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since的用法

since的用法
since的用法

Since

since的用法主要有两点:一是表示“自从……以来”,二是表示“既然”之意。但如果只了解词的含义,而不了解其用法,在使用时就会造成错误。例如:I have not heard from him since I lived in Shanghai.

不少人会望文生义,将该句译为:“自从我住在上海以来,就再也没有收到他的信了。”而实际上这个句子的译文并非如此,那么正确的含义是什么呢?

下面谈谈since作连词引导时间状语从句的用法。

一、若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是终止性的过去时,则从句表示的时间是“从动作开始的那一时刻起”。如:

He has studied very hard since he came to our school.自从他来到我们学校,他学习就非常努力。

We have been missing them since they left here自从他们离开这里,我们就一直很想念他们。

这是最常见的一种用法,此处不再多述。

二、若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是持续性动词或表示状态的动词的过去时时,则从句表示的时间是“从那持续动作或状态结束时算起”。如:

I haven’t heard any noise since I slept.

Sleep 为持续性动词,sleep的动作结束时,即“醒来”时,这句应译为“我醒后还未听到任何声音”。

John is now with his parents in New York, it is already three years since he was a teacher约翰现在和父母一起住在纽约,他不当教师已经三年了。

本文开始出现的那个句子就可以译为“自从我离开上海,就再也没有收到他的信。”这种译法常被人们误用,我们不妨再多举几个例子看看:

How long is it since you lived in Shanghai?你离开(没住在)上海多久了?

It is half a month since he was a League member.他退团(不当团员)半个月了。It’s been quite some time since I was last in London我离开伦敦已很长时间了。比较:He has written to me frequently since I was ill.自从我病愈以来,他屡次给我写信。(从句谓语为状态动词)

He has written to me frequently since I fell ill.自从我生病以来,他就屡次给我写信。(从句谓语为终止性动词)

三、若since引导的状语从句的谓语为持续性动词的现在完成时,则表示动作和状态延续到现在(说话时刻),其表示的时间的起点应从动作发生之时算起。如:

I haven’t heard from him since he has lived there。

这里has lived表示动作的持续性,时间的起点应从:“开始居住”时算起。因此此句可理解为“自从他(开始)住在那儿起,我就一直没收到他的来信”。Since we have owned a car, we have gone camping every year。自从我们自己有了汽车,我们每年都去野营。

试比较:1. Since I’ve been at this school, we have had three headmasters.自从我到这所学校,我们已换了三个校长了。

Since I was at this school, they have had three headmasters.自从我离开这所学校,他们已换了三个校长了。

2.He has never been to see me since I have been ill. 自从我生病以来,他从未来看过我。

He has never been to see me since I was ill. 自从我病愈以来,他从未来看过我。

由此可见,since引导的从句持续动词的一般过去时和现在完成时所表示的意思恰好相反。换言之,一般过去时持续动词以肯定的语法形式反映着否定的逻辑内容,而现在完成时的形式与内容是一致的。

至于It is +一段时间+since…的句型与It has been +一段时间+since…意思相同。前者是规范说法,后者是口语说法。

应注意的是,在这种结构中,since引导的从句绝对不能用否定式的谓语动词来表示否定意义,下面两句都错了:

It is a long time since he didn’t study English.

It’s two months since you didn’t come to se e me.

正确的说法为:

It’s a long time since he studied English 他好久没学英语了。

You haven’t come to see me for two months. 你有两个月没来看我了。

1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。

I have been here since 1989.

2) since +一段时间+ ago

I have been here since five months ago.

3) since +从句

Great changes have taken place since you left.

Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.

4) It is +一段时间+ since从句

It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.

since是一个用法极活跃的词,也是高考中的重点考查词汇,现就其用法归纳如下:

一、用作介词,意思是“从……以来,自从”,常与完成时连用。

I haven’t written home since Christmas.

自圣诞节以来,我未曾写信回家。

二、用作副词,意思是“从那时以后(一直到现在)”,“其后(到现在之间)”; ever since 从那以后一直(更加强调since的用法)。

Things have not changed very much since.

从那时起,情况并没有太大的改变。

His first book was a great success and he has been famous as a writer ever since.

他的第一本书非常畅销,从那时起他就成了一位名作家。

He got a job with the firm in 1970 and has worked there ever since.

他从1970年开始在那家公司任职,之后就一直在那里工作。

三、用作连词

1. 引导原因状语从句,相当于now that,意思是“因为……,既然……,鉴于……”。

Since the rain has stopped,let’s go for a walk.

既然雨停了,我们出去散散步吧。

Since we are young,we shouldn’t be too afraid of making mistakes.

因为我们还年轻,所以不应该太害怕犯错误。

注意:since表示原因时,语气比because弱,表示的原因是对方已知的,或是句中不很重要的部分,是附带的原因,因此引导的从句不是信息的焦点,不能回答why的提问,也不能用在强调句型中作为被强调的内容。since引导的从句往往放在主句之前。

2. 引导时间状语从句,此用法较复杂。

(1) 若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是终止性动词(如go,come,leave,start,begin 等)的过去时,则从句表示的时间是“从该动作开始的那一时刻起”。这是最常见的一种用法。如:

He has studied very hard since he came to our school.

自从来到我们学校,他学习就非常努力。

Great changes have taken place in our school since you left.

自从你离开这里,我们学校发生了很大的变化。

(2) 若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是持续性动词或表示状态的静态动词(如live,stay,study,learn,smoke,be等)的过去时,则从句表示的时间是“从该动作或状态的完成或结束时算起”。如:

I haven’t heard from him since he lived here.

这句话应译为:从他不住这儿起,我一直没有收到他的信。

I haven’t eaten snakes since I was a student at school.

was表示状态,因此该句可理解为:I haven’t eaten snakes since I left school.

自从我毕业后就一直没吃过蛇。

试比较:

He has written to me frequently since I was ill.

自从我病愈以来,他经常给我写信。(从句谓语为状态动词)

He has written to me frequently since I fell ill.

自从我生病以来,他经常给我写信。(从句谓语为终止性动词)

(3) 若since引导的状语从句的谓语为持续性动词或静态动词的现在完成时,则表示动作和状态延续到现在(说话时刻),其表示的时间的起点应从动作发生之时算起。如:He has written to me frequently since I have been ill.

这里have been ill表示状态的持续性,时间的起点应从:“开始生病”时算起。因此此句可理解为:“自从我生病以来,他经常给我写信。”

试比较:

I’ve written her 20 letters since I have been here.

自从我来到这,我已经给她写了20封信。(从开始算起)

I’ve written her 20 letters since I was here.

自从我离开这儿,我已经给她写了20封信。(从结束算起)

(4) It is + 段时间+ since... / It has been + 段时间+ since...表示“从……起已有多长时间了”。两句型意思相同,前者是规范说法,后者是口语说法。

用法:since从句中常用一般过去时,若从句中是持续性动词的一般过去时,则表示该动作结束有多长时间了。如:

It is three years since he smoked.

他不吸烟已有3年了。

试比较:

It is three years since he began to smoke.

It is three years since he has smoked. 两句均意为:他吸烟已有3年了。

注意:在这种结构中,since引导的从句绝对不能用否定式的谓语动词来表示否定意义,试比较:

他好久没学汉语了。

误:It is a long time since be didn’t study Chinese.

正:It’s a long time since he studied Chinese.

(studied为持续性动词,应从其动作结束时算起)

定义

编辑

被修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句不同于单词作定语的情况,它通常只能放在被修饰的词(即先行词)之后。定语从句由关系词(关系代词、关系副词)引导,关系代词、关系副词位于定语从句句首。

关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

1)who, whom, that

这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:

Is he the man who/that wants to see you?

他就是想见你的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.

他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)

2) Whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换), 例如:

They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了,大家都跑过去

帮忙。

Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。

3)which, that

它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:

A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在句中作主语)

The package which / that you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that 在句中作宾语)

关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。

1)when, where, why

关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构,因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用,例如:

There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。

Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。

Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?

2)that代替关系副词

that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略,例如:

His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。

He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。

判断关系代词与关系副词

方法一:用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词。例如:

(错)This is the mountain village where I visited last year.

(错)I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.

(对)This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.

(对)I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.

习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。

方法二:准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词.先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时,应选择关系代词;先行词在从句中作状语时,应选择关系副词。

例如:(对)Is this the museum which you visited a few days ago?

(对)Is this the museum where the exhibition was held?

从句结构

先行词

指被定语从句修饰的名词、代词。

一般先行词出现在定语从句的前面。

关系词

关系词常有3个作用:

①连接作用,连接主句和定语从句。

②指代先行词。

③在定语从句中担当成分。

注:关系代词有主语、宾语、定语之分。一般who做主语或其宾格形式的whom做宾语(whom 作宾语时可省略),whose作为定语(whose不可省略)。关系代词在从句中作主语,宾语,定语等,关系副词在从句中作地点状语(where),时间状语(when),原因状语(why)。

定语

定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词,是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语(动词不定式短语、动名词表示的)汉语中常用“……的”表示。主要由形容词担任,此外,名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任,也可以由一个句子来担任。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前,作前置定语。短语、从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后,作后置定语。

被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。如“the girl”,“the book”

如:She is the girl who likes singing. 她就是那个喜欢唱歌的女孩。

这就是一个定语从句。

关系代词

关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

1、who, whom, that

限定性定语从句中的关系代词

作主语

作宾语

作定语

指人

who/that

whom/that(可省略)

whose

指物

which/that

which/that(可省略)

whose

指人和物that that whose

非限定性定语从句中的关系代词

作主语

作宾语

作定语

指人

who

whom

whose/of whom

指物

which

which

whose/of which

特殊情况:

只能用that的情况,

1. 先行词为everything,all,little,much等不定代词时;

2. 先行词被all,every,no,any,some,little,much,one修饰时;

3. 先行词被the only,the very,the same,the last修饰时;

4. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时;

5. 先行词是be的表语或there be 的主语时;

6. 先行词有人又有物时;

7. 当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。

不能用that的情况

1. 介词前置时;

2. 非限定性定语从句中

3. 先行词本身是that

多用who,不用that的情况

1. 先行词为anyone,one,ones时;

2. 先行词为those,he和people时;

这些词代替指人,whom在定语从句中指人,"who"和“that”既可作主语又可作宾语(作宾语可以省略,who作宾语变为whom),that可以指人也可以指物, who不可指物。在从句中所起作用如下:

(1)Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他是那个想见你的男人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)

(2)He is the man (whom/that)I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见到的那个人。(whom/that 在从句中作宾语)

(3)The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher. 刚刚和你说话的那个男人是我们的英语老师。(whom在从句中作宾语)

注:who在定语从句中指人,作主语和宾语,作宾语时可省略;做及物动词或介词的宾语,可省略。

2,which,that 用来指物(有六种情况只可用that而不用which)

(用作主语、宾语,作宾语时可以省略),例如:

(1)The prosperity which/that had never appeared before took on in the countryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which/that在从句中作主语)

(2)The package (which/that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿那个包裹快要散开了。(which/that在从句中作宾语)

注:which在定语从句中指物,可作主语或及物动词或介词的宾语,作宾语时可省略;that 在定语从句中既可指人又可指物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语和表语,作宾语时可省略,指人时,相当于who或whom,指物时,相当于which,作介词宾语时,介词不可提到that前,当介词提前时,需要用which或whom来代替。

2、whose

(只用作定语)

“whose”表示谁(可以为人也可以为物)的(东西)

例:A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.双亲都死了的孩子叫做孤儿。(“whose parents”表示那个孩子的双亲)

He lives in a room whose window faces south.他住的那个房子的窗户是朝南的。(“whose”表示那个房子的窗户)

关系代词:在句中作主语、宾语或定语。

1. that既可代表事物也可代表人,“which”代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语可省略“that”在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,“which”在从句省略。[eg:This is the book (which)you want.]

2.如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前面,但有的则放在它前面的位置。

3. 代表物时的that常被省略;

c)被形容词最高级修饰时;既有人又有物时;

e)整个句中前面已有“which”,“why”时

关系副词

编辑

关系副词在句中作状语

关系副词=介词+关系代词

why=for which

where=in/ at/ on which(介词同先行词搭配)

when=during/ on/ in/……

1. “where”是关系副词,当然也不用“that”引导。

By the time when you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks. 当你到达伦敦的时候,我们在那里已经待了两个星期。

I still remember the place where I met her for the first time. 我仍然记得我第一次见到她的地方。

Each time when he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc. 他每次出差都带着生活必需品,如毛巾,肥皂,牙刷等其他东西。

2.当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用“there is”开头。

There is somebody here who wants to talk to you. 这里有人要和你说话。

分作进一步说明,通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立。

1、why

关系副词why主要用于修饰表原因的名词(主要是the reason),同时它在定语从句中用作原因状语。如:

We don’t know the reason why he didn’t show up. 我们不知道他为什么没有来。

She didn’t tell me the reason why she refused the offer. 她没跟我讲她拒绝这项工作的原因。

与关系副词when和where不同,why可以换成that或省略。如:

That’s one of the reasons (why, that) I asked you to come. 这就是我请你来的原因之一。

另外,与关系副词when和where可以引导非限制性定语从句不一样,why只能引导限制性定语从句,不能引导非限制性定语从句。如:

他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。

误:The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank.

正:The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.(同位语从句)

2、when

关系副词when主要用于修饰表时间的名词,同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。如:

There comes a time when you have to make a choice. 你必须作出抉择的时候到了。

Gone are the days when they could do what they liked. 他们为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。

We’ll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. 我们将把野餐推迟到

下星期,那时天气可能会好一点。

注意不要一见到先行词为时间名词,就以为一定要用关系副词when来引导定语从句,同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分——如果在定语从句中用作时间状语,就用when;如果在定语从句中不是用作时间状语,而是用作主语或宾语,那就不能用when,而要用that, which等。如:

Don’t forget the time (that, which) I’ve told you. 不要忘记我告诉你的时间。

关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作动词told的宾语,正因为是用作宾语,所以也可以省略。

3、where

关系副词where主要用于修饰表地点的名词,同时它在定语从句中用作地点状语。如:

This is the village where he was born. 这就是他出生的村子。

That’s the hotel where we were staying last summer. 这就是我们去年夏天住的旅馆。

Barbary was working in Aubury, where she went daily in a bus.巴巴拉在奥伯里工作,每天得坐公共汽车去上班。

与前面when的情况一样,注意不要一见到先行词为地点名词,就以为一定要用关系副词where来引导定语从句,同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分——如果在定语从句中用作地点状语,就用where;如果在定语从句中不是用作地点状语,而是用作主语或宾语,那就不能用where,而要用that, which等。如:

He works in a factory that [which] makes TV sets. 他在一家电视机厂工作。

限定性

限定性定语从句

意义:

限定性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用,使该词的含义更具体,更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略,否则句意就不完整,例如I met some one who said he knows you.

1.

在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于in which,at which,for which或on which

(1)Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。

(2)I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐,而他恰恰与我相反。

(3)We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。

2.

在限定性定语从句中,当关系代词在从句中担任动词宾语时,关系代词可省略。

(1)The book (that/ which) I am reading is very interesting. 我在读的书很有趣。

(2)Is there anything (that) you wanted? 想要什么东西吗?

非限定性

非限定性定语从句

意义:

非限定性定语从句起补充说明作用,缺少也不会影响全句的理解。在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开,如

(1)The house,which I bought has a lovely garden.我买的房子带着个漂亮的花园。

(2)This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本我已经读过三遍的小说很感人。

1.非限定性定语从句可将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,例如:

(1)He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。

(2)Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。

2. 在非限定定语从句中,有时as也可用作关系代词,若as在从句中作主语,其引导的句子可以放在句首,也可以放在句中。例如:

(1)The boy has as much progress as we had expected. 正像我们所预料的那样,这个男孩取得了大的进步。

(2)As everyone knows ,China is a beautiful country with a long history . 每个人都知道,中国是一个有着悠久历史的美丽国家。

3. 在非限定性定语从句中,不能用从句做主语

(1)The boys ,who are playing football ,are from Class One. 在踢足球的男孩们是一班的。

(2)I helped an old man ,who lost his way ,yesterday . 昨天,我帮助了一个迷路的老人。

关系

编辑

一、先行词和关系词

1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.(“Whoever”可以用“anyone who”代替)

2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (“what”可以用“all that”代替)

但这两句句子已经不是定语从句了,是名词性从句。因为定语从句一定要有先行词,而名词性从句没有。将“Whoever”、“what”分别用“Anyone who”、“all that”代替后,才是定语从句,先行词分别是“Anyone”、“all”。

An invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.

A. it

B. that

C. which

D. he

答案C。

a选项it,使前后成为两个句子,中间无连词连接,语法错误;b项that,此为非限定性从句,不能用“that”修饰;c选项which,which在从句中做主语,用来代指前面的这件事;d选项he;前半句中是her boss,所以不正确。

2)The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.

A. what

B. which

C. that

D. it

答案B

A选项不能用来引导定语从句,C选项只能引导限定性定语从句,而D选项习惯上并不适用。

3)It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park.

A. that

B. which

C. as

D. it

答案B

“as”和“which”在引导非限宾语。但不同之处主要有两点:

(1)importance to me, as my own is.

在一定的语言环境里,有些名词可以具有形容词的性质。这些名词主要是那些表示人的身份、职业、状态的名词。值得一提的是,在这些具有形容词性质的名词之后,引导定语从句的关系代词不能用“who / whom”。

(2)动词短语先行成分。

这种动词短语既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式。如果是动态动词短语,它们在从句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代动词“do”和“as / which”一起代替。“do”可以出现,也可以不出现,但不能用其它动词代替。

(3)句子作先行成分。

这句子可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的一个从句。有时是连续几个句子,有时甚至可以是一个完整的故事。

二、“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置。

由于先行成分的构成成分”特殊定语从句在句中的位置有以下几种情况:

1. 形容词作先行成分时:形容词的“which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。

2. 动词短语作先行成分时,“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。但是,当从句中含有表示主观意志的插入成分时,“as”特殊。

3. 句子作先行成分时:“as”特殊定语从句的位置较灵活,可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后。但如果先行成分是直接引语,“as”特殊定语从句与否定词的相对中则常用一些表示“合乎自然规律”、“众所周知”或“经常发生”等意义的词语,如natural, known to all, usual 等。

4. 有无状语意要是方式状语意义,而“which”特殊定语从句则无状语意义。“as”特殊定四、关系代词“as”与“which”一词。如:

Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference.

1). “Which”作主语时,谓语动词不限,主动被动皆可,只是谓语动词为被动语态时助动词“be”省略。

2). “as”和“which”都可以在特殊定语从句中宾语。

3). “as”和“which”在特殊从句中作补语。如:

We thought him a gentleman, as/which he could never be.

“as”特殊定语从句中可以主谓倒装,“which”从句中则不能主谓倒装。

如果先行成分不是主语补语或宾语补语,关系代词用“which”而不用“as”。如:

He talked like a native, which/as he hardly was.

5."as"用法:

1)."as"引导限制性定语从句

a."such....as"

He is not such a fool as he looks.

I have never heard such a story as he tells.

b."the same ....as"

This is the same book as I lost last week.

(区分"the same...as"与"the same....that":两者都引导定语从句。that从句中说明的名词与the same修饰的名词是同一个。as从句中说明的名词与the same修饰的名词是同一类,而非同一个。举例:①This is the same pen that I lost. 这支钢笔就是我丢的那一支。②This is the same pen as I lost. 这支钢笔跟我丢的那支笔一模一样。)

c."as...as"

As many children as came were given some cakes.

2)."as"引导非限制性定语从句

常用句式:as is said above 综上所述

as is known to all 众所周知

as is often the case 通常如此

as is reported in the newspaper 如报纸所报道的

6. “which”在特殊从定法

(1)不用that的情况

(a)在引导非限定性定语从句时。

(c)The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here.

(b)介词后能用。

We depend on the land from which we get our food.

We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.

(2)只能用“that”引导:如先行词被“last,just”修饰时,只用“that”。

(d)先行词为序数词、数容词,又有人和物时。

(f)先行词指物,在主句中作是“the way”或“the reason”时,“that”可作关系副词,也可省略。

(h)主句的主语是疑问词“who /which”时,避免重复要用“that”.

举例:

Is this the book that you borrowed in the library?

这是你在图书馆借的书吗?

Who that break the window should be punished.

谁打碎了窗户谁该受罚。

All that needed is a supply of oil.

所需的是石油供应。

The thief gave out everything that he had stolen to the police.

那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。、

定语从句只能“that”引导的情况:

1、先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰。

This is the most interesting book that l have ever read.

2、先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰。

The second foreign country that l expect to visit is Greek.

3、先行词是不定代词时,如"all、few、little、much、anything、nothing、something"

This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy.

4.、先行词既有人又有物时

Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?

5、先行词被“only”、“the every”、“no”、“one of”、“the right"、“the same"等修饰

He is the only person that l want to talk to.

6、在以“which”、“who”、“whom”引起的问句中,为避免重复,常用"that"

Who is the man that is standing there? Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?

7、“there be”句型中

8、先行词在主句中作表语,或者关系代词本身作从句的表语时宜用“that”

“that”在作宾语时可省略。

(五)区分定语从句和同位语从句

1、定语从句修饰先行词,它和先行词是修饰关系;

同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容,是补充说明的关系。

(1)The boy who is playing football is my classmate.(定语从句)

2、定语从句由关系代for advice.

(3)The fact that the moon moves around the earth is known to all.

(4)The fact is that the moon moves around the earth.(这是一个表语从句!)

(六)特殊的定语从句

1)but也可用作关系代词来引导定语从句,意思接近于that(who).....not(这种用法已经有些陈旧)

There is no tree but bears some fruit.没有不结果实的树。

There are very few but admire his talents.很少有人不佩服他的才华。

Surely there isn't a mother but faces this problem.可以肯定,凡是母亲都面临着这个问题。

2)whereby,wherein,whereupon也可以引导定语从句,相当于by which,in which,upon/on which.这种用法已经有些陈旧,且仅用于书面语。

[定语从句]介词+关系词

1)介词后面的关系副词不能省略。

2)“that”前不能有介词。

3)某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词“when”和“where”互换。例如:

This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。

This is the house where I lived two years ago.

Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗?

Do you remember the day when you joined our club?

二、介词与关系代词

“介词+关系代词”的结构

1. “介词+ which”在关系分句中分别可作时间、地点和原因状语,代替相应的关系副词when, where和why。如:

①I still remember the day on which (= when) I first came to school. 我仍然记得初来学校的那一天。

②The factory in which (= where) I work is a large one. 我工作的工厂是一个大厂子。

2. “介词+ which(指物)/whom(指人)”在关系分句中作地点状语,表示存在关系,关系分句主谓常须倒装。如:

①They arrived at a farm house, in front of which sat a small boy. 他们来到一处农舍,前边坐着一个小男孩。

②I saw a man, on the head of whom stood a bird. 我看见一个人,他的头上有一只鸟。

3. “不定代词或数词+ of + which(指物)/whom(指人)”在关系分句中作主语,说明整体中的一部分。如:

①China has a lot of islands, one of which is Diaoyu. 中国有许多岛屿,其中之一是钓鱼岛。

②There are a lot of students here, none of whom like the film. 这里有许多学生,他们之中无人喜欢这部电影。

4. “介词+ which(指物)/whom(指人)”在关系分句中作目的、方式或地点状语。如:

①Could you tell me for whom you’ve bought this coat? 你能告诉我这件衣服是给谁买的吗?

②The man, from whom I learned the news, is an engineer. 这人是一位工程师,我是从他那里得到这个消息的。

5. “介词+ which(指物)/whom(指人)”用于被动结构的关系分句中,作状语,说明动作的执行者。如:

①The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot. 伤害羊的那只狼被打死了。

②The man by whom the wolf was shot was a good hunter. 打死狼的那人是一个好猎手。

6. “名词+ of which”代替“whose +名词”在关系分句中作定语。如:

①I saw some trees, the leaves of which (= whose leaves ) were black with disease. 我看见一些树,它们的叶子因害病而发黑。

②He mentioned a book, the title of which (= whose title) I’ve forgotten. 他提到一本书,书名我忘了。

7. “介词+ which(指物)/whose(指人)”修饰后边的名词。如:

①It rained all night and all day, during which time the ship broke into pieces. 雨下了一天一夜,就在这期间轮船撞碎了。

②The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps. 司机就是那个男人,她从他的房间偷走地图。

8. “介词+ which +不定式”。此种用法多见于正文体中,相当于一个带有主语和谓语的定语从句。如:

She had only 1.87 with which to buy (= she could buy) Jim, her husband, a present. 她只有一元八角七分钱,用这些钱她给丈夫吉姆买一件礼物。分句中分别可作时间、地点和原因状语,代替相应的关系副词when, where和why。如:

①The factory in which (= where) I work is a large one. 我工作的工厂是一个大厂子。

②This is the reason for which (= why )he was put in prison. 这就是他为什么被关起来的原因。

三、介词的正确选择

1. 根据后面动词和介词的搭配关系选择。如:

①This is not the book of which the teacher spoke in class. (speak of 意为“谈论”,相当于talk about)

②The two things of which they felt proud were Jim’s gold watch and Della’s hair. (be / feel proud of 为固定短语,意为“以……自豪”。)

2. 根据前面的名词的搭配关系选择。如:

①I’ll never forget the day on which I first met him. (表示具体的某一天,介词用on)

②The boy pointed to the direction in which he would run. (“朝……方向”,介词用in)

3. 有时需同时考虑动词和介词的搭配关系及介词和名词的搭配关系。如:

The clever boy made a hole in the wall, through which he could see what was happening inside the house.

三、介词和关系代词

1)介词后面的关系代词不能省略。

2)“that”前“Do you”作介词的宾语,且可以省略。

例如:(1)The school(that/which)he once studied in is very famous.

“that/which”可以省略。= The school in which he once studied is very famous.“which”不可省略。

(2)含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开,介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如:look for, look after, take care of等。T This is the watch which/that I am looking for.(T=正确)F This is the watch for which I am looking.(F=错误)

2. 若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时用“whom”,不可用“who”或者“that”;指物时用“which”,不能用“that”;关系代词是所有格时用“whose”

(1)The man with whom you talked is my friend.(T)The man famous.

(2)I bought many books yesterday, three of which are written by Lu Xun.

四、关系代词关系代词(一般情况下)“that”可用在从句做主语,谓动词的宾语,但是不能做介词的宾语。“which”指物,在从句中作主语;“whom”在从句中作宾语;“why”在从句中修语,先行词通常是“the reason”;有时“why”也可用“for+which”代替。

例:A doctor who looks after people's health.主语谓语先行词定语从句修饰先行词五、判断介词和关系代词方法一:用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词;而及物动词后接宾语,则要求用关系代词。

例如:This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.

判断改错:(错)This is the mountain village where I visited last year.

(错)I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.

(对)This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.

(对)I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.

例. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held?A. where B. that C. on which D. the one,解析:主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词where,又因in the museum词组,可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中,介词on 用的不对,所以选A。

关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中做主、宾语时,选择关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whose);先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词(“where”地点状语,“when”时间状语,“why”原因状语)。

SINCE的用法结构及修饰对象

说到since,我们最熟悉的用法或许就是“since前面要用现在完成时态”,其实,since还有其他不同的用法,这些用法容易被大家忽略。本期笔者就来系统梳理since的用法,定会让大家开阔眼界。 since用法的思路体系 下面笔者从两个角度来考察since的用法:一是since后面的结构特点;二是since前面的修饰对象特点(这是本期内容的重点)。笔者先给结论,然后再举例论述。请看下列表格。 从以上表格我们看到,一方面,从since后面所跟的结构特点来看,可以分为三种情况。 a. since后面接一个从句,此时since是连词(conjunction)。 b. since后面接一个名词短语,此时since是介词(preposition)。 c. since后面不接任何东西,而是单独使用,此时since是副词(adverb)。 另一方面,从since前面的修饰对象来看,也可以分为三种情况。 1. 修饰谓语动词:此时作时间状语(本文不讨论since作原因状语的情况),谓语动词的时态多用现在完成时态(have done),但根据语境和时间关系,谓语动词也可能用过去完成时态(had done)。 3. 修饰普通名词:此时作后置定语,普通名词是相对于“最高级名词”而言的。 现在,我们可以把上面两方面因素各三个变量进行排列组合,得出since各种用法的句子。下面一一举例来说明。 since修饰谓语动词 我们首先来看一个例句。 他有生以来遭遇过多次困境。 b. he has faced many difficult situations since last year. 自去年以来,他一直屡遭困境。 c. he began to get into trouble last year and has faced many difficult situations (ever) since. 他去年开始陷入困境,此后一直屡遭窘境。 解析:我们看到,b句中since后面接了名词短语last year,而c句中since后面没有接任何成分,此时也可以说ever since。 另外,值得注意的是,在特定的上下文语境中,since前面可以使用过去完成(进行)时态。请看下面一组例句。 2. a. mr. bin laden has been hiding since 2005. b. mr. bin laden had been hiding since 2005. 解析:a句用现在完成进行时态,这意味着本拉登到现在还没有死亡,仍在潜逃。而实际上,他已经于2011年被击毙,因此为了符合这一实际情形,b句用了过去完成时态来表达。 since修饰“最高级名词” 请比较下面例句。 他有生以来遭遇过多次困境。 他将会遇到有生以来最困难的境况。 他将会遇到从2000年以来最困难的境况。 另外,我们还可以采用“in +时间段”来替换“sin ce +时间点”,用于限定最高级的时间范围。比如,今年是2016年,于是例3的c句中的since 2000就相当于说in 16 years,我们可以把c句改成这样一句话。 他将会遇到16年以来最困难的境况。 英国正遭到60年以来的最严寒的冬天。 在正文中,作者继续详细讲述,又出现了两个“since+时间点”及“in +时间段”与最高级搭配的句子。

since的用法

一.用作介词,意思是“从……以来,自从”,常与完成时连用。 I haven’t written home since Christmas. 自圣诞节以来,我未曾写信回家。 二.用作副词,意思是“从那时以后(一直到现在)”,“其后(到现在之间)”; ever since从那以后一直(更加强调since的用法)。 Things have not changed very much since. 从那时起,情况并没有太大的改变。 His first book was a great success and he has been famous as a writer ever since. 他的第一本书非常畅销,从那时起他就成了一位名作家。 He got a job with the firm in 1970 and has worked there ever since. 他从1970年开始在那家公司任职,之后就一直在那里工作。 三.用作连词 1. 引导原因状语从句,相当于now that,意思是“因为……,既然……,鉴于……”。 Since the rain has stopped,let’s go for a walk. 既然雨停了,我们出去散散步吧。 Since we are young,we shouldn’t be too afraid of making mistakes. 因为我们还年轻,所以不应该太害怕犯错误。 注意:since表示原因时,语气比because弱,表示的原因是对方已知的,或是句中不很重要的部分,是附带的原因,因此引导的从句不是信息的焦点,不能回答why的提问,也不能用在强调句型中作为被强调的内容。since引导的从句往往放在主句之前。 2. 引导时间状语从句,此用法较复杂。 (1) 若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是终止性动词(如go,come,leave,start,begin等)的过去时,则从句表示的时间是“从该动作开始的那一时刻起”。这是最常见的一种用法。如: He has studied very hard since he came to our school. 自从来到我们学校,他学习就非常努力。 Great changes have taken place in our school since you left. 自从你离开这里,我们学校发生了很大的变化。 (2) 若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是持续性动词或表示状态的静态动词(如live,stay,study,learn,smoke,be等)的过去时,则从句表示的时间是“从该动作或状态的完成或结束时算起”。如: I haven’t heard from him since he lived here. 这句话应译为:从他不住这儿起,我一直没有收到他的信。 I haven’t eaten snakes since I was a student at school. was表示状态,因此该句可理解为:I haven’t eaten snakes since I left school. 自从我毕业后就一直没吃过蛇。

人教版英语八年级下册试题since 和 for 的用法(用于现在完成时)

初中英语学习材料 madeofjingetieji since 和for 的用法(用于现在完成时) 表示过去已经开始持续到现在的动作或状态常用的时间状语有:for, since, how long, so far, these days等。 1. since : a).since +时间点①年代②时刻数③一段时间+ago b).现在完成时:主句(主语+have/has +延续性动词的过去分词)+ since +从句一般过去时 c) It’s +时间段+since +短暂性动词的过去式 d).时间段+has passed +since +短暂性动词的过去式 for +一段时间 练习: 用since和for填空 1) ______ two years 2) _______ two years ago 3) _______ last month 4) ______ 1999 5) _______ yesterday 6) _______ 4 o’clock 7) ______ 4 hours 8) _______ an hour ago 9) _______ we were children 10) _____ lunch time 11) ______ she left here 12). He has lived in Nanjing ________ the year before last. 13). I’ve known him __________ we were children. 14). Our teacher has studied Japanese _________ three years. 15). She has been away from the city ___________ about ten years. 16). It’s about ten years __________ she left the city. 2. for: for +一段时间= since +一段时间+ ago 3. 与时间段连用时,短暂性动词应改为相应的延续性动词。 1) come/go to ------ be at /in 2)leave ----be away from 3)buy ----have 4) borrow /lend -----keep 4)open ---be open 5)close---be closed 6) die---be dead 7) start/begin ----be on 8) join—--be in /be a member of /be a soldier 9) become –be 10) fall asleep ---be asleep 11)catch a cold – have a cold 12) have/has gone to → have been in 13) put on → wear14) finish/end → be over 15) marry → be married 练习:.短暂性转换延续性 1) His grandfather died two years ago . His grandfather has ____ ____ for two years. _____two years _____ his grandfather ____. Two years ____ ____ ____ his grandfather _____. 2) I became a teacher in 2000. I ________ __________ a teacher for _________ _________. 3) The shop closed two hours ago. The shop ________ _________ _________ for _________ _________. 4) The door opened at six in the morning. The door ________ ________ ________ for six hours. 5)He left Fuzhou just now. He _______ ________ ________ _________ Fuzhou for five minutes. 6)The film began two minutes ago. The film ____ ____ ____ for ____ ____.How time flies! 7)They borrowed it last week. They _________ _________ it since __________ __________. 8)I bought a pen two hours ago. I _________ _________ a pen for ________ __________. 9)They married in 1990. They ________ _________ __________since _________. 10)The meeting finished at six. The meeting ________ ______ ______ for six hours. 11)My brother joined the army two years ago.

Since so as用法小结

Since 用法小结 一.Since作为介词,后接某一确定的时间点,主句谓语动词是持续性动词,常与现在完成时态、现在完成进行时态或过去完成时态连用.例如: 1、He left the village in 1982 and I haven’t seen him since then.1982年他离开这个村子,从那以后我再没见过他. 2、She’s been working in a bank since leaving school.她中学毕业后就一直在一家银行工作. 3.He had spoken to her only once since the party.自从那次聚会以来,他只跟她说过一次话. 二.Since作为副词,表示从过去以来、以后或到现在的情形或状态,常与现在完成时态连用.例如: 1.He left home two weeks ago and we haven’t heard from him since.他两周前离开了家,到现在我们一直没有他的消息. 2.He came to Zhenjiang 6 years ago and has lived here (ever) since.他6年前来到镇江,从此便住在这里. 三.since引导原因状语从句 作为连词,since可引导原因状语从句,表示因为;既然;鉴于:例如: 1.He didn’t come since he was busy.他因为忙,所以没有来. 2.Since this method doesn’t work,let’s try another.既然这种方法不行,我们就试用另一种吧. 四.Since引导时间状语从句 1.若since引导的状语从句的谓语是终止性动词的过去时,则从句表示的时间是“从动作开始的那一时刻起”.例如:

中考英语:since与for用法

现在完成时态中的since 与for 1. 实例: We have studied English for more than 2 years. 我们学英语已有两年多时间了。 She has been ill since last Sunday. 她从上周星期天一直病到现在。 2. 用法说明: (1) 介词for 短语表示一个时间段,指某个动作或情况到现在为止已持续了多久,提问时用how long;since 作为介词,接一个时间名词,作为连词,引导一个时间状语从句(从句动词一般是短暂性动词),since 表示“自…以来”,指某个动作或情况从过去某一点时间一直持续到现在,因此,与for 或since 引出的时间状语连用的句子(或主语)谓语动词必须是持续性的(如上面两句中的动词study 和be) (2) 英语中有些动词的意义不能持续,表示的是一瞬间就结束的动作,这些动词被称为非持续性动词或短暂性动词,常见的如come, leave, go, lose, see, begin, start, arrive, bec ome, die, buy, borrow, close, join, reach, fall, get up 等。这类动词可以用于完成时态,但在肯定句中不能与表示动作延续的时间状语for 或since 短语连用。如:正:He has come back. 他已回来。 误:He has come back for three days. 若要表示“他回来已三天了”这样的意思,可以将动词改为延续性动词,或改变时间状语,或改用别的句型等,如译为: He has been back for three days. (改变谓语动词) He has been back since three days ago. (改变谓语动词) He came back three days ago. (改变时间状语及动词时态) It’s three days since he came back. (改变句型) (3) 非持续性动词用于完成时态,在肯定句中不能与for 或since引出的短语(或句子)连用,但在否定句中是可以的,因为一个非延续性动词一旦被否定即成为状态,而状态总是可以延续的。如:(https://www.doczj.com/doc/899653444.html,) I haven’t seen him for a long time. 我很久没见到他了。 He hasn’t come here for some time. 他有段时间没来了。 I haven’t heard from her since she left. 自他离开以后,我一直没收到她的来信。

since的用法

It is +一段时间+since…的句型与It has been +一段时间+since…意思相同,since从句用现在完成时。前者是规范说法,后者是口语说法。 It was+一段时间since从句就用过去完成时。 一、若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是终止性的过去时 He has studied very hard since he came to our school.自从他来到我们学校,他学习就非常努力。 We have been missing them since they left here自从他们离开这里,我们就一直很想念他们。It has rained a great deal since you left.你走之后下了好多雨。 We have resided in Shanghai since we parted.自从分手以后,我们一直住在上海。 这是最常见的一种用法,此处不再多述。 二、若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是延续性动词或表示状态的动词的过去式时 I haven’t heard any noise since I slept.这句应译为“我醒后还未听到任何声音”。 John is now with his parents in New Y ork, it is already three years since he was a teacher约翰现在和父母一起住在纽约,他不当教师已经三年了。 It's two years since I smoked我戒烟已经两年了。 How long is it since you lived in Shanghai?你离开(没住在)上海多久了? It is half a month since he was a League member.他退团(不当团员)半个月了。 It’s been quite some time since I was last in London我离开伦敦已很长时间了。 It has been so long since we were all together. 好久我们没有在一起团聚了。 It is a week since he was in hospital.他出院已有一星期了。 比较: He has written to me frequently since I was ill.自从我病愈以来,他屡次给我写信。(从句谓语为状态动词) He has written to me frequently since I fell ill.自从我生病以来,他就屡次给我写信。(从句谓语为终止性动词) 三、若since引导的状语从句的谓语为持续性动词的现在完成时 I haven’t heard from him since he has lived there。这里has lived表示动作的持续性,时间的起点应从:“开始居住”时算起。因此此句可理解为“自从他(开始)住在那儿起,我就一直没收到他的来信”。 Since we have owned a car, we have gone camping every year。自从我们自己有了汽车,我们每年都去野营。 试比较: Since I’ve been at this school, we have had three headmasters.自从我到这所学校,我们已换了三个校长了。 Since I was at this school, they have had three headmasters.自从我离开这所学校,他们已换了三个校长了。 He has never been to see me since I have been ill. 自从我生病以来,他从未来看过我。 He has never been to see me since I was ill. 自从我病愈以来,他从未来看过我。 四.since与ever连用时,延续性动词的一般过去时充当从句的谓语

Since-和-for-的用法及区别

S i n c e-和-f o r-的用 法及区别 -CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN

Since 和 for 的用法及区别: 一,since 的四种用法 1,since + 过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、ago. 1990 , last month , half past six I have been here since 1990. 1990起,我一直在这儿。 2,since+ 一段时间+ago I h a v e b e e n h e r e s i n c e f i v e m o n t h s a g o。自从五个月前,我已经在这儿了。 3,since+从句Great Changes have taken place since you left. 自从你走后,已经发生了很大的变化。 4,It is +一段时间+since从句 I t i s t w o y e a r s s i n c e I b e c a m e a n E n g l i s h t e a c h e r.我成为英语老师有两年了。 二,Since 和for区别 1,Since +时间点,具体时间 “自从、、、、以来,从、、、以后”用来说明动作起始时间 I have been in Beijing since 2010. 2,For + 时间段,用来说明动作延续时间长度,因此句中的谓语动词,也应该是延续性动词。 I have been in Beijing for one year。 We have learnt English for about three years. I have been here for 3 days. (对) I have arrived here for 3 days.(误) 三,延续性动词和终止性动词的概念 英语中,动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短,可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。 延续性动词 表示能够延续的动作,这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如:

since用法小结.doc

v1.0可编辑可修改 Since 用法小结 一.Since 作为介词,后接某一确定的时间点,主句谓语动词是持 续性动词,常与现在完成时态、现在完成进行时态或过去完成时态连用。例如: 1 、He left the village in 198 2 and I haven’t seen him since年他离开这个村子,从那以后我再没见过他。 2 、She’s been working in a bank since leaving school. 她中学毕业后就一直在一家银行工作。 had spoken to her only once since the party.自从那次聚会以来,他只跟她说过一次话。 二. Since 作为副词,表示从过去以来、以后或到现在的情 形或状态,常与现在完成时态连用。例如: 1 .He left hometwo weeks ago and we haven’t heard from him since.他两周前离开了家,到现在我们一直没有他的消息。 2 .He came to Zhenjiang 6 years ago and has lived here (ever) since.他6年前来到镇江,从此便住在这里。 三. since 引导原因状语从句

作为连词, since 可引导原因状语从句,表示因为;既然; 鉴于:例如: 1 .He didn ’t come since he was busy.他因为忙,所以没有来。 2 .Since this method doesn’t work,let ’s try another. 既然这种方法不行,我们就试用另一种吧。 四. Since 引导时间状语从句 1 .若 since 引导的状语从句的谓语是终止性动词的过去时, 则从句表示的时间是“从动作开始的那一时刻起”。例如: He has studied very hard since he came to our school. 自从他来到我们学校,他学习就非常努力。 We have been missing them since they left here自从他们离开这里,我们就一直很想念他们。 2 .若 since 引导的状语从句的谓语动词是持续性动词或表示状态动词的过去时时,则从句表示的时间是“从动作或状态结束时算起”。例如:

现在完成时Since和for的用法

现在完成时Since和for的用法 Since 和for 的用法 表示过去已经开始持续到现在的动作或状态常用的时间状语有:for, since, how long, so far, these days等。 Since+过去点的时间,for+一段时间(数词+量词),此划线部分用how long提问。 一、since短语或从句表示过去的动作延续至今,since之后的时间为一点。如: Mr. Smith has worked here since 1984. 1984年以来,史密斯先生一直在这工作。 He’s learned about 5,000 English words since he went to college. 他上大学以来大约学了五千个英语单词。 二、for短语表示动作延续多长时间,for的宾语为时间段。如: We have known each other for twenty years. 我们认识有二十年了。 I haven’t seen her for a long time. 我好久没有见到她了。 练习:用since和for填空 1) ______ two years 2) _______ two years ago 3) _______ last month 4) ______ 1999 5) _______ yesterday 6) _______ 4 o’clock 7) ______ 4 hours 8) _______ an hour ago 9) _______ we were children 10) _____ lunch time 11) ______ she left here 1. He has lived in Nanjing ________ the year before last. 2. I’ve known him __________ we were children. 3. Our teacher has studied Japanese _________ three years. 4. She has been away from the city ___________ about ten years. 5. It’s about ten years __________she left the city. 2.短暂性转换延续性

英语人教版八年级下册since 和 for的用法

藤县第三中学微课设计模板(参考使用) 录制时间: 2016年6月15日微课时间:7.54分钟微课名称for 和 since的用法 知识点描述for 和 since 在现在完成时态中的用法 知识点来源学科:英语年级:八年级教材:人教版章节:第十单元页码: 73 □不是教学教材知识,自定义:是 基础知识听本微课之前需了解的知识: 现在完成时态的用法以及for和since定义和用法 教学类型√□讲授型□问答型√□启发型□讨论型√□演示型□联系型□实验型□表演型□自主学习型□合作学习型□探究学习型□其他 适用对象学生:本微课是针对本学科平时成绩多少分的学生? □40分以下□40-60分□60-80分 √□80-100分□100-120分□120-150分 教师:□班主任□幼儿教师√□普通任课教师□其他其他:√□软件技术□生活经验□家教□其他 设计思路这是语法课,因此我用归纳法讲解,通过例子,然后总结,再比较,最后得出结论。 教学过程 内容画面时间 一、片头(20秒以内)内容:您好,这个 微课重点讲解辨 析for和since的 用法 第 1 至张PPT 2秒 二、正文讲解(4分20秒左 右)第一节内容:辨析 for和since的用 法 第 2 至11 张PPT 315 秒 第二节内容:典型 例子 第 12 至 14张PPT 116 秒

第三节内容:总结内容第 15 至张PPT 40 秒 三、结尾(20秒以内)内容:感谢大家能 认真的听完这个 微课,希望大家回 去后多做练习加 以巩固。 第 16至张PPT 1 秒 教学反思(自我评价)本微课通过用PPT的方式讲解了for和since的用法,因为是辨析两个单词的用法,因此我用了归纳法进行讲解,让学生在例子中发现规律,然后进行总结。但是,在讲解的过程中,我所举的例子可能太少了,给学生思考和练习的时间也很少,中等以下的学生可能对知识点还不是很理解。通过这节微课,我觉得在以后教学中,我要认真分析学生的认知能力,顾及大部分学生,然后寻找更好的教学方法,或者在讲解释可以使用多种方法,归纳法或者演绎法等,让学生理解所教授的内容。另一个不足之处是,我在制作课件的时候并没有很好地运用多媒体技术,因此,在以后的教学中,我还要多学习多媒体在教学中的运用。

Since-和-for-的用法及区别

一,since 的四种用法 1,since + 过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、ago. 1990 , last month , half past six I have been here since 1990. 1990起,我一直在这儿。 2,since+ 一段时间+ago I h a v e b e e n h e r e s i n c e f i v e m o n t h s a g o。自从五个月前,我已经在这儿了。 3,since+从句Great Changes have taken place since you left. 自从你走后,已经发生了很大的变化。 4,It is +一段时间+since从句 I t i s t w o y e a r s s i n c e I b e c a m e a n E n g l i s h t e a c h e r.我成为英语老师有两年了。 二,Since 和for区别 1,Since +时间点,具体时间 “ 自 I have been in Beijing since 2010. 从 、以来,从、、、以后”用来说明动作起始时间 2,For + 时间段,用来说明动作延续时间长度,因此句中的谓语动词,也应该是延续性动词。 I have been in Beijing for one year。 We have learnt English for about three years. I have been here for 3 days. (对) I have arrived here for 3 days.(误) 三,延续性动词和终止性动词的概念 英语中,动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短,可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。 延续性动词 表示能够延续的动作,这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如: learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep,

since引导的状语从句的用法讲解

since引导的状语从句的用法讲解 一、若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是终止性的过去时,则从句表示的时间是“从动作开始的那一时刻起”。如:He has studied very hard since he came to our school.自从他来到我们学校,他学习就非常努力。We have been missing them since they left here自从他们离开这里,我们就一直很想念他们。这是最常见的一种用法,此处不再多述。二、若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是持续性动词或表示状态的动词的过去时时,则从句表示的时间是“从那持续动作或状态结束时算起”。如:I haven’t heard any noise since I slept. Sleep 为持续性动词,sleep的动作结束时,即“醒来”时,这句应译为“我醒后还未听到任何声音”。三、若since引导的状语从句的谓语为持续性动词的现在完成时,则表示动作和状态延续到现在(说话时刻),其表示的时间的起点应从动作发生之时算起。如:I haven’t heard from him since he has lived there。这里has lived表示动作的持续性,时间的起点应从:“开始居住”时算起。因此此句可理解为“自从他(开始)住在那儿起,我就一直没收到他的来信”。至于It is +一段时间+since…的句型与It has been +一段时间+since…意思相同。前者是规范说法,后者是口语说法。应注意的是,在这种结构中,since 引导的从句绝对不能用否定式的谓语动词来表示否定意义,下面两句都错了:It is a long time since he didn’t study English. It’s two months since you didn’t come to see me. 正确的说法为:It’s a long time since he studied English 他好久没学英语了。You

since和for的区别

A for与表示一段时间的短语连用:for six days六天for a long time 很久 for与一般过去时连用,表示一段终结了的时间:We lived there for ten years.我们在那里住过十年。(但我们现在不住那里了) for与现在完成时连用表示延续到现在的一段时间:We have lived in London for ten years.我们在伦敦已经住了十年。(并且还住在那里) for有时可以省略,特别是在be,live和wait之后:We’ve been here an hour/two days.我们在这里已经呆了一小时/两天了。 表示时间的for不能用于以all开头的短语的前面:They’ve worked all night.他们整整干了一晚上。 B since与某一时刻连用,表示从那一时刻到说话时为止。除下文D与第188节所述外,它总是与完成时态连用。She has been here since six o’clock.从6点钟起她一直在这里。(并且现在还在这里) We’ve been friends since our schooldays.从上学的时候起我们就是好朋友了。 C注意:last和the last之间存在着差别。比较:(a)I have been here since last week(month,year etc.). 我从上周(上月、去年等)起一直在这里。(b)I have been here for the last week.过去一周内我一直在这里。 第一句里last week意指大约七天前的某一时刻,而第二句的the last week却意指刚刚结束的七天长的时间。 D since+从句也可表示相同的意思:I’ve worked here since I left school.离开学校后我就一直在这里工作。 ever since作副词用:He had a bad fall last year and has been off work ever since.他去年摔伤了,从那以后就没工作过

since用法

一: 1ever since you left me自从你离开了我 i've been try to hide the pain.我一直在掩饰内心的伤痛 用法,一般就是可用在句首,自从的意思. 2主句用现在完成时,从句用一般过去时 eg. Ever since he moved to London, i haven`t seen him. ever since用在句尾时,所表达的时间应在上文中交待出来或是听话者知道的那个时间:"就从那时起,一直到现在" 二: since的用法主要有两点:一是表示“自从……以来”,二是表示“既然”之意。但如果只了解词的含义,而不了解其用法,在使用时就会造成错误。例如:I have not heard from him since I lived in Shanghai. 不少人会望文生义,将该句译为:“自从我住在上海以来,就再也没有收到他的信了。”而实际上这个句子的译文并非如此,那么正确的含义是什么呢? 下面谈谈since作连词引导时间状语从句的用法。 一、若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是终止性的过去时,则从句表示的时间是“从动作开始的那一时刻起”。如: He has studied very hard since he came to our school.自从他来到我们学校,他学习就非常努力。 We have been missing them since they left here自从他们离开这里,我们就一直很想念他们。 这是最常见的一种用法,此处不再多述。 二、若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是持续性动词或表示状态的动词的过去时时,则从句表示的时间是“从那持续动作或状态结束时算起”。如: I haven’t heard any nois e since I slept. Sleep 为持续性动词,sleep的动作结束时,即“醒来”时,这句应译为“我醒后还未听到任何声音”。 John is now with his parents in New York, it is already three years since he was a teacher约翰现在和父母一起住在纽约,他不当教师已经三年了。 本文开始出现的那个句子就可以译为“自从我离开上海,就再也没有收到他的信。”这种译法常被人们误用,我们不妨再多举几个例子看看: How long is it since you lived in Shanghai?你离开(没住在)上海多久了?It is half a month since he was a League member.他退团(不当团员)半个月了。 It’s been quite some time since I was last in London我离开伦敦已很长时间了。 比较:He has written to me frequently since I was ill.自从我病愈以来,他屡次给我写信。(从句谓语为状态动词) He has written to me frequently since I fell ill.自从我生病以来,他就屡次给我写信。(从句谓语为终止性动词) 三、若since引导的状语从句的谓语为持续性动词的现在完成时,则表示动作和状态延续到现在(说话时刻),其表示的时间的起点应从动作发生之时算起。如:

Since 的4种用法

Since 的4种用法 1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last mon th, half past six)。 I have been here since 1989. 2) since +一段时间+ ago I have been here since five months ago. 3) since +从句 Great changes have taken place since you left. Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here. 4) It is +一段时间+ since从句 It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 大学教参中since 与延续动词连用的解释 在全新版《大学英语》(上海外语教育出版社)第一册第三单元Understanding S cience练习中有这么一句: The science people learn in school can provide the basic framework. But the rate of scientific progress is now so rapid that there are always new developments that have occurred since one was at school or university.学生对句中since-从句的用法颇感困惑,如译为"自从我们在学校或大学里"似乎与前句意思上有矛盾。不错,是有矛盾,内容与形式的矛盾。这里涉及到since-从句和持续性动词的用法问题。本文着重分析这个问题。 I haven't seen him since he left Shanghai. I've been waiting since the plane landed. She has worked in that company since she came to this city. He has been studying linguistics since he went to the United States. 这里,在主句是现在完成时,从句是一般过去时的条件下,since-从句连接非持续性动词,其动作的发生或结束于瞬息之间同时完成,动词的语法形式和其词义相一致,具有肯定的意义,可以照字面意思翻译。而同样的条件下,since-从句和持续性动词连用,就会出现动词的语法形式和其词义不一致的情况,也就是说,持续性 动词的一般过去时,表示动作或状态的结束,其含义恰好和动词的词义相反,因而

since 和 for 的用法

since 和for 的用法(用于现在完成时) 表示过去已经开始持续到现在的动作或状态常用的时间状语有:for, since, how long, so far, these days等。 1. since : a).since +时间点①年代②时刻数③一段时间+ago b).现在完成时:主句(主语+have/has +延续性动词的过去分词)+ since +从句一般过去时 c) It’s +时间段+since +短暂性动词的过去式 d).时间段+has passed +since +短暂性动词的过去式 for +一段时间 练习: 用since和for填空 1) ______ two years 2) _______ two years ago 3) _______ last month 4) ______ 1999 5) _______ yesterday 6) _______ 4 o’clock 7) ______ 4 hours 8) _______ an hour ago 9) _______ we were children 10) _____ lunch time 11) ______ she left here 12). He has lived in Nanjing ________ the year before last. 13). I’ve known him __________ we were children. 14). Our teacher has studied Japanese _________ three years. 15). She has been away from the city ___________ about ten years. 16). It’s about ten years __________ she left the city. 2. for: for +一段时间= since +一段时间+ ago 3. 与时间段连用时,短暂性动词应改为相应的延续性动词。 1) come/go to ------ be at /in 2)leave ----be away from 3)buy ----have 4) borrow /lend -----keep 4)open ---be open 5)close---be closed 6) die---be dead 7) start/begin ----be on 8) join—--be in /be a member of /be a soldier 9) become –be 10) fall asleep ---be asleep 11)catch a cold – have a cold 12) have/has gone to → have been in 13) put on → wear14) finish/end → be over 15) marry → be married 练习:.短暂性转换延续性 1) His grandfather died two years ago . His grandfather has ____ ____ for two years. _____two years _____ his grandfather ____. Two years ____ ____ ____ his grandfather _____. 2) I became a teacher in 2000. I ________ __________ a teacher for _________ _________. 3) The shop closed two hours ago. The shop ________ _________ _________ for _________ _________. 4) The door opened at six in the morning. The door ________ ________ ________ for six hours. 5)He left Fuzhou just now.

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