杉矶分校安德森商学院 (UCLA Anderson School of Management)创建于1935年，每年向1300多名全日制MBA、在职MBA和EMBA学生提供商学教育。UCLA安德森商学院以及它的很多学术课程和系别都一直排名世界前列。屡获研究教学奖项的教授、严谨的学术课程、成功的校友和世界级教学设备的组合提供了卓越的实践性学习环境。 2.School Surroundings UCLA位于西木区，洛杉矶西部，日落大道的南部，是洛杉矶地区最精华的地段，是最安全及时尚的区域。西木区离太平洋沿岸仅五英哩的车程，离洛杉矶最昂贵的住宅区如贝莱尔（Bel Air）、比佛利山庄（Beverly Hills）、圣塔摩尼卡（Santa Monica）仅十几分钟可达。西木区拥有时尚的名牌购物商店、农夫市场、演唱会场地、美术馆及提供各式佳肴的餐厅。
小升初阅读理解100篇及答案 一、小升初语文阅读理解训练 1． 意外赔偿 ①那年初春，我在房前的小院里种了一些蔬来。悉心栽培了数月，到仲夏时院子里已是满眼油绿，让人看着心醉。每天我都在这里盘算着能有多少收获。 ②那天天气极好，阳光柔和，没有一丝风。看着蔬莱大多已经成熟，我兴奋地给朋友们打电话，邀请他们来与我分享劳动成果。打完电话，我便骑着单车到附近超市购买烹调所需的调味品。 ③两个小时后，我提着沉重的购物袋推开栅栏门，发现院子的地上凌乱地散落着一些嫩绿的菜叶。天啊！我的蔬菜转眼间已是叶落茎断。这是谁跑进来践踏了我的劳动成果？ ④突然，一个黄白相间、圆鼓鼓的家伙在蔬莱间蹒跚挪动，不时抖动着翅膀发出“嘎嘎”的叫声。我站在那里，气得一时说不出话来，真不敢相信这么一个小东西会把我的莱园糟蹋成这个样子。 ⑤和鸭子是讲不通道理的。但是，我决定要为自己讨个说法。我想起住在隔壁的那个老妇人养了几只鸭子。甚至听人谈论过，那老妇人几十年守寡，性格古怪，与周围的邻居很少讲话，她唯一的喜好就是饲养一些小家禽。 ⑥我按捺着心中的恼怒，用力敲开了她的房门：“请问夫人，您养的鸣子都在您的院子里吗？” ⑦她没有支声，默默地从我身边走过去，弓着腰用她那干瘪的手指指点着地上的鸭子。她反复数了几遍，然后转过头呆滞地打量着我。看得出，她的目光中带着许多疑问。 ⑧ “如果少了一只的话，那么它现在正在我院子里美餐呢！”我直截了当地说。老妇人愣了一下，一言不发地跟着我到莱园子里去找鸭子。 ⑨ 此时，那鸭子依然不停地啃着我的蔬莱。老妇人快步跑过去抱起鸭子，然后站在那儿静静地等待我的发落。 10“夫人，让我说您什么好！请看好您的鸭子，这样的事我不想再看到厖”我气愤地说，但不失礼貌。 11老妇人颤巍巍地点点头，一言不发，而后抱着那只鸭子蹒珊地走了。 12几个月后，老妇人搬走了。之后，我再也没有见过她，而那场莱园“风波”也被时间渐渐淹没了。 13圣诞节到了，轻柔的雪花把快乐的夜晚点缀得宛如仙境。晚上，我邀请了数位挚友到我家共度圣诞之夜。我们正开怀畅饮，门铃突然响了，邮递员给我送来了一个邮包。邮包上没有寄出的地址，邮包外面夹着一封信，上写：亲爱的孩子，你好吗？我曾住在你的隔壁。半年前，我养的鸭子损坏了你的菜，给你带来了极大的不快，我一直很内疚。今天是圣诞节，我要送给你一样特殊的礼物，请一定收下，因为这代表着我的深深歉意。 14我拆开包裹，轻轻剪开深色的密封塑料袋，一只焦黄流油、香气四溢的硕大的烤鸭赫然
[GMAT语法]Instead of v.s. instead的区别 尚友论坛【GMAT专区】 【尚友学堂GMAT公开课】 【GMAT机经专区】 【GMAT资料下载区】 【GMAT黄历查询】 先看下面这两句话，表达的意思重心都是小毛更喜欢青菜。 小毛爱吃菜而不是（Instead of）肉。 小毛不爱吃肉；相反（Instead），他爱吃菜。 在GMAT中前一句要用Instead of后一句要用Instead。 即：一个句子使用Instead强调要做的是后面内容，使用Instead of强调要做的的是前面的内容（instead of的内容是实际上不会发生、不会做的，表达的是一种否定语气）。 简单说：Instead表达“而是要”，Instead of表达“而不是” 下面是具体例子： Instead of (是…)而不是… 强调内容在Instead of前，Instead of的内容不是句子重心真正要做的，而是比照相对句子重心内容的附带对比内容。 例句： Shall we have fish instead of meat today?今天我们不吃肉吃鱼好吗? Give me this instead of that.给我这个, 不要那个。
Taking exercise every day makes him look younger instead of older.每天锻炼身体使他看起来年轻而不显老。 We went to the Biology class instead of attending the English lesson.我们去上生物课而不去上英语课。 He has been playing all afternoon instead of getting on with his work.他整个下午一直在玩, 没有继续工作。 With Massa’s departure, House Democrats need 216 votes,instead of217, to pass health care legislation. Cuomo, who is widely expected to run for governor this year, has called for putting the pension fund under the control of a board of trustees,instead of the comptroller. ''This 'restoration' has been done in a very unprofessional way,'' Schweizer said in an e-mail message sent to the AP. ''Too many stones had been changed,instead of restoring. Most of Portugal’s 250,000 university students boycotted classes in a one-day strike to protest a law that requires them to contribute $330 a year toward the cost of higher education,instead of the $7 per year required previously. Research during the past several decades on the nature of language and the processes that produce and make it understandable has revealed great complexity instead of underlying simplicity. (D-p72-8) Instead 反而，却 强调在Instead后，Instead的内容是句子重心真正要做的，这部分正式句子强调的重心。 例句： Mike doesn't study at all.Instead, he sits idle all day. 迈克根本不肯读书, 相反地, 他终日游手好闲。 According to some analysts, the gains in the stock market reflect growing confidence that the economy will avoid the recession that many had feared earlier in the year and instead come in for a "soft landing," followed by a gradual increase in business activity. Marconi conceived of the radio as a tool for private conversation that could substitute for the telephone；instead, it has become precisely the opposite, a tool for communicating with a large, public audience. Evolutionary psychology holds that the human mind is not a "blank slate" but instead comprises specialized mental mechanisms that were developed to solve specific problems human ancestors faced millions of years ago. Gone are the sharp edges and jutting planes of styles from former eras;instead, designers of everything from cars to computer monitors have adopted a cornerless style of smooth surfaces and curves that is more ergonomic, conforming to the shape of the body rather than flaunting shape for its own sake.
标题：美国大学教授的各类称呼·尚友学院街 在我们浏览美国大学网站时，会看到professor、associate professor等各类英文词。professor是教授，associat e professor是副教授，这些或许学生能理解，但assistant professor你是否又能理解呢？以下我们整理了美国大学教授的各类称呼，以及他们的职责，或许有助你对美国教师职称的进一步了解。美国大学中除系主任(depa rtment head or dean)之外，还有教授、副教授、讲师等等教员，不像英国的制度，只有系主任是教授，其余都是讲师。与美国教师职称制度相比，中国的情形与美国相近，不过美国的大学更复杂而已。在美国大学中正教授为p rofessor或full professor，其下是副教授为associate professor,而在副教授之下还有一个助理副教授为assistant professor。中国大学里没有这一级。也就是说assistant professor是助理副教授，地位处于讲师与副教授(associ ate professor)之间，而副教授又处在助理副教授(assistant professor)与正教授(professor)之间。与中国职称制度相配套，大家便生硬地认为professor为教授，assistant professor与associate professor均为副教授了。至于instructor是指专职的讲师，lecturer是指兼职的讲师。另外，还有reader，在英国大学里也是讲师，但在美国的大学里只是教授的助手，帮助教授改考试卷子等(correct examinations,themes,etc,for a professor)的人，即我们通常称为助教(assistant)的人。在美国的某些大学里，不称associate professor，而称为adjunct prof essor也是一样的副教授。此外，在美国还有年老退休的教授或光荣退职后的教授，仍然保留着他的头衔和地位的，成为a professor emeritus或an emeritus professor叫名誉教授。一个大学的全体教授的总称叫作profes sorate
Exercise 10 Currently, the paramount problem in the field of biomaterials, the science of replacing diseased tissue with human-made implants, is control over the interface, or Line surface, between implanted biomaterials and living 5 tissues. The physical properties of most tissues can be matched by careful selection of raw materials: metals, ceramics, or several varieties of polymer materials. Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by 10 techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants. But achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and non-living matter requires knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of 15 cells to each other—an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly. Although recent research has allowed us to stabilize the tissue-biomaterial interface by controlling either the chemical reactions or the microstructure of the biomaterials, our fundamental understanding of how 20 implant devices adhere to tissues remains woefully incomplete. (159 words) 1. According to the passage, the major problem currently facing scientists in the field of bio- materials is (A) assessing and regulating the bonding between host tissue and implants (B) controlling the transfer of potentially toxic materials across the interface of tissue and implant (C) discovering new materials from which to construct implant devices (D) deciding in what situations implants are needed (E) determining the importance of short-term implants to long-term stability of tissue implant interfaces 2. The passage suggests which of the following about the recent research mentioned in the last
新部编人教版七年级语文现代文阅读练习及答案 一、部编语文七年级上册课外阅读理解练习 1．阅读下面短文，完成练习。 四月的维也纳 开头几天，四月的维也纳真令我失望。此时的春天似乎只是绿色连看绿色。大片大片的草地上，没有五月那无所不在的明媚的小花。没有花的绿地是寂寞的。我对驾着车一同外出的留学生小吕说：“四月的维也纳可真乏味!绿色到处泛滥，见不到花几，下次再来非躲开四月不可!” 小吕听了，就把车子停住，叫我下车，把我领到路边一片非常开阔的草地上，然后让我蹲下来拨开草好好看看。我用手拨开草一看，大吃一惊：原来青草下边藏了满满一层花儿______白的______黄的______紫的______纯洁______娇小______鲜亮______这么多______这么密、这么辽阔!它们比青草只矮几厘米，躲在草下边，好像只要一努劲儿，就会齐刷刷地全冒出来…… “得要多少天才能冒出来?”我问。“也许过几天，也许就在明天。”小吕笑道，“四月的维也纳可说不准，一天换一个样儿。” 可是，当夜冷风冷雨，接连几天时下时停，太阳一直没露面儿。我很快就要离开这里去意大利了，便对小吕说：“这次看不到草地上那些花儿了，真有点遗憾呢，我想它们刚冒出来时肯定很壮观。“ 小吕驾着车没说话，大概也有些怏怏然吧。外边毛毛雨点把车窗遮得像拉了一道纱帘。可车子开出去十几分钟，小吕忽然对我说：“你看窗外”隔过雨窗，看不清外边，但窗外的颜色明显地变了：白色、黄色、紫色，在窗上流动。小吕停了车，手伸过来，一推我这边的车门，未等我弄明白是怎么回事，便说：“去看吧—你的花!” 迎着细密的、凉凉的飘在我脸上的雨点，我看到的竟是一片花的原野。这正是前几天那些千千万万朵花儿藏身的草地，此刻一下子全冒出来，顿时改天换地，整个世界铺满全新的色彩。虽然远处大片大片的花已经与蒙蒙细雨融在一起，低头却能清晰看到每一朵小花，在雨中都像英雄那样傲然挺立，明亮夺目，神气十足。我惊奇地想：它们为什么不是在温暖阳光下冒出来，偏偏在冷风冷雨中拔地而起?小小的花( )有如此气魄!四月的维也纳( )叫我明白了生命的意味是什么，是—勇气!这两个普通又非凡的字眼，又一次叫我突然感到心头一震。这一震，便使眼前的景象定格成为四月春天独有的壮丽的图画，并终于使我找到了。 （1）在第二自然段的横线处加上标点符号。 （2）在文中括号里填上带有“然”字的词语。 （3）第三自然段中的“冒”字换成“长”字合适吗?说说原因。 （4）作者由一朵朵小花悟出的哲理。 （5）你是怎么理解“它们为什么不是在温暖的阳光下冒出来，偏偏在冷风冷雨中拔地而起”这句话的? 【答案】（1），、、；、、；、 （2）竟然；忽然 （3）不合适，因为用“冒”字更形象、更生动地表现了维也纳的花儿呈现的状态。