英语语法教程
lesson 1 名词的数
内容提要
名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。普通名词又分为个体名词和集体名词。在句子中可数名词要么前边
加冠词，要么用其复数形式。名词的复数通常加s，但以s, x, ch , sh结尾的词es ;以“辅音字母+ y”
结尾的词把“y”变成“i”，再加es。不规则名词的复数有其特殊形式。物质名词和抽象名词为不可数名词。
名词有主格（作主语）、宾格（作宾语）和属格（表示所属关系）。冠词分为不定冠词和定冠词，它们有其基本用法和特殊用法。数词分为基数词、序数词和分数词，数词与名词在实际运用中要呼应。
第一节名词的数
一、可数名词
1. 可数名词有单复数之分。在句中，名词的单数形式前边要有冠词或表示单数的限定词，否则就要用其复
数形式。名词的复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾s、es，或将y改为i再加es。但如果名词前边有表
示单数的冠词或表示单数的限定词，就不能用其复数形式
2. 有少数名词的复数形式是不规则的，child T children, man 宀men, woman T women, foot T feet, tooth T
teeth, goose T geese, mouse T mice, ox T oxen
3. 英语里还有些名词的单复数变化较为特殊，需特别注意
analysis T analyses, bacterium T bacteria, basis T bases, crisis T crises, criterion T criteria, datum T data, formula T formulae （或formulas）, fungus T fungi, phenomenon T phenomena,syllabus T syllabi, thesis T theses
4. 有些名词的单复数是一样的：aircraft, spacecraft, Chinese, deer, fish, Japanese, means, series, species 等。
5. 如果前边有表示复数的限定词时名词用其复数形式
6. 在形容词最高级中，表示范围的of 后要用名词复数形式
7. 有些集体名词在形式上是单数如people（人民，人们），police（警察），cattle（牲畜），staff（全体人员，全
体职员），但它们表达复数的含意。如果这些词做主语，其谓语须用复数形式。
8. hair 和fruit 一般情况下用单数，表示总体。但如果我们要表示若干根头发或几种水果时，就要用这两个词的复数形式
eg: He bought apples, oranges and other fruits. （“ fruits ”在此处意为“多种水果” ）
另外还要注意：police 和cattle 的谓语形式总是用复数形式。
9. 名词做定语时，不能用作复数
、不可数名词
1. 不可数名词为物质名词和抽象名词，如information, proverty, advice, anger, applause, baggage, cake, chalk,
chocolate, cloth（布）, bread, damage（损害）, equipment, fruit, furniture, gold, information, ink, jewellery, luggage, mail（邮件）, money, news, paper, protection, soap, sugar, weaponry, machinery, scenery, personnel, work 等
注：不可数名词可以与表示量的可数名词连用，借以表示“可数”的概念，我们可以加a（n） piece [sheet（张）, suit（套），tube（管）,packet（包），item（条，贝U ）, bar（条）,basket（篮子）,glass（杯）,bunch
（束）,pair（双，对）, bowl（碗）, portion（份）, herd（群）, series（系列）, shower（阵） etc. ]，如： a piece of advice（一条建议）／a basket of fruit（一篮水果）/an item of information （一则信息）/a kind of protection（一种保护）等。
2. 有些抽象名词的意思可以转变成为具体名词，这时要用其复数形式
The insurance company paid $10000 in damages for the accident. （“damage ”本来为不可数名词“损害”，变复数后意思是“损失赔偿费” 。）
单复数含义不同的名词还有：communication（通讯）——communications（通讯系统，通讯工具）；cloth （布）-------------------------------------------- c lothes（衣服）；content（内容）------------ contents（目录）；convenience（便利） ------------------------ c onveniences（便利设备）；humanity（人类）——humanities（人文科学）；necessity（需要）——necessities（必需品）；pain（疼痛）——pains（辛劳）；ruin（毁灭）——ruins（废墟，遗迹）；sand（沙子）——sands（沙地，沙滩）；wood（木材）——woods （树林）；work（工作）——works（工厂，著作）。
另外，有些名词通常只用复数形式，如：fundamentals（基本原则），goods（货物）， means（方法），rapids（急流），shorts（短裤）,sweets（欢乐）,valuables （贵重物品）。
三、同步练习（Correct errors， if any，in the following sentences: ）
1. The scholars met once a year to exchange esperiences.
2. Foreign ship are not allowed to fish in our territoral water.
3. I went to the doctor for an advice about my health.
4. The letter contained an important information.
5.In the afternoon I did some baby-sittings,for it is a fun looking after children.
6. The congregation was not numerous that night,but they seemed to be listening attentively to my lecture.
7. Poultries are dear in the city.
8. The board of director is shaking heads at the chairman ' s speech.
9. The merchandises have arrived undamaged.
四、答案
1. The scholars met once a year to exchange esperience.
2. Foreign ship are not allowed to fish in our territoral waters.
3. I went to the doctor for an advice about my health.
4. The letter contained an important piece of information.
5.In the afternoon I did some baby-sittings,for it is fun looking after children.
6. The congregation were not numerous that night,but they seemed to be listening attentively to my lecture.
7. Poultry are dear in the city.
8. The board of directors are shaking heads at the chairman's speech.
9. The merchandise have arrived undamaged.
lesson 2 名词所有格
第二节名词所有格
名词有三个格：主格、宾格和所属格。这里我们只讲属格，属格表示所有关系，它有两种不同的形式。
一、一是在名词尾加's
（如my brother's toy 我弟弟的玩具，the hostes's living room 女主人的起居室），如果原名词已经有复数词
k- es，只加’（女口：soldiers' training ground 士兵的训练场，teachers' reading eoom 教师阅览室）? f '.汕.4?字.一岁歹:.上GU fid s结尾，则仍加's （the children's mother 孩子的妈妈）
1）It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes round shape into a teardrop shape. [A] of the drop [ B] the drop ' s [ C] drop of [ D ] drops their
2）The winner [ A] photograph was of [ B ] an old barn（仓库）window covered with [C ] a [ D ] delicate，lacy frost（带花边的霜）.
二、另外一种属格是由介词of加名词构成名词短语
3）At [ A] birth，the [ B] head of a bady is extremely large in [C] relation to a [D] rest of the body.
三、例题解析
1）B为正确答案。“It”是形式主语。“that…”引导的是主从句。主从句的谓语是“changes - into…”“把……
变成”。其中“…into…”的前后应是对应的平行结构。很明显A和D都不行，不能把“ changes "误
作名词。C改变了“…into…”的平行关系。只有B既能与前边的动词“changes "衔接，又能保持“…into…” 的平行关系。
2）A 错。改为winner ' s。
3）D错。改为the。
lesson 3 冠词
冠词有两种，一是不定冠词a/an，另外一种是定冠词the（有的语法学家说有三种冠词，这另外一种是零
念冠词，这里我们不讨论）。
一、不定冠词及其用法
1. 可数名词在表泛指时，要加不定冠词“a/an ”表示“一个”，“每一”相当于one或表示某一
2. a用在辅音音素（即音标中的辅音而不是辅音字母）之前，如a European scientist 。an用在元音音素（音标中的元音而不是指元音字母）之前，如an X ray examination
3. 跟汉语一样，并列的两个单数名词表示一个概念，第二个名词前的不定冠词a可以省去，以避免重复
、定冠词的用法
1. 一般来说，普通名词有特指和泛指，如果特指，就要加定冠词；如果泛指，可数名词前加不定冠词，或用其复数形式
2. 定冠词the 主要和名词连用，表示某些特定的人或事物
3. 由of 引起的限定性短语（作定语）所修饰的词前加the
4. 表示身体的某一部位，用the 代替物主代词my, our, your, his, her 等
5. 表示江河海洋，海峡海湾，山脉和群岛及有些湖泊之前用the
6. 定冠词the 加姓氏的复数，表示某某一家人，如果做主语，谓语动词要用复数
7. 当一个抽象名词，不表示一般的概念而是表示某一特定的内容时加定冠词the
8. 由普通名词和一些其他词构成的专有名词前加the
the People's Republic of China
三、同步练习
1. __ r ose is ____ b eautiful flower.
2. _______________________ Mr. Smith always smokes cigarette with cup of coffee.
3. ___ door of __ garage is broken.
4. ___ d onkey s are ___ stupid animals.
5. ___ bread is made from ___ flour,and ____ f lour is made from __ wheat.
6.She is __ good musician;she plays ___ piano beautifully.
7.Thousands of __ v isitors go to _____ Great Wall every __ day.
8.When he was enghteen,he joined ___ navy.
9. ____________ He sent me ___ letter and __ p ostcard; letter didn't arrive.
10. _____________ L i is not at _____________ o ffice;I think he's gone home.
11.Is there ___ t elephone here?
12.She is studying ___ English and __ French.
13.I bought ___ p en and some paper,but I left ___ pen in ____ s hop.
14. __ machine is made of ___ steel and ____ c opper.
15. __ honesty is ____ best policy.
16. __ coal is 60 dollars ___ ton at the moment.
17.I stay at ___ h ome last night and listened to ___ radio.
18. ________________________ We went to Paris and saw Palace of Versailles.
19. ________________ He goes back to ________________ country to see his people once year.
20. __ Liu's are going to __ cinema.
四、答案
1. the（或a）,a
2. a,a
3. the,the
4. x,x
5. x,x,x,x
6. a,the
8. the
9. a,a,the
10. the,x
11. a
12. x,x
13. a,the,the
14. the,x,x
15. x,the
16. x,a
17. x,the
18. x,the
19. the,a
20. the,the
lesson 5 形容词和副词（一）
内容提要
形容词和副词在语法结构中主要用于比较级和最高级。形容词和副词的构成形式基本上一样，它们的形式与单音节、双音节和多音节有关，当然还有其特殊形式。形容词和副词比较级的基本用法分为同级比较、比较级和最高级三种形式。但这三种形式都有它们特殊的表达方式以及它们的惯用法。对以下要点大家须一一掌握。
形容词比较级和最高级的形式
一、形容词比较级和最高级的构成
形容词的比较级和最高级变化形式规则如下
构成法原级比较级最高级
①：卷 7 与节匸H；电刘er 和est strong stronger strongest
②I」；.L;■: e ：W ! I '.'I r J?!l st strange stranger strangest
③闭音节单音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母，
颔先戏r这个轲音宁标;丙加er 和est sad
big
hot sadder
bigger
hotter saddest
biggest
hottest
④J ■紀;y, er( ' ure), ow, ble结尾的双音节词，
上I二er勺I est(. y計化恥］? ：!'l y前是辅音字母,
把y变成i. #! er门est ? !e结尾的词仍
I、.；, I rill st) angry
clever
n arrow
noble angrier
narrower
nobler angrest
cleverest
narrowest
noblest
⑤其他双音节和多音节词都在前面加单词more和most different more
different most
differe nt
二、形容词比较级或最高级的特殊形式：
1. 三个或三个以上音节的形容词只能加more和most
只能说more beautiful 而不能说beautifuller; 只能说the most beautiful 而不能说beautifullest。
iL.R un结尾的三音节形容词不适合上述情况，如unhappy,untidy，我们可以说：unhappier T unhappiest, untidier 宀untidiest
2. INGED分词演变过来的形容词(包括不规则动词如know T known)只能加more或most 来表示它们的比较级和最高级
more(most) striking, more(most) interesting, more(most) wounded, more(most)worn 等。
3. 英语里有些形容词由于其词义而不可能有比较级形式
absolute fatal main right universal
chief final naked simulta- utter
entire foremost perfect neous vital
eternal inevitable possible sufficient whole
excellent infinite primary supreme wooden
三、不规则形容词的比较级和最高级形式
good
well better best bad
ill worse worst many
much more most
little
few less least
far farther farthest
further furthest
副词比较级和最高级的形式
副词比较级和最高级的变化形式与形容词基本上一样
hard 宀harder 宀hardest
fast T faster T fastest
late T later T latest
early T earlier T earliest
特殊副词
well T better T best
much T more T most
badly T worse T worst
little T less T least 匕需ly Th：「：,h! ml m.汕id那：「J!l er 一」；est，如
quickly T more quickly T most quickly quietly T more quietly T most quietly
［注］:early i屮ly 小士■「憑■诃H扌匕y..［ i |［匸|| er ? est lesson 6 形容词和副词（二）
内容提要一一形容词与副词比较级和最高级的基本用法
一、原级比较的基本用法
1. 原级比较由“ as +形容词或副词（或再加名词或短语）+ as ”构成“原级相同”比较句，表示两者比较；
其否定式，即"程度不及”比较句型为" not so（as）+形容词或副词+ as ”，而且as…as结构前可用just, almost, nearly, quite 等表示程度的词修饰
2. “a s o）+名词+ as +名词”进行名词比较，这时一般情况下有一个表示原级的比较词，但如果第一名词
前出现了形容词修饰该词或出现副词修饰谓语，应当用so而不用as
、比较级
1. 比较级由“形容词（副词）比较级+ than +…，”构成表示在两者中间一方比另一方“更加…”。连词than □可妾句亿也寸按黑汀、代训、名诃短谡、弁讦惬语、由诃、如闕；定式、ING牯呵和ED结构，
有时也可省去than。
2. 注意than前后两项相比较的人或事物要一致
三、最高级
1. 最高级用于三者以上比较，形容词的结构形式是“定冠词+形容词最高级+名词+表示范围的短语或从
句”（如all, of all, of the tree, in the world, that has ever taken place 等）
2. 副词的最高级与形容词最高级的区别在于最高级前没有定冠词the
四、同步练习
导论———语法层次 0.1 词素 1）自由词素 2）粘附词素 0.2 词 1）简单词、派生词、符合词 2）封闭词类和开放词类 0.3 词组 1）名词词组 2）动词词组 3）形容词词组 4）副词词组 5）介词词组 0.4分句 1）独立分句和从属分句 2）简单分句和复杂分句 3）主句和从句 4）限定分句、非限定性分句、无动词分句0.5 句子 1）完全句和不完全句 2）简单句、并列句、复杂句、并列复杂句 第1讲句子结构 1.1 主谓结构和句子分析 1）主语和谓语 2）句子分析 1.2 基本句型及其转换与扩大 1）基本句型 2）基本句型的转换与扩大 第2讲主谓一致（一） 2.1指导原则 1）语法一致 2）意义一致和就近原则 2.2 以-s 结尾的名词作主语的主谓一致问题1）以-s结尾的疾病名称和游戏名称 2）以-s结尾的学科名称 3）以-s结尾的地理名称 4）其他以-s结尾的名词 2.3 以集体名词作主语的主谓一致问题 1) 通常作复数的集体名词 2）通常作不可数名词的集体名词 3）既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词 4）a committee of 等+复数名词
第3讲主谓一致（二） 3.1 以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题 1）由and/both... And 连接的并列主语 2）由or/nor/either...or 等连接的并列主语 3）主语+as much as 等 4）主语+as well as 等 3.2 以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语的主谓一直问题1）以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语 2) 以表示非确定数量的名词词组作主语 3.3 其他方面的主谓一致问题 1）以名词性分句作主语的主谓一致问题 2）以非限定分句作主语的主谓一致问题 3）关系分句中的主谓一致问题 4）分裂句中的主谓一致问题 5）存在句中的主谓一致问题 第4讲 4.1 名词分类和名词词组的句法功能 1）名词分类 2）名词词组的句法功能 4.2 名词的数 1）规则复数和不规则复数 2）集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词的数4.3 单位词 1）一般表示个数的单位词 2）表示形状的单位词 3）表示容积的单位词 4）表示动作状态的单位词 5）表示成双、成对、成群的单位词 第5讲 5.1 名词属格的构成、意义和用法 1）名词属格的构成 2）名词属格的意义 3）名词属格的用法 5.2 独立属格和双重属格 1）独立属格 2）双重属格 第6讲限定词（一） 6.1限定词与三类名词的搭配关系 1）能与三类名词搭配的限定词 2）只能与单数名词搭配的限定词 3）只能与复数名词搭配的限定词
【学英语必看】 《英语语法手册》 在实用英语备受青睐的现在，大家在学习英语和准备各种考试时，总是把 听说读写放在首位，诚然，学习语言重在实践。但是，请不要忽视语法的作用，特别是在阅读和写作中，他能帮助你分析清楚句子结构，准确抓住句子的要点，更能帮你写出复杂而优美的长句。 以下为你整理《英语语法手册》全集，不需背诵记忆，只要静下心阅读一遍，就能有所收获！ 宝宝更希望你能把他们融在平时的阅读写作里. [英语语法手册]关于词类和句子成分 根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的功用将词分为若干类，叫做词类。一个 句子由各个功用不同的部分所构成，这些部分叫做句子成分。 学一个词，要学它的发音、拼法、意义，也要记它的词类；更重要的是要 了解它和其他词的关系，及其在句中作什么句子成分。如China is in East Asia(中国位于东亚)一句中的China这个单词所属的词类是名词，在句子中作主语。 词类(parts of speech) 英语的词通常分为十大类： 1）名词(noun，缩写为n.)是人和事物的名称，如pen(钢笔)，English(英语)，life(生活)。 2)代词(pronoun，缩写为pron.)是用来代替名词的词，如we(我们)，his(他的)，all(全部)。 3)形容词(adjective，缩写为adj.)用来修饰名词，如great(伟大的)，honest(诚实的)，difficult(困难的)。 4)数词(numeral，缩写为num.)是表示"多少"和"第几"的词，如four(四)，eighteen(十八)，first(第一)，eighth(十八)，hundred(一百)。
语法翻译 P68 1.今天上午你干了多少活儿？（work） How much work have you done this morning? 2.开凿隧道需要大量的劳动力。（labour） To dig a tunnel will need a great amount of labour 3.他做了最少的工作。（work） He’s done the least work. 4.处理这一问题有几种方法。（method） There are several methods of approaching this problem 5.我不懂多少语法。I know little French. 6.少说空话（empty talk）多干事实（practical work） There must be less empty talk but more practical work. 7.有多少人出席招待会吗？ There must be less empty talk but more practical work. 8.我可以和你谈几句话吗？（words） May I have a few words with you? 9.今天参观展览会的人数比昨天少。 There were fewer people today at the exhibition than yesterday. 10.哈利犯的错误最少。（Harry） Harry made the fewest mistakes. 11.我读的诗（poetry）和做的练习都比较多。 You’ve learnt more poetry and done more exercises than I have. 12.杰克做的工作最多，犯的错误也最多。 Jack’s done the most work and made the most mistakes.
《新编英语语法教程》主要章节语法术语Introduction: Grammatical Hierarchy (导论—语法层次) 2. Parts of speech (word class) 3. Phrases 词组 4. Clause 分句 5. Sentence 句子 1. Morpheme 词素 Free morpheme 自由词素 Bound morpheme 粘附词素 Allomorph 词素变体 Noun phrase Verb phrase Adjective phrase Adverb phrase Preposition phrase Conjunction
Lecture 1 Sentence Structure（L1）Sentence elements: S (subject) 主语V (predicate verb) 谓语动词 O (object) 宾语 C (complement) 补足语 A (Adverbial) 状语 1. Two ways of sentence analysis 1) SVO Sentence Clause NP VP NP Subject Predicate verb Object All the man have done their best. Sentence = Subject + Predicate (Predicate Verb + Object, Complement, Adverbial, etc.) ●句子由主语和谓语构成，进一步把谓语剖析为谓语动词、宾语、补语、状语等。 2) Subject + Predicate (= operator + predication) Sentence Clause Subject Predicate Operator Predication All the man have done their best. ●句子由主语和谓语构成，进一步把谓语剖析为操作词（operator）和述谓成分（predication）。 2. Basic clause types SVC, SV, SV A, SVO, SVOA, SVOC, SV oO Lecture 2 Subject-Verb Concord （L2-3） Guiding principles: Grammatical Concord Notional Concord Principle of Proximity 语法一致原则意义一致原则就近原则 Nominal clause Non-finite clause Relative clause Cleft sentence Existential clause 名词性分句非限定分句关系分句分裂句存在句Lecture 3 Noun and Noun Phrase（L4-5） 1. Classification of nouns
被动语态 现在范畴一般现在时am/is/are made 现在进行时am / is /are being made 现在完成时has/have been made 过去范畴一般过去时was/were made 过去进行时was/werebeingmade 过去完成时had been made 将来范畴一般将来时shall/will be made 将来完成时shall/will have been made 过去将来时should/would be made 过去将来完成时should/would have been made 1. 被动语态的各种时态 被动语态（The Passive Voice）是动词的一种形式，表示主语是谓语动词的承受者。被动 语态便于论述客观事实，故常用于科技文章、新闻报道、书刊介绍以及景物描写。被动语态没有将来进行时、过去将来进行时和完成进行时形式。 (1) 一般现在时的被动语态 I am not so easily deceived. 我不会轻易上当受骗的。 Computers are widely used in the world. 计算机在世界范围内得到广泛应用。 (2) 一般过去时的被动语态 The car was seriously damaged. 汽车受到严重损坏。 Printing was introduced into Europe from China. 印刷术是由中国传入欧洲的。 (3) 现在进行时的被动语态 The question is being discussed at the meeting. 这个问题现在正在会上讨论。 The children are being taken care of by their aunt. 孩子们现在正由其姑妈照看。 (4) 过去进行时的被动语态 When I called, tea was being served. 当我来访时，正值上茶之际。 When they arrived，the experiments were being made. 他们到达时，实验正在进行。
第一讲句子结构 改写句子(必考）！！！ 1.WaldenPond, once praised by Thoreau for its natural beauty,is now the site of many stands. 2.Almost every summer night the cooling northeast wind swept through ou r bedroom windows,marking air conditioning unnecessary and a light blanket welcome. /Swepping through our bedroom windows almost every summer night,the cooling northeast wind madeв?| 3.The steep surrounding slopes were capped with snow,which fed two st reams plunging down to join in the valley below. 4.With the river on one side and a large tree providing shade,this is a good spot for a picnic,and we can spread our blanket on the grassy knoll. 5.Panting for breath after running up the stairs,Mr wood stood at his neighbourв? s door and knocked again and again till someone opened it. 6.The town folk envied horace,who had come into a small fortune with which he bought a big house and obtained a partnership in the biggest grocery in town. 7.Standing in front of the mirror,Jim looked at his image,wondering at the big change that had come over him in recent years. 8.The idea that his only daughter whom he had greatly wronged might never forgive him almost drove hime mad. 9.The story,written in plain language,consists of three parts with an interesting plot centering round an aristocratic family living in17th century France. 10.Mud-covered and shivering,John sat hunched over a bowl of hot brot h prepared by his father to drive off the chill. 11.Far above the waters of a beautiful lake and over the tops of the tall pime trees growing on the steep of a hill stand five Chinese-style pavilions. 12.Farther down the street,the old man stopped and leaned against a l amp-post, listening to a cheerful song coming out of a restaurant on the oppsite si de of the street. 13.Sarah sank in the nearest chair,completely exhausted,her limbs stiff with cold,
新编英语语法教程（第六版）第02讲练习参考答案 Ex. 2A 1. SVC Within the stricken area, not a single soul remained alive, and the city centre looked as if it had been razed by monster steam-roller. 2. SV The bomb exploded 1,000 ft. above the ground. 3. SVO On August 6, 1945, an American aircraft dropped a bomb on the Japanese town of Hiroshima. 4. SvoO Three days later, yet another bomb of the same kind gave the town of Nagasaki the same fatal blow. 5. SVOC The explosion made one and a half square miles of the city an expense of reddish rubble. 6. SV A Within the fraction of a second, the bomb changed from a metal cylinder into an immense mass of expanding gas, millions of degrees hot. 7. SVOA A tremendous blast of hot air whirled the debris of stone, concrete, metal, and wood over the ground.
第三节写作中真正实用的英语语法 据考证，“语法”一词源于希腊语“Grammatike”，意指体现于写作过程中的“文字的技巧”，它是语言运用的规则，构建句子的框架，遣词造句的黏合剂，也是英语各项技能的基础，尤其在写作过程中起着举足轻重的作用。 但四、六级考试改革中对语法题目的减少使很多人误以为语法的地位被削弱，加之近年来重视综合技能的各类语言理论的出现，使得一部分考生在写作复习过程中完全摈弃对语法部分的准备，久而久之，形成了“轻语法，重语感”的习惯。而另一部分考生则缺乏必要的语法运用能力，他们可以准确解答语法题目，却不能在作文中灵活运用语法写出漂亮句子。这些考生文章的共同特点就是只有其意，不见其形。 语言是思维的外衣，准确的语法是高分作文的重要必备条件。如果考生能在写作中娴熟地运用语法技巧，就可以使文章逻辑严密，形神兼备。 鉴于语法体系庞大繁杂而备考时间有限，此节内容无法涵盖整个语法体系，只能选择写作中出现频率较高的语法进行重点讲解，如状语前置、倒装、虚拟语气、强调句等，并辅以例句讲解，希望能够帮助考生扫除写作中的语法障碍，轻松闯关。 状语前置 一般而言，英语句子中，状语成分的位置是可前可后的。但状语的前置是六级作文中常用的句式。所谓状语前置，就是把修饰动词的状语结构，如分词短语，介词短语，动词不定式结构等放到句首。 这一句式的最大优点就是断句自然，让单调的句子有跳跃的节奏感。请看下面句子： 1）With the expansion of industrialization, requirement for energy all over the world is on the rise.（随着工业化进程的发展，全世界的能源需求都在增加。） 2）Once lushly forested, this region has seen more than 80% of its original vegetation cut down or burned. (这个地区曾经丛林密布，但现在80% 的原生植被被砍伐或焚烧。) 3）To reach millions of people who watch television, advertisers are willing to pay big money. (为了能抓住千千万万的电视观众，广告商们不惜花费巨额资金。) 在以上例句中，状语的前置使得句子结构分明，避免了后置的平庸化，尤其是第二个句子中的状语部分，既简洁又有力，本身就是一个出彩的表达，如果放置到句尾就不会出现这种效果了。而第三句中不定式目的状语的前置还在一定程度上起到了强调的作用。 倒装 倒装又分为全部倒装和部分倒装。全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词置于主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did等,并将其置于主语之前。倒装的作用是为了强调或平衡句子结构。 倒装本身是较复杂的高级结构，如果在六级写作中能加以正确运用，就特别
《新编英语语法教程》1-18讲参考答案---上外第五版
《新编英语语法教程》1-18讲参考答案 新编英语语法教程第01讲练习参考答案 Ex. 1A 1. A. his home work B. quickly, to play 2. A. The huge black horse B. the race 3. A. have thought about B. going into space 4. A. warms up and crawls B. out of the bag 5. A. one of the most beautiful planets to look at through a telescope B. because of the many rings that surround it 6. A. 165 years B. to complete its path, or orbit,around the sun 7. A. you and your brother B. How many pairs of shorts 8. A. the most expensive meal listed on the menu B. What 9. A. an “Outdoor Code” B. their members 10. A. can blow B. as fast as 180 miles (290 kilometers) an hour 11. A. The spiral of heated air and moist air B. to twist and grow and spin 12. A. The direction a hurricane’s spiral moves B. counterclockwise 13. A. does not shine B. At the north pole: for half of the year 14. A. The cold winds that
大学英语语法模似试题 1. Mr. and Mrs. Burns feel more comfortable on a ship than they would be if they any other way. A. would travel B. travelled C. are travelling D. have travelled 2. We that Jim be there. A. hope B. wish C. expect D .ask 3. Lucy is glad she didn^ t stay on the farm. She bored. A. may be B. will be C. could be D. might have been 4. The dean of studies would have come to see you had it been possible, but he so busy then. A. had been B. was C. were D. would be 5. They would certainly have come and helped us time. A. did they have C. had they have 6. If you were in better health, wc. A. would have allowed C. should allow 7. She cried for her A. departed B. being departed C. departing D. having departed _____________ in an important examination, one of the students in his class lost interest in his work A. Failing B. Failed C. Having been failed D. Having Failed 9. Tf it _____________ tomorrow, P 11 stay at home. A. rained B. will rain C. had rained D. rains 10. “Tt’ s getting very late. n “Yes, it’ s time __________________________ . ” A. that we left B. we leave C. we^ 11 leave D. we have 1 eft 1 Ule ______________ a bus to go there, but he preferred to walk. A. should have taken B. could take C. could have taken IX hadn^ t taken 12. _____________ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday- A. Tn spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for 13- _____________ , we can hardly get to the station by sixclock. A. As it wi 11 be B. As it seemed C. As it is D. As if it seems 14. We hung out a lantern lest he ___________________ lost in the mist. A. gets B. get C. will get D. got 15- Tt is quite natural that such fears _______________________ . A. rise B. should arise C. should rise D. are arisen 16. Pm sorry to _________________ your private thoughts, but T think we should get on with some work. A. break in B. break on C. break in on D. break out 17. Do you think he will_________________ a cook wearing that hat? pass for B> pass as C. pass through D. pass on B. had they had D would they have ___________ you to join in the work last week. B. would allow D. had allowed 1 over. 8.
最新《英语语法手册》电子版 在实用英语备受青睐的现在，大家在学习英语和准备各种考试时，总是把听说读写放在首位，诚然，学习语言重在实践。但是，请不要忽视语法的作用，特别是在阅读和写作中，他能帮助你分析清楚句子结构，准确抓住句子的要点，更能帮你写出复杂而优美的长句。 以下为你整理《英语语法手册》全集，不需背诵记忆，只要静下心阅读一遍，就能有所收获！ 宝宝更希望你能把他们融在平时的阅读写作里. [英语语法手册]关于词类和句子成分 根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的功用将词分为若干类，叫做词类。一个句子由各个功用不同的部分所构成，这些部分叫做句子成分。 学一个词，要学它的发音、拼法、意义，也要记它的词类；更重要的是要了解它和其他词的关系，及其在句中作什么句子成分。如China is in East Asia(中国位于东亚)一句中的China这个单词所属的词类是名词，在句子中作主语。 词类(parts of speech) 英语的词通常分为十大类： 1）名词(noun，缩写为n.)是人和事物的名称，如pen(钢笔)，
English(英语)，life(生活)。 2)代词(pronoun，缩写为pron.)是用来代替名词的词，如we(我们)，his(他的)，all(全部)。 3)形容词(adjective，缩写为adj.)用来修饰名词，如great(伟大的)，honest(诚实的)，difficult(困难的)。 4)数词(numeral，缩写为num.)是表示"多少"和"第几"的词，如four(四)，eighteen(十八)，first(第一)，eighth(十八)，hundred(一百)。 5)动词(verb，缩写为v)表示动作和状态，如write(写)，walk(行走)，think(想)。 6)副词(adverb，缩写为。adv.)是修饰动词、形容词和副词的词，如quickly(快)，often(经常)，very(很)。 7)冠词(article，缩写为art.)说明名词所指的人或物的词，如a，an(一个)，the(这，那)。 8)介词(preposition，缩写为prep.)表示名词(或代词)与句子里其它词的关系，如from(从)，in(在…内)，between(在…之间)。 9)连词(conjunction，缩写为conj.)是连接词、短语、从句和句子的词，如and(和)，because(因为)，if(假如)。 10)感叹词(interjection，缩写为int.)表示感情，如。oh(噢)，aha(啊哈)，hush(嘘)。 [注一]属于前六类(名、代、形、数、动、副等词)的词都有实义，
26A 1.Jerry is very generous_______ (at, in, on, with) his money. 2. Please don’t get mad ________ (on, to, at, against) me. 3. Dane was quite agreeable_______ (with, to, in, about) my suggestion. 4. He was always attentive _______ (to, with, on, at) my ideas. 5. Fruit is rich_____ (with, in, of, for) vitamins. 6.She was very quick______ (about, at, on, in) bringing the dinner. 7.John was understandably awkward_____ (with, in, on, at) washing up. 8.She was eligible______ (to, at, for, about) an increase in salary. 9.His secret was safe_____ (from, on, with, in) them. 10.That book is identical_______ (in, for, with, of) an American one. 11.Donna was very quick________ (in, with, on, at) English. 12.She was deaf______ (of, to, at, on) his request to do her work. 13.Mr. Jones is very orthodox______ (with, at, of, in) his attitude to Shakespeare. 14.It was most presumptuous________ (of, at, in, on) them to behave like that. 15.Canned food may be deficient_______ (with, in, on, about) vitamins. 16.The weather is favorable__________ (to, in, on, for) football. 17.No one is exempt_______ (in, about, from, with) taxation in the United States. 18.The amount stated was exclusive_______ (from, of, in, on) tax. 19.Is the city noted_______ (in, about, on, for) its champagne? 20.They were averse_______ (on, to, at, after) my suggestion for free tickets. 21.Jock was completely devoid______ (of, at, in, to) humor. 22.My daughter was very sensible______ (to, at, of, with) his kindness. 23.His attitude was very destructive_______ (in, towards, about, to) achievement. 24.The bed was alive______ (in, with, to, on) bugs. 25.Mary is still inseparable______ (to, with, about, from) her mother. 26.Jim was impatient______ (of, with, at, on) his daughter. 27.Cathy was particular_______ (on, at. about, in) the jewellery she wore. 28.She is sick______ (in, for, on, with) flu. 29.I believe they are related_______ (on, by, with, at) marriage. 30.It is evident______ (of, at, to, from) his words that he is honest. 31.The director was critical______ (at, of, in, for) the way we were doing the work. 32.I’m useless______ (at, on, of, to) anything electrical. 33.Y ou were right_______ (at, about, in, of) Jim. 34.She’s marvelous_______ (on, of, at, with) grammar. 35.My friend is very liberal______ (on, with, of, in) his thinking about that subject. 36.This small suitcase is perfect______ (at, for, in, on) weekend trips. 37.The man was positive______ (at, on, with, of) the time the accident happened.
初中英语语法：情态动词讲解及练习情态动词讲解及练习（Modal Verbs） * 情态动词也可称为“情态助动词（Modal Auxiliaries）”，因为它和基本助动词（be,do, have）都属于助动词类。* 情态动词和其他动词连用，可表示说话人的语气。* 情态动词可表达建议、要求、可能和意愿等。* 情态动词没有人称和数的变化。* 常用的情态动词有：can, could, may, might, shall, should,will, would，must,这九大情态动词；其他的还有ought to, need, dare等。 一、九大情态动词的时态关系： 1. 现在式 can -- 过去式 could 2. 现在式 may -- 过去式 might 3. 现在式 shall -- 过去式 should 4. 现在式 will -- 过去式 would 5. 现在式 must -- 过去式 must （常用had to来代替） 二、情态动词表示“可能”或“预测” （1）can 和 could 用于表示“可能”或“预测”： 1. He can't be at home. 他不可能在家。（否定句） 2. Can the news be true? 这消息可能是真的吗? （将情态动词 can 置于主语 the news 前就成疑问句） 3. Anybody can make mistake. 任何人都可能犯错误。（只表示理论上的可能性） （2）may 和 might 用于表示“事实上的可能性”或“预测”： 1. It may rain tomorrow. （表示可能会发生）明天可能会下雨。 2. It may snow later this afternoon. （表示预测）今天下午可能会下雪。 3. You might be right. （表示有可能）你可能是对的。 （3）will 和 would 用于表示“预测”或“习惯性”： 1. I think he will be all right now. 我想他现在一定好了。（will be 表示一定会） 2. That would be his mother. 那肯定是他母亲。（would be 表示肯定是） 3. He will sit there hour after hour looking at the river.
实用英语语法大全-anyone还是whoever anyone还是whoever 请看下面的题目： _________ with any common sense can tell the difference between the two. A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. Who ever 【陷阱】容易误选B。 【分析】答案为C。有的同学误选B主要是因为受以下这类句子 的影响： Whoever comes will be welcome. 任何人来都欢迎。 Whoever wants the book may have it. 任何人要这书都可拿去。 Whoever gets the job will have a lot of work. 谁要是得到 这份工作就有很多事要做。 以上三句中 whoever 引导的均为主语从句，其中的 whoever均 可换成 anyone who，但是不能换成 anyone。以上试题从表面上看， 与以上各例很相似，其实它们有本质的不同，即 _____ with any common sense 中没有谓语动词，所以我们不能选 whoever。此题的准 确答案为C，anyone 为句子主语，with any common sense 为修饰anyone 的定语。现将此题稍作改动如下，答案选B： _______ has any common sense can tell the difference between the two. A. Who B. Whoever
C. Anyone D. Who ever
新编英语语法教程第5讲练习参考答案 Ex. 5A 1. my father has a car 2. the bull has horns 3. the prisoner escaped 4. her parents consented 5. somebody released the prisoner 6. somebody assassinated the President 7. a letter from the general / the general sent a letter 8. the crowd felt sympathy 9. a college for women 10. a summer day, a day in the summer 11. the earth has a (rough) surface 12. the absence lasted ten days 13. a doctoral degree, a doctorate 14. the bird made the nest 15. the committee made a report 16. a story told by the girl / the girl told a story 17. the volcano erupted 18. the victim had courage / the victim was courageous 19. somebody punished the boy 20. the critics received the play in a hostile manner Ex. 5B
超实用英语语法顺口溜 用顺口溜来学习英语，至少有三大好处：一是节省了时间。死记硬背效果差不说，还费时间，而利用顺口溜，效率又高又省时；二是培养了自己的概括思维能力。把一些词语编成顺口溜，看似容易，其实也难；三是使人觉得学习英语还是饶有兴趣的。 既然顺口溜有这么多好处，那么，何乐而不为呢 动词为纲滚雪球难易编组抓循环同类归纳印象深图示介词最直观 混淆多因形音义反义词语成对念构词方法不可忘习惯用语集中练 词不离句法最好课外阅读莫间断 be的用法口诀 我用am你用are，is连着他，她，它；单数名词用is，复数名词全用are. 变疑问，往前提，句末问号莫丢弃变否定，更容易，be后not莫忘记 疑问否定任你变，句首大写莫迟疑 时间名词前所用介词的速记歌 年月周前要用in，日子前面却不行遇到几号要用on，上午下午又是in. 要说某日上下午，用on换in才能行午夜黄昏须用at，黎明用它也不错 at也用在明分前，说差可要用上to，说过只可使用past，多说多练牢牢记，莫让岁月空蹉跎可数名词的复数变化规律[1]: 名词复数有规律，一般词尾加s;辅音字母+y型，变y为i,es; s,x ch,sh 真有趣+ es; f,fe真小气，字母v来把它替，es在后别忘记；字母o来真神奇，有生命来es,没有生命+s. 可数名词复数特殊变化规律[2]: 中日好友来聚会，绵羊、鹿、鱼把家回。男士、女士a变e man--men woman--women； 鹅，脚，牙（齿）双o 变双e; goose--geese foot--feet tooth--teeth 孩子们想去天安门，原形后面r、e、n; child--children 老鼠本来爱大米，mice,ice 和rice. mouse--mice 注：中Chinese,日Japanese，好友people. 绵羊sheep,鹿deer,鱼fish （这些单词单复数一样） 一般现在时态 I、we you、they 作主语， 动词原形后面跟；否定句，更容易，动词前面加don't; 疑问句，别着急，句首Do,来帮你，后面问号别忘记；肯定回答用Yes, I、we you、they加上do;