人书脑
1. William
Shakespeare
莎士比亚
1564-1616
Three periods
1. Historical plays & edies & early tragedies
Romeo and Juliet罗密欧与X丽叶
The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人;
2. Great tragedies
Hamlet哈姆雷特/王子复仇记;
Othello奥塞罗;
King Lear李尔王;
The Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白;
Timon of Athens雅典的泰门;；
Measure for Measure恶有恶报;
3. Tragi-edies
The Tempest暴风风雨;
Renaissance
Shakespearian sonnet
14行诗
Not for an age, but for all time. 永垂
不朽
Quatrain 成组句
Couplet 对偶句
2 John Milton
约翰·弥尔顿
1608-1674
(The phases of
Milton's life
parallel the
major historical
and political
divisions in
Stuart Britain.
)
Three periods:
1. Short poems
L‘Allegro欢乐的人;
Il Penseroso沉思的人;
us科马斯;
Lycidas列西达斯;
2. Pamphlets & tracts
Areopagitica论出版自由;
The Defense of the English people为英国人民声辩;
TheSecond Defense of the English people再为英国人民声
辩;
3. poems
Paradise Lost失乐园;
Paradise Regained复乐园;
Samson Agonistes力士参孙
Features
Milton's poetry and prose reflect
1. deep personal convictions
2. a passion for freedom and
self-determination
3. the urgent issues and political
turbulence
4. achieved international renown
within his lifetime.
Special Features
1. Rich and plex texture, multiplicity
of the classical (Biblical and
mythological) references, wealth of
ornament and decoration
2. Subjects are magnificent
3. The characters are human and
believable
4. In the ending, life not death is
triumphant
Influence
Romantic poets William Blake and
Percy Shelley, who saw Satan as the
real hero of the poem and a rebel
against the tyranny of
Heaven........Winston Churchill
3 Daniel Defoe
丹尼尔·迪福
1660-1731
1. The Father of
the English
Fiction
Robinson Crusoe《鲁宾逊漂流记》1719
Captain Singleton《辛格尔顿船长》1720
Moll Flanders《摩尔·弗兰德斯》1722
Artistic features:
1. D had a gift for organizing minute
detail---both credible and
fascinating.
2. His sentences are sometimes
Fiction
2. first important English novelist 标志着近代英国小说的形成
3. versatile 多产的A Journal of the Plague Year《大疫年记事》1722
Non-fiction
The Shortest Way with the Dissenters《消灭不同教派的捷径》
Poems
Hymn to the Pillory《枷锁颂》→wrote in prison. imitated the lyric
poem of Greek poet Pindaros(品达罗斯) .
The True-Born Englishman《地道的英国人》1701→his first ironic
poem & the most successful poem.
short and plain,sometimes long and
rambling---an impression of casual
narration.
3. His language is smooth, easy, and
mostly vernacular地方的.
everything is mon English at its best
instead of artificial..
3.His novels enjoy a popularity
among middle class.
Theme
1. Sings the praises of labour
2. Beautifies the colonialism
3. Reflects the aggressive and brave
image of the rising English
bourgeoisie
4. Belaud the individualism.
5. Affirm the power of human,
espcially the force of reason
4 Jonathan Swift
斯威夫特
1667-1745
(amaster of
satire)
Dublin ,Ireland
The Battle of Books书的战争;
an attack on pedantry(买弄学问)
A Tale of A Tub一个木桶的故事;
1. in the form of a parable
2. a satire upon all religious sects an attack on Christianity
itself
Guilliver’s Travels格列佛游记
Lilliput 小人国--the Tories(托利党) & the Whigs(辉格党)
Brobdingnag 大人国---a satire on English lords and ladies
Flying Island 飞岛国---corrupted philosophers &
projectors
Country of the Horses 智马国---the conflicts of English society
and people
A Modest Proposal一个温和的建议
Style:
simple, clear, vigorous language;
direct and precise prose;
a master satirist;
deadly irony & powerful satire.
Swift’s Artistic Features
1. Satire
Swift was a man of great moral
integrity and social charm.
His satire is usually masked by
an outward gravity and an apparent
earnestness which renders his satire
all the more powerful.
2. Simplicity and Directness
Swift is always most
unsurpassed in the writing. He
defined a good style as “proper
words in proper places.”
5 Henry Fielding
亨利·菲尔丁1707-1754 （英国现实主义小说的奠基者）Joseph Andrews 约瑟·安德鲁传--epistolary novel 书信体小说
Mr Jonathan Wild the Great大伟人江奈生·魏尔德传
The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling汤姆·琼斯;
Amelia阿美利亚
Literary Views
1.He firmly believed the educational
function of literature
2.The purpose of the novel was not
just to amuse, but to instruct
3.“the just copies of human
manners”
(人类态度的完整拷贝）
Literary Features
1.The first to give the modern novel its structure and style
2.Third-person narration “all-knowing God”
3.The language is easy and familiar, but quite vivid and vigorous
6 Robert Burns
彭斯
1759-1796
(the national
poet of Scotland
苏格兰民族诗
人) Poemsin the Scottish Dialect苏格兰方言诗集
Poems:
The Tree of Liberty自由村;
Scots Wha-Hae苏格兰人;
The Two Dogs两只狗;
His theme:
1.Love & friendship
2.The natural beauty of his native
Scotland
3.The patriotism of his patriots
and their struggle for liberty
7 William Blake
布莱克
1757-1827
(a precursor of
Romanticism in
English poetry
浪漫主义先驱) Songs of Innocence天真之歌;
Songs of Experience经验之歌；
(simple without being naive; childlike without being childish;
innocent without being insipid乏味）
The French Revolution法国革命;
The Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂与地狱的婚姻;
名诗：Lamb; London; The Tiger
First Important Romantic Poet
1.Inner spiritual freedom of the
individual
2.Plain, simple, direct, immense
meaning
3.Vision images
4.Symbolism
8 William
Wordsworth
威廉·华兹华斯1770-1850 （Poet Laureate 桂冠诗人）(developed and cherished
a love of nature) Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集
（mark the break with 18th century classicism and the beginning of
romanticism in English poetry）;
The Solitary Reaper
posed upon Westminster Bridge
Theme:
Nature
Ordinary people
Ordinary life
Preface:
Al good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful
feelings.
Romantic Poetic Principles
"Preface" :
classic statement of Romantic poetry
principles;
manifesto of the English Romantic
movement in poetry
Lit erary Concept
The function of poetry lies in its
power to give an unexpected
splendor to familiar and monplace
things, to “incidents and situations
from mon life.”All kinds of people,
ordinary peasants, children, even
outcasts, can enter poetry.
Language in poetry
1.He advocated using the language
of mon people.
2.Imagination was very important in
poetic creation.
9 Jane Austin
简·奥斯丁
1775-1817 Novels:
Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见;
Sense and Sensibility理智与情感;
Emma爱玛;
Mansfield Park曼斯菲尔德公园;
Writing Features
1.Her earliest fictional venturesare
full of charming and delicate edy.
2.She was almost uninfluenced, by
the current fashions in fiction or by
Persuasion 劝导Northanger Abbey诺桑觉Fragments and early drafts: Lady Susan
The watsons
Sanditon the revolutionary ideas.
3.Simple stories of monplace people of the upper middle class.
4.Her works show a wealth of character studies, and abound in wit, humor and charm.
Themes
She never touched upon the class conflicts of her time, and in her works the extremes of wealth and poverty are unknown.
She restricted her subject, matter to a narrow range of society and events: a quiet, prosperous, middle-class circle in provincial surroundings.
She treated her writing material with such subtlety of observation, depth of psychological penetration and delicacy of touch that she is ranked among the best of English novelists.
10 George Gordon
Byron
乔治·拜伦
1788-1824 早期：
Hours of Idliness懒散的时刻;
Edinburgh Review
English Bords and Scottish Reviewers英国诗人与苏格兰评
论家;
Canto I，II，III长诗：
Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage 恰罗德·哈罗德游记;
Hebrew Melodies 歌谣集
Prison of Chillon
Manfred曼弗雷德;
Cain 该隐
Don Juan唐·璜
名诗：
She Walks in Beauty 她在美中行
Features
Byron’s poetry exerted great
influence on the Romantic
Movement, owing to his attacks on
political, religious and moral
hypocrisy, to the romantic character
of “Byronic Hero”and to the easy,
natural beauty of his verse.
11 Percy Bysshe
Shelley
波西·比希·雪
莱1792-1822 Queen Mab麦布女王;
Prometheus Unbound解放了的普罗米修斯;
The Cenci钦契;
Song to the Men of England致英国人民;
The Masque of Anarchy专制魔王的化装游行;
Ode to the West Wind/a Skylark西风/云雀颂; Features
1. Shelly was a revolutionary and a democrat. He was fighting all his life against cruelty, injustice, authority and institutional religion.
2. He held that poetry alone could free man and offer the mind a wider view of its powers.
3.“Poetry is a more direct representation of the actions and passions of our internal being”
12 John Keats
约翰·济兹
1795-1821 First work:
Endymion恩底弥翁;
Well-known poets:
Isabella伊莎贝拉;
The Eve of Sanit Agnes圣爱尼节前夜;
On the Grasshopper and Crickets 蛐蛐和蟋蟀
Ode to a Nightingale夜莺颂;
To Autumn秋颂;
Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂;
Features:
His poetry is always sensuous,
colorful and rich in imaginary.
Keats has the power of entering the
feelings of others--- either human
or animal. He declared that when he
saw a bird on the lawn, the entered
imaginatively into the life of the bird.
13 Charles Dickens
狄更斯
1812-1870
The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club匹克威克外传;
Oliver Twist奥利弗·退斯特;
American Notes美国札记;
Martin Chuzzlewit马丁·X述尔维特;
The Old Curiosity Shop老古玩店;
Dombey and Son董贝父子;
David Copperfield大卫·科波菲尔;
Hard Times艰难时世;
A Tale of Two Cities双城记;
Great Expectation远大前程Theme:
Charles continued to use his books to tell about the bad conditions that the working classes and poor people had to live under. He hoped that by doing this things would change for the good, but they just seemed to get worse.
Analysis of D.C.
1.It’s an adapted account of Dickens’own life from childhood to early adulthood. (5 Aspects—C. P.)
2.The 1st point of view adds much to the realisticeffects and sympathetictreatment of characters.
3.The successful employment of child’s point of view, brings out the truthfulness and geniuses of David’s experiences and his feelings.
14 Thomas Hardy
哈代
1840-1928
Works:
The Return of the Native还乡;
The Mayor of Casterbridge卡斯特桥市长;
Tess of the D’urbervilles德伯家的苔丝;
Jude the Obscure无名的裘德
史诗剧：
The Dynasts统治者三部曲
Three groups of his work:
Romances and Fantasies;
novels of ingenuity;
novels of character and environment
Analysis of Tess
Features
1.His view was rather gloomy and
dark, inevitable conflicts and tragedy
of human life.
2.His works are noted for the
realistic presentation of life and
social criticism.
3.He is a great painter of nature.
(Wessex)
4.In style, he is a traditionalist and
heightens the local and regional
color.
Theme:
1. The struggle between men and his
1. Fierce criticism of the hypocritical morality of society and the inhuman exploitation of the capitalists who invaded the English country and destroyed the peasantry from the root.
2. Tess: a typical victim of the society, a personal and also social tragedy. (poverty, society, two men)
3. Fate plays an important role.
4.“Justice was done, and the President of the Immortals had ended his sport with Tess.”environment, between aspiring human spirit and the external inanimate nature.
2. mon working class people as heroes and heroines. They are usually tragic ones who acquire self-consciousness and question the fundamentals of society.
3.Strong elements of naturalism and bined with a tendency towards symbolism.
15 Oscar Wilde
王尔德
1856-1900
(aestheticism
唯美主义者)
Art for art’s sake 长篇小说:
The Picture of Dorian Gray道林·格雷的画像
童话：
The Happy Prince and Other Tales快乐王子
诗集：
De Prafundis惨痛的呼声;
The Ballad of Reading Gaol累丁狱之歌
剧作：
Lady Windermere’s Fan温德米尔夫人的扇子;
A Woman of No Importance一个无足轻重的妇女;
An Ideal Husband理想丈夫;
The Importance of Being Earnest埃耐斯特的重要性
“Art for Art’s Sake”
1. A spokesman for aestheticism
2. Belonged to decadent school
3. Elements of social protest and
criticism
16 George Bernard
Shaw
萧伯纳1856-1950 （Nobel Prize Winner）
Art for education’s sake 长篇小说：
An Unsocial Socialist业余社会主义者
评论：
Quintessence of Ibsenism
剧本：
Widoer’s Houses鳏夫的房产;
Mrs Warren’s Profession华伦夫人的职业
Arms and the man
Candida
The man of dynasty
Caesar and Cleopatra
Major Barbara巴巴拉少校
Pygmalion劈克美梁;
Heartbreak House伤心之家;
The Apple Cart苹果车;
Too True to be Good真相毕露
Art should serve social purposes by
reflecting human life, revealing social
contradictions and educating the
mon people.
Features
1. Structurally and thematically,
Shaw followed the great traditions of
realism. With his wit and love of
paradox, he made full use of ic satire
and brought a new kind of
intelligence to the drama.
2. Shaw’s language is easy, witty
and forceful.
3. Action is reduced to a minimum,
while the dialogue and the interplay
of the minds of the characters
maintain the interest of the audience.
17 James Joyce
乔伊斯
1882-1941 (the stream of consciousness technique 意识流大师) 短篇小说：
Dubiners都柏林人
长篇小说：
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
青年艺术家的画像
个人成就之Joyce
詹姆斯·乔伊斯（James Joyce,
1882-1941），被认为是继莎士比
亚后英语文学史上最伟大的作家，
他在小说领域取得的成就，代表着
Defoe and Swift
They are the forerunners of English fiction.
Samuel Richardson and Henry Fielding
The maturity of the English novel doesn’t e until they appear.
Real beginning of English Romanticism:
publication of Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth and Samuel Coleridge
3. Aestheticism
~~Aestheticism places art above life.
~~According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective.
~~Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art’s sake, can it be immortal. They believed that art should be unconcerned with controversial issues, such as politics and morality, and that it should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style.
~~This was one of the reactions against the materialism and mercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality’s sake, or art for money’s sake.