Unit one
Stumbling block in intercultural communication
1 在这个国际舞台发生重大变化的时刻，探讨为什么尝试交流的结果却令人失望的原因是必要的，这些原因实际上是跨文化交流中的绊脚石。
It’s appropriate at this time of major changes in the international scene to take a look at some of the disappointing results of attempts at communication. They are actually stumbling block in international communication.
7 本国居民可能会被灌输有这种期望：既然外国人穿着合适，并且能说一些本国话，那么他或她也有同样的非语言的准则、想法和感觉。
The native inhabitants are likely to be lulled into the expectation that ,since the foreign person is dressed appropriately and speak some of the language,he or she will also have similar nonverbal codes ,thoughts and feelings.
8 更糟糕的问题是死死抱住新语言中一个词汇或短语的一种意义，而不顾隐含义和语境。
A worse language problem is the tenacity with which someone will cling to just one meaning of a word or phrase in the new language, regardless of connotation or context.
11 先入为主和程式化思维的现象
第四个绊脚石是先入为主的观念和程式思维现象。如果我们对日本人先有了“难以理解的”成见，那么我们就会如此地解释始终挂在日本人脸上的不合时宜的微笑。阿拉伯人“易激动的”程式化形象，会导致美国学生与他们保持距离，或是当一群活泼的热闹的来自中东地区的人们聚集在一起时，美国学生甚至会提醒当局当心。如果一位教授认为来自印度尼西亚、墨西哥和一些其他国家的每名学生都“爱讨价还价”，那么可能会不公平地把这些国际学生的迟疑或请求理解为他们试图利用优先对待。
The presence of preconception and stereotypes
The fourth stumbling block is the presence of preconceptions and stereotypes. If the label “inscrutable” has preceded the Japanese guest, it is thus we explain the Japanese constant and inappropriate smile. The stereotype that Arabs are “inflammable”may cause the US students to keep their distance or even alert authorities when an animated and noisy group from the Middle East gathers. A professor who expects everyone from Indonesia, Mexico,and many other countries to “bargain”may unfairly interpret a hesitation or request from an international student as a move to manipulate preferential treatment.
15 我却对他迷惑的表情大为一怔，猛然意识到要不是我之前出席过那场研讨会，不然也肯定也会认为今天这多云的天气不那么好，从而也会和团里其他美国游客一样，认同了这位导游的“幽默感”。
I winced at his bewildered expression, realizing that had I come before attending the conference I , also evaluating the weather as “not very good,”would have
shared the group’s inference that he could not be serious.
17 适度的兴奋和积极的态度可以使人满怀精力去应对挑战，但是由于适度的压力不断积累造成高度的兴奋，就会很快耗尽身体储备的能量；不论这个人是否愿意，必然会产生防备心理。
Moderate arousal and positive attitudes prepare one to meet challenges with energy , but high arousal caused by a buildup of continued moderate stress, depletes the body’s energy reserve quickly and defense must be used whether or not the person wills it.
18 两者之中国外人感到更大的威胁。他们感到陌生，易受伤害，对于铺头盖脑而来的大量信息，措手无策。除非他们采取防卫措施，比如回到他们自己的群体或自我当中，剔除或忽视这种刺激，或者变得具有攻击性或抱有敌意，否则他们的自尊所受到伤害会达到不可忍受的地步。这些防卫中的任何一种都不会带来积极有效的交流。
The foreign members of dyads are even more threatened. They feel strange and vulnerable ,helpless to cope with messages that swamp them. Their self-esteem is often intolerably undermined unless they employ such defenses as withdrawal into their own reference group or into themselves, screening out or misperceiving stimuli, or becoming aggressive or hostile. None of these defenses leads to effective communication.
Unit three
How to cook a stepfamily
1 搅拌混合机式：这种心态认为把所有的原料放在一起搅拌混合，最后变成一种均匀的的混合物。
Blender. This mentality assumes all ingredients can be whipped together into one smooth mixture.
2 对继父或继母来说，和一个继子女有着亲密的关系，正在和另一个继子女建立关系，还和年纪较大的那个继子女有一定距离，这些都是很正常的。
It is quite normal for a stepparents to have close bonds with one stepchild, be working on bonds with another, while experiencing a distant relationship with an older child.
13 什么是你的方式呢？那么，如果所有这些整合方式一般都没有什么帮助，那应该采用哪种方法呢？我推荐一种瓦罐煨汤式的方法。选择这种方式的继亲家庭明白，时间和低温能导致一种有效的融合。所有的原料都被一起放到同一个瓦罐里，但每一种原料保持完整，以确保其独一无二的原始品质和特性。慢慢地并用心地去煨，低温加热会让所有的原料开始彼此接触。当原料的汁液开始流到一起，瑕疵被净化掉，每种原料中有益的、令人满意的品质都添加到了口味里，结果就成为一道由不同原料构成的美味的菜肴，这些原料用倾其自身的精华创造出一件
奇妙的作品。
What’s your style? So if all of these integration styles are generally not helpful, what style should be used? I recommend a Crockpot cooking style. Stepfamilies choosing this style understand that time and low heat make for an effective combination. Integration are thrown together in the same pot, but each is left intact,giving affirmation to its unique origin and characteristics. Slowly and with much intention, the low-level heat brings the ingredients into contact with one another. As the juices begin to flow together , imperfections are purified, and the beneficial, desirable qualities of each ingredient are added to the taste. The result is a dish of delectable flavor made up of different ingredients that give off themselves to produce a wondrous creation.
15 继亲家庭需要时间来适应新的居住条件，新的父母家教风格，规矩和责任。他们需要时间来相互体验，产生信任，形成忠诚，创造共同的历史。Stepfamilies need time to adjust to new living conditions, new parenting styles, rules, and responsibilities. They need time to experience one another and develop trust ,commitment, and a shared history.
17 作为一个瓦罐煨汤式的继父，你会过分担心为什么没有迅速地与青春期的继女相处融洽。懂得慢慢来的继父母知道与继子女发展关系的首要法则：让孩子来决定关系的进展。如果他们接收了你，那你就要公开地回报他们的爱。如果她仍跟你保持距离或是很冷淡，那你就找到把握规则，继续生活的方法。但是不要坚持认为孩子会自动接受你的权威和抚爱。
As a crockpot stepfather, you don’t worry excessively about why you are not immediately bonding with your teenage stepdaughter. Slow-cooking stepparents understand the cardinal rule of relationship development with stepchildren: Let the stepchild set the pace for the relationship. If the child is receiving of you, then openly return the child’s affections. If she remains distant or standoffish, find ways of managing rules and getting through life. But do not insist a child automatically accept your authority or physical affection.
19 象这样的小家庭的活动有助于孩子得到与自己生父或生母和亲兄弟姐妹在一起，不受打扰的时间，尊重他们得到自己最爱的人的关注的需要。这也向孩子肯定地表示他们没有失去与自己父亲或母亲接触的机会。
Such a mini-family activity helps children get uninterrupted time with their biological parent and siblings, honoring their need for attention from the ones they love most. It also affirms to children that they have not completely lost access to their parent.
Unit four
Human capital and economic development
4 “人力资本”这一术语让人觉得是剥夺人的个性，在公众的脑海里联想到将人与
机器等同的异化社会。
The term “human capital”suggests to some a depersonalization of individual and is associated in the popular mind with a dehumanizing society that equates men with machine.
7 技能广还便于劳动者在出现新的机会时跨工种、跨行业、跨地区流动，有助于人们重新分配人力资本和实物资本的资源，向效益更高的机会倾斜，甚至预见这种机会的存在。受教育更多的人更能吸收新思想，采用国外技术，提高国内技术，了解中国之外的知识并运用到国内的实际中。
Great skill also facilitates worker mobility across occupation, industries and regions in response to new opportunities, it helps people reallocate resources, both human and physical, toward more productive opportunities, and even to realize that those opportunities exist. More educated people are better able to absorb new ideas, adopt foreign technologies, improve local technologies, and understand and apply knowledge from outside China to local situations.
8 按世界标准，受过大学教育的劳动者的比例仍然偏低，且存在着巨大的地区差别，因此，需要有适合现代发展的教育基础结构。尽管录取比例在增加，但仍然有很大的提高的余地。
By world standards, the percent of college-educated workers is still low and there is substantial regional variability so that the educational infrastructure for modern growth is needed. While enrollment rates ar e increasing, there is still much room for improvement.
9 强调实物资本而忽视人力资本的投资策略，不可能获得从更均衡的投资策略能够产生出的收益。
An investment strategy that emphasizes physical capital over human capital fails to capture the benefits that can arise from a more balanced investment strategy.
11 使这种不平等雪上加霜的是残存的户口政策，这种政策向跨区流动人员的子女征收超出已占家庭总收入的百分之十的正常学费。
This source of inequality is reinforced by the vestiges of houkou(hukou) policy that charges children of interregional immigrant above normal fees that are as large as 10% of total family income just for the right to attend school.
12 各地区学生的支出相差迥异，显而易见它与地方人均产值成正比且可精确估算。出身地偶然性决定学生受教育的质量。
The regional variation in cross section per pupil expenditure is enormous and the positive relationship with provincial GDP per capita is fairly clear and precisely estimated. The accident of birth place determines the quality of schooling received by students.
13 在中学和大学普遍实施的教育收费政策，可能会被证明是一种合理的手段，将稀缺的资源配臵给那些可以从教育获益最多的人。
A policy of charging fees for access to education, which is widespread in secondary and higher levels, can be justified as a way to ration scarce resources to those who might benefit most from education.
14 教育的收益有些并不是个人直接获得的，这些间接受益在中国很有可能是巨大的。比如说，受过更好教育的劳动力队伍会产生新思想。
There are benefits to education that are not directly captured by individuals, and these externalities are likely to be quite large in China. For example, a better educated workforce produces new ideas and knowledge.
15 对政府的活动进行量化评估，剔除坏的投资保留好的投资，实事求是地执行政策，这是至关重要的。通过基于数据的成本效益分析，我们能够更清楚地了解到是应该偏重人力资本项目还是实物资本项目，多大比例才对。
It is important to evaluate government activities on a quantitative basis, to screen the bad investments from the good ones and to conduct policy an a factually informed basis. From cost-benefit analyses grounded in data, we can understand more clearly whether human capital projects or physical projects should be favored, and in what proportions.
16 按照西方国家经济学家将市场工资与教育程度挂钩估算方式，估算中国的教育回报率，会发现回报率在二十世纪90年代只是4%左右。
Estimating the rate of return to education in China in the way economists do in W estern economies, by relating market wages to the level of schooling, one finds that it happened to be about 4% in the 1990s.
18 鼓励教育和职业培训方式之一是给以补贴，这会极大地增加政府开支，也许不可行。最近，高校录取名额急剧增加，但仍然有巨大的提高的空间。
One way to encourage education and job training is to subsidize it, which entails a substantial increase in government expenditure and may not be feasible. Recently, enrollments in colleges have increased dramatically, but there is substantial room for improvement.
19 提高需要政府直接花钱的人力资本的方式之二，是放开人力资本的劳动市场。一个自由的市场会使得像越来越多地主宰中国资本市场和产品市场的那样一种激励机制发挥作用，大大地促进技能培训。
Another way to foster human capital that entails indirect cost to governments is to free up labor markets for human capital. A free market that allows the same kind of incentives to operate as those that increasingly govern capital markets and product markets in China.
Unit five
Gender ,poverty and environment
11 妇女除了在农业方面起到关键的作用外，世界上大多数妇女在拥有、继承或掌控土地以及其它财产方面的权力是不平等的。有性别歧视的继承法和财产拥有法限制了妇女为家庭成员提供长期食品保障的能力，也限制了她们利用土地作为抵押而获得贷款的能力。
Despite women’s key-role in agriculture, most of the world’s women do not equally own, inherit or control land and other property. Discriminatory inheritance and property ownership laws restrict women’s ability to ensure long-term food security for the family, and to get loans using land as collateral.
16 气候的变化极大地加重了疫情。原因是目前该地域的气温能抑制传染病媒介的兹生，而气温的变化将会适宜于这些传染病媒介的繁殖。
例如，由于常暴露于户外污染的空气中，妇女和儿童患呼吸道疾病的机率要大于男性。
Climate change is expected to increase the burden of disease considerably by allowing vectors to breed in latitudes to altitudes where current temperatures prevent them.
For instance, the incidence of respiratory illnesses is considerably higher among women and young children, who are constantly exposed to indoor air pollution, than among men.
22 任何人，从社会属性和空间方位来说，如果他们处在早期的预警系统圈外，他们则有可能遭受更多的疾患痛苦。
Anyone who is located (socially and /or spatially) “out of the loop”of information supplied by early warning systems is likely to suffer more from disasters.
24 将性别融入环境分析或者进行环境分析时考虑性别因素这一前瞻性策略要获得完全的成功取决于三个方面。
The full success of forward-looking strategies for bringing gender into environmental analysis—and vice versa—may hinge on three major areas of activity.
27 第三，提高职能机构的能力，使之能进行与性别相关的环境问题的分析。许多现代环境分析沿用技术/科学模式，主要依赖对生物物理数据的定量分析。另一方面，大部分对性别、环境的研究都沿用社会科学的办法。该方法更多地依赖材料的性质、案例的说明和以个人经验的描述作为证据。这两种分析研究模式的结合将是一个挑战。
Third, improving institutional capacities to incorporate gender-related environmental analysis. Much of modern environmental analysis is framed by the technical/ scientific paradigm and relies mostly on quantitative biophysical data. Much of the work on gender and environment, on the other hand, is framed by a social science approach relying more on qualitative material, case study narratives, and anecdotal evidence. Merging these two paradigms will be a challenge.
English Examination for Graduates (Paper A) 20111229 I. Listening Comprehension (20%) Directions: In this part, you are going to listen to four passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passages and the questions will be read only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Then mark your answer on the Answer Sheet. Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage. 1. A. He read a lot of books on management. B. He made every step safe enough. C. He prepared himself well beforehand. D. He had knowledge for the next phase. 2. A. news reporter B. American dream C. lucky boy D. poor child 3. A. generals B. committees C. armies D. schools 4. A. reading different books B. attending seminars C. listening to audiotapes D. learning on one’s own 5. A. face-to-face contact B. eyeball-to-eyeball contact C. person-to-person contact D. call-to-call contact Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage. 6. A. More and more people take up the habit of smoking. B. There are more smoking women than smoking men in the USA. C. It is good news that more people have given up smoking. D. The U.S. has more smoking people than any other country. 7. A. age, income and education B. age, sex and income C. occupation, income and sex D. occupation, income and education 8. A. City people are less likely to smoke. B. People in rural areas are more likely to smoke. C. Men with higher incomes tend to smoke. D. Well –educated men with high incomes are generally less likely to smoke. 9. A. The situation is quite the same for women as for men. B. Better-educated women are likely to smoke heavily. C. There are more women smokers with low incomes. D. Women with higher incomes and higher education do not tend to smoke. 10. A. The picture about the teenage smokers is similar to that of women smokers. B. The situation among teenagers is quite the same with men. C. High school students are more likely to smoke than college students. D. Farmers? children tend to smoke more. Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage. 11. A. crying one’s goods in the street B. signs with pictures
英译汉重点：Unit 1 (1) Promising are the cross-cultural studies seeking to support Darwin’s theory that facial expressions are universal and researchers found that the particular visible pattern on the face, the combination of muscles contracted for anger, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, happiness is the same for all members of our species, but this seems helpful until it is realized that a person’s cultural upbringing determines whether or not that emotion will be displayed or suppressed, as well as on which occasions and to what degree. 力求证明达尔文关于面部表情是共同的这一理论的跨文化研究给人极大的希望，研究者发现脸部的某些看得见的形状，即因愤怒、恐惧、惊讶、悲伤、厌恶、幸福而紧缩的肌肉组合,我们人类各成员都是一样的。但是这似乎无济于事，只要我们意识到一个人生长的文化决定了这种情感是否会表露或压抑,决定了在何种场合和多大的程度上会表露或压抑。 (2) The stumbling block of assumed similarity is a “troublem,” as one English learner expressed it, not only for the foreigner but for the people in the host country with whom the international visitor comes into contact.正如一个学习英语的人所表达的那样，相似性的假设这个的绊脚石是一个“麻烦”，不仅仅是对于来访的外国人，就连这个外国人接触的东道国的人也都是个问题。 (3) They abstract whatever fits into their personal world of recognition and then interpret it through the frame of reference of their own culture. 他们只提取出那些适合他们认可的个人世界的东西，然后按照他们自身文化为参考系来加以解释。 (4) A worse language problem is the tenacity with which someone will cling to just one meaning of a word or phrase in the new language, regardless of connotation or context. (2008 Paper A) 更糟糕的问题是死死抱住新语言中一个词汇或短语的一种意义，而不顾隐含义和语境。 (5) The confidence that goes with the myth of similarity is much more comfortable than the assumption of differences, the latter requiting tentative assumptions and behavior and a willingness to accept the anxiety of “not knowing.” (2009 Paper A)相信相似性的神话比设想存在差异更让人觉得舒服，因为后者要求试探性的设想和行为并且乐意接受由于“不知”而产生的焦虑。 Unit 3(1) The key to Crockpot stepfamilies is time and low heat. I’ve already stressed the importance of being patient with the integration process and not trying to force love, care, or togetherness. Often, in an attempt to quickly combine various ingredients such as people, rituals, and backgrounds, stepfamilies use the food processor, microwave, pressure cooker, and blender integration styles. 瓦罐煨汤式融合的继亲家庭的关键是温火慢炖。前文我已经强调了整合过程中有耐心，而不强迫关爱、强迫关心、强迫在一起的重要性。通常，为了快速的将诸如人，仪式和背景等原料合并一体，继亲家庭采用食品加工式，微波炉式，高压锅式和果汁机式的融合方式。 (2) Stepfamilies need time to adjust to new living conditions, new parenting styles, rules, and responsibilities. They need time to experience one another and develop trust, commitment, and a shared history. They need time to find a sense of belonging and an identity as a family unit. None of these things can be rushed. (2008 Paper A) 继亲家庭需要时间来适应新的居住环境，新的父母家教风格，规矩和责任。他们需要时间来相互体验，产生信任，形成忠诚，创造共同的历史。他们需要时间来寻找作为一个家庭的归属感和认同感。所有这些都不能操之过急。继亲家庭需要时间来适应新的居住条件，新的父母家教风格，规矩和责任。他们需要时间来寻找作为一个家庭的归属感和认同感。 (3) A watched pot never boils. 心急水不开。 (4) Meredith considered it her “down time” to relax and read a good book, Terry enjoyed playing with friends, while Joe mastered his latest computer game. Meredith会把闲暇时间当作者“工歇时间”，放松自己，读一本好书。Terry喜欢和朋友们一起玩，而Joe则精通又一种最新的电脑游戏。 (5) It is quite normal for a stepparent to have close bonds with one stepchild, be working on bonds with another, while experiencing a distant relationship with an older child. (2009 Paper A) 对继父或继母来说，和一个继子女有着亲密的关系，正在和另一个继子女建立关系，还和年纪较大的那个继子女有一定距离，这些都是很正常的。 Unit 4 (1) When economists first began to measure the sources of economic growth, what previously had been considered an unexplained residual became identified as human capital. 当经济学家开始测定经济发展的因素时，从前被认为是无法解释的剩余因素被决定为人力资本。 (2) The term “human capital” suggests to some a depersonalization of individual and is associated in the popular mind with a dehumanizing society that equates men with machines. “人力资本”这一术语让人觉得是剥夺人的个性，在公众的脑海里联想到将人与机器等同的异化社会。 (3) When we think about an appropriate investment strategy in China, and the development of its regions, it is very important to understand that optimizing over the full portfolio of investment—both human and physical capital—promote the highest rate of growth. 当我们思考在中国的适当投资策略以及各地区发展的时候，十分重要的是要知道，优化人力资本和实物资本投资组合将推动最高速度的发展。 (4) There are benefits to education that are not directly captured by individuals; these externalities are likely to be quite large in China.教育的收益有些并不是个人直接获得的，这些间接受益在中国很有可能是巨大的。 (5) It is important to evaluate government activity on a quantitative basis, to screen the bad investments from the good ones and to conduct policy on a factually informed basis. (2008 Paper A) 对政府的活动进行量化评估，剔除坏的投资保留好的投资，实事求是地执行政策，这是至关重要的。 (6) Labor markets are so distorted that wages do not reflect this true marginal contribution of educated labor to the economy. 劳动市场如此被扭曲，结果工资没有反映出受教育的劳动者对经济的真实的边际贡献。 (7) However, evidence indicates that the true rate of return to education and skill formation is very一high and that the imbalance is symptomatic of a serious distortion of current policy that retards economic development in China. (2009但是，事实表明教育和技术培养的实际回报率非常之高，而且这种（投资的）不平衡是当前政策严重扭曲的典型表现，而这（种不平衡的投资政策）阻碍了中国经济的发展。 Unit 5(1) The synergies between the goals of gender equity, poverty alleviation and environmental sustainability are explored below in terms of addressing poverty, health, climate change, natural disasters and creating sustainable livelihoods by
考研英语翻译技巧之英译汉 汉英互译一直是考研英语中的难点，小编整理英译汉中常涉及的难点提出一些建议，并以实际案例进行解析，帮助大家掌握英译汉的翻译技巧，快速掌握英译汉，为考研成功进行最后的冲刺。 难点 1.多为长难句 英译汉句子平均的单词量在30个左右，而且结构复杂，修饰成分多，考生很容易因没有理清句子结构而造成翻译得南辕北辙的现象。 2.需要联系上下文来理解词义 考研英语的英译汉是给你一篇文章，然后从中划出5个句子，因此就必须把词句的含义放到原文中来理解，切不可断章取义，有的词语翻译出来的意思与其本意可能会有不同，这正是英译汉要考察的要点之一。 建议 首先要拥有一定的单词量，背单词不能只知道其常用的意思，还应知道其作为其它属性或者完全与本意看似不相关的其他含义，这样才能在联系上下文翻译的时候对单词的含义做到触类旁通;其次，要有对长难句的“免疫”能力，可以在做阅读题的时候，把典型的复杂长难句记下来，试着划分句子结构，做到熟能生巧。最后，平时可以多看一些英文文章，培养一下语感，有助于对句子含义的整体把握。 真题解析 Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET(10 points)(2014年考研英语真题Part C) Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music。(46)It is also the reason why when we try to
Unit one Stumbling block in intercultural communication 1 在这个国际舞台发生重大变化的时刻，探讨为什么尝试交流的结果却令人失望的原因是必要的，这些原因实际上是跨文化交流中的绊脚石。 It’s appropriate at this time of major changes in the international scene to take a look at some of the disappointing results of attempts at communication. They are actually stumbling block in international communication. 7 本国居民可能会被灌输有这种期望：既然外国人穿着合适，并且能说一些本国话，那么他或她也有同样的非语言的准则、想法和感觉。 The native inhabitants are likely to be lulled into the expectation that ,since the foreign person is dressed appropriately and speak some of the language,he or she will also have similar nonverbal codes ,thoughts and feelings. 8 更糟糕的问题是死死抱住新语言中一个词汇或短语的一种意义，而不顾隐含义和语境。 A worse language problem is the tenacity with which someone will cling to just one meaning of a word or phrase in the new language, regardless of connotation or context. 11 先入为主和程式化思维的现象
一至五单元翻译题 1.The sum of $20 is【due to you as a bonus】(是你应得的奖金). 2. He had just received a doctorate【in recognition of his contributions to psychology】(以表彰他为心理学作出的贡献). 3. Insurance is only valuable if it【serves a purpose】(达到一种目的). 4. Don’t worry, everything will be【attended to in due course 】(在适当的时候得到处理). 5. This problem should be discussed first, as it 【takes precedence over all the others】(比其他问题都重要). 6. Y ou’ve been promoted? This【calls for a celebration】(需要庆祝一下). 7. The scholar’s mind【thirsted for a few new books 】(渴望一些新书). 8. I am writing to you【with reference to the job opening in your department 】(有关你们部门的工作机会). 9.【Mary has a great diversity of interests】(玛丽有广泛的兴趣爱好), she like sports, travel, photography and making radio sets. 10. The banks have【committed themselves to boosting profits 】(承诺增加利润) by slashing costs. Paragraph One “Business happens 24/7/365, which means that competition happens 24/7/365, as well,”says Haut. “One way that companies win is by getting ‘there’faster, which means that you not only have to mobilize all of the functions that support a business to move quickly, but you have to know how to decide where ‘there’is! This creates a requirement not only for people who can act quickly, but for those who can think fast with the courage to act on their convictions. This needs to run throughout an organization and is not exclusive to management.” “一年365 天，一周7 天，一天24 小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365 天，一周7 天，一天24 小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’！这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。这样，不仅对那些行动快速的人们，也对那些思维敏捷，并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。这需要全公司各部门的运作，而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。” Paragraph Two Lastly, professional status encompasses adherence to ethical standards. Most lawyers find self worth in setting an example—both within the profession and within the larger society—as ethical actors. When management affirms the special respect due to lawyers who act with the utmost integrity and civility in all of their professional dealings, it provides yet another form of compensation. 最后，职业地位包含对职业标准的遵守。很多律师通过在行业内外把自己塑造成一个具有良好职业道德的典范来找到自我价值。对那些在所有职业行为中都表现出极度正直和谦逊有礼的律师们来说，当管理阶层对他们理应受到的特别尊重表示肯定时，便又获得了另一种形式的精神报酬。 Paragraph One The decline goes well beyond recent surveys that show growing complaints about mediocre quality and high prices—no small concern in a country where tourisme gastronomique earned 18 billion euros in 2002, a quarter of all tourist revenues. More and more restaurateurs say that government tax and economic policies are limiting their profits, and thereby hurting their capacity to invest and hire more staff. They have become ensnarred in the red tape for which France is infamous—not to mention edicts from Brussels that affect everything from sales taxes to the bacteria in the Brie. 最近的调查显示越来越多的人抱怨饭菜质量平平，价格昂贵，而法国烹饪的衰落还不止于此。这在法国可不是个小问题，要知道2002年美食旅游为法国创收180 亿欧元，占到全部旅游收入的1/4。越来越多的餐馆老板反映政府的税收和经济政策限制了他们的利润，也就影响了他们投资和雇佣更多人手的能力。束缚他们手脚的是令法国不那么光彩的繁琐拖拉的公事程序，更不要说那些来自欧盟的规定，从销售税到布里乳酪里含细菌的指标统统都在严格的掌控之中。 Paragraph Two Zhejiang cuisine is light and exquisite, and is typical of food from along the lower Y angtze River. One famous dish is West Lake Vinegar Fish, which looks pretty and has the delicate refreshing flavors of nature. Many Chinese restaurants in China, as well as other parts of the world, serve this dish, but often the flavor is less authentic compared to that found in Hangzhou, capital of Zhejiang Province, which has unique access to the fish and water of West Lake. 浙江菜口味清淡，精致玲珑，是长江下游区域菜肴的代表。西湖醋鱼是其中的一道名菜。这道菜鲜美，酥嫩，带着自然的清香。中国乃至世界各地的中餐馆大都能找得到这道菜，但口味往往不及在浙江杭州吃得那般纯正。因为只
1990 年英译汉试题 People have wondered for a long time how their personalities，and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not，or why one is cooperative and another is competitive. Social scientists are，of course，extremely interested in these types of questions. (61)They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet，but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect，the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as‖nature vs. nurture‖. (62)Those who support the ―nature‖side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. (63)That our environment has little， if anything，to do with our abilities，characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme，this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts. Those who support the ―nurture‖ theory，that is，they advocate education，are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist，B.F. Skinner，sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists maintain that，like machines，humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior. Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic，intelligence， offered by the two theories. Supporters of the ―nature‖theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say，they don‘t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand，behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences. (64)Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. In the United States， blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some ―nature‖ proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites. (65)Behaviorists，in contrast， say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy. Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. 1991 年英译汉试题 The fact is that the energy crisis，which has suddenly been officially announced，has been with us for a long time now，and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not，it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (71)The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time，and in any case，the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. (72)New sources of energy must be found，and this will take time，but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on，mankind is going to advance cautiously，and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all. To make the situation worse，there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world‘s population is in sight. Although the birthrate has dropped in some nations，including the United States，the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens. (73)The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this，which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food. Taking all this into account，what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year2001? To begin with，the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years—even here in the United States.By2001，the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million，and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (74)This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields. It seems almost certain that by2001the United States will no longer be a great food exporting nation and that，if necessity forces exports，it will be at the price of belt tightening at home. In fact，as food items will end to decline in quality and decrease in variety，there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (75)Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population
Keys to Paper A (1---65 题每题一分，客观题共65分) 1-10 B D A C B C C D A B 11-20 A B D A C A D C B D 21-30 B D C A B D C A C B 31-45 D A D A B D C A C B C D C A B 46-55 A D C A B A C C D D 56-65 A C D B D A B C C D Part IV 汉译英（评分给正分，每小题都需打分，精确到0.5分） 1. China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forests and places for urban and other uses. (2分) 2. An investigation indicates that non-smoking women living in a smoking family environment for 40 years or still longer will have double risk of developing lung cancer. （2分） 3. In our times, anyone who wants to play an important role in a society as he wishes must receive necessary education. With the development of science, more courses are offered in primary schools and middle schools. Compared with the education in the past, modern education places more stress on practicality. (3 分) 英译汉（评分给正分，每小题都需打分，精确到0.5分） 4. 程式化思维是人们交流的绊脚石，因为它有碍于人们对事物的客观观察。客观观察指人 们敏感地搜寻线索，引导自己的想象更接近他人的现实。（2分） 5. 当经济学家最初探讨经济发展的原因时，他们发现：人们一直认为无法解释的剩余因素是人力资本。人力资本，即人口的技能，是造成各国生产力差距以及地位不平等的一个重要因素。（3分） 6. 下文从解决妇女贫困问题的角度出发，探讨两性平等、减轻贫困和环境的可持续性诸目的之间的协同作用，涉及能源短缺、水资源缺乏、健康、气候变化、自然灾害，以及授予妇女在农业、林业、生态多元化管理领域中的权力使之创造可持续的生存方式等问题。（3分） Part V Summary （20分） 评分标准：主要看考生是否了解概要写作的方法以及能否用恰当的语言来表达。概要一定要客观简洁地表达原文的主要内容，不需要评论，不能照抄原文。具体给分标准为：（1）内容和形式都达标，仅有一二处小错：18-19分。（2）内容缺少一到三点，形式错误不过三处：16-17分。（3）内容欠缺较多，形式错误有五六处：14-15分。（4）内容欠缺较多，形式错误有十来处：12-13分。 Science and Humanity The twentieth century has made greater change to the world, which was brought by the progress in science, than any previous century. Unfortunately, not all these changes did good to the human society. Some of them have done serious damage to mankind and have been even predicted to destroy the whole world someday if out of control. In fact, mankind is not biologically programmed for violent behaviors like war. People are faced with a dilemma in which we would like to see science develop freely, but cannot afford the result of that. It is a