Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:
1. General linguistics studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.( )
True
2. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.( )
True False
3. Language is entirely arbitrary.( )
True False
4. English is a typical tone language.( )
True False
5. Compounding is the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.( )
True False
6. Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.( )
True False
7. The naming theory of meaning was proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato.( )
True False
8. The notion of context is not important to the pragmatic study of language.( )
True
False
9. A Creole language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community.( )
True
False
10. Some languages are superior to other languages.( )
True False
及 1 籾: B及 2 籾: C
及 4 籾: D及 5 籾: C
及 7 籾: B及 9 籾: D
及10籾: C
Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement.
1. ______ deals with how language is acquired, understood and produced.
A、Sociolinguistics
B、Psycholinguisitics
C、Pragmatics
D、Morphology
2. The pharynx refers to the space of cavity between the larynx and the end of ______.
A、tongue
B、hard palate
C、soft palate
D、vocal cords
3. The vowel [u:] in [fu:d] (food) is ______ vowel.
A、back
B、front
C、unrounded
D、central
4. Two words that are ＾opposite￣in meaning are called ______.
A、synonyms
B、homonyms
C、antonyms
D、homophones
5. The morpheme ＾vision￣in the common word ＾television￣is a(n) _______.
A、bound morpheme
B、bound form
C、inflectional morpheme
D、free morpheme
6. Modern English has a much weaker case marking system. Its sentences have to follow a basic order of ______.
A、SVO
B、VOS
C、SOV
D、OSV
7. ______ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.
A、Semantics
B、Pragmatics
C、Sociolinguistics
D、Psycholinguistics
8. Morphemes that represent ＾tense￣, ＾number￣, ＾gender￣, ＾case￣and so forth are called ______ morphemes.
A、inflectional
B、bound
C、free
D、derivational
9. Application of the transformational rules yields ______ structure.
A、phrase
B、deep
C、prelexical
D、surface
10. ______ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations.
A、Slang
B、Address terms
C、Registers
D、Education varieties
1. ______ is formed by a narrowing of the air passage at some point so that the air in escaping makes a kind of hissing sound.
A、A plosive
B、A fricative
C、An affricate
D、Laetrile
2. The vowel [i:] in [fi:d] is a ______ vowel.
A、close front unrounded
B、close back unrounded
C、open front rounded
D、close back rounded
3. ______ covers the study of language use in relation to context, and in particular the study of linguistic communication.
A、Sematics
B、Pragmatics
C、Sociolinguistics
D、Stylistics
4. The fact that ability to speak a language is transmitted from generation to generation by a process of learning, and not genetically is usually referred to as ______.
A、performance
B、language acquisition
C、cultural transmission
D、competence
5. Of all the speech organs, the _____ is / are the most flexible.
A、mouth
B、lips
C、tongue
D、vocal cords
6. ______ is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified by shared linguistic system.
A、A speech community
B、A race
C、A society
D、A country
7. ______ made the distinction between langue and parole.
A、Chormsky
B、Saussure
C、Sapir
D、Hall
8. Morphemes such as ＾-er￣, ＾-en￣, ＾dis-￣and so forth are called ______ morphemes.
A、inflectional
B、derivational
C、free
D、bound
9. Transformational rules do not change the basic ______ of sentences.
A、form
B、structure
C、sound pattern
D、meaning
10. ______ are written identically but sound differently.
A、Homographs
B、Homohphones
C、Homonyms
D、Synonyms
忝栽膳楼
Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement.
1. ______ variation of language is the most discernible and definable in speech variation.
A、Regional
B、Social
C、Stylistic
D、Idiolectal
2. The sound [s] and [z] are the results of air escaping under frication between tongue and ______ before
passing through the teeth.
A、hard palate
B、uvula
C、alveolar ridge
D、soft palate
3. ______ studies how sounds are put together to convey meaning in communication.
A、Phonology
B、Morphology
C、Lexicology
D、Phonetics
4. Modern linguistics, i.e., linguistic study carried out in this century is mostly ______, that is, it describes
and analyses language.
A、descriptive
B、prescriptive
C、synchronic
D、diachronic
5. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its ______.
A、syntax
B、vocabulary
C、grammar
D、accent
6. The study of linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called ______.
A、phonology
B、morphology
C、syntax
D、semantics
7. ______ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straight forward grammatical rules, used as
a medium of communication.
A、Lingua franca
B、Creole
C、Pidgin
D、Standard language
8. ______ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.
A、Linguistic geography
B、Applied linguistics
C、Sociolinguistics
D、Comparative linguistics
9. The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in ______ and vocabulary.
A、structure
B、grammar
C、usage
D、pronunciation
10. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called _____.
A、minimal pairs
B、allophones
C、phones
D、allomorphs
及 2 籾: C及 5 籾: D
及 6 籾: D及 7 籾: C
及 8 籾: B及 9 籾: D
及10籾: B
查看文章 【收藏】北京大学中文系推荐免试研究生必读书目读后有感 2009-09-29 11:07 北京大学要求不严，北京大学中文系要求不严，它崇尚的是一种学习的自由。但学习在那种大师和名校的气氛中，学习在那种图书众多和无数讲座的亲切交谈中，你自己就已经沐浴在她的朝霞中，你自己就已经在鞭策自己不要辜负了这个学校的名字和那些已逝的大师。 北京大学中文系接受全国优秀免试生为直升研究生，但要经过严格的面试和笔试进行选拔，在北京大学中文系的校园网上它挂出了这些书目。看着这些书目我觉得自己读书是如此的浅薄和单一。我想，与我有同一感想的朋友颇多，遂把它陈列出来，作为我们的参考。 古语有云：修身齐家治国平天。又云，达则兼济天下，穷则独善其身。诸葛亮说：非淡泊无以名志，非宁静无以致远。然后在浮躁的今天，这已经是我们可望不可及的梦想，或者是想像古代文人读书的一种渴望方式。也许，多读几本书还是可以享受一下自己的乐趣，陶冶自己的情操。所以我们不妨读读北京大学中文系的推荐书目，尤其是致力于考研究生的朋友。 很多书我们无法在短时间里面读完，这不要紧，把书名、作者、出版社能够顺利背出来，这也是一件很好的事情。古代很多士大夫的学习和钻研就是从背篇目开始。 附录： 文艺学专业必读书目（推荐免试学生使用） 1．《文心雕龙注》上下范文澜注人民文学出版社 2．《文心雕龙研究史》张少康汪春泓等著北京大学出版社 3．《文学理论的未来》（美）拉尔夫﹒科恩主编中国社会科学出版社4．《苏联文学学学派》彭克巽主编北京大学出版社 5．《路德维希﹒费尔巴哈和德国古典哲学的终结》恩格斯著 人民出版社 6．《批评理论和叙事阐释》詹姆逊文集2 中国人民大学出版社 2004年 7．《文学理论学导论》董学文著北京大学出版社 8．《中国文艺理论百年教程》毛庆耆等著广东高等教育出版社 9．《叙事学与小说文体学研究》申丹著北京大学出版社 10．中外经典文学名著三部 语言学及应用语言学专业必读书目（推荐免试学生使用） 1．《语法答问》朱德熙 2．《现代汉语语法研究》朱德熙 3．《中国文法要略》吕叔湘 4．《汉语语法分析问题》吕叔湘 5．《汉语语法论》高名凯 6．《上古音研究》李方桂 7．《汉语语音史》王力 8．《现代语言学教程》霍凯特
现代语言学词汇表 A abbreviation缩写法acculturation语言文化移入acoustic phonetics声学语言学acronym词首字母缩略词address term称谓语addresser发话人addressee受话人adjacency毗邻 Adjacency Condition毗邻条件Adjacency Parameter毗邻参数Affix词缀 Affixation加词缀法Affricate塞擦音Afroasiatic非亚语系agreement rule一致关系规则allophone音位变体alveolar齿龈音 alveolus齿龈 angular gyrus角形脑回antonymy反义现象antonym反以词 apocope词尾音脱落aphasia失语症 aphasic失语症患者 applied linguistics应用语言学arbitrariness任意性argument论元 articulatory phonetics 发音语音学 articulatory variable发音变项aspiration送气assimilation同化approximation近似化auditory phonetics听觉语音学Austronesian…语系 B Babbling咿呀学语 back-formation逆向构词法back vowel后元音 Behaviorism行为主义 Behaviorist learning theory 行为主义学习理论 Behaviorist Psychology行为主义 心理学 Bilabial双唇音 Bilingualism双语现象 Black English黑人英语 Blending混合法 Borrowing借用 bound morpheme黏着语素 brain lateralization 大脑左右半球侧化 branching node分叉点 broad transcription宽式音标 Broca’s area布罗卡区 C caretaker speech保姆语 case格 Case Condition格条件 case marking格标志 causative verb使役动词 central vowel中元音 cerebral cortex大脑皮层 cerebral plasticity大脑弹性 channel渠道 classical language古典语言 clipping略写法 closed class word封闭类词 code代码 code-switching代码切换 cognate同源词 co-hyponyms并列下义词 coinage创新词 color word色彩词 combinational rule组合规则 commissives承诺类 communicative competence 交际能力 comparative reconstruction 比较重建法 competence语言能力 complement补语 complement construction补足语 complementarity互补性反义现象 complementary distribution 互补分布 complex sentence复合句 componential analysis 成分分析法 components of meaning 意义成分 compound word复合词 compounding复合法 computational linguistics 计算语言学 concept概念 conceptualist view意念观 consonant辅音 constituent成分 constituent structure成分结构 constraint制约 construction结构 content word实词 context语境;上下文 contextualism语境论 Contrastive Analysis对比分析法 conversational implicature 会话含义 co-operative principle合作原则 coordinate sentence并列句 creativity创造性 critical period关键期;临界期 cultural transmission文化传播 D declaration宣告类 deep structure深层结构 dental齿音 derivation派生法 derivational morpheme派生语素
不用买参考书了！大学课本答案网址大全！留着绝对有用，赶紧转吧！ ?分享 ?复制地址 转载自郑静 2010年10月13日 00:13 阅读(1) 评论(0) 分类：为人处世权限: 公开 ?字体：大▼ o小 o中 o大 ?更多▼ o设置置顶 o权限设置 o推荐日志 o转为私密日志?删除 ?编辑 不用买参考书了！大学课本答案大全！--爱死你了！（为什么大四才发现啊）2008-12-18 16:50 |(分类:默认分类)注册可用 公共课程 https://www.doczj.com/doc/8a9729752.html,/forum-6-1.html 新视野大学英语读写教程第四册答案 https://www.doczj.com/doc/8a9729752.html,/thread-7-1-1.html 新视野大学英语读写教程第三册答案 https://www.doczj.com/doc/8a9729752.html,/thread-6-1-1.html 新视野大学英语读写教程第二册答案 https://www.doczj.com/doc/8a9729752.html,/thread-5-1-1.html 新视野大学英语读写教程第一册答案 https://www.doczj.com/doc/8a9729752.html,/thread-4-1-1.html 新视野大学英语视听说答案3-2 https://www.doczj.com/doc/8a9729752.html,/thread-175-1-1.html 新视野大学英语视听说答案3-1 https://www.doczj.com/doc/8a9729752.html,/thread-174-1-1.html 《马克思主义基本原理概论》习题答案参考 https://www.doczj.com/doc/8a9729752.html,/thread-13-1-1.html 全新版大学英语听说教程mp3下载 https://www.doczj.com/doc/8a9729752.html,/thread-11-1-1.html 《马克思主义基本原理概论》复习思考题参考答案
【语言学名著选读】 课型/编号专业选修课/161007251 学时/学分 36/2 课程简介 语言学名著选读是汉语国际教育专业 和汉语言文字学专业的专业必修课。语言学名著选读课属于语言学范畴，主要向学生介绍古今中外在语言学史上有重大贡献的书籍。 教学目的 开设语言学名著选读课，主要目的不光是让学生认识阅读这些名著，更重要的是对语言学的发展脉络有清楚的认识，从而拓宽学生的思路，对于今后的语言学研究有很大帮助。 教学内容 分为两大部分，汉语语言学名著和西方语言学名著。汉语语言学名著包括：《马氏文通》、《中国文法要略》、《新著国语文法》、《现代汉语》、《语法讲义》、《语法答问》等；西方语言学名著包括：《论人类语言结构的差异及对人类精神发展的影响》、《普通语言学教程》、《语言论》、《句法结构》、《现代语言学教程》等。通过泛读这些经典语言学名著，让学生对语言学有整体上的把握，为今后的语言学研究打下基础。 教学方式 课上以教师授课为主，辅以课堂讨论，课后学生阅读名著，做研究报告等形式。 考核方式 论文或考试节课。成绩比例为平时成绩和期中成绩占40%，期末考试成绩占60%。 使用教材 自编讲义。 参考书目 1.马建忠：《马氏文通》，商务印书馆，1983。 2.吕叔湘：《中国文法要略》，商务印书馆，1956。 3.黎锦熙：《新著国语文法》，湖南教育出版社，2007。 4.王力：《中国现代语法》，商务印书馆，1985。 5.朱德熙：《语法讲义》，商务印书馆，2003。 6.朱德熙：《语法答问》，商务印书馆，1985。 7.[瑞士]索绪尔：《普通语言学教程》，商务印书馆，1980。 8.[德]威廉·冯·洪堡特：《论人类语言结构的差异及其对人类精神发展的影响》，商务印书馆，1999。 9.[美]爱德华·萨丕尔：《语言论》，商务印书馆，1985。 10.[美]布隆菲尔德：《语言论》，商务印书馆，1998。 11.[美]乔姆斯基：《句法结构》，中国社会科学出版社，1984。 12.[美]霍凯特：《现代语言学教程》，北京大学出版社，2003。
现代语言学 一绪论 1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language 2 Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics. For example, vowels and consonants. 3 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone. 4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher. 5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.” 6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things. 7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means different context. 8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language. 9Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 二音系学 1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t. 4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 5 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. 6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution. 7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segement which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 8 Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the syllable is prounced with great force than the other or others. 9 tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phoneme; therefore, the tone is a suprasegemental feature. 10 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English{$isbest} 三形态学 1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation.
对外汉语教学考试复习点
对外汉语教学考试复习点： 教学计划：教学计划是根据教育目的和培养目标所制定的全面指导某专业教与学活动的规范性文件。教学大纲：是根据教学计划、以纲要形式制定的、对具体课程的教学目的、教学内容、教学进度和教学方法进行规范的指导性文件。 对外汉语教学：是指对外国人的汉语教学，也包括
第一语言不是汉语的海外华人进行的汉语教学。 中介语：是指在第二语言习得的过程中，学习者通过一定的学习策略，在目的语输入的基础上所形成的以中既不同于其第一语言也不同于目的语、随着学习的进展向目的语逐渐过渡的动态的语言系统。信度：又称可靠性，指测试结果的可靠程度或稳定性，也就是考试成绩是否反映了受试者的实际水
平。 区分度（性）：指测试区分受试者知识和能力差别的性能，是试题的质量标准。泛化：当某一反应与某种刺激形成条件联系后，这一反应也会与其它类似的刺激形成某种程度的条件联系，这一过程称为泛化。对比分析:是将两种语言的系统进行共时比较，以揭示其相同点和不同点的一种语言分析法。 偏误分析：是对学习者在
第二语言习得过程中所产生的偏误进行系统的分析，研究其来源，揭示学习者的中介语体系，从而了解第二语言习得的过程和规律。 语法翻译法的知识要点：概念：又称传统法，是使用学生的母语来教授第二语言/外语，并以系统地教授语法知识为教学基础的一种第二语言/外语教学法。语法——翻译法主张在L2教学过程中学生的
母语语目的语并用，通过翻译和系统那个的语法知识的讲授学习L2。 语法——翻译法是最古老的教学法，最初用来学习古希腊文和拉丁文这类死的语言。盛行于18世纪末。代表人物：德国语言学家奥伦多夫语言学理论基础：机械语言或历史比较语言学心理学理论基础：联想心理学 基本原则和特点：语法是教授L2、外语的基础。
3.What are the branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? (语言学的主要分支是什么。每个分支的研究对象是什么？) Linguistics mainly involves the following branches: 1)General linguistics, which is the study of language as a whole and which deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study 2)Phonetics, which studies the sounds that are used in linguistic communication 3)Phonology, which studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication 4)Morphology, which studies the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words 5)Syntax, which studies how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences 6)Semantics, which is the study of meaning in language. 7)Pragmatics, which is the study of meaning not in isolation, but in the context of use 8)Sociolinguistics, which is the study of language with reference to society 9)Psycholinguistics, which is the study of language with reference to the workings of mind. 10)Applied linguistics, which is concerned about the application of linguistic findings in linguistic studies; in a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. 11)Other related branches are anthropological linguistics(人类语言学), neurological linguistics（神经语言学）, mathematical linguistics （数学语言学）, and computational linguistics（计算机语言学）. 4.What makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? (现代语言学与传统语法有什么区别？) Traditional grammar is prescriptive（规定性）; it is based on "high "(religious, literary) written language. It sets models for language users to follow. But Modern linguistics is descriptive（描述性）; its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language data. It is supposed to be scientific and objective and the task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is "correct" or not. 5.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic（共时性）or diachronic（历时性）? Why? (The description of language at some point in time is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.) Modern linguistics is mainly synchronic, focusing on the present-day language. Unless the various states of a language are successfully studied, it will not be possible to describe language from a diachronic point of view. 6.Which enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writing? Why?在现代语言学里说话或写作哪一个有优先权？为什 么呢？ Modern linguistics gives priority to the spoken language for the following reasons: First, speech precedes writing. The writing system is always a later invention used to record the speech. There are still some languages that only have the spoken form. Then, a larger amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writing. Third, speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language. 7.Saussure 是如何区分语言langue和言语parole的？ (The distinction between langue and parole was made by the famous Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue and parole are French words.) Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation. 8.Chomsky的语言能力competence和语言使用performance各指什么？ (American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between competence and performance.) Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc… Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard (偶然的). 9.How is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance? And what is their difference?索绪尔是如何区分语言和言语类似乔姆斯基的区分能力和表现？和它们的区别是什么？ Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. Their purpose is to single out one aspect of language for serious study. They differ in that Saussure takes a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual. 10.What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?你认为应该怎样用一个良好的，全面的定义来总结语言的特征？Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. First of all, language is a system, i.e. elements of language are combined according to rules. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it refers to. Third, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages. The term “human” is meant to specify that language is human-specific. 11.What features of human language have been specified by Charles Hockett to show that it is essentially different from any animal communication system? 人类语言的甄别性特征是什么？ 1.Arbitrariness（任意性）: (课本答案：a sign of sophistication only humans are capable of) It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. Although language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary. Non-arbitrary words make up only a small percentage of the total number. The arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions. 2.Productivity（创造性）: （课本答案：creativity: animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send）Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con?struction and interpretation of an infinitely large number of sentences, including those they have never said or heard before. 3.Duality（二重性）: （课本答案：a feature totally lacking in any animal communication）It means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds at the lower level and the other of meanings at the higher level. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of individual and meaningless sounds, which can be grouped into meaningful units at the higher level. This duality of structure or dou?ble articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. 4.Displacement（移位性）: （课本答案：no animal can “talk” about things removed from the immediate situation）Language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.
2018南京师范大学外国语言学及应用语言学（外应）考研初试经验 本科国际政治专业，跨考南师大外国语学院外国语学院外国语言学及应用语言学专业，初试总分410，复习那么久有了收获，感谢一直帮助我的那位上一届学姐，这里我也分享一些复习准备的经验，希望对19级考外应或者英语语言文学的学弟学妹们一点帮助。 这个专业对我来说相当于一张白纸，尤其是语言学，所以我开始得比较早，大三寒假确定了考研的学校和专业，上学期开学的时候买好了参考书以及一些复习资料，然后就着手慢慢复习了。前期的进度比较慢，基本上是以看书和做笔记为主，下半学期才进入完全的背记阶段。这里我分科说一下。 1/政治 政治考了68，比我预期的高。虽然我是学政治的，但是真的一点优势也没有（因为我对自己的专业真的一点兴趣也没有，学得也不好），政治可以说是复习得比较不上心的一门。我全程是跟着肖秀荣走的，但是我开始得比较晚，舍友七月份就开始看了，我九月份才开始看精讲精练，中途也断断续续的，最后可以说是赶进度才看完。所以学弟学妹们一定要把握好进度，不要过快也不要过慢。所有的资料都是肖秀荣教授的，从七八月份到十二月份，每个阶段都有每个阶段要看的内容。前期精讲精练一定要看仔细，但不需要完全背诵下来，主要练的是选择题，大题前面不用担心，到十一二月直接背肖四肖八就好。 精讲精练配套的1000题是要做好几遍的，我是看完大概两三章做一次题的，第一遍可以用铅笔写，然后把错题勾出来，再做一遍，最后一个月再把那些错题拿出来反复看。错题的价值是很高的，有些多选题我看了两三遍都还是会错。 大题最后直接背肖四肖八就好啦，肖四是必须要背的，不背写不出来，然后大题的平均分都差不多，所以选择题的正确率决定了最后的分。 2/二外 我的二外是日语，考了92分。日语可以说是救了我，考完专业课的时候真的崩溃，所以总分其实也就是日语捞了我一把。 我本科是外国语大学，然后专业课也没什么兴趣，大一下学期就修了日语双学位并且坚持上完了，三年级上学期准备了N2考试，所以这一门基本上没怎么操心，也没花太多时间。
现代语言学名词解释 现代语言学 一绪论 1 Linguisitics :Linguistics is generally defined as the scientic study of language 2 Phonetics : The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants 3 Phonology” : T he study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone. 4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher. 5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.” 6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things. 7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means d ifferent context. 8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language. 9Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 二音系学 1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t. 4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 5 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. 6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are