Language is a system of vocal (and written) symbols with meaning attached that is used for human communication of thoughts and feelings.
Design features of language：1）任意性：语言符号的形式一般与意思无关
2）二重性：基本层词素、词、句，第二层无意思的声音。基本层由第二层的元素组成
3）创造性：语言的丰富是因为它的二重性和递归性
4）移位性：语言能使使用者形象化对象、事件、概念，这些在交谈时都没有出现
Phoneme是一个抽象的概念，是最小的phonological unit，指在pronunciation 和complementary distribution方面相似的声音家族
1、Design features of language:
(1) Arbitrariness 任意性: The forms of linguistic signs generally bear no natural relationship to the meanings they carry (p.4).
e.g. shìjiè(世界) / world / monde /せかい(世界)
goǔ(狗) / dog / chien(e) / いぬ(犬)
(2) Duality 二重性: Human language has two levels of structures: the primary meaningful level of morphemes, words, phrases, sentences and the secondary meaningless level of sounds. The units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level, and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. (Cf. p.5)
e.g. The word “sport”composed of the
meaningless sounds /s, p, ?:, t/;
The word “gold”composed of the
meaningless sounds /g, ?u, l, d/
The Chinese word 运动(yùndòng)
The Chinese word 金子(jīnzǐ)
(3) Creativity 创造性: Language is resourceful because of its duality and recursiveness递归性. (p.7)
e.g. a boy student in a black coat with a black bag beside a girl in black at the back of the classroom …
b. We have got some new teachers who have come with their wives who follow their husbands who want to quickly make friends who …
(4) Displacement移位性: Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present in time and space at the moment of communication. (p.7)
e.g. a. —How did you spend your holidays?
—I went to Hong Kong and stayed there for three days. In spite of the scorching weather, I walked around Kowloon, Mongkok, Kwun Tong, and Central where …
b.—What do you think we can find on the other side of the moon?
—Well, I hear that there are many mysterious things there such as UFO bases, buildings, pyramids, …
2. Theory about the phoneme and allophones;
1) The phoneme and allophones:
The phoneme is an abstract concept and the smallest phonological unit that refers to a family of sounds which are similar in pronunciation and are in complementary distribution. The various members of the phoneme are called its allophones
e.g.
The English consonant phoneme / p / is realized with slightly different pronunciation in the following syllables:
port [ph?:t] (rounded, strongly aspirated)
sport [sp?:t] (rounded, unaspirated)
slope [sl??ph] (weaker aspiration)
peel [phi:l] (unrounded, strongly aspirated)
pool [phu:l] (rounded, strongly aspirated)
-- The five members in the four words are allophones of the same phoneme / p /.
2) Distinctive features of phonemes:
Phonetic features that can distinguish phonemes from one another, including features of voice and voicelessness, features of the manner of articulation咬合, and features of the place of articulation (Cf. p.45).
e.g.
The distinctive features of the English sounds (Cf. p.46):
/θ/: [+consonantal, -voiced, +continuant (持续音), +anterior, -approximant (无摩擦延续音), -sonorant, -strident (刺耳的), -nasal, -lateral]
/ e /: […+voiced, …]
-- Thus, the single feature of “±voiced”is sufficient to distinguish the two English consonants.
3.Theory about morphological structure of words;
2. Formation构成of words:
1) Structure of words--morphemes:
e.g.前缀后缀都是bound
internationalization:
Meaningful components (morphemes):
inter-: between (bound morpheme)
nation: country (free morpheme)
-al: adjective suffix后缀(bound morpheme)
-ize: verb suffix (bound morpheme)
-ation: noun suffix (bound morpheme)
Morpheme: The minimum meaningful grammatical unit of language which is not further divisible without changing its meaning. (Cf. p.52)
e.g.
the down California non- -ee
Allomorph: Variations of a morpheme (there may be only one).
e.g.
{-er} (comparative degree):
taller (-er) more (additional word) worse (special form)
Free morpheme: A morpheme that can stand independently as a word.
e.g.
face book senior Zhuhai
Bound morpheme: A morpheme that cannot stand alone as a word and has to combine with another
morpheme or other morphemes into a word.
e.g.
inter- con- -vey -ed -es
(word) Root: The part of a word that carries the central meaning of the word and cannot be further divided into smaller meaningful units.
e.g.
smiling:
Root—smile
internationalization:
Root—nation
laptop computer:
Root—compute
2) Word formation processes:
Derivation:派生
nation + -al →national
in- + put →input
Compounding:复合
new + comer →newcomer
space + ship →spaceship
Conversion:转换
hand n. →to hand v.
down adv. →to down v.
auxiliary adj. →auxiliary n.
Other ways of forming new words (p.65)
4. Theory about grammatical categories;
2. Grammatical categories of number, gender and case:
1) Number (数) (p.85):
A grammatical category used for the analysis of word classes displaying such contrasts as singular (单数), dual (双数), plural (复数), etc. It may be observed as regards nouns, pronouns, verbs and adjectives.
e.g.
Nouns:
English: a rumor vs. two rumors;
French: une rumeur vs. deux rumeurs
Cf. Chinese: 一个谣言vs. 两个谣言
Pronouns:
English: I vs. we;
French: je vs. nous;
Cf. Chinese:我vs. 我们
Verbs:
English: She does the work. vs. They do the work.
French: Elle fait le travail. vs. Elles font le travail.
Cf. Chinese: 她做这项工作。vs. 她们做这项工作。
Adjectives:
French: un homme intéressant vs. quatre hommes intéressants
Cf. English : an interesting man vs. four interesting men
Chinese: 一位有趣的男士vs. 四位有趣的男士
2) Gender (性) (p.86):
A grammatical category that displays such contrasts as “masculine (阳性), feminine (阴性), neuter”(中性), or “animate (有生命的) vs. inanimate (无生命的)”, etc., for the analysis of word classes. It usually matches the natural sex when referring to human beings and animals, but seems arbitrary when referring to inanimate things.
e.g.
Nouns:
English: tiger vs. tigress; dog vs. bitch;
French: tigre vs. tigresse; chien vs. chienne
Cf. Chinese: 公老虎vs. 母老虎
Pronouns:
English: he vs. she; him vs. her;
French: il vs. elle; son père vs. sa mère
Cf. Chinese: 他vs. 她 ; 他爸vs. 他妈
Adjectives:
French: un long sommeil; une longue discussion
Cf.
English : a long sleep ; a long discussion
Chinese: 睡得很久; 长时间的讨论
3) Case (格) (p.86):
A grammatical category used in the analysis of word classes to identify syntactic relationship between words in a sentence. It includes “nominative (主格), accusative (宾格), dative (与格), possessive (所有格), etc.”cases. It may be realized by inflection or position of words, or in other ways.
e.g.
English: He admires her. vs. She admires him. (nominative and accusative)
French: Il l’admire. vs. Elle l’admire. (nominative and accusative)
Cf. Chinese: 他钦佩她。vs. 她钦佩他。
English: She gives him a book. (dative)
French: Elle lui donne un livre. (dative)
Cf. Chinese: 她给了他一本书。
5.Phrase structure grammar (tree diagram);
2) Phrase structure grammar (p.77):
(1) Categories resembling nodes of the tree diagram:
Word level: N, A, V, P, AUX, M, Det, Pro, Adv, PropN, Conj, etc.;
Phrase level: NP, AP, VP, PP, S, etc.
(2) Phrase structure rules:
S →NP + VP;
NP →Det + N
N →(AP + ) N (+ PP)
e.g.
The angry man shouted loudly.
S (The angry man shouted loudly) →NP (the angry man) + VP (shouted loudly)
NP (the angry man) →Det (the) + NP (angry man)
NP (angry man) →A (angry) + N (man)
VP (shouted loudly) →V (shouted) + Adv (loudly)
(3) Tree diagram:
e.g.
a. The boy shot a bird.
b. The mistake can cause a severe problem.
6. Conceptual metaphor (概念隐喻):
(1) Concept:
Conceptual metaphors are fundamental to how we view the World. Conceptual metaphors involve mapping one concrete thing in one domain (source domain 本域) onto another abstract domain (target domain 目标域).
(2) Categories of conceptual metaphors:
A. Ontological metaphors (本体/ 实体隐喻):
Events, activities, emotions, ideas, etc.(目标域) are viewed as entities and substances (本域).
e.g.
CONFIDENCE IS AN ENTITY
a. I kept my confidence.
b. My confidence increased.
c. My confidence weakened/
reduced.
d. I lost my confidenc
e.
e. I regained my confidence.
B. Structural metaphors:
One thing which is harder to understand (目标域) is put in the structure of another easier one (本域)..
e.g.
A CHILD IS A TREE
a. The child needs more sunshine.
b. The child needs careful watering.
c. The child is too young and needs support (支撑).
d. The child will grow to be a pillar of the country.
C. Orientational metaphors (方位隐喻):
An orientational metaphor is a metaphor in which concepts are spatially空间地related to each other, as in the following ways:
Up or down
In or out
Front or back
On or off
Deep or shallow
Central or peripheral
e.g.
CONSCIOUS IS UP; UNCONSCIOUS IS DOWN
a. Get up.
b. Wake up.
c. He rises early in the morning.
d. He sank into coma.
e. He fell asleep.
Q1：Give an elaborate account of the evolution of the models of the spoken language structure Language Structure…..pragmatics……use medium of transmission grammar meaning(semantics) phonetics phonology morphology syntax semantics lexicon In first level One end is structure, the other use, and in the middle pragmatics. Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics that deals with the meanings and effects that come from the use of language in particular situation. Meaning intended---- what you want to say Meaning realized---- what you actually say. If meaning realized matches meaning intended, you succeed in expressing your meaning. The present model shows the complexity of the language. We can see from the model how many different levels can be set up to explain the way the spoken language structure is organized. Q2：What do you know about the nature/characteristic of language? 1.purely human, for the possession of language distinguishes human beings from other animals. 2.systematic: meanings and sounds are linked into a system for the purpose of communication and social interaction. The use of language is a patterned behavior. It?s rule-governed. 3.spoken or written: 2 different channels of language 4.arbitrary and conventional: naming is arbitrary. The forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. In any language there are certain sequences of sounds that have a conventionally accepted meaning. Those words are customarily used by all speakers with the same intended meaning and understood by all listeners in the same way. 5. a set of habits: like any other habits, it?s easily formed in an early age and difficult to change. https://www.doczj.com/doc/891232689.html,plex, abstract and productive Q3：How do we justify the position that all languages and corresponding all dialects are equally good? Every language so far studied, no matter how …backward? or …uncivilized? the people speaking it, has proved on investigation to be a complex and highly developed system of communication. All languages and corresponding dialects are equally good, equally abstract, equally complex, equally productive and equally adequate to the communicative purposes. No language can be said to be …richer? than another: each is adapted to the characteristic pursuits of its users. Q4：What are major functions of language. (举例子) 1.phatic function: language is used to establish or maintain social contacts and to express sociability rather than specific meaning. You ask question for the sake of question. And the answer to the question is already known. Typical examples include greeting, farewell or comments on weather. 2: directive function: language is used to get the hearer to do something. Typical examples: the imperative sentence, would you please…, do you mind… 3: informative function: language is used to give or offer information. A typical example is the
语言学概论期末复习 1. diachronic linguistics Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present. 2. arbitrariness Language is arbitrary for the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural resemblance to their meaning. The link between the linguistic signs and their meanings is a matter of convention, and conventions differ radically across languages. 3. langue According to Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic systems shared by all the members of a speech community. It can be thought of as the generalized rules of the language that members of a speech community seem to abide by. 4. competence Chomsky defines competence as the abstract ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language. According to him, anyone who knows a language has internalized a set of rules about the sequences permitted in his language. This internalized set of rules is termed as a person's competence. 5. morpheme The most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme. The “morpheme' is the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which can not be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning. 6. Morphology Morphology studies morphemes and their different forms and the way they combine in word formation. So it refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed 7. Semantic triangle According to Ogden and Richard's semantic triangle, there is no direct link between language and the world, or between the symbol ( the linguistic elements, the word, the sentence) and referent ( the object in the world of experience). The link is via thought or reference, the concepts of our minds. 8. Lingua franca Lingua franca is the general term for a language that serves as a means of communication between different groups of speakers. 9. componential analysis Componential analysis is a way to analyze lexical meaning, and it defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components. 10. Cooperative Principle Cooperative Principle (CP) was proposed by Paul Grice, under which there are four maxims: the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the
1. The study of language development over a period of time is generally termed as _____linguistics. D A. applied B. diachronic C. comparative D. synchronic 2. The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a __C__ formula "S→NP VP". A. hierarchical B. linear C. tree diagram D. vertical 3. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A A. [p] B.[m] C.[b] D.[t] 4. The words ―make‖ and ―bus‖ are called _____D____because they can occur unattached. A. derivational morphemes B .inflectional morphemes C. bound morphemes D. free morphemes 5. The pair of words ―lend‖ and ―borrow‖ are____B______. A. gradable antonymy B. relational (converse) antonymy C. synonyms D. co-hyponyms 6. The semantic components of the word ―man‖ can be expressed as ____C___. A.＋animate,＋human,＋male,－adult; B.＋animate,＋human,－male,－adult; C.＋animate,＋human,＋male,＋adult D.—animate,＋human,－male,－adult 7. What kind of function does the sentence ―How do you do?‖ have? B A. Directive B. Phatic C. Informative D. Evocative 8. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as_______A____. A. lexical words B. grammatical words C. function words D. form words 9. Which of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?______A_. A. Language acquisition is a process of habit formation B. Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use 10. The branch of linguistics that studies meaning of language in context is called __C? A. morphology B. sociolinguistics C. pragmatics D. psycholinguistics 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language.
导言 一、填空 1、语言学的三大发源地是中国、印度和希腊——罗马。 2、语言学是 19 世纪成为独立学科的，其标志是历史比较语言学。 3、现代语言学的标志性著作是瑞士语言学家索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》。 4、语言交际过程可分为编码—发送—传递—接受—解码五个阶段。 5、印度最早的经典所使用的语言是梵文。 6、音韵学、文字学、训诂学是中国“小学”的主要研究内容。 二、判断正误 1、语言学主要是研究古代的口语和数和书面语。（错误） 2、语言有自身结构的独立性，与系统之外的社会环境没有关系。（错误） 3、理论语言学是研究语言一般规律的，不受具体语言研究影响。（错误） 4、语言形式和内容的关系是语言研究的根本问题。（正确） 第一章语言的功能 一、填空 1、语言的功能包括社会功能和思维功能。 2、语言的社会功能包括信息传递功能和人际互动功能。 3、在各种信息传递形式中，语言是第一性的、最基本的手段。
4、人的大脑分左右两个半球，语言功能及计数、推理能力等由左半球掌管，音乐感知、立体图形识别等能力由右半球制约。 5、儿童语言习得一般经过独词句阶段和双词句阶段，这是儿童学话的关键两步。 二、判断正误 （对） 1、文字是建立在语言基础之上的再编码形式。 （错） 2、当说话者陈述一个客观事实时，话语中不具有主观性。 （错） 3、书刊上的话语不具有人际互动功能。 （对） 4、抽象思维要以语言为形式依托。 （错） 5、布洛卡区在大脑的右半球前部。 （错） 6、聋哑人不会说话，所以不具有抽象思维的能力。 （对） 7、不同语言结构的差异体现出思维方式的不同。 （错） 8、汉语名词没有数的变化，所以汉语没有区别单数和多数的概念 三、思考题 1.为什么说思维离不开语言？ 思维需要语言：思维必须在语言材料的基础上进行，语言是人类思维的工具， 思维功能是语言功能的另一方面。同时语言是思维活动的动因和载体，是思维 结果的贮存所。所以语言帮助传递思维成果。思维的成果靠语言才能表达出来， 使听读者了解。并且语言可帮助思维逐步深化，条理化。 2. 儿童语言习得的临界期指什么？临界期的存在说明语言的哪些特性？
《英语语言学概论》答案完整版 考核方法：闭卷考试 时间：100分钟 题型： I. 单项选择(15×1’=15’) II．判断(15×1’=15’) III．填空(10×1’=10’) IV．术语解释(5×2’ =10’) V．简答题(4×5’ =20’) VI. 分析题（30’） 重点掌握的术语： ? 1. Linguistics The study of the nature, structure, and variation of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. ? 2. design features They are a series of features which are uniquely a part of human language and unlikely to be found in the communication system of other creatures. They are displacement, productivity, cultural transmission, arbitrariness, discreteness and duality. ? 3. Displacement Language can be used to refer to things which are in the past, present or future, real or imagined,or in far-away places. ? 4. Duality It is generally the case that language is organized at two levels or layers which is known as the physical level and meaningful level simultaneously. ? 5. Arbitrariness It is generally the case that there is no ‘natural’ connection between a linguistic form and its meaning. ? 6. Manner of articulation It is the case that we describe the consonant sounds in terms of how they are articulated. ?7. Place of articulation It focuses on describing consonant sounds in terms of where they are articulated. ?8. articulatory phonetics The general study of the characteristics of speech sounds is called phonetics. And the study of how speech sounds are made, or ‘articulated’ is articulatory phonetics. ?9. Phonology The description of the systems and patterns of the speech sounds in a language. ?10. Assimilation It is the process when two phonemes occur in sequence and some aspect of one phoneme is taken or ‘copied’ by the other. For example, the word ‘can’ in the sentence ‘I can go.’may pronounce as [k??] instead of [k?n] because of the influence of the following sound [g]. ?11. Back-formation A word of one type is reduced to form another word of different type. For example, the word ‘donation’ first came into use and then the verb ‘donate’ was created from it.
《语言学概论》期末试卷 1.( 单选题 ) 下列关于“语言”的说法 ,不正确的一项是 (D )(本题 2.0 分) A、语言系统是由多个子系统组合而成的 B、语言是一个符号系统 C、语言符号具有任意性和线条性特征 D、 语言符号的音义关系可以任意改变 2.( 单选题 ) 下列元音音素都是后元音的一组是 ( B)(本题 2.0 分) A、[u, ε] B、[α, Λ] C、[α,y] D、[o, a] 3.( 单选题 ) 下列辅音音素都是塞音的一组是 ( B)(本题 2.0 分) A、[k, 1] B、[p, k] C、[p, n] D、[t, v] 4.( 单选题 ) 从语音的社会功能角度划分出来的最小语音单位是
( A)(本题 2.0 分) A、音位 B、音素 C、音节 D、音渡 5.( 单选题 ) 汉语普通话中的“我”和助词“的”单念时发音分别为[uo]和[te],而在实际语流中 ,“我的”发音是 [uo de],这是语流音变中的( A)(本题 2.0 分) A、顺同化现象 B、逆同化现象 C、弱化现象 D、异化现象 6.( 单选题 ) 语音的本质属性是 (C )(本题 2.0 分) A、物理属性 B、生理属性 C、社会属性 D、心理属性 7. ( 单选题) 英语“ students”中的“ -s”是 ( C)(本题 2.0 分)
A、虚词语素 B、词根语素 C、构形语素 D、构词语素 8. ( 单选题) 从词的构造方式看, 下列各项中属于复合词的是( D)(本题 2.0 分) A、木头 B、念头 C、苦头 D、山头 9.( 单选题 ) 划分词类的最本质的标准是 (A )(本题 2.0 分) A、分布标准 B、意义标准 C、形态标准 D、逻辑标准 10.( 单选题 ) 下面词组中 ,结构类型与其他各组不同的一组是( D)(本题 2.0 分) A、年轻漂亮/朴素大方 B、我们大家/首都北京
语言学概论 一、单项选择题（每小题2分，共20分} 1．下列说法只有是正确的。 A．语言是人类最重要的辅助性交际工具。 B．语言就是说话，说话就是语言。 C．语言是一种特殊的社会现象。 D．语言具有地方色彩，说明语言不具有社会性。 2．下列说法只有是错误的。 A．汉语的声调是由音高变化形成的。 B．语言中的轻重音是由音重变化形成的。 C．音位具有区别词形的作用。 I)．音素具有区别词形的作用。 3．下列说法只有是正确的。 A．“老”可以同“新、旧、少、嫩”等构成反义词。 B．“大”和“小”是绝对对立的反义词。 C．“红”与“黑”这对反义词具有非此即彼的关系。 D．反义词“冷”和“热”具有相对性。 4．下列说法只有____正确。 A．意译词如“激光”、“电话”都是借词。 B．仿译词如“机关枪”、“铁路”都是借词。 C．“尼姑”、“和尚”、“玻璃”是借词。 D．“爱神”、“北极熊”、“超人”都是借词。 5．下列词义的变化，属于词义的缩小。 A．“meat”原指菜肴，现在指荤菜。 B．“走”本义是跑，现在指步行。 C．“江”原指长江，今泛指江河。 D．“book”原指一种树木，今指成本的著作。 1．C 2．D 3．D 4．C 5．A 3．下列说法只有( )是正确的。 A.语言是人类最重要的交际工具，文字也是人类最重要的交际工具 B．不同的阶级使用语言具有不同的特点，说明语言具有阶级性 C．人类多种多样的语言说明语言具有任意性特点 D．语言是一种纯自然的现象 4.下列说法只有( )是正确的。 A.语法的组合规则是潜在的 B．语法的聚合规则是潜在的 C．语法的组合规则存在于书面语言中 I)．语法的聚合规则存在”ji【j头沿吉中 5．单纯阋就是由一个( )构成的词。 A．词根 B．词干 【！．词缀
Translate the following terms from English into Chinese.把下列术语翻译成中文 1.duality of structure _________结构的二元性_______________ 2.General Linguistics ________普通语言学________________ 3.voiceless consonant _________清辅音_______________ https://www.doczj.com/doc/891232689.html,plementary distribution ________互补分布________________ 5.free morpheme ________自由词素________________ 6.immediate constituent ________直接成份________________ https://www.doczj.com/doc/891232689.html,ponential Analysis ________成份分析________________ 8.American Structuralism ________美国结构主义________________ 9.zero morph _________零语子_______________ 10.structural ambiguity _________结构歧义_______________ 11.productivity _________多产性______________ 12.linguistic competence __________语言能力______________ 13.manner of articulation _________发音方法_______________ 14.intonation language _________语调语言_______________ 15.allophone __________音位变体______________ 16.inflectional morpheme _________曲折语素_______________ 17.phrase marker __________短语标记______________ 18.denotation __________指示______________ 19.Systemic-Functional Grammar __________系统功能语法______________ 20.bound morpheme __________粘着语素______________ 21.cultural transmission __________文化传播______________ 22.Descriptive Linguistics __________描写语言学______________ 23.derivational morpheme ___________派生词素_____________ 24.consonant ___________辅音_____________ 25.tone language ___________声调语言_____________ 26.empty morph ___________虚语子_____________ 27.syntax ___________语法_____________ https://www.doczj.com/doc/891232689.html,plementary antonym ___________互补反义词_____________
绪论及语言本质 1.我国古代学者为读懂古书而建立的训诂学、文字学、音韵学组成了我国的语文学，通称为“小学”。 2.“语言学概论”课程容在语言学学科分类中，属于理论语言学。 3.狭义的应用语言学一般是指语言教学。 4.17世纪，法国波瓦雅的修道院里有两位学者阿尔诺.兰斯洛合编了一本普遍唯理语法。 5.历史比较语言学的出现，标志着语言学走出传统语文学，成为一门独立的科学。 6.传统语文学一般主要指古代印度、古代希腊和古代中国三个地方的语文学。中国传统的语文学通常叫小学。 7.语言系统的两种基本关系是组合关系和聚合关系。它们是打开语言的两把钥匙。 8.1786年，英国的威廉琼斯在皇家亚洲学会宣读的论文《三周年演说》中指出有共同的结构特点。为了纪念这一新发现，这一年被认为是历史比较语言学诞生的一年。 9.历史比较语言学的奠基人是丹麦的拉斯克、德国的葆朴和格里木。 10.语言的分类一般从两个方面进行：第一，按照语言的（结构/形态）特点分类；第二，按照语言的（亲属/来源）关系分类。 11.著名语言学家瑞士的索绪尔的著作《普通语言学教程》标志着结构主义语言学的诞生。 12.美国结构主义语言学的代表人物是布龙菲尔德，他的代表著作是《语言论》。 13.转换生成语言学的代表人物是乔姆斯基，他被称为“标准理论”的著作是《句法理论问题》。 14.根据语言的结构或者形态特点，一般把语言分为孤立语（词根语）、粘着语、屈折语和多式综合语（编插语）四种。 1.人类语言和动物的交际方式有着根本区别。 2.什么样的声音与什么样的意义相结合，取决于约定俗成的社会习惯。这里的“约定俗成”的容既有任意性，也有强制性。
英语语言学期末考试试卷 第一部分选择题 I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%X10=20%) 1. Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, but they differ in that ____________. A. Saussure took a sociological view of language while Chomsky took a psychological point of view B. Saussure took a psychological view of language while Chomsky took a sociological point of view C. Saussure took a pragmatic view of language while Chomsky took a semantic point of view D. Saussure took a structural view of language while Chomsky took a pragmatic point of view 2. Language is a system of ____________ vocal symbols used for human communication. A. unnatural B. artificial C. superficial D. arbitrary 3. We are born with the ability to acquire language, _______________. A. and the details of any language system are genetically transmitted B. therefore, we needn’t learn the details of our mother tongue C. but the details of language have to be learnt. D. and the details are acquired by instinct 4. A(n)________ is a phonological unit of distinctive value. It is a collection of distinctive phonetic features. A. phone B. allophone C. phoneme D. sound 5. The morpheme –ed in the word “worked” is a(n) __________ morpheme. A. derivational B. inflectional C. free D. word-forming 6. WH-movement is __________ in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative. A. obligatory B. optional C. selectional D. arbitrary 7. Naming theory, one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, was proposed by _________. A. Grice B. Plato C. Saussure D. Ogden and Richards 8. “John married a blond heiress.”__________ “John married a blond.” A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent with C. entails D. presupposes 9. In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called _______, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. A. utterance B. reference C. predication D. morpheme 10. In Austin’s speech act theory, ___________ is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something. A. a perlocutionary act B. a locutionary act
Model 1 I. Define the following terms, giving examples for illustration if it is necessary. 1. macrolinguistics::_______________________ 2. compound:_____________________________ 3. Reference: _____________________________ 4. Idiolect:________________________________ 5. Minimal pair:___________________________ 6. Competence:___________________________ 7. Diglossia: _____________________________ 8. Sound assimilation:______________________ 9. Arbitrariness:___________________________ 10. Semantic shift:_________________________ II. Indicate the following statements true or false. 1. Language use is both systematic and non-systematic, subject to external as well as to internal variation. 2. Corpus is a collection of texts input into a computer. Language corpora make it possible for material developers to select authentic, natural and typical language. 3. Mistakes often occur when learners fail to perform their competence. 4. Root is understood in terms of meanings while syem is understood with emphasis on affix. Sometimes a linguistic element is both a root and stem. 5. All instances of NP--movement are related to changing a sentence from the active voice to the passive voice. 6. Word lays in the central position in language comprehension because of its extremely important role in transmitting the meaning.
《语言学概论》作业参考答案 一、名词解释 1.音位：最小的可以区别意义的语音单位，通常由一簇互相不区别意义的音素构成。如|A|音位里就有前A、后A、央A等几个音素。 2.塞擦音：辅音的发音方式之一。其特点是发音时，两个发音部位紧靠在一起形成阻碍，在保持这个阻碍的同时，留出一个窄缝，让气流从窄缝中磨擦成声，最后除去这个阻碍。如：b‘ｐ‘ｋ‘就是。 3.递归性：语言的递归性是指，组合结构中的某个单位，可以不断地被一个同功能的短语替换，从而使基本结构里的某个扩展为非常复杂的结构，但其作用仍然等于原始项。也即语言的整体结构与基本框架不变。语法结构的这种性质，我们称之为语言结构的递归性。语言的递归性是语言结构一种非常重要的特性。如：人打倒了|敌人/凶恶的敌人/盘踞在中国大陆的敌人/曾经盘踞在中国大陆的不可以一世的敌人/曾经盘踞在中国大陆不可一世但最终被人民打倒的敌人 4.复综语：语言类型之一。这种语言的动词内有用不同的形态表示各种复杂的语法成分。多见于美洲印第安人的语言。举例。 5.自由变体：音位变体的一种类型。通常指对出现的组合条件没有硬性要求的音位变体。举例。 6.元音：音素的类型之一。即发音时气流在口腔中不受阻碍而形成的音。举例。 7.语法形式：表示语法意义方式与材料。举例。 8.词干：一个词的主要部分，词汇意义的承担者。举例。 9.音色：语音四要素之一，又叫音质，指声音的特色。由物体振动的不同形式所决定。举例。 10.塞音：辅音的发音方式之一。其特征发音时两个发音部位紧靠在一起，保持一段时间，然后突然除阻，爆破成声。也叫爆破音。举例。 11.共同语：随着社会政治经济集中，会以一种方言为基础形成共同语，以满足整个社会交际往来。共同语又叫天下通语、雅言。举例。 12.数：语法范畴之一。指是用一个词的不同形态表示出来的词语数的语法意义。在单数、复数、双数等。举例。 二、谈谈语言符号的特点 答案要点： 1.单位明晰性 2.任意性 3.结构二层性 4.开放性 5. 传授性 答：（1）.语言是一种工具，即交际工具和思维工具；而思维是一种能力和过程，即人脑能动地反映客观现实的能力和过程。 （2）.概念用词语表达，判断用句子表达，但概念按照逻辑规律构成的种种判断和词语按语法规则构成的啊、种种句子是有区别的。如：语言中的每个词不一定都表示一个概念，每个句子不一定都表示判断。 （3）.思维过程是运用概念按照逻辑规律构成种种判断，语言运用过程则是运用词语，按照句法构成各种句子。 （4）.语言是具有民族特点的，各民族都有自己的语言特点，世界上有许多种语言。但思维是各民族共同的，全人类具有共同的思维形式和思维规律。 三、试分析汉字跨越方言交际的特点与原因