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旅游与经济发展外文文献翻译

旅游与经济发展外文文献翻译
旅游与经济发展外文文献翻译

文献信息:

文献标题:TOURISM – ECONOMIC GROWTH FACTOR AND ESSENTIAL ELEMENT IN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF ROMANIA(旅游是罗马尼亚区域发展的重要经济因素)国外作者:Adrian Liviu SCUTARIU

文献出处:《Analele Stiintifice ale Universitatii "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" din Iasi - Stiinte Economice》, 2009,56,p318-330

字数统计:英文1877单词,10281字符;中文2950汉字

外文文献:

TOURISM – ECONOMIC GROWTH FACTOR AND ESSENTIAL ELEMENT IN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF

ROMANIA

Abstract

This paper aims to emphasize some aspects concerning the evolution of the tourism and its role in economic growth and regional development. The first part presents a conceptual delimitation of tourism, and the next parts are focused on the link of tourism with economic growth and regional development. We also present the organizational frame of the regional development policy and the role of tourism in this policy objectives achievement, and the final part brings some conclusions and some future development directions of tourism in Romania.

1.Introduction

The tourism became at present time one of the most important industries in the world, having an outstanding place in most of national economies. The spectacular increase of this activity, in terms of volume, but also from the incomes point of view, as well as its importance as exporting branch, lead us in making the incursion that

follows, with the purpose of emphasize the role of tourism in the economic growth and regional development.

2.Tourism – short conceptual delimitations

The appearance of the tourism as an economic-organizatoric activity, at national level, took place in the second half of the twenty century, in the same time with the inclusion in the services (tertiary) sector of some new branches of national economies, generally called tourist industry.

The new economic theory of tourism recognized the link between tourism and economic development of a country, the tourism being treated in a complex way, not only as recreational trip, but together with all the economic link that creates. So, at the present moment, this notion includes a whole industry, component of the services industry, which contributes at the tourist demands satisfaction, respectively: hotels, transports, entertainment.

There were several different definitions given for tourism during the twenty century, but we will focus on some present approaches, accepted by most of the specialists of the field.

The tourism can be shortly defined as being [Minciu, Baron, Neacu, 1991, 1993] an economic-social phenomenon specific for the modern civilization, strongly anchored in the life of the society and influenced by its evolution, with a high dynamism and having large social segments as target. It involves a large human capital and influences the evolution of the economy and society.

So, one can notice, that, in the tourism definition, appeared more and more elements referring to the industry that handles the tourist need satisfaction, fact also revealed by The Little Encyclopedic Dictionary, which considers tourism as “a side of the tertiary sector of the economy, where the goal of the provided activity is the organization and ongoing of entertainment trips, or of persons travels at various congresses and meetings, including all the necessary activities for the consuming and services needs satisfaction of the customers".

In order to clarify the aspects regarding the tourist phenomenon definition, one

can use the inductive method in order to get to a most possible comprehensive definition, aiming to retain the main elements that are characteristic for the tourist activity [Neacu, Baron, Snak, 2006, 21]:

? travel of the persons during their trip;

? the stay in a settlement out of their domicile (permanent residence) of the person that travels;

? the stay have a limited period;

? the stay doesn’t become a definitive residence.

Continuing the anterior ideas, we will mention a definition variant, that includes the business travels, too, proposed by the professor dr. Claude Kaspar (the president of the International Association of the Scientific Experts in Tourism (A.I.E.S.T.)): “The tourism is an ensemble of relations and facts constituted from the travel and the stay of the persons for which the place of stay is not their home and not the principal place of their professional activity”.

Considering the role and the economic-social importance of the intern (national) tourism, The World Tourism Organization (WTO) elaborated a definition of the national tourism, so we can consider national tourist any person which visits a place that is not his/her usual residence, situated inside his/her residence country and having a different purpose that a remunerated activity and with a staying of at least one night .

3.The place and role of tourism in the economy

Tourism, as an important element of the tertiary sector and industry with huge potential, has an increasingly role in the economy of a country, being a factor which the economic growth is based on.

By "economic growth" we mean a complex process involving the entire economic system, which is determined by the results of economic activity and is considered the only factor that ensures the economic success in the long term of each state.

The tertiary or services sector has become prevalent in the postwar period, its

role becomes more important, diversifying its activities in terms of content, taking different forms of expression, which have expanded and diversified ways of achieving social product, thus becoming a significant component of the reproduction mechanism. In developed countries this sector weightings are high.

The services sector, as any other sector, experienced a development from early forms of the basic activities up to actual structures, which are characterized by a maximum utility for individuals and society.

Tourism, as economic activity, includes various services that derive from the basic ones: information, placement of tourist travels, accommodation, food selling, offering treatments, as well as leisure and entertainment.

Tourist offer increased both quantitatively and qualitatively, giving rise to a genuine industry of tourism, which requires the consideration of the tourism phenomenon as a growing distinct branch of the national economy, component of the tertiary sector. Separate treatment come from the complexity and specific nature compared to traditional branches of an economy. However, tourism is in close connection with the development of other sectors, being a consequence branch.

As socio-economic changes in the contemporary era have created and developed tourism, this in turn bringing by default a specific demand for goods and services necessary to consolidate tourism product, it stimulates some productive sectors such as: industry, agriculture, construction, transport, trade, communications, culture, healthcare, etc.

From the expenditures of the tourist-consumer of goods and services, which turns into money for the economic units of tourism industry (transport, accommodation, food, recreation, treatment etc.), some goes directly to those units as profits and cash funds for pay their workers, some goes to the state budget as taxes, fees, and another part reach other branches of the economy as payment for goods delivered and services rendered by them for the needs of tourism industry.

Considering tourist products consumed by foreign visitors during their stay, international tourism will appear as a form of "invisible export", with advantages such as the duty free sale of products to foreign tourists into the country. Therefore,

tourism has often a higher labor efficiency than classical export of goods, and some of them, consumed by tourists during the stay, nor would be subject of classic export because of being perish, of their costs of transport or other prohibitive measures.

Due to the economic advantage of international tourism, many developing countries have taken steps to develop their tourism industry, this form of "invisible trade" in the economy could bring large quantities of currency.

Some statistical data come to support the previous statements. The spectacular development of tourism in the last period can be observed also from the fact that the total number of tourists traveling abroad have increased from 1995 to 2008, becoming almost twice (Figure no.1).

Source: O.M.T., UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, V olume 7, No.1, January 2009

Figure no.1. International tourist arrivals (millions) The exemplification of the tourism place may also come from the fact that in The E.U. Member States about 20 million people are directly or indirectly involved in tourism, the share of it in the creation of gross domestic product of these countries being on average of about 4% [Postelnicu, 1997 , 53].

4. The role of tourism in the regional development objectives achievement

The regional development policy main objective is to reduce the economic and social disparities that exists between the various regions of Europe.

Several of the regional development policies objectives can be achieved by boosting a field of activity that has some undisputed aces: the tourism. In this part of the paper, we in tend to succinctly design some arguments for the ideas formerly expressed concerning the role of tourism in the regional development.

The sustainable regional development must necessarily correlate and integrate the Romanian tourism, between the other components of the local economy, taking also into account that this clean industry does not affect the environment, and, generally, does not requires big investments. A good sustainable development project, included in a regional development program, supposes the less investments costs in this activity, the more harmoniously the integration is made. The tourism can become an important component of the economy, which could cause important changes in territorial profile, contributing at economic and social development of some regions less developed.

The tourism can contribute more than other sectors at the achievement of some larger objectives, established by governments as priorities in the general interest of the citizens: fighting against poverty, life conditions improvement, currency receipts increasing, the intensification of the links between countries and even political purposes.

The general objective of the regional development policy, reducing existing regional imbalances, with emphasis on balanced growth and revitalization of disadvantaged areas can be reached also by stimulating the areas with tourist potential, for which the tourism would represent one of the less possibilities of standard of living and development increase (especially in the rural areas). The development of the tourism by the capitalization of the existing potential can lead also to the achievement of one of the ERDF objectives.The ERDF financing explicitly supports the tourism development and the investments in the cultural patrimony, including its protection and th e natural one’s, with the condition of creating labor places.

5. Conclusions

In the actual period, the tourism became an outstanding element of the tertiary sector, having an important role in the economy of a country and being one of the factors that contribute at the economic growth.

As we presented, the tourism had an extraordinary development all over the world, the number of tourists being twice as much than 15 years ago, and the incomes from tourism increased considerably. Its effects can be noticed in the development of its good and services suppliers’ branches, the whole economy of the zone being stimulated in this way, through the so-called multiplier effect. At the tourism stimulation, as branch that doesn’t need important investments and don’t a ffect environment, the development policies can successfully contribute.

After a general presentation of the regional development coordinates in Romania, we designed some development possibilities for the tourism with the help of the founds that can be accessed through this policy. In Romania there is an important potential for the tourism development. There are several causes for which the tourist activity level is not as high as the existing potential, such as: infrastructure low developed or the low quality of the services. By accessing these founds, several of the deficient aspects can be improved. The sums are considerable, but it is necessary to increase the absorption capacity for the available founds.

中文译文:

旅游是罗马尼亚区域发展的重要经济因素

摘要

本文旨在强调一些因素对旅游业发展演变的影响和旅游业在经济增长、区域发展中的作用。第一部分,简要的介绍旅游业的概念。然后,接下来重点阐述旅游业与经济增长以及区域发展之间的联系。我们也将介绍区域发展政策的组织目标和旅游业在实现这些政策目标中的作用。最后部分得出结论并给出一些罗马尼亚旅游业未来的发展方向。

1.引言

如今,旅游业成为世界上最重要的产业之一,在很多国家的经济发展中有着显著的地位。旅游业在数量上、收入上都有剧烈的增加,并成为重要的出口部门。这让我们做如下的研究,目的是强调旅游业在经济增长和区域发展中地位和作用。

2.旅游业概念简介

20世纪下半叶,旅游作为国家层面的经济组织活动出现,同时包括国民经济中一些新的分支的服务部门统称旅游业。

关于旅游业的新经济理论认为,旅游业和一个国家的经济发展存在联系。旅游业被认为是一种复杂的产业,它不是只有休闲一个部门,还联系着其他所有与之有关的经济部门。因此,现在旅游业的这一概念包含了整个行业,包括那些为满足旅客需求的服务部门,分别有:住宿、交通、娱乐等。

20世纪,关于旅游业有几种不同的定义,我们集中介绍目前最被该领域专家所接受的一些定义。

旅游业可以被简短的定义为一种社会经济现象尤其是对现代文明来讲,其演变过程对社会生活有着重大的影响。旅游业具有高度的活力和众多的目标群体。它涉及大量的人力资本,并关系到经济和社会的发展[Minciu, Baron, Neacu, 1991, 1993]。

因此,人们可以注意到,在对旅游业进行定义时,越来越多的理论研究把重

点放在处理游客的满意程度上。小百科词典也揭示了这个事实,它是这样解释旅游业的:“第三产业的一部分,提供活动的目标,是组织和持续一项娱乐,或者是各种私人的论坛、会议为目的的旅行,包括为满足消费者所有消费和服务的需要的活动。”

为了弄清有关旅游现象的定义,我们可以使用综合归纳法,以获得一个最合适的定义,旨在保留反应旅游活动性质的主要内容如下[Neacu, Baron, Snak, 2006, 21]:

?旅行途中的人

?离开居住地在外逗留

?停留时间有限

?没有明确住处的停留

Claude Kaspar教授提出旅游还包括商务出行,这一定义是对前面观点的延续。他在(A.I.E.S.T)中写道:“旅游业是人们旅行和住宿的整合,他们所停留居住的地方既不是他们的家也不是他们从事专业活动的场所。”

考虑到国际旅游对国家社会经济的重要性,世界旅游组织对国际旅游进行了详细的定义,人们为了休闲、商务或其它目的离开他她们惯常住宿,到另一个国家并逗留在那里这少超过一晚上。

3.旅游业在经济中的地位和作用

旅游业,做为第三产业的重要组成部分,具有巨大的发展潜力。它在国家经济发展中的作用日益增强,成为经济增长的一个重要因素。我们认为所谓的“经济增长”是整个经济系统中的一个复杂过程,这是由经济活动决定的,并被认为是确保每个国家经济长期成功的唯一因素。

经济增长是宏观经济长期持续增长的结果。宏观经济增长包括国民生产总值,国内生产总值和国民生产净额,加上生产要素的使用效率和人均总值的增长,其中也包括经济结构的调整。

二战后,第三产业迅速发展,其作用也越来越重要。第三产业为实现社会产出的内容和形式也愈发的多种多样,因此成为再生产机制的重要组成部分。在发达国家第三产业这一部门的比重已经很高。

服务部门也像其他部门一样,经历了从早期的基本活动发展到现在的复杂结构。服务部门对私人和社会都具有最大效用。

旅游作为经济活动,主要包括以下一些服务:提供旅游信息,旅游行程安排,住宿,餐饮,休闲和娱乐。

旅游服务在数量和质量上的增加,便出现了真正的旅游产业。旅游产业被认为是国民经济的分支,第三产业的组成部分。相对于经济体系中一些传统的复杂具体的分支,旅游业又有所不同,但是,作为一个重要的分支,它与其他行业的发展联系密切。

正如当代社会经济的改变创造和发展了旅游业,反过来,为了巩固旅游产品又产生了对商品和服务的特殊需求。这就刺激了一些生产部门如:工业、农业、建筑业、运输、贸易、通讯、文化、卫生等。

把商品和服务的消费收入,变成旅游业(交通,住宿,餐饮,娱乐,治疗等)的各个经济部门的支出时,一些直接进入这些单位的利润和用于支付工人工资的现金,一些有的用于税收、费用,还有一部分用于支付旅游服务行业的其他经济部门如运输和其他有需要的部门的费用。

考虑到外国游客在逗留期间消费的旅游产品,国际旅游业会出现一个“隐形出口”的优势,如外国游客在该国购买免税的商品。这就使旅游业在劳动效率上往往比传统的商品出口更高。其中的一些旅游产品,被游客逗留期间所消耗了,也就不会出现传统的出口问题,因为不存在运输或者其他禁止措施的费用。

因为国际旅游具有经济利益,所以许多发展中国家加快发展他们的旅游产业,这种“无形贸易”的经济形势可能带来大量的收益。

很多统计数据证实了前面的说法。从1995年到2008年国家间旅游者总数将近翻了两番,从这我们可以看出过去一段时间旅游业的巨大发展。(表1)

来源:O.M.T.,UNWTO World Tourism Barometer,Volume7,No.1,January2009

表1.国际旅游者人数(百万)

欧盟各成员国中约20亿人直接或间接参与旅游业,创造的产值约占国内生产总值的4% [Postelnicu, 1997 , 53]

4.旅游业在实现区域发展目标中的作用

区域发展政策的主要目标是减少欧洲许多地区之间在社会、经济上的差异。

区域发展政策的多个目标可以通过一个毫无争议的活动领域-旅游来实现。在文章的这一部分,我将简单的列举几个论据来论证前面的所说的旅游业在区域发展中的作用。

区域可持续发展与罗马尼亚旅游业有着必然的联系。与地方经济的其他组成部分相比,旅游业是一干净的产业对环境无害,而且,一般不需要太大的投资。一个好的可持续发展规划,应该是在一个区域发展规划中,用较少的投资成本,创造出更和谐的整体效应。旅游业可以成为经济的重要组成部分,它可以改变领土轮廓,对欠发达区域经济和社会发展有重要促进作用。

政府通过考虑市民的整体利益而确定的目标:对抗贫困、提高生活环境、增加收入、加强各国间的联系和政治交流。在实现上面的一些大目标上,旅游业要比其他部门起的促进作用大。

区域发展政策的总体目标是,减少目前区域间的不平衡,尤其是平衡和振兴不发达地区。这一总体目标也可以通过刺激一个地区的旅游业潜力来实现,因此,旅游业可以说是提高生活水平加快地方发展的可能性之一(尤其是对农村地区)。通过大力开发现在具有潜力发展旅游业地区也可以实现ERDF的目标。ERDF筹集资金明确表示是为投资支持旅游业的发展和文化遗产保护,以期望为创造劳动场所提供条件。

5.结论

事实上,旅游业已经成为第三产业中的突出部分,在一国经济中起重要的作用,并且是一国经济增长的因素之一。

如我们之前所提到的,旅游业已经在世界各地以惊人的速度发展,旅客人数是15年前的两倍,旅游业收入也大幅度的增加。货物和服务供应部门的发展就可以看出,该区域的整体经济也因此受到了刺激,这就是所谓的乘数效应。在旅游业的刺激下,各分支部门不需要大量的投资,而且不影响环境,发展政策也可以成功的做出贡献。

在对罗马尼亚区域发展做了总体的分析后,我们设计了发展旅游业的可能性。罗马尼亚存在很大的发展旅游业的潜力。但是有几个问题,以至于旅游活动的现有水平没有实际存在的潜力高,如:基础设施欠发达或服务质量低。通过访问,几个方面的缺陷可以得到改善。虽然,需要投入的款项相当大,但是他是必要的可以增加吸引力。

生态旅游英文文献

Gee Journal 31.4457-465457?1993 (Dec) by Kluwer Academic Publishers Ecotoufism in the Small Island Caribbean Weave~ David B., Prof. Dl:, UniversiO, of Regina, Luther College, Regina, Saskatchewan $4S OA2, Canada ABSTRACT: Ecotourism-related strategies can serve to enhance the tourism industries of small Caribbean islands, which are presently dominated by a 3S (sea, sand, sun) product. In the first place, the principles of Alternative Tourism can be applied to 3S tourism in order to minimize negative environmental impacts. Secondly, diversionary ecotourism opportunities can be promoted to diversify the tourism product, thus providing a nature-oriented alternative to resort-based tourists. Thirdly, regional ecotourism, catering to ecotourists, can be fostered in mountainous interiors, peripheral islands, undeveloped coastlines, rural agricultural areas and in offshore reefs. A fourth strategy, exemplified by Dominica, entails a comprehensive ecotourism approach for destinations in which 3S tourism is undesired or unsuited. Introdactien The concept of ecotourism has attracted a considerable amount of interest among both academics and non-academics since the term was first introduced in the mid-1980s (see for example Boo t990; Goriup 1991; Lindberg 1991; Nelson, Butler and Wall 1993; Whelan 1991; Ziffer 1989). In a frequently cited definition, Ceballos-Lascurain (1988) characterizes ecotourism as Tourism that involves travelling to relatively undisturbed or uncontaminated natural areas with the specific object of studying, admiring and enjoying the scenery and its wild plants and animals, as well as any existing cultural aspects (both past and present) found in these areas. While this definition is useful in stressing the environmental orientation of ecotourism, it is clear that the term has also come to be associated with a range o f characteristics which collectively define an "alternative tourism" (AT) paradigm (Dernoi 1981; Krippendorf 1987; Singh, Theuns and Go 1989). This paradigm has emerged as an alternative to "conventional mass tourism" (CMT), which has been criticized as an often inappropriate form of tourism, especially for smaller destinations. CMT characteristics, outlined and contrasted in Tab 1 with the AT model, tend to appear during the middle and later stages of a destination's cycle of evolution (Butler 1980; Christaller 1963; Stansfield 1978). With respect to accommodations, attractions, market and economic impact, the argument can be made that ecotourism and AT are merely other names for the early "exploration" stage of the resort cycle, when relatively unspoiled areas are opened up to further tourist incursions by a few pioneer travellers. However, as pointed out by Weaver (1991), what distinguishes this "circumstantial" AT from "deliberate" AT is the lack of regulations and policies which attempt to ensure that the activity is maintained at environmentally, economically and socially sustainable levels. "Deliberate" ecotourism, the subject of this paper, is therefore very" much associated with intentions of identifying and working within the carrying capacities of a particular area, and o f discouraging the emergence of a CM T product where it is deeme d to be undesirable or inappropriate. The recent proliferation of ecotourism case studies, based largely in the underdeveloped world, is not surprising in light of deliberate ecotourism's status as the fastest growing form o f tourism (Whelan 1991). For example, Dearden (1989) and Zurick (1992) examined the p h e n o m e n o n of mountain trekking in Nepal and northern Thailand respectively, while Boo (1990), and Fennell and

文献翻译英文原文

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