To understand the Chinese culture, you have to know something about the Chinese opera culture. In China, there are many kinds of local operas, among which Peking Opera is a representative one. As an independent opera form, Peking Opera was approximately born between 1840 and I860. Peking opera originated from absorbing the essentials of other local operas. In Peking Opera there is a clear division of roles; the spoken parts are in Beijing dialect; and huqin, is the main accompaniment instrument. Since Peking Opera has combined the cream of various local operas, it is enjoyed not only by Beijing audience, but also by people all over the country.
难点精析
1.要了解中国文化，就应该对中国的戏曲文化有所了解：该句没有给出明确的主语，因而在翻译时要注意：增译主语you。“中国的戏曲文化”可译为the Chinese opera culture。
2.中国地方戏种类很多，其中京剧是一个具有代表性的剧种：该句在翻译时可以采用非限定性定语从句结构。该句可译为：In China, there are many kinds of local operas, among which Peking Opera is a representative one.注意此处为了避免在前后分句中重复使用名词opera而在后半句中使用了名词性替代词 one。
3.京剧是在吸收其他地方戏营养的基础上形成的：“在……的基础上形成”如果直接译为be formed on the I basis of...会稍显生硬，因而可以灵活译为originate from...。“地方戏”可以直译为local opera。
4.念白：“念白”指的是中国戏曲中人物的独白或者两者的对话，因而此处在翻译时可将其灵活译为the I spoken parts。
5.胡琴：这一特有名词在英文中并没有直接对应的词汇或表达，因而可以采用汉语拼音表示。
6.它不仅为北京的观众所钟爱，也受到全国人民的喜爱：“不仅 也 ”常用not only…but also…来表达。此处句中的“钟爱”和“喜爱”同义，在翻译后半部分内容时可以将与前半部分重复的内容省略，故该部分内容可译为：it is enjoyed not only by Beijing audience, but also by people all over the country。
“天助自助者”一条老生常谈的座右铭，体现了浩瀚人生经验的一孔之见。个人得以真正发展的全部真谛均植根于自助精神，这种精神在人世百态中展现，构成了民族生机与力量的真正源泉。外来的帮助经常事倍功半，而内在的帮助总是给人以活力。无论帮人民或社会阶层做了什么，在某种程度上都削弱了他们凡事需自立的动力与必要性。如对一方人民引导太多、管辖过头，必然的趋势是置他们于一个相对而言不可救药的境地。
“God hepls those who helps themselves,”acommonplace motto,reflects the narrow view of thevast life experience.Getting individuals' realdevelopment is rooted in the self-help spirit w
hichhas demonstrated in all aspects of the humanworld,which constitutes the nation's true source of vitality and strength.Outside help is oftenless effective,but there are always inherent to help give people energy.Whether what hasbeen done to help the people or social class,to some extent,has weakened self-motivation andnecessity.If a party guides the people too much,hass too much judrisdiction,the inevitabletrend is placing them in a relatively hopeless situation.
开门是一个神秘的动作：它包容着某种未知的情趣，某种进入新的时刻的感知，一种人类繁琐仪式的一种新的形式。这包括对极大的快乐的显露，重聚，和解，久别的恋人们的狂喜。就是在悲伤时，开门也会给你带来宽慰：它改变并重新分配人类的力量。但是关门要可怕得多。那是声明结局。每一扇门的关闭就意味着某件事的结束。在关门中有着不同程度的悲伤。一扇门猛然关上是一种软弱的自白。一扇门轻轻关上常常是生活中最具悲剧性的动作。每一个人都知道把门关上之后接踵而来的揪心之痛，尤其是当所爱的人音容犹在，而人已远去之时。
The opening of a door is a mystic act:It has some flavor of the unknown,some sense of moving into a new moment,and a new pattern of the human rigmarole.It includes the highest glimpses of mortal gladness,reunions,reconciliations,the bliss of lovers long parted.Even in sadness,the opening of a door may brign relief-it changes and redistributes human forces.But the closing of a door is far more terrible.It is a declaration of finality.Every closed door brings somethins to an end.And there are degrees of sadness in the closing of a door.A door slammed is a confession of weakness.A door gently shut is often the most tragic gesture in life.Everyone knows the extreme anguish that comes just after the closing of a door,when the loved one is still near,within sound of voice,and yet already far away.
我们的现代化建设，必须从中国的实际出发。无论是革命还是建设，都要注意学习和借鉴外国经验。但是，照抄照搬别国经验、别国模式，从来不能得到成功。这方面我们有过教训。把马克思主义的普遍真理同我国的具体实际结合起来，走自己的道路，建设有中国特色的社会主义，这就是我们总结长期历史经验得出的基本结论。
Our country's modernization must start from the reality of China.Either on the revolution of the construction we need to learn and draw the experience from the foreign countries.But we will never win the success if we mechanically copy other countries'experience or formats.We have already had the lesson in this aspect.It is the basic conclusion which we summarized the long-term historical experience that we should combine the Marxism's universal truth with out specific situation together,walking on our own roads and building up the socialism with
Chinese aharacteristic.
中国的事情要按照中国的情况来办，要依靠中国人自己的力量来办。独立自主，自力更生，无论过去、现在和将来，都是我们的立足点。中国人民珍惜同其他国家和人民的友谊和合作，更加珍惜自己经过长期奋斗而得来的独立自主权利。任何外国不要指望中国做他们的附庸，不要指望中国会吞下损害我国利益的苦果。我们坚定不移地实行对外开放政策，在平等互利的基础上积极扩大对外交流。
Chinese affairs should be dealt with according to the Chinese situations with our own powers.No matter in the past,at the present or in the future,independence and self-reliance are always being our standpoint.The Chinese people cherish the friendship and cooperation with other countries and people,but more cherish the independent rights which we righted for a long time.Never count on China being their vassal of any country,and never count on China swallowing the bitter fruits of impairing our country's interests.We will unswervingly implement the opening-up policy and actively expand the foreign communication on the basis of equality and mutual benefits.
二十岁的时候：一听到名人就激动不已，就欢呼雀跃，就奋不顾身往前冲。 三十岁的时候：一听到名人就若有所失，就心烦意乱，就怒火中烧，就.....不知道什么滋味，特别是年轻的，漂亮的，女的名人。 二十岁的时候：和某个人晚上一起去看了场电影，不经意中拉了一次手，结果幸福了整整一个夏天。 三十岁的时候：坐在香格里(Shangri-La Hotel)拉酒店的旋转餐厅陪客户吃自助餐，在缓缓的转动之中，莫名其妙地一阵空虚，突然间对一切感到索然无味...
At the age of twenty,upon hearing a celebrity,Iwould rush forward,with wild excitement andecstasy.After thirty,upon hearing the names ofcelebrities,I feel lost,vexed,burning with anger,and Idon't know what it is,especially the names of thosefamous females,who are young and pretty.
At the age of twenty,one evening,I went to see a film with a young man.In the darkness,anincidental touch of hands filled me with joy all that summer.In my thirties,when I sit in therotating restaurant of Shangri-La Hotel,accompanying clinets to have a buffet,an indescribableemptiness suddenly seizes me in the slow rotating and I find everything dull and dry…
虚荣心使人生出种种愿望，其中最普通，或者最少受非议的，莫过于希望能以谈话艺术博得他人刮目相看。有些人不论到哪里都能成为众人瞩目的中心,一进门就仿佛欢乐也同时降临，但是一旦离去，大家又会惋惜不已，仿佛北方严寒天气里太阳突然消隐，仿佛想象失去了灵感，欢乐失去了源泉，少有其他人能像他们那样经常受到大家的艳羡。
None of the desires dictated by vanity is moregeneral, or less
blamable, than that of beingdistinguished for the arts of conversation. Few aremore frequently envied than those who have thepower of forcing attention wherever they come,whose entrance is considered as a promise of felicity, and whose departure is lamented, likethe recess of the sun from northern climates, as a privation of all that enlivens fancy, orinspirits gaiety.
教育的功用就在顺应人类求知、想好、爱美的天性，使一个人在这三方面得到最大限度的调和的发展，以达到完美的生活。教育的目的在启发人性中固有的求知、想好、爱美的本能，使它们尽量伸展。中国儒家的最高的人生理想是“尽性”。他们说：“能尽人之性则能尽物之性，能尽物之性则可以赞天地之化育。
Education should comply with human nature ofpursuit of knowledge,of better life,and of beauty,inwhich one is supposed to get maximum developmentso as to lead a perfect https://www.doczj.com/doc/8f12968177.html,cation is to inspireand to give full play to the inherent natures of human beings.The Confucian ideal of life is to“get to the bottom of the laws”.It is said that:“He,who is able to get to the bottom of the lawsof being of men,will be able to get to the bottom of the laws of physical nature.He,who is ableto get to the bottom of the laws of the physical nature,will be able to influence the forces ofcreation of the Universe.”
【汉译英 5】随着中国日益成为韩国的重要贸易伙伴，两国的联系从外交和贸易延伸到了教育领域。中国是韩国最大的出口目的地，吸收了韩国约四分之一的出口产品，同时也吸引了韩国超过四分之一的留学生。虽然在美国留学的好处之一是可以练习英语(对找工作的人来说英语依然是最重要的语言)，但韩国雇主对有中国经历的毕业生的需求越来越大。比如三星集团两年前说，具有中文语言能力的求职者会得到额外的加分。
【参考译文】As China’s increasing importance as a trading partner becomes palpable in neighboring South Korea, the connections between the countries are extending from diplomacy and trade to education. The middle kingdom is South Korea’s biggest export destination, taking around a quarter of its exports—and it’s also taking more than a quarter of its neighbor’s foreign college students. Part of the benefit of a U. S. education is practice speaking English, which is still seen as the most important language for job seekers, but Korean employers are increasingly looking for graduates with experience in China. Samsung Group, for example, said two years ago that job applicants with Chinese language skills would get bonus points.
【汉译英 6】他们毒害年轻人的心灵，腐化年轻人的灵魂。正是它们，让年轻人坐在沙发上虚度时光，沉浸于危险重重的幻想世界。18世纪的批评家们对于新媒体对年轻人的冲击感到忧心忡忡，他们向
小说提出了如此的控诉。时至今日，小说害人的说法听起来已是如此的荒谬。对于当今时代那些控诉电视游戏使年轻人变成暴力罪犯的批评者们，历史最终也将对他们做出同样的审判。
【参考译文】They poison the mind and corrupt the morals of the young, who waste their time sitting on sofas immersed in dangerous fantasy worlds. That, at least, was the charge leveled against novels during the 18th century by critics worried about the impact of a new medium on young people. Today the idea that novels can harm people sounds daft. And that is surely how history will judge modern criticism of video games, which are accused of turning young people into violent criminals.
【汉译英 7】敲击键盘的声音也许是现代社会的一种白色噪音，但其实，他们所透露出的信息比疏忽的打字者意识到的要更多。通过简单分析击键声音的录音，计算机专家们现在就能够准确无误的解析出一篇通过键盘输入的文字的脚本，甚至包括输入的密码。以其他计算机比起来，这个过程简单很多，仅仅需要一个便宜的麦克风和一台电脑。
【参考译文】Clattering keyboards may seem the white noise of the modern age, but they betray more information than unwary typists realize. Simply by analyzing audio recordings of keyboard clatter, computer scientists can now reconstruct an accurate transcript of what was typed—including passwords. And in contrast with many types of computer espionage, the process is simple, requiring only a cheap microphone and a desktop computer.
【汉译英 8】人类之间为了钻石而相互残杀;国家之间为了石油而发动战争。但如果没有水，这世界上最珍贵的东西将一文不值。淡水是维持生命的必需品，无可替代。水，尽管几乎无法估价，却是世界上最贵重的东西。自然规律决定了水的供给是有限的。但随着世界人口的增加和生活水平的提高，人类对水的需求量增加的趋势是不可避免的。家庭、工厂和办公场所正在消耗越来越多的水，但是这个星球对于食物(和生产庄家和肉类过程中使用的水)日益增长的需求才是最忧心的问题。
【参考译文】People kill each other over diamonds; countries go to war over oil. But the world’s most expensive commodities are worth nothing in the absence of water. Fresh water is essential for life, with no substitute. Although mostly unpriced, it is the most valuable stuff in the world. Nature has decreed that the supply of water is fixed. Meanwhile demand rises inexorably as the world’s population increases and enriches itself. Homes, factories and offices are sucking up ever more. But it is the planet’s growing need for food (and the water involved in producing crops and meat) that matters most.
. 实战演练：
【汉译英1】波士顿咨询公司最近
做的一项研究显示，到2020年中国将会有2.2亿家庭收入在2万到100万美元的富裕消费者。这些消费者中75%住在“较小城市”。随着网络的发展，较小城市的消费者的一种必然趋势是他们更加依赖社交网络服务上的信息。很多网络顾客都是通过微信、微博和QQ空间分组的。据估计今年中国将会有2.5亿消费者进行网购，位于四线城市的消费者平均每人会花费他们50%或者更高的工资在网购上，这一数据要比一线城市的消费者的花费高。
【参考译文】A recent study conducted by the Boston Consulting Group says there will be 220 million affluent consumers, who are from households earning between $ 20,000 to $ 1 million, in China by 2020, and 75 percent of them will live in “smaller” cities. With the development of the Internet, an inevitable trend among these consumers is they are much more dependent on information from social networking services. Many of the website’s customers are “grouped” by Wechat, Weibo and QQ Zones. It is now estimated that 250 million Chinese consumers will shop online this year and the average shopper in a fourth-tier city in China will spend 50 percent or more of their income on e-commerce than those in top-tier cities.
【汉译英2】聘金是中国传统习俗的一部分。这一习惯在整个中国都很普遍。但是近几年来其标准不断上升，致使大多数家庭都很难达到。高额的聘礼常常“抢劫”了新郎父母必生的积蓄，甚至引起家庭纠纷。此外，许多新婚夫妇被迫举行奢侈的婚礼宴会，在这个过程中，大量债务的累积可能使他们的新婚生活变得辛酸，至少在最初阶段是这样。想想老一辈节俭的婚礼，虽然简简单单，但也幸福美满，没有给他们婚后的生活带来任何负担。
【参考译文】Endowment may be part of Chinese tradition, but the standards have become so high in recent years that a majority of families are finding it difficult to meet them. The high endowment amounts often rob grooms’ parents of their life’s savings and causes family disputes. Besides, many newly married couples are forced to host extravagant wedding ceremonies to keep up with the Joneses and, in the process, run up huge debts that could turn their married life sour, at least in the initial phase. Considering the frugal wedding of many parents, simple but happiness, didn’t have any bearing on their married life.
【汉译英3】我整整一生都处于对武术的痴迷之中。但是当我搬到一个有功夫俱乐部的城市时，我才真正体会到了武术的魅力，同时也完全理解了为什么人们称它为一种艺术。它是一种战斗同时也是在进行一种自我防卫，这其实也达到了让你更加了解自己的身体，从而使它变得更加强壮和健康的目的。功夫是一门完整的哲学，而且是中国文化
的重要组成部分。当我开始练习功夫的时候，我才意识到它有多么地困难，哪怕是简单的一踢或者一打就需要几个月的时间去练习。但是我太爱它了!一个全新的世界正向我敞开它的大门。
【参考译文】My whole life I’ve been interested in martial arts. But it was only when I moved to another city where there was a Kungfu club, that I really enjoyed it and fully understood why they call it an art. It is fighting and defending yourself, but it also understanding your body more, making it stronger and healthier. Kungfu is a whole philosophy and is a big part of Chinese culture. When I started to practice kungfu, I realized how difficult it was and a simple kick or punch demanded months of practice. But I loved it! A whole new world was opening to me.
【汉译英4】来自利物浦大学的科学家、心理学家和英文教授发现，阅读莎士比亚及其他古典作家的作品对心智发展大有裨益。这些作品能够抓住读者的注意力，引发读者的自我反思。研究还发现，阅读书籍，尤其是诗歌，可以增加与“自传体记忆”有关的大脑右半球的活动频率，有助于读者根据阅读内容对个人经历进行反思和重新评价。学者们表示，这意味着阅读古典作品比阅读自助类书籍更有帮助。
【参考译文】Scientists, psychologists and English academics at Liverpool University have found that reading the works of Shakespeare and other classical writers has a beneficial effect on the mind, catches the reader’s attention and triggers moments of self-reflection. The research also found that reading poetry, in particular, increases activity in the right hemisphere of the brain, an area concerned with “autobiographical memory”, helping the reader to reflect on and reappraise their own experiences in light of what they have read. The academics said this meant the classics were more useful than self-help books.
要了解中国文化，就应该对中国的戏曲文化有所了解。中国地方戏种类很多，其中京剧是一个具有代表 性的剧种。作为一个独立的剧种，京剧的诞生大约是在1840年至I860年。京剧是在吸收其他地方戏营养的基础 上形成的。京剧有明确的角色分工;在念白上用北京方言;在音乐上以胡琴为主要伴奏乐器。由于京剧是在融 合各种地方戏之精华的基础上形成的，所以它不仅为北京的观众所钟爱，也受到全国人民的喜爱。