词类转译
I. Noun converting to verbs:
1.The shadow cast by an object is long or short according as the sun is high up in the heaven or
near the horizon.
2.物体投影的长短取决于太阳是高挂天空还是靠近地平线。
3.High precision implies a high degree of exactness but with no implication as to accuracy.
4.高精度意味着高度的精确度，但并不表明具有准确性。
5.They went on strike in demand of a 40 percent wage increase.
6.他们举行罢工，要求工资增加40%。
7.He is an enemy to reform.
8.他反对改革。
9.Difference between the social system of states shall not be an obstacle to their approach and
cooperation.
10.国与国社会制度的不同不应妨碍彼此的接近与合作。
11.. I am afraid I can’t teach you English. I think my daughter is a better teacher than I.
12.恐怕我教不了你英语，我想我女儿比我教得好。
13.The operation of a computer needs some knowledge of English.
14.操作电脑需要一些英语知识。
A. 具有动态意义的名词（1）“… of …” 结构（2）短语结构翻译顺序：顺译与逆译
1. These depressing pumps ensure contamination-free transfer of abrasive fluids such as acids, dyes and alcohol.
在输送酸、染料、醇等腐蚀性强的流体时，这类压缩泵能保证输送无污染
2. It has also provided the bases for the traditional methodology of science: objective observation and description of some phenomena, the formulation of a hypothesis or hypotheses about the events observed and possible relationships among them, the use of these to predict future events, the verification of the hypotheses and, on this basis, the construction of a theory of some area of natural activity.
3. What is needed in the case of noise is a study of large numbers of people living under noisy conditions.
就噪音而论，所需要的是研究大批生活在噪音条件下的人数。
Many people in industry and the service, who have practical experience of noise, regard any investigation of this question as a waste of time.
工业部门和军队中的许多人对噪音有切身体会，他们认为对这个问题进行任何调查都是浪费时间。
6. An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current affairs.
练习：
1. The 1967 UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on the basis of Israel withdrawal from occupied territories and Arab acknowledgement of Israel’s right to exist.
2. One after another, speakers called for the downfall of imperialism, abolition of exploitation of man by man, liberation of the oppressed of the world.
3. Until 1972, all efforts by the two nations to curb the nuclear arms race had foundered on one point: U.S. insistence on the right to make one-site inspection of the Soviet Strategic-arsenal and
Russia’s refusal.
B. 英语中含有动态意义的名词通常翻译为动词，并根据需要增添逻辑宾语。
1. The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.
看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的（机声），令我们特别神往。
2. As the week draw to a close, the enemy rout was complete.
一周快结束时，敌人彻底溃退了。
C. 英语中有些以后缀–er, -or 结尾的名词，在句中并指其身份和职业，而是含有较强的动作意味，需要翻译为动词。
1. I am afraid I can’t teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.
我恐怕教不了你游泳，我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。
2. Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man’s past wrong doings.
在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年轻人过去所干的坏事。
3. He is no smoker, but his father is a chain-smoker.
D. 短语中的主体名词通常翻译为动词
1.The next news bulletin（新闻节目）, shorter than usual, made no mention of the
demonstration.
2.She had high praise for Dr. Smith, although she complained about his strictness.
3.The party bra nch secretary showed great concern for the students’ health
4.He has already made mention of the matter in his speech.
5.The next news bulletin（新闻节目）, shorter than usual, made no mention of the
demonstration.
6.She had high praise for Dr. Smith, although she complained about his strictness.
7.The party branch secretary showed great concern for the students’ health
8.He has already made mention of the matter in his speech.
练习（一）
1. The Census Bureau,the data agency charged with creating statistics on household incomes and their distribution, does not maintain an official definition of middle class status.
2. During the half-hour talk, the two sides exchanged views on the choice of terms of payment, but they made no mention of the mode of transportation.
在半小时的商谈中，双方就付款方式交换了意见，但没有提到运输方式。
练习（二）
? 1. Not only does dark energy appear to make up the bulk of the universe, but its existence,
if it stands the test of time, will probably require the development of new theories of physics.
? 2. The same is true of galaxy clusters, the largest coherent bodies in the
universe---assemblages of thousands of galaxies embedded in a vast cloud of hot gas and bound together by gravity.
? 3. Scientists say that government construction of a multi-billion-dollar, permanent space
station could aid in detecting natural disasters on earth in advance, conducting medical research and collecting solar energy to transmit back.
? 4. The analysis will require the development of new theoretical tools but should be within
our grasp in the next few years.
II. Prepositions converting to verbs
A. 介词转译成动词。（prep.---v.）
1. The road to development is long but we are firmly
on it.
发展的道路虽然漫长，可我们已坚定地走了上这条路。
2. He is walking in the park with an umbrella in his
hand.
他在公园散步，手里拿着一把伞。
3. It is our goal that the people in the undeveloped
areas will be finally off poverty.
我们的目标是使不发达地区的人民最终摆脱贫困。
4.The company has advertised in the newspaper for
electronic experts.
公司在报上登广告招聘电子方面的专家。
被动句的翻译
1.译成汉语的“被”字结构或相似结构
2. 译成汉语主动句
3. 保留原主语, 被动改主动
4. 把原文中的主语译为宾语
5. 译成无主句
译成汉语的“被”字结构或相似结构
2. 译成汉语主动句
3. 保留原主语, 被动改主动
4. 把原文中的主语译为宾语
5. 译成无主句
A.译成汉语的“被”字结构或相似结构, 如“叫, 让, 给, 受到, 遭到, 为…所…, 是…的,加以…等。
1. Though Hamlet has been disappointed of the throne, every one respects him.
虽然哈姆雷特被剥夺了王位，大家照样尊敬他。
2. They were caught in the rain yesterday.
他们昨天叫雨淋了。
3. Our foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world.
我们的对外政策受到全世界人民的支持。
4. They were given a hearty welcome.
他们受到热烈欢迎。
5. He was policed by the bosses’ cops.
他受到老板雇佣的警察的监督。
6. I was so impressed by these words that I used them later for a Christmas card.
我为这些话所深深感动，后来我就把它们写在圣诞贺片上。
7. By evening the occupation was complete, and the people were chased off the streets by an eight o’clock curfew.
至傍晚，占领已告完成。八点钟开始的宵禁把人们从街道赶走。
8. The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire.
大火使这著名的旅馆几乎全部毁灭。
9. Most letters from his wife are read to him by the nurse in the hospital.
他的妻子给他的信件，大多数是由医院里的护士念给他听的。
B.译成汉语主动句
1. The sense of inferiority that he acquired
in his youth has never been totally
eradicated.
他在青少年时期留下的自卑感，还没有完全消
除。
2. On their domestic stations events in the
Middle east were dismissed briefly.
在他们国内的电台的广播中，中东事件只轻描
淡写地报道了一下。
C、保留原主语, 被动改主动
1.Mr. Black was given a prize.
布拉克先生得了奖。
2. His life was cut short by cholera.
他因患霍乱而早亡。
3. He was thrown into confusion by the return of his wife.
他由于妻子归来而陷入惶惑不安之中。
D. 把原文中的主语译为宾语
1.By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of over 200 Belgian and French lives.
大战终了时，这个组织拯救了八百人，但那是以二百多比利时人和法国人的生命为代价。
2. It would be astonishing if that loss were not keenly felt.
如果（人们）不强烈地感到损失，那倒是奇怪了
E . 译成无主句
1. Whenever work is being done, energy is being
converted from one form into another.
做功时，能从一种形式转变为另一种形式。
2．Cutting tools should be inspected carefully
before they are used.
切割工具使用前要认真检查。
3．Some pictures were hung on the wall.
墙上挂着照片。
4. Children should be taught to speak the truth.
要教孩子们讲真话。
Idiomatic phrases or sentence patterns:
1. 已经证明…It has been proved …
2. 可以有把握地说…It may be safely said that…
3. 无可否认…It cannot be denied that…
4. 人们希望…It is expected(hoped) that…
5. 人们(有人、大家)认为…It is considered (thought) that…
6. 不用说(谁都知道)…It is understood that…
7. 大家知道(众所周知)…
8. 据报道…
9. 据说…
10. 据估计(预计)…
. The plan will be examined by a special committee.
该计划将由一个特别委员会加以裁决。
2. National Day is enthusiastically celebrated on October 1st by the Chinese people of all nationalities every year.
我国各族人民每年都要热烈庆祝十月一日的国庆节。
3. He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.
他出现在台上，观众给予热烈鼓掌。
4. All Party members of the college are requested to meet in the assembly hall to listen to a speech.
请全院党员在大礼堂听报告。
5. It is said that he was cheated by his partner while doing business in the south.
据说他在南方做生意时让同伴给骗了。
6.It is believed that worry can make a person’s hair turn gray overnight.
有人相信忧愁能使一个人的头发一夜之间变白。
7. It has been proved that plenty of vegetables will improve one’s health.
已经证明多吃蔬菜对健康有好处。
8. This old man has been taken care of for years by some PLA men.
这位老人多年来一直受到几位解放军的照顾。
9. The city is being destroyed by the flood.
这座城市正在被洪水所毁。
10. This material has to be used in the experiment.
这种材料在实验中非用不可。
11. Thousands of cars are produced by FIAT every
year.
菲亚特汽车公司每年生产成千上万辆小汽车。
12. He was asked ten questions in the oral
examination and answered every one of them
correctly.
口试时，问了十个问题，他全都答对了。
13. It is considered that women tell lies more often
than men.
有人认为女人说谎要比男人多。
14. It should be admitted that the United Nation’s intervention is sometimes helpful for settling regional disputes.
应该承认联合国的干预有时有助于平息地区性争端。
15．Special emphasis must be placed on the gravity of corruption and graft (受贿) among some high officials in China.
必须特别强调我国高级官员收受贿赂和腐化堕落的严重性. It should be admitted that the United Nation’s intervention is sometimes helpful for settling regional disputes.
应该承认联合国的干预有时有助于平息地区性争端。
16．Special emphasis must be placed on the gravity of corruption and graft (受贿) among some high officials in China.
必须特别强调我国高级官员收受贿赂和腐化堕落的严重性
Assignments:
他迈着沉重的脚步，回到离别三年的家乡。三年前，他参与了一个盗窃团伙被判刑三年，在劳改农场，因表现突出被提前一年释放。
为了逃避一双双熟悉的眼睛，释放后，经人介绍，他来到湖南省南县一家木器厂做临时工。但强烈的思乡情促使他踏上了归乡旅途。回到家乡后，家乡的一切都令他感到亲切可爱。他暗暗下决心：一定要重新做人。
一天，邻居王二婶把钥匙锁在了家里，很多热心人都前来帮忙，但都无济于事。人们找到他，但被拒绝了。王二婶哀求地说：“冬宝，求求你了，要是我当家的回来，我又少不了一顿揍。”他知道，她丈夫很粗野，经常打他，他心软了，找来工具费了好半天帮王二婶打开了锁。王二婶感激万分，特意买来一盒过滤香烟，非要塞给他。在场的人惊愕地看着他，一个劲地夸他有本领。
第二天，他发现有好几户邻居的门上上了双把锁。几天后，他又离开了家乡，还是到那家木器厂做临时工。
英语复合长句的翻译
一、顺译法
（1）If such alloys possess other properties which make them suitable for die casting, （2）they are obvious choices for the process, （3）because their lower melting point will lead to longer die casting lives （4）than would be obtained with alloys of higher melting points.
如果这类合金具有使他们适于压铸的其它性能，它们显然可以被选来用于压铸，因为它们熔点较低，比起高熔点合金来可以延长压铸模寿命。
?However, even if prediction becomes possible, people who live in areas where earthquakes are a common occurrence will still have to do their best to prevent disasters by building structures that are resistant to ground movement and by being personally prepared.
?然而，即使可以预测，居住在地震频发地区的人们还是应尽力预防灾难，办法是建造能够抗震的房屋，同时做好个人准备。
?The absence of pesticides and the emphasis on natural fertilizer are designed not only to keep the experiment as untainted as possible, but also to protect the health of the human consumers; because all the air and water in Biosphere II is continually recycled and regenerated, it is important that no poisons be introduced into the system anywhere.
?不使用农药和强调天然肥料的目的不仅是为了使实验尽可能不被污染，也为了保护食用者的健康。因为“第二生物圈”的空气和水全部是不断地再循环和再生的，所以不在此生态系统中任何地方引入毒物是很重要的。
?
练习
1. . Now, a team of astronomers has discovered evidence that the object, whatever it may be, is spewing vast quantities of energetic particles that collide with a surrounding irregular ring of cold hydrogen gas.
2. The study of the chemical sensors was mainly concentrated on the subjects of selectivity, life, and cost; i.e. how to detect a specific material from the environment where many different substances co-exist（selectivity）; how to maintain the sensor in the original condition (life); and how to economically achieve the targets (cost).
传感器的研究主要集中在选择性、寿命和成本上。即如何在很多不同物质共存的环境中测定某一特定的物质（选择性）；怎样把传感器维持在初始状态（寿命）；怎样经济地实现目标（成本）
倒译法
?“This rotating，lumpy doughnut Hydrogen ring provides strong evidence that something exotic is going on deep in the heart of the Milky Way”, said Terry Jones, an astronomer at the University of Minnesota who, as a member of an international team, has been studying the phenomenon.
?作为国际考查小组的一名一直对这个现象进行研究的成员,明尼苏达大学天文学家特里. 琼斯说：“这个不断旋转的像炸面圈样的凹凸不平的氢气环提供了有力的证据，说明在银河系中心深处有一种奇异的东西在活动。”
?Scientists are learning a great deal about how the large plates in the earth’s crust move, the stresses between plates, how earthquakes work, and the general probability that given place will have an earthquake, although they still cannot predict earthquakes.
?尽管科学家仍无法预测地震，但地壳中的大板块如何运动、板块间的压力如何、某
地区发生地震的一般概率为多少，他们了解得越来越多。
练习
? 1. Just as pace satellite同步卫星, once it has got away from the pull of the earth’s atmosphere, continues to circle round and round the earth for ever, so an electric current circling the ring of mercury 汞，水银should continue to flow for ever, if the temperature is kept below the essential four degrees above absolute zero.
? 2. It is very interesting to note the differently chosen operating mechanism by the different manufacturers, in spite of the fact that the operating mechanism has a major influence on the reliability of the circuit-breakers.
? 3. Thus, marginal cost 边际成本to the producer may fall below marginal cost from the point of view of the whole economy when extra output requires extra foreign exchange and when foreign exchange is particularly scarce.
? 3. The study of the chemical sensors was mainly concentrated on the subjects of selectivity, life, and cost; i.e. how to detect a specific material from the environment where many different substances co-exist（selectivity); how to maintain the sensor in the original condition (life); and how to economically achieve the targets (cost).
?化学传感器的研究主要集中在选择性、寿命和成本上。即如何在很多不同物质共存的环境中测定某一特定的物质（选择性）；怎样把传感器维持在初始状态（寿命）；
怎样经济地实现目标（成本）
三、分译法
?The classical metallurgical冶金processes of melting the oxides with carbon in the fusible slag易熔渣, such as are used for the production of many of the common metals, are not applicable to the range of rather rare elements about which this section is written, if the metals are required in pure condition.
?传统的冶金过程是用碳将易熔渣中的氧化物融化，许多普通金属都是这样生成的，但这种方法（分译）并不适用于本文所提到的这些稀有金属元素，尤其是需要获得纯金属时更是如此。
? 1. This development is in part a result of experimental studies indicating that favorable alterations in the determinants决定因素of myocardial oxygen consumption（心肌耗氧量）may reduce ischemic（缺血的）injury and that reduction in afterload 后负荷may be associated with improved cardiac performance心脏功能.
? 2. Up to a point, flyovers天桥and underpasses, being the first really decisive steps to speed up and divert traffic, have eased the situation, but a considerable contribution toward a satisfactory solution can be made by underground railway networks.
? 3. In order to understand what happens during sintering of compacts（烧结）, the changes in density密度, in dimensions尺寸, in metallographic structure金相组织and in mechanical properties机械性质during sintering must be studied from an experimental point of view.
四、综合法/重组法
?As the science of gene expression grows, we may be able to create genes /that(后置）can turn themselves off /after they have gone through a certain number of cell
divisions （前置）/or after the gene has produced a certain amount of the desired product. （前置）
?随着基因表现科学的发展，我们也许能够创造一些这样的基因：当它们经过了一定次数的细胞分裂后，或者当它们产生了一定数量的合符需要的产品之后，这种基因能够自行消亡。
? 1. The nutritional dilemma of persons with AIDS, or PWAS, is that they must eat abundantly yet they must also avoid foodborne（食物传染的）illness, juggle foods and medications, and surmount the poor appetite and indigestion caused by their medications and by AIDS itself.
? 2. What is questioned is whether a country like Britain has chance, assuming it has the will, to succeed where so many have failed and even assuming that it has, should make the tremendous effort and take substantial financial risk of trying to leapfrog into leadership in entirely new technology or whether it should take the softer option of merely catching up with the rest of the industrialized world.
考研英语翻译的基本方 法版 文档编制序号：[KK8UY-LL9IO69-TTO6M3-MTOL89-FTT688]
2013年考研英语翻译的基本方法（7月 版） 在解答考生关于考研英语真题学习中的具体问题时，我们发现，很多考生对英汉翻译所懂甚少。长期以来，一直有考生提问诸如“老师，这句英文中这个短语怎么没有翻译出来？”、“这半句汉语是从那里来的，英语中怎么没有对应语句？”以及“这个句子为什么翻译成汉语时，添加了否定词？”等等的问题。在很多时候，我们只能很笼统的告诉考生：基于英汉文化的差异，在翻译的过程中需要考虑语言模式的差异。在很多时候，英译汉必须按照汉语思维模式以及语境的需要，去增添或者省略一些信息、调整一下语序、转换表达方式。 为了让考生更深入地了解英译汉，我们选用一些真题中的句子，来做先关探讨。在此之前，我们先简单地阐述一下翻译的标准和过程。 翻译标准 在我国近现代，最有影响的翻译标准是严复的“信、达、雅”。就考研英语翻译而言，由于文章的题材大多是有关、经济、文化、教育、科普以及社会生活等方面的内容，并且文体以议论文为主，说明文为辅，结构严谨，逻辑性强，我们很难在“雅”这一标准上做文章。“达”，即通顺，译文必须通顺且符合汉语的语言习惯，这是一个重要的评分标准。“信”，即忠于原文，是翻译的最高标准。由于要翻译的5个句子
是从一篇文章中截取出来的，因而译文必须和上下文表达的意思一致。如果歪曲了原文的意思，那么该句的得分就会很低。 因此，翻译不能违背原文本身，这是考研翻译的最基本标准。 翻译过程 翻译一般分三个阶段：①找核心句；②译核心句；③译其修饰限定补充的句子。由于考研英语翻译大部分句型都是长难句，这一过程显得尤为重要。简而言之，考生首先要找出句子的主干，然后再处理其余的细枝末节，如修饰成分等。考试中，考生应该先通读全文，从大处着手，通篇把握文意，然后分析需要翻译的句子，找出主干，理分支，并翻译。最后是检查书写以及时态。 翻译策略 1．直译和意译 直译，既忠于原文意思又保留原文形式的翻译；意译，不受原文词语的限制，不拘泥于原文句子的结构，用不同于原文的表达方式，把原文意思表达出来。在考研英语翻译中，我们应遵循的方法是：尽量采用直译，不能直译才采用意译，必要时直译与意译相结合。 （1）能直译就直译
科技翻译练习二 II: 汉译英 VR（虚拟现实）技术可广泛的应用于城市规划、室内设计、工业仿真、古迹复原、桥梁道路设计、房地产销售、旅游教学、水利电力、地质灾害、教育培训等众多领域，为其提供切实可行的解决方案。 在先进制造业领域，站在大飞机发动机的3D影像面前，“可任意拆卸”这个虚拟现实的强项表现得淋漓尽致。操作人员可以把虚拟发动机的许多部件逐一拆下，再进入发动机内部。“虚拟现实”实现了跨平台的交互式设计、虚拟展示、虚拟装配、CAE数据可视化等功能，大幅提高设计团队的设计效率，使研发人员能及时发现、修正设计缺陷和潜在的工艺问题，提高产品开发的制造成功率。 虚拟现实技术在教育培训领域也大有用武之地。为真实实验不具备或难以完成的教学功能创造条件。在涉及高危或极端的环境、不可及或不可逆的操作，高成本、高消耗、大型或综合训练等情况时，虚拟现实技术能提供可靠、安全和经济的实验项目。华东理工大学的G-Magic虚拟现实实验室，就是高校虚拟现实教学的一个范例。该实验室拥有CAVE洞穴式虚拟现实系统，可以把大学生设计的作品投影到墙面、天花板和地面上。比如，学生设计了一间淋浴房，他能利用这套系统把它展现在实验室里，和真实的淋浴房一样大小。营造出这种教学环境后，教师就能与学生更方便地交流各个环节的设计优劣，并随时做出修改。 企业的一些培训项目，同样离不开HYPERLINK "https://www.doczj.com/doc/9110876753.html,/view/7299.htm" \t "_blank" 虚拟现实 。以石油化工为例，众所周知，大型石油灌区集中了大量危险化学品，一旦操作不当，便可能引发火灾、爆炸事故，并造成环境污染等次生灾害。因此，政府和企业对大型石油灌区的安全性和操作人员的专业性提出了很高要求。虚拟现实技术可以构建储罐区应急救援及安全培训系统，它不但能向员工呈现操作流程的各种场景，引导他们学习、掌握安全操作技能，还能模拟事故发生、火光熊熊的场面，让员工在沉浸式虚拟影像中开展救援行动。 VR (Virtual Reality) technology can be widely used in many areas,such as urban planning, interior design, industrial simulation, historic restoration, design of bridges and roads, real estate sales, tourism, education, water power, geological disasters, education and training, and provide practical solutions. In the field of advanced manufacturing, standing in front of large aircraft engines of 3D image, The strengths of virtual -"can be arbitrary tear down" express thoroughly.The operators can put a lot of virtual engine parts one by one, and then into the internal engine.Virtual reality achieves many functions, such as,a cross-platform interactive design, virtual display, virtual assembly, and CAE data visualization capabilities, so it increase the team's design efficiency drastically, and researchers can find the corrected design flaws and potential process problems timely and improve product development manufacturing success rate. Virtual reality technology is also very useful in the field of education and training.It creates conditions for the real tests which are not available or difficult to complete the teaching function.When it refers to high-risk or extreme environments, inaccessible or irreversible operation, high cost, high consumption, large or comprehensive training, etc., virtual reality technology can provide reliable, safe and economical experimental projects.G-Magic Virtual Reality Lab of East China University is an example of virtual reality in University Teaching.The lab has a CAVE virtual reality of cave system and college students’design work can be projected onto the walls, ceiling and floor.For example, the student designed a shower room, he can use the system to show it in the laboratory as the same size as the real
历年考研英语翻译常考词汇汇总 A Abstract n.摘要，概要，抽象adj.抽象的，深奥的，理论的 Accelerate vt.&vi.（使）加快，（使）增速，n.接受速成教育的学生 Achievement n.成就；成绩；功绩，达到；完成 Acquire vt.得到，养成，vt获得；招致，学得（知识等），求得，养成（习惯等），捕获，Action n.作用，动[操]作，行动，机械装置[作用]，（小说等中的）情节 Activity n.活动，活动的事物，活动性，机能，功能 Actually adv.现实的，实际的；目前的；明确的，有效的 Additional adj.增加的，额外的，另外的 Advance vt.&vi.（使）前进，（使）发展；促进，vt.提出 Advantage n.利益，便利，有利方面，有利条件；优点；优势， （网球等）打成平手（deuce）而延长比赛后一方先得的一分（攻方所得称advantage in，守方所得则称advantage out） Agree vi.一致；相合同意，赞成约定，允诺，答应，相宜，调和，符合，和睦相处 Almost adv.几乎，差不多，差一点；将近 Amount n.量，数量，数额，总额，总数vi.合计，共计 Approach vt.&vi.接近，走近，靠近；vt.接洽，交涉；着手处理；n.靠近，接近，临近 Appropriate adj.适当的，恰当的；vt.挪用；占用；盗用 Argue vt.&vi.争吵，辩论；vt.坚决主张，提出理由证明，说服，劝说 Arise vi.&link v.呈现；出现；发生；vi.起身，起来，起立 Aspect n.方面，方位，朝向 Assert vt.声称，断言，维护，坚持 Assume vt.假设，臆断，猜想，假装，担，担任，就职
考试日期：05 年12 月31 日 1.为此，必须对电路(circuit)的基本内容有一个很好的了解。 For this purpose, it is necessary to have a good understanding of the fundamentals of the circuit. 2.这个系数(coefficient)有待确定。 This coefficient remains to be determined. 3.现有的教科书均没有提这一点。 None of the textbook available mentions this point. 4.由于反馈(feedback)在电子线路(electronic circuit)中起着重要作用，所以对它的研究极为 重要。 Since feedback plays an important role in the electronic circuit, its study is very important. 5.有迹象表明，计算机的价格将进一步下跌。 There is an indication that the price of computers will fall further. 6.这个方法的确管用，不过到底该在什么情况下使用它尚不清楚。 This method does work, but it is not clear in what condition it is that it should be used. 7.十年前该厂的产量比现在高五倍。 The output of this factory 10 years ago is 6 times what it is now. 8.激光(laser)是二十世纪六十年代引入的一项新技术，它能穿透(pierce)特别硬的物质。 A new technology introduced in the 1960s, laser can pierce very hard substances. 9.为使晶体管(transistor)正常工作，必须给其电极(electrode)加(apply)上合适的电压(voltage)。 For the transistor to work normally, it is necessary to apply a proper voltage across the electrode.
2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding ―yes!‖ 1 helping you feel close and 2to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a 3of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4getting sick this winter. In a recent study5 over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs6 the participants’ susceptibility to developing the common cold after being 7 to the virus .People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8with a cold,and the researchers9that the stress-reducing effects of hugging10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. 11 among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe12. ―Hugging protects people who are under stress from the13 risk for colds that’s usually14 with stress,‖ notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging ―is a marker of intimacy and helps15 the feeling that others are there to help16difficulty.‖ Some experts 17the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called ―the bonding hormone‖18 it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it19 in the brain, where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology.
Part I: Translate the Chinese in the brackets into English. (15%) 1. ____________________(爱因斯坦相对论)is the only one which can explain such phenomena. 2. Rate of penetration was found to ____________________ (与……成正比) the net pressure applied by the tool. 3. Being a ______________(非良导体/绝缘体), rubber is often used in cables. 4. Properly speaking, ___________(并非所有的物质) exist in three states. 5. An electric current produces ______________(磁场) around it. 6. With the result of automation, productivity has ___ ___________ (增加了5倍) in that factory. 7. Copper and aluminum are the best conductors of electric current ______________(仅次于银). 8. The neutron has __________________(既不带正电荷，也不带负电荷). 9. When the water temperature is increased, it vaporized more quickly until it reaches ________（沸点）. 10. A __________(变压器) is a very useful device, even though it can be sued only with alternating current. Part Ⅱ: Choose the better rendition for each of the following sentences.(20%) 1.由于我在会上发表论文，如蒙介绍有关会议的详细情况，不胜感激。 A) Because I will deliver a thesis at the conference, I shall appreciate it very much if you could introduce to me the detailed condition of the meeting. B) As I will present a paper at the conference, I will be grateful if you could supply me with detailed information about the meeting. 2. 西安附上我提供会议的论文，题目是“动物克隆在中国”，一式三份，如果要发电子邮件以转录软盘，我可以立即发出。 A) I am enclosing herewith my paper of the topic of “Animal Cloning in China” one form in three B) I am enclosing, in three copies, my paper entitled “Animal Closing in China” for the conference. If req uired, I can send an e-mail for the disk right away. 3．核能发电，是在20世纪才发展起来的新事物。不幸的是，建立和维持核发电厂的成本很高，使得建设速度要比原先预料的慢许多。---中国的第一座核发电厂，是于20世纪后期建立在深圳，靠近香港。 A) Using nuclear energy to generate electricity is a new thing developed in the 20th century. What is unfortunate is that the costs of building and maintaining a nuclear power plant are very high, making the speed of construction much slower than previously predicted. ----China’s first nuclear power plant was built in the late 20th century at Shenzhen near Hongkong. B) The production of nuclear power is a new development of the 20th century. Unfortunately, the high costs of building and maintaining a nuclear power plant have led to a much slower rate of growth than was predicted. -----China’s first nuclear power plant was built in the late 20th century at Shenzhen near Hongkong. 4. 不少科学家论证说，三国演义里所说的“木牛流马”，可能是一些有相当复杂性的机器，其工作原理可说类似于今天的某些器械装置。 A) Quite a few scientists say by reasoning that the “wooden cows, running horses” described in the Romance of the Three Kingdo ms could be rather complex machines whose working principles can be said to be like certain mechanical devices of today. B) Quite a few scientists argue that the “wooden cows, running horses” described in the Romance of Three Kingdoms could be machines of sufficient complexity working on principles supposedly similar to certain present-day mechanical devices. 5. 摘要：本文简单叙述和分析了本实验室最近对猪流感病毒所作的两次实验的成果。 A) Abstract: The results of two experiments on swine flu virus are briefly described and analyzed. B) Abstract: this article simply states and analyzes the results of two experimental tests this laboratory recently performed in the research on swine flu virus. 6. 珠江三角洲在中国的南部，气候良好，交通系统效率高，一向工农业都在快速发展。 A) The Pearl River Delta is to the south of China. It has a nice weather and a highly efficient communication system. Both of its industry and agriculture
专业英语翻译 P1~5 1.1汽车构造 汽车发动机基本原理汽车包括五个基本组成部分，它们是： 1.发动机：是汽车的动力源，包括燃油系统、润滑系统、冷却系统和电器部分。 2.车架：是支撑发动机、车轮、转向和制动系统以及车身。 3.动力传动系：它将动力由发动机（经离合器、变速箱、驱动轴、差速器和后轴）传至车轮。 4.车身 5.车身附件；包括散热器、照明设备、风挡、刮雨器等等。 发动机是使汽车移动的动力源。因为汽油是在发动机气缸或燃烧室部燃烧，这种发动机通常称为燃机。这是相对于燃料在发动机外部燃烧的外燃机来说的（如蒸汽机）。在发动机气缸的燃烧产生动力。由动力传动系统将动力由发动机传至车轮，车轮转动使用车辆行驶。 燃油系统在动力产生过程中起举足轻重的作用。因为它向发动气缸中供给燃油。在发动机的每个气缸中．汽油蒸汽和空气的混合汽体进入气缸，活塞上行在气缸压缩混合气，然后电火花点燃压缩的混合气推动活塞下行。当然，活塞不会被推出气缸外部，活塞在气缸做简单的上下往复运动—活塞上行压缩混合气，当混合气燃烧时，活塞下行。在动力驱动车轮转动之前，活塞的直线运动必须变为旋转运动。这种转变由曲轴上的曲柄和连杆来实现。 发动机的气门使燃烧废气排到气缸外部、将新鲜的汽油蒸汽和空气带到气缸部。在气缸封闭端有两个开口，每个开口与一个气门相通。气门是带长杆的精密加工阀体。当气门关闭或落座时（也就是气门上行至开口处）开口被密封，这时气体不能通过气门泄漏。当气门开启时，气体便可从开口流出。 2、气门被发动机凸轮轴上的凸轮驱动打开。凸轮有一个最高点（或凸角），每当凸轮转动时，凸角转至气门挺柱下部并使挺柱向上运动。挺柱通过推杆将向上的运动传气门摇臂绕其支撑点旋转向下推动气门杆，使气门下移打开。当凸轮转动使凸角转离挺柱下端时，刚度较大的气门弹簧将气门推回原位落座。气门弹簧靠弹簧座和锁销与气门杆上端相联接。在发动机凸轮轴上有凸轮与相应的气门相联。曲轴通过齿轮传动或链传动与凸轮轴相联。 整个工作循环过程需要四个活塞行程时（曲轴转两圈一个工作循环），这种发动机称为四冲程发动机。四个冲程分别是进气冲程、压缩冲程、做功冲程和排气冲程。 在进气冲程，进气门打开。曲轴驱动活塞下行。活塞的这种运动造成气缸部的部分真空．使空气通过进气门进入气缸填补真空。当空气向气缸运动时它必须经过化油器，空气与油蒸汽混合。这样，在进气冲程活塞下行时进人气缸的是空气和汽油蒸汽的混合气。 在进气冲程中，活塞下行至下止点时，进气门关闭。控制进气门的凸轮凸角转离位于其上的气门挺柱。因为此时其它气门也是关闭的，气缸上部是密封的。随着曲轴的转动，活塞上行，已进人气缸的混合气被压缩。当活塞上行至上止点时．混合气被压缩为原来体积的1/7-1/8。相当于1加仑空气被压缩成1品脱。其结果是气缸部混合气形成很高的压力。 在压缩行程中，当活塞接近上止点时，装在气缸上的火花塞发出电火花。火花塞由2个电极组成，火花由2个电极产生。点火由点火系统产生。点燃被压缩的油气混合气体。迅速的燃烧，产生高温高压。此时，在活塞的顶部有可以达到2吨的向下的压力。强有力的推力强制活塞向下运动，动力通过连杆和曲柄传递到曲轴。 在作功行程，活塞被燃烧的油气混合气向下推动。当活塞到达下止点时，排气门打开。此时，活塞向上运动，排出气缸中燃烧后的气体。当活塞到达上止点的时候，活塞中的气体被排净。排气门关闭进气门打开。然后活塞继续开始向下开始进气行程。当发动机运行时，
1.Here great disturbances at the heart of the earth caused mountains and volcanoes to rise above the water. 这里，由于地心的剧烈活动，使山脉和火山升出水面。 2.After the Australian Taxation Office made its taxation forms simpler, it actually received praise from taxpayers who could finally understand it. 澳大利亚税务局将其表格文字简化后，受到了纳税人的广泛称赞，因为他们终于能看懂这些表格了 3.Although people are born to win, they are also born helpless and totally dependent on their environment. Winners successfully make the transition from total helplessness to independence, and then to interdependence. Losers do not. 虽然人们生来要成功，然而，他们同样生来就是无助的，完全依靠环境。成功者成功地从完全不能自立过渡到了独立，然后过渡到相互依靠。失败者则不然。 4.Darwin was convinced that the loss of the tastes in music and drawing was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character. 达尔文认为，失去对音乐和绘画方面的兴趣，不仅失去了幸福，而且还可能损伤智力，甚至可能会伤害道德。 5.No eating tools on the Chinese dinner table are more magical and distinctive than the chopsticks. 中餐桌上最神奇,最有特色的用餐工具莫过于筷子. 6.It is not on the shores of continents, nor in the coastal islands, however, that the soul of the great Pacific is found. It lies far out where the fabled South Sea Islands are scattered over the huge ocean like stars in the sky. 然而，浩瀚的太平洋最精美之处不在其大陆海岸，也不在沿海诸岛，而是在远离陆地的海域。在那里，富有神奇色彩的南太平洋诸岛像天上的繁星一样散布在广阔的海面上。 7.Circumstances and people are constantly changing. Some friendship last “forever”; others do not. 环境与人都在不断地改变。有些友谊地久天长，有些则如昙花一现。
1 答案请写在答题纸上。 Part one: Sentence Translation(30%) 1.为此，必须对电路(circuit)的基本内容有一个很好的了解。 2.这个系数(coefficient)有待确定。 3.现有的教科书均没有提这一点。 4.由于反馈(feedback)在电子线路(electronic circuit)中起着重要作用，所以对它的研 究极为重要。 5.有迹象表明，计算机的价格将进一步下跌。 6.这个方法的确管用，不过到底该在什么情况下使用它尚不清楚。 7.十年前该厂的产量比现在高五倍。 8.激光(laser)是二十世纪六十年代引入的一项新技术，它能穿透(pierce)特别硬的物质。 9.为使晶体管(transistor)正常工作，必须给其电极(electrode)加(apply)上合适的电压 (voltage)。 10.代表磁场(magnetic field)的磁力线(magnetic line of force)是一些围绕该导线的同 心圆(concentric circle)。 11.我们所谓的机器人(robot)实际上是能为人类做工的一种工具。 12.这类天线(antenna)和那类天线相比的优点是结构简单，效率高。 13.半导体(semiconductor)对光和热都很敏感(sensitive)，这两者都对导电率 (conductivity)影响很大。 14.只有通过对系统性能进行研究我们才能了解其优缺点。 15.本书既讲了实际的设计方法，同时也讲述了理论问题，而重点放在一般概念上。 Part two: Mistakes Correction(30%)(Write down the corrected sentence on the answer sheet. ) 1. We are easy to determine the effect of new drug to patient. 2. The direction of an electric current was decided before electrons were not discovered. 3. Sound travel much less faster than light is. 4. The price for this instrument is expensive. 5. There are a few exceptions for this rule. 6. The hotter the body will be, the more it radiates energy. 7. The feature of this device is small in size and light in weight. 8. That professor is very interesting in this topic. 9. Our semiconductor industry comes into being at the end of 1950s. 10. The both engineers are busy to design a type of new computer. 11. Work equals to force multiplying distance. 12. The new design instrument is in good quality. 13. The ability for some elements to give off radiations is referred as the
2013年研究生入学考试英语一翻译试题详解 46. Directions: Translate the following text from English to Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2. (10 points) It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression. There is no doubt that gardens evidence an impossible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge; (46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression。 One of these urges had to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence, a “still point of the turning world,” to borrow a phrase from T. S. Eliot. (47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need. This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking, as it is for these unlikely gardens, the former becomes all the more urgent. Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment. (48) The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce form into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand。 Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to, or to arise from is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us. When we are deprived of green, of plants, of trees, (49)most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic。 In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call arrangement of materials, an institution of colors, small pool of water, and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals. On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference, at some basic level, seems to be the natural world. (50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions. In them we can see biophilia- a yearning for contact with nonhuman life－assuming uncanny representational forms。
科技英语阅读翻译 Company Document number：WUUT-WUUY-WBBGB-BWYTT-1982GT
ⅢT r a n s l a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g s e n t e n c e s i n t o C h i n e s e(20%)（1）He is best known for coining the term fractal to describe phenomena (such as coastlines, snowflakes, mountains and trees) whose patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales. (2) To explain these puzzling findings, some scientists have revived an old idea of Einstein’s that had been discarded as false: that the vacuum of space has energy in it that acts repulsively and accelerates the expansion of the universe. (3) New language that seemed to assert Facebook’s “irrevocable” right to retain and use a member’s personal information, even after the member had closed his or her Facebook account, deserved a little more editing. (4) The tenor of our time appears to regard history as having ended, with pronouncements from many techno-pundits claiming that the Internet is revolutionary and changes everything. (5) As a by-product of an industry that exists all over the world-the stalks that remain after grain has been harvested-straw also helpfully soaks up carbon from the atmosphere and locks it in, so long as it is not allowed to decompose. Ⅲ Translate the following sentences into Chinese（20%） （1）The problem in the paradox, he reasoned, is that we are confusing a description of sets of numbers with a description of sets of sets of numbers.