研究生英语多维教程熟
谙课后题答案
HEN system office room 【HEN16H-HENS2AHENS8Q8-HENH1688】
B o o k I I
Unit 1
A.
1.assess
2.alliance
3.outcome
4.ethical
5.identity
6.ambiguous
7.tolerable
8.participates
9.pursuit
10.constructive
B.
1.at stake
2.were obliged
3.the climate of
4.feel well-equipped
5.beyond my grasp
6.cut back
7.other than
8.rise above
9.care about
10.is bounded
C.
1.incompetent
2.indulgence
3.migrants
4.probes
https://www.doczj.com/doc/9214211044.html,plex
6.suspense; engaged
https://www.doczj.com/doc/9214211044.html,passionate; committed
8.tolerant
9.tempted
10.interconnected
D.
1.A. Judging from
2.B. in which
3.C. and
4.D. believe
5.A. is one of/ is that of
6.B. must get
7.C. likely
8.D. unemployed 9. C. as well as/ and
10.B. simpler
E.
1.what
2.graduation
3.intend
4.getting
5.eventually
6.survey
7.although
8.graduates
9.transfer
10.rise
11.attending
12.instead
13.cause
14.because
15.attending
16.below
17.failure
18.expectations
19.confidence
https://www.doczj.com/doc/9214211044.html,cation
Key to the translation from English to Chinese:
1.德.汤说过，一切进步，一切发展均来自挑战由此引起的反应。没有挑战就没有反应，没有展，没有自由。所以，我们首先应该在我们孩的能力允许的范围内为他们开设最严格最富有战性的课程。
2.我们可以向我们的孩子提供第二个机会是允他们有失败的权力。德.纽伊写道：“不仅是一特权，也是一种考验。”如果没有人可以失败那它算什么考验，算什么自由呢？美国可以向有在高中读者完四年课程而不管其是否取得任明显收获的学生发放毕业文凭的日子已经一去复返了。我们现在生活在一个外变得很狭隘的界里，们必须同对现实保持警觉，有所认识；现实主义要求树立一个要么成功要么失败的标准。这些话听起来很刺耳，但都是残酷的事实如果我们剥夺了孩子的失败权力，实际上我们剥夺了他们如实地认识世界的机会。
Key to the translation from Chinese to English:
1.Today's university students are
struggling to establish themselves,
but they still have ambiguous
feelings about their future.
2.A man cannot find himself without
finding a center beyond hi. So the
idealism of the undergraduate
experience must help the student
transcend himself.
3.We eagerly hope that the lessons
leaned in the university will reveal
themselves in our performance in the
workplace and further education.
4.It cannot go unchallenged to say that
the 4-year undergraduate experience
is the only path to success in life.
5.We run the risk of making critical
decisions, not on the basis of what
we know, the findings of
investigations, and the data of
experiments, but on the basis of
blind faith in professed experts.
6.Our task needs a large group of well-
informed, caring young people who can
band together, learn from each other,
and actively participate in the four
modernizations.
7.If it is to endure, the new school
should help the students not only
acquire a sold basic education and
become competent in a specific field,
but also be ready to commit
themselves to others.
8.It is not too much to say that if
undergraduates excessively devote
themselves to examinations, the will
push competence and commitment to the
fringes.
9.I didn't even speak to him; much less
discuss the reconstruction of your
school with him.
10.Some people think examinations are
second to none, but some think
examinations have a lot of
disadvantages. Examinations leave
an open essential question --- wha
influence do examinations exert on
education?
Reading Practice:
.
Unit 2
A.1-H
2-I
3-A
4-E
5-K
6-N
7-L
8-G
9-D
10-C
B. 1. perception
2. responsibility
3. organizational
4. marketing
5. strategies
6. assets
7. transitions
8. dilemma
9. Rivalry
10. compensation
11. whiz
12. invaluable
C. 1. Justify, justification, justifiabl
justifiably, justified
2. strategic, strategy,
Strategics/Strategy, strategists,
strategized, strategically
3. finance, financial, financier,
finance, Financially
4. resentful, resents, resentment,
resentfully
5. perceive, perception, perceptible,
perceptive, perceptibly
6. diverse, diversify, diversity,
diversification, diversified
7. destroyed, destructive, destruction,
destructionist, destroyers, destroying, destructible
8. markets, marketable, markets,
marketing, marketer
9. prosperity, prospering, prosperous,
prosperously
10. derived, derive, derivative,
derivatives
D.
1. A. it even harder
2. A. that
3. C. not taking enough exercise
4. C. to have gone back on
5. B. functioning
6. D. on
7. A. object to seeing
8. B. to go with it
9. A. to expanding
10. A. anxiously awaiting
E.
1.manufacturers
2.natural
3.treatment
4.experienced
5.approached
6.relatively
7.global
8.chaired
9.sustainable
10.vision
11.extended
12.improving
13.accomplish
14.array
15.involvement
16.activity
17.rewarded
18.proposals
19.domestic
https://www.doczj.com/doc/9214211044.html,petitors
Key to the translation from English to Chinese:Ａ.业主/企业创建者不仅进取心强，而且精力沛。他们往往擅长于多种技能。在很多情况之下，他们即是生产专家又是营销天才或经验丰的金融家。要接替他们的工作则需要很多的人因此家庭企业主应当通过制定组织机构图来明规定该企业怎样运作。参予交接过程的每个主成员也应当制定他们自己的组织构图。然后,?它们进行比较。各机构之间的不同点将表明管体制上的差异、存在误会的主要方面及观念上歧。
Ｂ.没有忠心耿耿雇员,很少企业能够发展壮大即使是家庭企业也是如此。这些尽职的雇员多担任了主要管理职务。因此，应当将关于产业承的长远计划随时通报给他们，而主要的企业理人员必须清楚知道他们在产业交接管理机构的职责。改进企业的劳保福利制度以吸引和留主要部门经理,激发他们的积极性,使他们能为业和业主的最大利益而工作
Key to the translation from Chinese to English:
1. He is an experienced banker and an acknowledged trade expert, not to mentio an excellent managing director.
2. Regardless of danger, volunteers from Italian organization for peace have gone Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, to form a "body shield" for the purpose of prevent the US from bombing the place.
3. Nobody in the family is more dedicate to operating the real estate business th Judy.
4. Because of the economic depression, r estate agents are in the dilemma of whet to lower prices or let sales fall off.
5. More often than not, Mr. Smith earns great profits by careful investment of h capital.
6. John did not make much of a mark in h studies at school, but he excelled at sports.
transition of responsibilities is a condition for the long-range prosperity a family business.
8. You had better have a clear picture of prospects before formulating a plan for investment.
9. Although sculpture is a time-consuming art, there are still some people following
it as a profession.
10. The software company is in the midst of being transformed from an individual proprietorship to a joint venture.
Q1 1) Plan a succession management. 2)
Define family employment practices 3) Establish and maintain family harmony 4)
Plan the estate.
Q2 1) Seating an outside board of directors.
2) Developing a family business vision document. 3) Holding family council meetings.
Unit 3
Suggested Key to Vocabulary and Structure
A. 1 -d 2 - f 3 - j 4 - a 5 - i6 - h 7 - g
8 - e 9 - c 10- b
2. toll
3. accommodate
4. landscape
5. sprawled
6. implement
7. legitimate
8.
transit 9. electrified 10. pickup
. Integral 2. better off 3. sprawling 4. emissions 5. metropolitan 6. ban 7. commuters 8. clutter 9. accommodate 10. displaced
. from coast to coast 2. the great unwashed 5. tore up 6. Short of 7. are noted for 8. constriction 9. was guilty of 10. well off
. C. overcrowded 2. B. worthy 3. A. sitting 4. D. recovered 5. D. in nonsmokers and nondrinkers 6. D. poured 7. B. unaware of 8.
C. recent 9. C. out of the question 10. B. understands
. move 2. drive 3. down 4. wheels 5. out 6. without 7. majority 8. imagine 10. plagued 11. burns 12. that 14. what 15. But 17. altogether 19. electricity 20. practical
Key to the translation from English to Chinese:
在历史上，吉普车以其能适应各种路况的众性能而着称于世。这种美名可以追溯到二战间，当时由威利斯公司提供的最初型号的吉普载着盟军部队驰骋于太平洋沿岸及欧洲战场。
<<麦氏汽车驾驶大全>>一书认为，“吉普这个名字起源于美国军队决定把这种车辆叫做（for General Purpose）即多功能车之意。而后，GP这两个字母的读音被误发成为“吉普”并成为威利斯公司享有的商标名称。
1988年吉普为克莱斯勒公司所有，此后该司投入了大量资金更新改造吉普车的生产设备提高吉普车的产量并开发各种新车型应市。克斯勒公司称吉普车在战争年代享有的盛名以及坚固耐用的形象无疑会有助于它在和平时期树其作为休闲娱乐车的新形象。该公司说，吉普休闲，越野车开发了新市场，它有强劲的4轮引装置（商业上称为4轮驱动），过去军用吉车曾因此而享誉四方。
Key to the translation from Chinese to English:
1. The automobile was improved very rapi after it was invented and soon displaced horses.
2. We may have to cut down on the number privately owned cars and depend more on public mass transit systems because cars pollute and maim or even kill people.
3. While wheels (automobiles) have broug with them better or more convenient transportation, they are guilty of many sins, such as air pollution, traffic accidents and traffic congestion.
4. Americans are noted for their love fo cars and great job mobility.
5. If only advances in fuel quality and efficiency and in technology would radically reduce the emissions from automobiles.
6. A highly developed highway network ha made possible the easy movement from coa to coast in the United States.
7. The very thought of the speed at whic the beautiful avenue was constructed electrified every visitor; the road had
only recently been torn up to lay drain-pipes not long ago.
8. Environmentalists have denounced automobiles, believing they are a major factor in the production of dirty air.
9. Many new residential complexes have risen up in the suburbs of metropolitan cities because of the availability of convenient public transportation.
10. Despite their love for cars, many people lend credence to the extensive use of the public transport system, which can cut down on traffic congestion.
Unit 4
A.
1. a. coercive b. coerced
2. a. preoccupation b. preoccupied
3. a. reluctant b. reluctance
4. a. adolescent b. adolescence
5. a. implication b. implicit
6. a. ambivalent b. adolescence
7. a. maintenance b. maintainability
8. a. privacy b. private
9. a. enthusiasm b. enthusiasts
10. a . tolerance b. tolerable
11. a. statisticians b. statistically
12. a. rational b. rationality B.
1. cared for
2. in terms of
3. lies behind
4. rings a bell
5. passed on to
6. went against
7. lining up
8. chiming in
9. am open to
11.brought up
C.
1.have evidenced—has evidenced
2.that prevailed—that had prevailed
3.associating—associated
4.raise—raising
5.on—to
6.on—to
7.reluctance—willingness
8.have—having
9.are the center—are not the center
10.This reflects—This is reflected D.
1.Adolescents
2.involved
3.fact
4.Therefore
https://www.doczj.com/doc/9214211044.html,mon
6.or
7.employed
8.fewer
9.negative
10.contribute
11.Studies
12.People
13.Tend
14.Drop
15.Grown
Key to the translation from English to Chinese:
A.一些观察家提出，我们正在看到的这种现象本就不是什么重大变化，或许它和性革命一样不是人们行为上的而是表达方式上的一种剧变一位住在康涅狄格州的精神分析学家说，“也许，一直就有那么一群与众不同的人存着。只过他们现在从隐蔽外走了出来，公开表明了他的观点，就像同性恋者那样。我们这一时代的流就是干你想干的事而不是加以掩饰。这些人上所反映的不是什么变革而是人们现在越来越率直言的这样一个现象。
B.在最近几十年的时间里，人们渐渐地明白了个事实，那就是：为数不多的妇女已不再接受愿意扮演深居简出的传统母亲角色。许多人认家庭的重要性正日益消失。妇女受教育程度的高是造成这一文化的重要因素。如今，百分之十的妇女完成了四年制的高中学习。而在194年，完成这一阶段学习的妇女仅占百分之三十这与现在美国妇女平均晚一年结婚有关。二十至二十四岁未婚者从1960年的28%上升到20纪70年代的40%。人们推迟了生儿育女的时间只有不到10%的妇女是在结婚后两年内生孩子
除此之外，越来越多的妇女不想要孩子。工作、晚婚、不要孩子是近年来妇女作用发生变化的主要表现。
Key to the translation from Chinese to English:
professional observers believe that young people today are no longer interested in politics and causes, but rather, have become increasingly preoccupied with issues closer to themselves.
higher a woman’s educational attainment, the more likely she is to go out of the private setting of the nuclear family and to realize herself in the community.
3. As far as I am concerned, what really lies behind the decision of some married couples not to start a family is that they are so narcissistic and have no margin of love to spare others.
company put on the market a registered invention even without asking the inventor’s permission, which goes against the patent law.
5. Urged by some other countries, the United Nations has pressured the country to give up developing and using nuclear weapons.
6. According to the rule that every member should remain childless, Mr. And Ms white have no alternative but to withdraw from the Non-Parent Association, for they will attain parenthood soon.
7. He expects to reveal, by presenting a soap opera, the complexity implicit in real life.
8. In virtually every country, drug abuse, alcohol abuse and child abuse loon as most challenging social problems.
9. When interviewed, these elderly people rationalized why they were ambivalent about today’s young people.
10. Many college students are far more concerned with how to get a highly-paid job on graduation and how to receive a quick promotion in the competitive society.
Unit 5
A.
1.A
2.B
3.C
4.D
5.B
6.A
7.D
8.B
9.D
10.B
11.C
B.
1.set him up
2.fit in
3.is thankful for
4.hold down
5.built up
6.gone through
7.weigh heavily on
8.working out
9.broken away
10.let my parents down
C.
1. C. will rely on
2. D. have
3. C. for which
4. B. which
5. A. coupled
6. A. a much greater variety
7. B. find it difficult
8. A. Acquiring
9. C. himself
10. C. endangered
D.
1.dead
2.brought
3.like
4.expensive
5.cost
6.worse
7.births
8.paying
9.aged
10.figure
11.share
12.majority
13.producers
14.poor
15.decent
16.services
17.expanding
18.same
19.burden
20.confined
Key to the Translation from English into Chinese:
在不少拉丁美洲和亚洲的国家,老年化和贫困将引起许多新问题, 而这些问题对于工业化国家来说并不陌生, 但是这些国家拥有资源少得多。在使用有限资源时所遇到伦理道德问题将更为突出,为医疗保健和养老金提供资金可能成为这些国家面临的一件棘手的事。
在许多国家,老年人的人数太少,政治上多半相当被动,以致无法成为一个能对长期政策施加有效压力来促进自身利益的团体。但随着其数量增多,这种状况正在改变，他们知道需要集结政治力量。到2030年将没有一个政治家大胆到敢于忽略三分之一这部份老年选民——特别老年选民一般参加投票的人数要比其他选民多。
Key to the Translation from Chinese into English:
, people have become more compassionate and quite a few families have taken in an orphan from the municipal orphanage.
is a demanding task for a workingwoman to look after her parents and her children while holding down a job.
3. At first we were worried about their
first stay in a foreign country but things there worked out much better for them.
4. Today's middle-aged people have fewer children than their parents did and the aging population problem may weigh on th in about 40 years.
is hoped that the current reform in education will better set students up to meet the challenges from society.
6. The government intends to transfer so of the health-care burden to the individ family but family members are not always available for the task because they cann break away from their jobs to look after the sick elderly.
is an increasing demand for beds in the nursing home, and we have to try every possible means to free them up.
the large elderly population in this country, financing of health care and pensions could care the devil out of the government.
young couple has to make some sacrifice avoid letting their old beloved father d they had gone through in looking after their sick old father made them more compassionate, and they made a donation the nursing home
Unit 6
A.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/9214211044.html,plexity
2.wild
3.surplus
4.indifferently
5.earthly
6.acknowledge
7.obviously/apparently
8.diminish
9.artificial
10.destructive
B.
1-g
2-j
3-a
4-f
5-b
6-h
7-I
8-c
9-d
10-e
1.primeval
2.whatsoever
3.beneficent
4.ultimately
5.pointedly
6.intricate
7.encroaching
8.indispensable
9.legitimate
10.fertility
C.
1.In short
2.attributed to
3.is up against
4.were under the spell of
5.at the expense of
6.regardless of
7.Allowing for
8.was involved in
9.acting on
10.vice versa
D.
1. C. increases
2. B. that of the general population
3. B. largely self-contained
4. A. in charge of
5. D. confused
6. C. safety provisions
7. B. that
8. B. by which
9. C. put
10. D. much of
E.
1.survival
2.perceive
3.public
4.occupy
5.lots
6.hand
7.restored
8.fertility
9.renewed
10.dwellings 11.wilderness
12.transitions
13.agriculture
14.even
15.beyond
Key to the translation from English to Chinese:
A. 正如诗人埃德蒙.斯宾塞在将近四百年前所的那样，大自然是“最伟大的女神”。她似乎任了上帝驻地球的总督的职务。斯宾塞把她描成一位母亲和法官。她管辖着所有的生物之间往来，并不分厚薄地给予他们权利，因为她是位公正的母亲。她把他们紧密地联结在一起，象兄弟姐妹。因而，在斯宾塞看来，生物繁殖生物秩序的自然规律与公正原则显而易见地是系在一起的。当我们得知斯宾塞认为大自然也有公正原则的时候我们或许有点吃惊。然而，宾塞不仅以人类的手足之情而是以所有生物的足之情为依据来坚持自然界有这么一位“公正的”法官。要是在当今，我们会说斯宾塞是以态学作为其可靠依据的。
B. 如果我们人类和大自然的固有关系不是相互抗的，那么，它又是什么样的一种关系呢？对们来讲，这个变得相当复杂难解，因为正如我前所讲过的那样，我们中没有人想在未经开发原始森林里或在未经改造的原始大草原上生活我们不想被大灰熊吃掉。假如我们是园艺家，们有正当的理由去抱怨园内的杂草。在肯塔基州，如果我们准备改良牧场，我们就很可能成那一片随风摆动的大蓟的敌人。但是，如果我还随心所欲，想做什么就做什么，那么，我们会对那些曾经被我们砍伐破坏了的原始森林和原着迷，我们会一而再而三地想起它们，想起些幸存的原始森林和原始草原。我们还会感到灰熊深深地吸引着我们。我们知道，在整个人时期我们会一直想起大灰熊及其他一些危险动物。
Key to the translation from Chinese to English:
1. Most conservationists believe that humans thrive best in ecological health that the sign of this health is the survival of a diversity of wild animals.
2. Mr. Smith produced abundant evidence to indicate that we, to some extent, diminish ourselves if we diminish nature.
3. Many cities in Western countries have switched to a new gasoline formula that reduces the pollution content. This is also true of some cities in China.
4. As depicted in a poem written by the English poet Edmund Spenser, nature is not only a mother but a judge, having jurisdiction over and doing justice to all creatures
5. A government study concludes that besides overcrowding and poor public transport, the biggest problems the city is up against are noise and pollution.
6. Unlike all other creatures, humans have the ability to act on their judgment/ understanding.
7. Don't you agree with the statement that health without wealth is preferable to wealth without health?
8. Even those defenders of industrial economy have to acknowledge openly that any conflict between humans and nature often occurs at the expense of both.
9. If your friend kindly points out a fault you have, take what is said not merely pleasantly, but thankfully.
10. One of the differences between humans and wild animals is that (or lies in that) the former can make a wise choice as to the kind and scale of the change they make to nature.
Unit 7
A.
1.distinction
2.sheer
https://www.doczj.com/doc/9214211044.html,mensurate
4.refraining
5.incidentally
6.alleviate
7.deemed
8.is to blame for 9.impulse
https://www.doczj.com/doc/9214211044.html,e across
B.
1.give … away
2.going at
3.imbued with
4.identify … with
5.has risen above
6.own up
7.allow for
8.treat … to
9.Dog-eat-dog
10.the counter
C.
1.choice; choose; chosen;
2.inextricable
3.shorn
4.definition
5.increasingly
6.social
7.Participatory
8.acquisitive
9.weighing
10.intimacy
D.
1. D. to pay them
2. A. Much as
3. D. endearing himself
4. C. number of
5. D. ignored
6. D. differently
7. A. respond
8. C. no more
9. B. that
10. C. /
E.
1.holds
2.therefore
3.Does
4.really
5.empty
6.of
7.success
8.nor
9.not
10.exists
11.likely
12.in
13.historical
14.upbringing
15.condition
16.choicelessness
17.honorably
18.trivial
19.how
20.ours
Key to the translation from English to Chinese:
毫无疑问，雄心大志期望的是荣誉、财富、爱情、非凡、成就、欢乐与善良美德。当然，伴随我们的抱负与希望，我们的生活将会是怎样，这些总是无法意料的。有些想法的出发点是丝毫不为自己，但结果却是结下深仇；而有些计划原意是为了自己，但到头来却是为他人做了善事。计划、设想的结果虽然难以预测，但仍无理由阻止计划与设想的进行。
不难设想，没有抱负与雄心的社会将会是怎样的。它很可能是一个比较随和的社会：没有要求，没有矛盾，也没有失望。人们有时间深思。他们所做的工作不是为了自己，而是为了集体、从来没有竞争，冲突将被消灭，紧张已成为过去，不再需要创造力。艺术不再是高深莫测的，它的作用纯粹是为了欢庆与颂扬。家庭作为一个社会的单元将成为多余的，它以前的束缚力已消失。长寿会增加，因为死于紧张、辛劳的工作所引起的心脏病与中风的人会越来越少、思虑将不复存在。人类长期地摆脱抱负和欲望的压力，日子会过得越来越舒坦。
Key to the translation from Chinese to English:
1.In spite of her recent election
success, she remains first and
foremost a writer, not a politician.
2.Ambition is always identified with
rank, fame and power. Therefore many
people have been unwilling to talk
about their dreams for a long time.
3.Surely, if you want to be famous, it
is necessary for you to have ideals,
because it is behind the
accomplishment, but different from
ambition.
4.Ambition is often regarded as being
commensurate with bad sense because
the single-minded have tried to
achieve their goals by fair means o
foul and often harm others.
5.Truly ambitious people seem to be
modest but actually they are on the
own.
6.Certainly some people are very
interested in their rank and fame.
what has happened is that they do n
own up to it.
7.Some people try to go on in life at
all costs but refrain from appearin
ambitious. We should be aware that
there is a note of hypocrisy.
8.Although he has come under attack a
has been considered ambitious, none
them are strong enough to make him
give up on his dreams.
9.It is not difficult to imagine a wo
shorn of ambition.It would probabl
be a world with no progress and no
development. And, of course, it wou
be a tedious world.
10.To develop our society, we need a
large number of people who have bot
ideals and ambition, because both o
these have the power to inspire peo
to further efforts. Therefore, both
are important for society.
Unit 8
Vocabulary and structure
A 1. wholesome 2. assiduous 3.
subversive 4. wrongdoing 5.
endorsed 6. breach 7.
Undesirables 8. calculated 9.
injustice 10. purifying
B 1. venturing into 2. in relation
3. follow suit
4. keep ... out
keep track of 6. speaking of 7.
the grounds 8. derives from f
fear that
C 1. immoral 2. cruelty 3.
irreproachable 4. revise 5.
constructive 6. blameless 7.
administered 8. guilty 9.
equality 10. Justice
D 1 . C. protected areas 2. A, As did
3. D. as opposed
4. A. Never having been
5. A. would have married
6. D. for which
7. B. can he speak
8. A. we established
9. D. that 10. D. but also
E 1. recognized 2. came across 3.
appeared 4. as 5. conceived 6.
discovered 7. in 8. what 9.
than 10. good 11 .true 12.
morally 14. comes 15. which
16. towards 17. other 18. such as
19. penalty 20. guilty
Translation
A. 在政治家的圈子里好人有他们的用处，其中
最主要的是当作烟幕。他们自己可毫无顾虑地在
烟幕的掩盖下进行活动。好人从来不会／，不疑
他的朋友有不轨行为，这是他的优点；好人也从
来不会被公众怀疑用他的优点来掩盖丑闻，这是
他可以被利用的地方。
* * * * * * * * * * * *
保卫传统道德规范的人有时承认传统的道德
规范并不完美，但极力断言对它的批评会摧毁整
个道德规范。但如果批评是积极的和建设性的，
那应另当别论。如仅仅是为了暂时的快乐，那这
样的批评一定会破坏道德规范。我们再回到边沁
的观点。作为道德规范的基础，边沁提倡“最大
多数人的最大幸福”。按此原则行事的人，其一
生要比那些仅仅遵循传统戒律的人要艰辛得多。B. 1. So-called ideally good men, in fact, are not always of benefit to society and
the
standards of goodness have long been argued.
2. The morals of good men must be irreproachable and they mustn't be so
indifferent to the things causing harm to society.
3. They try to be assiduous and earnest and see to it that they finish their work smoothly; they never give any thoug to personal fame and position.
4. Scandals can defame a genuinely goo man, wNle flattery can make an evil
man a good man.
5. He cannot tell good men from evil o so bad men often use him to screen
their villains.
6. They often elbowed out the undesirables, which made it impossible f them to continue their work.
7. Although he was threatened, he was afraid of that and continued his own
experiment, which was calculated to successful,
8. The poor man was sentenced to be imprisoned for life on the ground
that he had stolen bread from a stor 9. They have kept track of his activit but haven't found any suspected behavior 10. Many people were against him for violation of some conventional
concepts. But still Some others followed suit.
Reading Practice
2. C
3. B
4. D
5. D
Unit 9
A.
1.sacred
2.secrecy
3.doomed
4.segment
5.hierarchy
6.ego
7.symptoms
8.chaotic
9.absurd
10.breakthrough
B.
1.obsolete
2.boost
3.imagination
4.duplicate
5.subsidy
6.converge
7.tumbled down
8.automated
9.innovation
10.hold off
C.
1.personalized
2.intangibles; tangibles
3.prediction
4.ingenuous
5.flexibility
6.bureaucrat
7.innovation
8.glory
9.available
10.specified
D.
1. B. that
2. D. little
3. C. giving
4. D. can she act
5. B. must have been
6. C. be
7. B. whichever
8. B. meaningful
9. D. many of whose origins
10. B. or
E.
1.about
https://www.doczj.com/doc/9214211044.html,anization
3.for
4.but
https://www.doczj.com/doc/9214211044.html,puters
6.In other words
7.that
8.In fact
9.simply
10.therefore
11.attach
12.within
13.definition
14.for
15.necessary Key to the translation from English to Chinese:
A.有些公司了解这一点。微软即是其中之一。些人认为微软能在互联网世界里崭露锋芒，锐发展是由于比尔·盖茨的个人野心。简言之，种想法很荒谬。在1990年，微软季度销售量要加38%，需要增加九千万的收入，而在1995年要达到同样比例的季度销售增幅，收益需要增九亿美元。现在，收益的增加标准越提越高。的商机来自何处？规模化经营？还是低成本？些都是无稽之谈。新的商机只能来自于领导市场、受顾客欢迎的产品。即使要保持收支平衡微软也要至少每天创造一千五百万美元的收益如果没有高速度和充分的想象力，它只有死路条。
B.这些趋势在不断扩大，原因很简单：信息就力量，而技术的发展使得获取信息变得民主化全球化。因此，各种组织机构将再也不能扶植些美化等级特权并阻止信息交流的工作体系了在未来学家乔治·吉尔德所描绘的世界中，经是建立在沙子、玻璃和空气的基础上的。沙子指制造芯片的硅。芯片（计算机世界的建筑材料）正以指数级的速度增长。每十八个月芯片性能就要翻一番。
Key to the translation from Chinese to English:
1. Such a job is doomed because in this field, manual work will be done by computers.
2. The information-based network economy will bring about profound changes in society. Whether this change could benef human beings or involve them in a chaoti situation needs our discussion.
3. Because of the increasingly fierce competition and personalized product dem from customers, being able to supply personalized products has become the key business success.
4. The old way of management robs people their imagination and curiosity, making them content with the present system and jobs and they make no progress.
5. Those lacking in initiative and
creativity can only fit into the
traditional mode of work. Once the old mode is changed, they will be at a loss as to what to do.
6. In the coming century the development of telecommunications will depend on optical fibers which carry information incomparable to the common phone lines.
7. Since computers can replace people to do routine jobs, people can be freed of mundane business to do creative work.
8. In future society, proprietary information will be less and less proprietary. What will this lead to?
9. Some social thinkers predict ominously that robots will become more and more independent and eventually uncontrollable. 10. In the future, new jobs will be born. There is no need for people to worry excessively about unemployment. But they must keep learning about new technology.
Unit 10
A.
1.suppress
2.Amputation
3.donor
4.recurrence
5.heralded
6.alleviate
7.batches
8.reject
9.lethal
10.potent
B.
1. a. immunized b. immunity
2. a. diagnostical b. diagnosed
3. a. recurrent b. recurrence
4. a. vaccinating b. Vaccination
5. a. infect b. infective
6. a. contracted b. contractible
7. a. toxin b. toxicity
8. a. surgery b. surgeon
9. a .administration b. administered 10. a. preceded b. preceding
C.
1. originated with
2. a host of
3. immune to
4. are resistant to
5. protected against
6. In the light of
7. speak against
8. points to
9. in question
10. were responsible for
D.
1.few—little
2.impossible—possible
3.was--/
4.itself—themselves
5.from—in
6.As--/
7.This—It
8.to--/
9.dish—mould
10.seems—seemed
E.
1.indeed
2.control
3.particularly
4.living
5.producing
6.character
7.discovery
8.supported
9.co-operation
10.prevented
Key to the translation from English to Chinese:
在解决现有的医学难题方面，动物实验依是必不可少的吗？那些因携带一个突变基而产基因转变的动物，已经向我们提供了大量的有蛋白质功能及其在疾病中所起的作用的新信息毫无疑问，动物实验将继续为我们提供这类信息。我们还期待着在中枢神经损伤的治疗方面得重大进展。鉴于近来的动物研究表明，神经再生确有可能，因此原本认为哺乳动物脊髓中
神经细胞受损后功能无法复原的教条，必须予以重新评价。治疗何时生效，只是一个时间问题。我们很难想象，将来如果没有动物实验，怎么能够在这个领域以及生物和医学等诸多其他领域取得进展。
索尔克和疫苗这两个词，就象弗莱明和盘尼西林、爱因斯坦和相对论那样，紧紧地结合在一起。因此，当最早研制出可以有效预防小儿麻痹症的疫苗的乔纳斯? 索尔克博士于八年前宣布，他将重新出山专攻爱滋病难题的时候，许多人，特别是那些与日俱增的HIV病毒感染者，都欢呼雀跃起来。除了这位征服过一种恶名远扬的儿童痼疾的高手，谁还比他更有资格担当向当前的瘟疫——爱滋病发起冲锋的领军人物呢？然而在科学界，忧虑却多过期望。爱滋病这个目标，要比小儿麻痹症难攻得多，所以很少有专家相信索尔克的疫苗研制方法能够取得成功。然而这位医学领域的开拓者，并没有因为他人的怀疑而气馁，而是知难而上，和一家私人公司联手研发他的治疗方法。现今80高龄的索尔克，也许有机会向世人证明，他的白大褂的衣袖里，藏了不止一种医学奇迹。
Key to the translation from Chinese to English:
1. Rabies is an infectious disease of the central nervous system, caused by a virus spread chiefly by domestic dogs and wild flesh-eating animals.
2. Each year about 6,500 Americans contract liver cancer, and for all but a relative few the prognosis is grim.
3. It is one thing to locate oil, but it is quite another to extract it from the earth and transport it to the industrial centers.
4. In the light of recent animal research, we have become convinced that the vaccine can boost patients' weakening immune system and decrease the amount of virus
circulating in the blood.
5. Earlier he spoke publicly against the proposal for increasing trade between the two countries, but now he is inclined to support it.
6. There is no powerful medicine for cur the mysterious strain of influenza with complications, for it is resistant to current antibiotics.
7. Since he was elected, the president h been faced with a host of serious social problems such as runaway inflation, larg scale unemployment, and teenage crime. 8. A famous French chemist named Louis Pasteur discovered and proved after many years of careful experiments on animals that microorganisms are responsible for certain infectious diseases.
9. The four problems in question are how prevent various epidemics, alleviate existing ailments, conquer malignant tum and respond to the emergence of new diseases respectively.
10. Before the introduction of penicilli
a life-saving antibiotic, many patients with tuberculosis typically died from th disease.
Unit 11
Vocabulary and structure
A. 1 controversy 2. chances 3. undertone 4. fuss 5. partisan 6. conservative
7. endorse 8. forfeit 9. legislation 10. credentials
B. 1. love affair with 2. struck dow
3. in the wake of
4. Popular wisdo
5. pros and cons
6. a strain of
made it 8. alluded to 9. alien 1
facing tough odds
C 1. secede 2. prohibition 3. Predictably 4. typifies 5. outweigh immigrants
7. tolerance 8. pro-abortionists diversity 10. Conservationists
D ,many of whose origins ,to have
been ,to another , suspected
criminals
,Portugal's ,there to be ,/ ,it does ,did he come to 10. C. what
E 1. countries 2. and 4. language
are 6. four 7. but 8. never
9. Contrary 10. with 11.
recognizes 12. constitution 13,
India 14. than 15.
independence 16. because 17. split
18. well 19. demands 20. time Translation
A. 1995年10月，也就是在向最高法院上诉之前，联邦上诉法庭以6对5票通过一项裁决，废
除了亚利桑那4、N的这项法规。这些事件暗示语言在美国可能成为引起公众分歧的问题，即使至
今这点还没有受到重视。
* * * * * * * * * * * *
普遍认为保守主义者是支持派，自由主义专
栏者是反对派。这种说法可以说是对的。象乔治·威尔和威廉·巴科利，他们写了很多文章，
支持官方英语。但是会不会有人把现在和过去美
国英语委员会的委员们都描述为保守主义者呢?
* * * * * * * * * * * *
关于语言和政府，历史给了我们一个很清楚
的教训：一个自由国家的政府无法有效地改变语
言的规律与应用；无法迫使它的公民使用某些语
言而不用另一些语言；无法要求人们不要讲他们
希望继续讲的语言。
B. 1. Many issues intersect in the controversy over second language acquisition,
such as teaching method, cultural background, and individual learners'
differences.
2. In China, most schools have
legislation that requires all the teachers
to give
lessons in Putonghua.
3. Most young people are now studying foreign languages very hard in order to
make it in the challenge of society
4. There have always been two viewpoints, conservatives versus liberals, about
whether to legislate that English be the official language of the United
States.
5. He appealed against the severity of the punishment to the Supreme Court. He won his appeal in the end and th sentence was halved.
6. Developing students' non-intellige factors, or advocating quality-oriented education, is a byword of current educational thinking.
7. In the United States, the Presidential power was reduced by a constitutional
amendment in 199 I.
8. All the materials in the listening textbook are in authentic English, which helpful to learners.
9. Rod Ellis has written many books o second language acquisition, and he has been prominent in research in it. 10. A language riot is in essence an ethnic conflict. Therefore, it will threaten to
split a country and should be taken seriously.
Reading practice
2. A
3. C
D 5. C
Unit 12
A.
1. hysterical
2. conviction
3. obsolete
4. suffice
5. distress
6. outweigh
7. oversight 8. misery
9. innovation 10. explicit
B.
1. a. jeopardy
2. a. prohibiting
b. jeopardized b. prohibition
3. a. subsidized
4. a. adaptability
b. subsidies b. adapt
5. a. impoverishment
6. a. innovative
b. impoverished b. innovators
7. a. affirmations 8. a. integrated
b. affirmative b. integration
9. a. subsistence 10. a. plausible
b. subsistence b. plausibly
C.
1. go round
2. part and parcel of
3. in excess of
4. at the expense of
5. at a disadvantage
6. given way to
7. rests on 8. at length
9. gain ground 10. in aggregate
D.
1. was originated----originated
2. Them----it
3. sustaining----sustained
4. Steady----steadily
5. freely----free
6. On----in
7. With----Without 8. Made----make
9. qualified----quality 10. If----unless E.
1. industrialized
2. dependent
3. core
4. providing
5. claim
6. simultaneously
7. financed 8. poorer
9. last 10. relationship
11. exploit 12. essence
13. maintain 14. theorists
15. primarily
Key to the translation from English to Chinese
尽管在学科目标和所达到的理论发展水平之间存在着差异，但理论在经济、地理和经济地理领域里起着相同的作用。不管其内容如何，理论研究的目的是把各种各样的细节整理归纳出一种现象之间的清晰的、有恒定关系的模式。理论的发展要求事先作出选择，哪些特征需要检验，哪些关系需要探讨，整个现实情况中哪些方面需要解释以及需要提出怎样的假设。
也许理论的萌芽阶段是由偶然的观察和经历促使形成的。在对这种理论进行初期的探索中，描述一种事实花费了绝大部分的精力。问题的日益复杂性和理论描述的严密性导致了人们越来越关心使用精心选择的数据和各种统计技术来对初步的理论进行测试。在后来的这些发展中，学科的内容越趋于理论化和具有演泽性，而不是具有经验性或描述性。
Key to the translation from Chinese to English 1. In the aggregate, the benefits to the Chinese people brought forth in the economic
reform have greatly outweighed their cos 2. Unless you are thoroughly prepared in all respects, you will be at a disadvant in dealing with problems that occur suddenly.
3. We have formed the unshakable convict that man should not exploit the natural resources at the expense of other specie
4. If no effective measures had been tak to control its population growth in the past
several years, the growth rate in the country would have been pushed to someth in excess of 4%.
5. It is a deeply rooted prejudice to th that innovation constitutes a great thre to social harmony and unity because technological progress has been indeed destroying many employment opportunities and therefore bringing misery to thousands of people.
6. Undoubtedly, the world's economic development greatly rests on economic cooperation and interaction between the developed countries and the developing countries.
7. After a long negotiation, the two companies struck a bargain to cooperate the exploitation and utilization of natu gas.
8. Many sociologists believe that the ol notion of family may well change and the home will become the center of leisure, consumption and creativity in the next century.
9. As the government's new economic poli gains ground, a sound and moderate development of the economy will be ensur 10. As far as I'm concerned, it's absurd put prohibitive taxes on all forms of labor-saving technological innovation. Reading practice
1. T
2. F
3. F
4. T
5. T
Assembly-line workers at Ford and Chrysler no longer chat about whether they'll spend their $5,000-to-$10,000 year-end profit-sharing windfalls on a family vacation or a motorboat. This year there's little profit to share. Many also stand to lose $10,000 to $20,000 in reduced annual overtime pay. And their white-collar bosses aren't doing much better. Ford's 6,000 executives won't be getting any bonuses. The people who sell the cars and make most of their money from commissions are suffering much the same fate. All these workers are in effect paying to keep their job--and it's a trend that's accelerating far beyond the auto industry. Suddenly, everyone from $1 million-a-year investment bankers to middle managers and department-store clerks is facing a reduction of 10% to 100% in bonuses, profit sharing, stock options and commission payments. Some workers are even taking cuts in base salaries. Many employers and economists believe this newfound flexibility in pay may help keep unemployment a bit lower than it has been in previous downturns. But even as it cushions the blow, it is also spreading the pain to far more Americans. Robert Reich, Labor Secretary in the first Clinton Administration and now a professor of economics and social policy at Brandeis University, observes that "the biggest problem people will face this time around will be not the loss of jobs but the loss of income."
研究生英语系列教程·多维教程·熟谙－英语课后答案Book II Unit 1 A. 1.assess 2.alliance 3.outcome 4.ethical 5.identity 6.ambiguous 7.tolerable 8.participates 9.pursuit 10.constructive B. 1.at stake 2.were obliged 3.the climate of 4.feel well-equipped 5.beyond my grasp 6.cut back 7.other than 8.rise above 9.care about 10.is bounded C. 1.incompetent 2.indulgence 3.migrants 4.probes https://www.doczj.com/doc/9214211044.html,plex 6.suspense; engaged https://www.doczj.com/doc/9214211044.html,passionate; committed 8.tolerant 9.tempted 10.interconnected D. 1. A. Judging from 2. B. in which 3. C. and 4. D. believe 5. A. is one of/ is that of 6. B. must get 7. C. likely 8. D. unemployed 9. C. as well as/ and 10. B. simpler E. 1.what 2.graduation 3.intend 4.getting 5.eventually 6.survey 7.although 8.graduates 9.transfer 10.rise 11.attending 12.instead 13.cause 14.because 15.attending 16.below 17.failure 18.expectations 19.confidence https://www.doczj.com/doc/9214211044.html,cation Key to the translation from English to Chinese: 1.德.汤说过，一切进步，一切发展均来自挑战及由此引起的反应。|| 没有挑战就没有反应，没有发展，没有自由。|| 所以，我们首先应该在我们孩子的能力允许的围为他们 开设最严格最富有挑战性的课程。 2.我们可以向我们的孩子提供第二个机会是允许他们有失败的权力。||德.纽伊写道：“不仅是一种特权，也是一种考验。”如果没有人可以失败，那它算什么考验，算什么自由呢3 美国可以向所有在高中读者完四年课程而不管其是否取得任何明显收获的学生发放毕 业文凭的日子已经一去不复返了。|| 我们现在生活在一个外变得很狭隘的世界里，们必须同对现实保持警觉，有所认识；而现实主义要求树立一个要么成功要么失败的标准。||这
一、你认为自己是什么样的人，那你就是什么样的人 如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活 [1]你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗？你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈，而不是它中间的孔吗?当研究者们仔细观察积极思维的作用时，这些陈词滥调突然间都成了科学问题。 [2]迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有104个研究项目，涉及大约15 000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。与此相反，悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败它与沮丧、孤独、令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关。休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格·A·安德森说：“如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考，那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。” [3] “你的能力固然重要,”匹兹堡卡内基–梅隆大学的心理学家迈克尔·F·沙伊尔说，“但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功。”在某种程度上，这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望。 [4]以你的工作为例。宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁·E·P·塞利格曼与同事彼得·舒尔曼在一项重要研究中对大都会人寿保险公司的推销员进行了调查。他们发现，在工龄较长的推销员中，积极思考者比消极思考者要多推销37%的保险额。在新雇用的推销员中，乐观主义者则多销了20%。 [5]公司受到了触动，便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化行业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人。这些本来可能根本不会被雇用的人售出的保险额高出一般的推销员10%。 [6]他们是如何做到的呢？据塞利格曼说，乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的“解释方式”。出了问题之后，悲观主义者倾向于自责。他说：“我不善于做这种事，我总是失败。”乐观主义者则寻找漏洞，他责怪天气，抱怨电话线路，甚至怪罪别人。他认为，是那个客户当时情绪不好。当一切顺利时，乐观主义者居功自傲而悲观主义者只把成功视为侥幸。[7]克雷格·安德森让一组学生给陌生人打电话，请他们为红十字会献血。当他们的第一、二个电话未能得到对方同意时，悲观者说：“我干不了这事。乐观主义者则对自己说：“我需要试试另一种方法。” [8]无论是消极还是积极，都是一种本身会成为事实的预言。安德森说：如果人们感到没有希望，他们就不会费事去获得成功所需的技能。” [9]据安德森看来，有无控制感是成功的试金石。乐观者能够掌握自己的命运。如果事情不顺利，他立刻做出反应，寻找解决办法，制定新的行动计划，并且主动寻求指点。悲观者则感到自己只能由命运摆布，行动拖拉。既然认为毫无办法，他便不去寻求指点。 [10]乐观主义者也许认为自己比事实能够证明的要强——有时正是这一点使他们充满生机。匹兹堡肿瘤研究所的桑德拉·利维博士对患晚期乳腺癌的妇女进行了研究。对那些通常持乐观态度的妇女来说，两次发病间隔的时间比较长，而这是生存下去的最好预兆。在一次对早期乳腺癌妇女的初步研究中，利维博士发现这一疾病在悲观病人身上复发更早。 [11]乐观态度不会使不治之症痊愈，却有可能预防疾病。在一项长期研究中，研究人员跟踪观察了一组哈佛大学毕业生的健康史。所有这些人都是班上的学生，并且健康状况良好。他们之中有的是积极思考者，有的是消极思考者。20年后，悲观者中患有中年常见病——高血压、糖尿病、心脏病——的人数要比乐观者多。 [12]许多研究显示，悲观者的无助感会损害人体的自然防御体系，即免疫系统。密执安大学的克里斯托弗·彼德森博士发现悲观主义者不能很好地照顾自己。他消极被动，无法避开生活中的打击，无论做什么都会担心身体不好或其他灾难将临。他大嚼不利于健康的垃圾食品，逃避体育锻炼，不听医生的劝告，还总是要再贪一杯。 [13]在多数人身上，乐观主义和悲观主义兼而有之，但总是更倾向于其中之一。塞利格曼说，这是一种早在“母亲膝下”就开始形成的思维模式，来自千万次警告或鼓励，消极的或积极的话语。过多的“不许”及危险警告会使一个孩子感到无能、恐惧以及悲观。 [14]随着年龄的增长，儿童能体会到许多小小的成就感，如学会系鞋带等。家长可以促使这类成功转变为控制感，从而培养出乐观主义。 [15]悲观是一种很难克服的习惯，但并非不能克服。在一系列具有重大突破的研究中，伊利诺伊大学的卡罗尔·德韦克博士对小学低年级儿童做了一些工作。她帮助那些屡屡出错的学生改变对失败原因的解释——从“我准是很笨”变成“我学习还不够努力”——因此他们的学习成绩提高了。 [16]匹兹堡的利维博士想知道把病人变成乐观主义者是否会延长他们的生命。在一次试验性研究中，两组结肠癌病人受到同样方式的治疗，但其中一些人还得到了鼓励乐观态度的心理帮助。试验结果表明这一做法有一定的效果。现在已在计划实施一项重大研究，以确定这一心理变化是否会改变病情的发展。 [17]因此，如果你是个悲观主义者，你完全有理由乐观起来。你能改变自己。以下就是范德比尔特大学的心理学家史蒂夫·霍朗指出的方法：
Unit 6 A. 正如诗人埃德蒙.斯宾塞在将近四百年前所说的那样，大自然是“最伟大的女神”。她似乎担任了上帝驻地球的总督的职务。斯宾塞把她描写成一位母亲和法官。她管辖着所有的生物之间的往来，并不分厚薄地给予他们权利，因为她是一位公正的母亲。她把他们紧密地联结在一起，就象兄弟姐妹。因而，在斯宾塞看来，生物繁殖及生物秩序的自然规律与公正原则显而易见地是联系在一起的。当我们得知斯宾塞认为大自然也具有公正原则的时候我们或许有点吃惊。然而，斯宾塞不仅以人类的手足之情而是以所有生物的手足之情为依据来坚持自然界有这么一位“公正的”法官。要是在当今，我们会说斯宾塞是以生态学作为其可靠依据的。 B. 如果我们人类和大自然的固有关系不是相互对抗的，那么，它又是什么样的一种关系呢？对我们来讲，这个变得相当复杂难解，因为正如我先前所讲过的那样，我们中没有人想在未经开发的原始森林里或在未经改造的原始大草原上生活，我们不想被大灰熊吃掉。假如我们是园艺家，我们有正当的理由去抱怨园内的杂草。在肯塔基州，如果我们准备改良牧场，我们就很可能成为那一片随风摆动的大蓟的敌人。但是，如果我们还随心所欲，想做什么就做什么，那么，我们就会对那些曾经被我们砍伐破坏了的原始森林和草原着迷，我们会一而再而三地想起它们，想起那些幸存的原始森林和原始草原。我们还会感到大灰熊深深地吸引着我们。我们知道，在整个人类时期我们会一直想起大灰熊及其他一些危险动物。 1.大多数自然保护主义者认为，在良好的生态环境中人类最易兴旺发达，而各种野生动物的生存则是这种良好生态环境的标志。 1. Most conservationists believe that humans thrive best in ecological health and that the sign of this health is the survival of a diversity of wild animals. 2.史密史先生出示了大量证据来表明:在某种程度上，如果我们破坏大自然，那就是毁灭我们。 2. Mr. Smith produced abundant evidence to indicate that we, to some extent, diminish ourselves if we diminish nature. 3.西方各国的许多城市已经转换到使用新的可减少污染含量的汽油，我们中国有些城市也已经这样做了。 3. Many cities in Western countries have switched to a new gasoline formula that reduces the pollution content. This is also true of some cities in China. 4.正如英国诗人艾蒙德.史宾塞在一首诗里描述的那样，大自然不仅是位母亲，而且是位法官，管辖并公平地对待人类和所有的生物。 4. As depicted in a poem written by the English poet Edmund Spenser, nature is not only a mother but a judge, having jurisdiction over and doing justice to all creatures 5.政府的一项调查研究得出结论是:除了过分拥挤和公共交通很差外，该市面临的最大问题是噪音和污染。 5. A government study concludes that besides overcrowding and poor public transport, the biggest problems the city is up against are noise and pollution. 与所有其他动物不一样，人类具有根据自己的判断而行事的能力 6. Unlike all other creatures, humans have the ability to act on their judgment/ understanding.
Unit 1 我的第一份工作 汽车清洁工 [1] 我从父母那儿获得了很强的工作道德观。他们俩都经历过大萧条时期，对不是按常规工作的人感到难以理解。我曾经告诉我妈妈，西尔堆斯特·史泰龙工作10周挣1200万美元，“那他在一年其余的日子里干什么呢?”她问。 [2] 我把父母的工作道德观带入了我在故乡马萨诸塞州安多佛镇附近的威尔明顿镇福特汽车专营店干的第一份工作。那时我16岁，学期当中我干活干到五、六点，暑假期间则每天干12个小时。我干的是汽车清洁小工的活儿，也就是清洗，抛光等事，并确保纸地板垫的位置合适。还有一项职责是在夜里将汽车轮毂盖取下来以免被偷，第二天再还回原处。这是一项很费劲的工作，因为我们有占大约7英亩地的汽车。 [3] 一天，我抱着一大捧毂盖转过一个角落，几乎与我们新任总经理撞了个满怀。我吓了一跳，结果把毂盖全掉在了地上。他当场就解雇了我。 [4] 我羞愧万分，不愿让父母知道这件事。大约有两周的时间，我每天都忙到晚上，然后我会回家说工作干得很愉快。
[5] 走投无路之下，我写了一封信给亨利·福特二世，告诉他所发生的事情。我说我们家是福特车的忠实用户，并说我长大成年后打算买一辆野马车。最后，汽车专卖店的店主给我打来了电话。“我不知道你在底特律认识谁，”他说，“但如果你还想要回你原来的工作的话，这工作就归你了。” [6] 后来在大学期间，我想在一家劳斯菜斯(罗尔斯—罗伊斯)的专营店干活，但店主说他们不缺人。即便如此，我还是开始在那儿清洗汽车。当店主注意到我时，我说我会一直干到他雇我。最后他真雇了我。 [7] 成功需要毅力。态度也很重要。我从不认为我那时比其他任何人强，但我一直相信我当时干的活别人都赶不上。 出纳员 [1] 第一次与我祖母坐在她位于曼哈顿的药店的现金出纳机后时，我l0岁。不久之后，她就让我一个人坐在那儿。很快我就知道了礼貌对待顾客以及说“谢谢”的重要性。 [2] 起初我的报酬是糖果，后来我每小时得到50美分。每天放学后我都工作，暑假、周末和假期则从上午8点干到下午7点。我父亲帮我在银行立了一个账户。看着存款数增加比我当时本可以买到的任何东西都更让我满足。 [3] 祖母是一位严厉的监工，从不给我任何特殊照顾。她像鹰一样注视着我的一举一动，不过却放手让我应付象在午餐高峰时干活这样压力很大的场面。她的信任教会了我如何对待责任。
研究生英语应用教程翻译Unit 1~4 英国人把排队叫做“queue up”，美国人把排队叫做“wait in line”，只有纽约人不同，他们把排队叫做“wait on line”。似乎没有人知道纽约人为什么要这样说，这倒是我们在排队时可以好好考虑的问题。 排队是城市生活中一个严峻的现实。尽管对于什么是城市中最难排的队似乎还没有一个一致的意见，但是人们在谈话中经常提到的是午饭时间在银行和邮局前排起的队。年轻人则经常提到买电影票时以及注册上大学时排的长队。 不论排什么队，最基本的原则都是要讲个先来后到，亦即社会学家所说的“公平分配”的原则。例外情况也有可能发生，如在高档饭店里，领班就会优先照顾他们偏爱的某些顾客。但一般来说这条规则还是管用的。 那么从理论上说，每个人都应当同样关心把队排好。但实际上每个人的关注程度会随着在队伍中的位置不同而有所不同。一般来说最强烈的抗议往往来自于那些直接受害者，也就是正好排在插队的人后面的那些人。而排在队伍后面的人就抱怨的相对少些，或者根本不抱怨，尽管前面插了一个人，他们的利益也同样遭受到损失。 1. 一位艾滋病研究专家昨天在华盛顿说，有些人感染了艾滋病毒后仍然十分健康地活着。这为他们的研究提供了“一线希望”，那就是一旦传染上艾滋病并不等于被判了死刑。 2. 是否能够欣赏这些现代画取决于你的想象力。 3. 许多人宁愿放弃比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位，这在西方是人之常情。 4. 我兴奋得什么话都说不出来。 5. 走在纽约第五大道的人行道上，污雪成浆，阴冷潮湿，他疲惫不堪。
6. 许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维活动相比，认为这些思维活动必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。 7. Since he was not clear with this matter, he declined to express his ideas. 8. The sight of him reminds me of his father. 9. The misunderstanding was caused by their quarrel. 10. The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end to. II. Suggested answer: 到了成人阶段，传统观点认为女人感情过于脆弱，不适合权利太大或需要承担责任的职位。通常这些职位都是为男人保留的，而女人则发现她们自己的身份往往是妈妈、主妇或其他一些照顾别人的职业，例如教师或护士。但是现在这些观点正在发生改变。 上世纪下半叶，服务产业增长迅速。在美国，1960到1985年期间，服务业所占的比重从56,增长到69,，而同期在欧洲则从33,增长到55,。另外，计算机在从农业到电信业的各个行业产生了巨大影响。这两者共同促使了我们通常所说的信息时代的到来。这一时代，信息和知识取代了传统制造业的地位。技术，尤其是计算机技术的快速发展，引领了一种全新的工作方式，改变了现代社会对男女角色的看法，而人口老龄化和缺乏有经验的技术人员更加快了这一变化。 过去的传统行业只要求工作人员能够胜任工作要求。然而现在的工作要求已经发生了显著的变化，从“可以胜任”转化为能够与同事合作，解决问题并做出决策。简而言之，工作单位目前需要员工受过良好的教育，有天赋和创造力，并具有良好沟通能力的，而这些则是女性一贯所擅长的领域。 Exercises
研究生英语教程（河海大学出版第五版）课文翻译 河海大学研究生英语教程（第五版）课文翻译，仅供参考。祝好运！ Unit 1 Ghosts for Tea “十便士看一次海湾风光，”那个带着一架望远镜的老头说道：“多么晴朗美丽的早晨。请来看看那古老的灯塔和1935年失事的大轮船残骸吧。” 要十便士简直是敲诈勒索，可是海湾的景色确实壮丽。 峭壁向远方伸展，海风激起的阵阵波浪泛着白花，冲上海滩。海面上几艘游艇张着乳白色的风帆优雅地避开浪头蜿蜓前进。山崖下面，一群海鸥相互叫唤着，在海面上盘旋飞翔。离岸一英里处，在海浪贪婪地吮舔着的岩岸上，那座古老的灯塔矗立在一座石头平台上。说实话，我毫不吝惜那几个钱。当我把望远镜转朝灯塔时，站在我身旁的那个老头拍了拍我的手腕。 “您听过在那座灯塔里发生的一起骇人听闻的惨案吗?”他压低了嗓音对我说。 “我想这个地方看起来非常富有戏剧性，有关它的传说一定不少，”我说。 “这可不是传说，”那老头郑重其事地说。“我父亲认识那起惨案的两个当事人。一切都发生在50年前的今天。让我说给您听听吧。” 他的声音似乎变得更低沉、更富有戏剧性了。 “整整一个礼拜，风暴困住了那座灯塔，”他开始说。“咆啸的大海波涛汹涌，海浪拍打着岩石，轰然作响。岸上的人们十分担心在那儿工作的两个人。 他们俩是多年的挚友，但在两三个礼拜前，他们在乡村酒店里玩牌时吵了一架。马丁指责布莱克打牌时耍赖，布莱克则发誓要对侮辱他人格的不实之辞进行报复。多亏一位他们俩都尊敬的人好言相劝，他们才互相道了歉，并似乎很快地结束了他们之间的不快。不过各自心里还有些怨恨。因此，人们担心长时间与世隔绝所造成的极度紧张和恶劣的天气会使他们俩神经过敏，尽管两人的朋友们不消说还根本没意识到后果会有多么严重。” “离今50年前的那个晚上，灯塔上没有出现灯光，直到凌晨两点钟左右才有一束灯光突然发出警告信号。 “第二天早上，灯光依然可见。风暴已经平息了，人们派出一条救生船前去查看情况。等待人们的却是一个不忍目睹的场面——马丁和布莱克的起居室一片骇人景象，桌子翻倒在地，一副牌散得到处都是，地板上溅满了血迹。营救人员爬上旋梯来到灯塔间，在那儿发现了马丁的尸体蜷缩在仍然亮着的灯旁。他是被戳死的。两天后，布莱克的尸体被潮水冲了上来，他身上划破多处，浑身青肿，伤得不轻。 “我们只是在那时才猜测到究竟发生了什么事。这场大惨剧只是由于他们俩再次争吵而引起的。他们准是因为与世隔绝而心烦意孔，于是开始玩牌。马丁又怀疑布莱克耍赖，指责这位原先的朋友不老实。接着一场格斗发生了，布莱克一把操起刀子，在一阵狂怒之下向他的伙伴刺去，马丁受了致命伤而倒下。布莱克被自己的行为惊呆了。他受不了这里的孤独寂寞以及风浪的拍击声，于是狂奔到栏杆边纵身投向下面的岩石。接着大海吞噬了他。 “但当时马丁还活着。过了几小时，也就是在天色暗下来以后，他苏醒过来，想起了自己点灯的职责。于是，可怜的马丁忍着剧痛，慢慢地爬上旋梯，一步一步地爬到灯前。用最后剩下的一口气，他点亮了灯塔，然后倒下。 “数年后，据说那座灯塔闹鬼了。就因为这些传说，当地迷信的居民中没有人愿意接替做灯塔管理员。如今人们都说，每年到出事的那一天，尤其是当海上风急浪高的时候，人们
Unit 1 愉悦舒适不能指引你领略人生的全部，与逆境的艰苦搏斗常常会使人生变得丰富而有意义。 幸福隐藏的另一面 凯思琳?麦克高恩 1 咫风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒袭击，没人想找上这些事儿。但出人意料的是，很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。他们可能都会这样说:“我希望这事没发生，但因为它我变得更完美了。” 2 我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事，可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正的心理学_L的真理，这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中:在最困难的境况中，人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会进发出来。对那些令人极度恐慌的经历作出积极回应的并不仅限于最坚强或最勇敢的人。实际上，大约半数与逆境抗争过的人都说他们的生活从此在某些方面有了改善。 3 诸如此类有关危机改变一生的发现有着可观的研究前景，这正是创伤后成长这一新学科的研究领域。这一新兴领域已经证实了曾经被视为陈词滥调的一个真理:大难不死，意志弥坚。创伤后压力绝不是唯一可能的结果。在遭遇了即使最可怕的经历之后，也只有一小部分成年人会受到长期的心理折磨。更常见的情况是，人们会恢复过来—甚至最终会成功发达。 4 那些经受住苦难打击的人是有关幸福悖论的生动例证:为了尽可能地过上最好的生活，我们所需要的不仅仅是愉悦的感受。我们这个时代的人对幸福的追求已经缩小到只追求福气:一生没有烦恼，没有痛苦和困惑。 5 这种对幸福的平淡定义忽略了问题的主要方面—种富有意义的生活所带来的那种丰富、完整的愉悦。那就是幸福背后隐藏的那种本质—是我们在明智的男男女女身上所欣赏到并渴望在我们自己生活中培育的那种不可言喻的品质。事实证明，一些遭受苦难最多的人-他们被迫全力应付他们未曾预料到的打击，并重新思考他们生活的意义—或许对那种深刻的、给人以强烈满足感的人生经历(哲学家们过去称之为“美好生活”的探寻)最有发言权。 6 这种对美好生活的更为广泛的定义把深深的满足感和一种通过移情与他人建立的深切联系融合在一起。它主要受愉悦情感的支配，但同时也夹杂着惆怅和悔恨。密苏里大学哥伦比亚分校的心理学家劳拉?金认为:“幸福仅仅是许许多多人生价值中的一种。”慈悲、智慧、无私、洞察力及创造力—有时只有经历逆境的考验才能培育这些品质，因为有时只有极端的情形才能迫使我们去承受痛苦的改变过程。只过安宁的、无忧无虑的生活是不足以体验一段完整的人生的。我们也需要成长-尽管有时成长是痛苦的。 7 在纽约市皇后区一间漆黑的房间里，31岁的时装设计师特蕾西?塞尔感到自己奄奄一息。就在几个月前，她已经停止服用控制她关节炎的强效免疫抑制药。她从没预见到接下来将要发生的事:停药之后的反应最终使她全身剧烈疼痛，神经系统出现严重问题。最轻微的动作—比如说试着吞咽—对她来说也痛苦不堪。甚至将脸压在枕头上也几乎难以忍受。 8 塞尔并不是懦弱的人。她在两岁时就被诊断得了幼年型类风湿性关节炎，一生都在忍受着病症和治疗(药物、手术)的折磨。但是这一次，她实在不堪忍受了，
Translation 第一单元 A． Western teachers working at Chinese preschools express shock at the levels of strictness imposed ,and the ways in which the most difficult children are chastised. While this high degree of discipline has the negative effect of making children reluctant to initiate play , it does succeed in teaching self-control and respect for authority-precisely those qualities that are seen to be lacking in U.S school. Friends and family in North America often tell me that between piano ,art and sports lessons , their kids are already overscheduled and subject to pressures beyond their years. Yet , regardless of the number of extracurricular activities, the lives of western children are leisurely when compared to Chinese. 对于校纪实施的严格程度和对最难管教学生的处罚方式，在中国幼儿园工作的西方教师表示震惊。 如此高度的纪律性虽然会产生令孩子们不愿意玩耍的消极影响，但也会教会他们自控和尊重权威，而这些品质恰恰是美国学生所缺少的。 我在北美的家人和朋友常常告诉我，他们的孩子要上钢琴课，美术课和体育课，日程已经排得满满的承受着超过年龄的沉重压力。 不过，虽然课外活动很多，和中国小孩相比，西方小孩过的是优哉游哉的生活。 B . The differences between methods of learning in the East and the West are thus based on profound cultural differences that will be glacially slow to shift. Yet , while only limited change can be expected from domestic education reforms , a global educational environment is emerging which offers an ever-widening variety of choice. In china , more and more parents are sending their toddlers to private American-style preschools that –despite their exorbitant fees –are doing a booming business in the most prosperous cities , such as shanghai. 因此，东西方学习方法有别，根源还在于巨大的文化差异，改变将是极其缓慢的。 尽管可以预见，国内的教育改革只会带来有限的变化，然而一个全球化的教育环境正在形成，提供了越来越多的选择。 在中国，越来越多的家长会把刚会走路的小孩送到美式私立幼儿园，这类幼儿园尽管费用高昂但在上海等中国最发达的城市却发展迅猛。 中译英 以前流行一句话：”学好数理化，走遍天下都不怕。”如今无论是已在工作岗位上磨练多年的中年人，还是初出茅庐的大学毕业生，都有一个共识，那就是：在信息爆炸的时代，知识以飞快的速度更新，“一纸文凭定终身”的日子一去不复返，我们要不断地“充电”。这样一来，终身教育便成为历史的必然。 It was once frequently told that “you have the guts to make a living anywhere with a mastery of math , physics and chemistry .”However , people nowadays , whether the middle-aged working stagers or those green horn college grads , have reached a consensus- gone are the days when “a diploma determines you life-time fate”. With the awesome update of knowledge in the era of information explosion , we need to reskill ourselves continuously.
The summary of Unit5 Sandwich generation In the modern society，there are a large group，They are the so-called Sandwich generation，people who are struggling to care for both their children and their elders，often while holding down a job as well.The Sandwich generation are living a hard life. The statistics show that the proportion of seniors living with their children is decreasing，those who do move in with their children enter households profoundly changed from previous generations.Because toda y′s seniors had fewer children than their predecessors，there are fewer family members to share the burden.They not only have some elder-care responsibilities，ranging from occasional help with groceries to fulltime care at home，but also care for their children.In fact，the parents of an average family now work 65 to 80 hours a week，up from 40 to 45 hours a week in the 1950s.To stay in the place
U1 Free Falling 1.What is the main subject introduced in paragraph one? It is the description of the effect of saying farewell to his parents, friends and folks on the author. 2.How is the story organized? The story is chronologically organized (following the time sequence in which the event unfolded itself). 3.How did Weckerly feel before the day of his departure? He felt eager and excited to wait for the day to come. 4.How did his mood change when the day had really come? At the very beginning he became sentimental about saying good-bye to many people around him. Facing the reality of becoming independent, he began to feel afraid and uncertain . 5.What do you think about the ending of the story? It is very impressive. Weckerly ends the story with a metaphor which catches the essence of the particular moment accurately. He compares himself to a rookie skydiver preparing for his first plunge, which leads to possible outcomes: sheer excitement or eventual death. The last sentence "He closes his eyes, takes a deep breath, and jumps" symbolizes the fact that from that day on the author jumps into the future of being independent no matter how long and complicated the road to it is. U6 The myth of the paperless office 1. What are the disadvantages of paper according to the author? Paper takes up precious space, can be in only one place at a time, is extremely hard to index or search through, and lacks all the interactivity and linking ability of hypertext. 2. What are the major categories of files in an office? In the office, files can be mainly classified into hot files, documents to be acted on immediately; warm files, still active but of less urgency and cold files, docements that don’t need immediate attention. 3. Why is it unpleasant to read something on a computer screen? Because there are such annoyances as the relatively fuzzy type, glare, the need to scroll
Unit3 美国人的酷爱 我父亲是别克人。在经济大萧条以前，他本是史达兹人。然而，就像成千上万经济状况处于 上升阶段的有车族一样，那场可悲的经济逆转使他们非得调整对汽车的胃口不可。到他死的时候，他开过的那些别克轿车就不只是普通意义上的交通工具了，而且将父亲定位于这样的 社会阶层——比庞蒂亚克人富有，但比不上克迪拉克人。拥有别克轿车让人一看便知父亲的 社会地位。与别克人相当的还有福特人和克莱斯勒人。 我们美国人与汽车的特殊缘分，其坚实的基础就在于对一种轿车品牌的忠诚，这种忠诚因其来之不易而倍受珍惜。·这就是爱吗?也许用词过分，可美国人对这些机器的尊重甚过所有其 他机器——不仅将它们视为20世纪雕塑大观中的标志，而且还将它们视为社会的护身符。 我记忆中的第一辆别克车是一辆闪闪发亮的黑色轿车，椅子的衬垫是厚厚的马海毛，离合器拉杆是新式的。我父亲爱吹嘘说这辆车一小时能跑120英里。一想到这样的速度就会令男人 们兴奋不已。我照着家里的菲尔可牌收音机盒里播出的格林，霍利特驾驶的那个神秘机器的 名字，给这头漂亮的牲口取了个名副其实的绰号——黑美驹。 20世纪中，电话、电视或者个人电脑，这一切都使人类环境发生了巨大变化。然而，与电 话、电视、电脑不同的是，汽车却享有人格化的地位。有些汽车可以成为家庭成员，机械宠 物。我们给汽车起名字，在自己·家的车道上精心打扮汽车，在汽车不能满足我们的需要时 诅咒它们。在折旧换新之时为旧车的离去而悲哀。 人们对汽车的热爱让环境保护者、安全为重的倡导者以及社会工程师们感到不安。他们认为通往人间天堂的道路应该到处都铺设公交运输所必备的发亮轨道。他们想象着我们加入未来 拥挤不堪的自行车行列，而不是像一位激动不已的评论家所预见的那样，坐在“傲慢的双轮马车”方向盘后。这种态度不是现在才有的。首先是铁路，接着是汽车造成的人口流动早已 使得守旧的特权阶层感到不安。在战场上有过辉煌，但却以鄙视下层民众而出名的威林顿公 爵在150年前就曾反对英国发展铁路，这是因为火车只会怂恿普通人毫无意义地到处走动。 汽车呢，而今大家都认同的是，它污染环境、杀人、残害人、驱使人们离家游荡，实在可鄙。因此，汽车应被开除球籍，越快越好(还应带走路边购物中心、“免下车’’餐馆以及垃圾食品店等等乱七八糟的东西)。 的确，汽车应该对出现的许多问题负责，然而，汽车也是伟大的解放者。批评家们却宁愿对 这一事实视而不见。汽车可以使人口大规模地流动：从城市到郊区，从东部到西部，从南方 到北方。而近来更多的人又从北方回到南方，因为数百万人希望找到改善经济状况的机会。 一片片蔓延无矩的都市建筑群拔地而起——洛杉矶、澳兰多、亚特兰大、夏洛特、达拉斯、 拉斯韦加斯、菲尼克斯等等，其规划都是以适应汽车的需要为出发点。这样的规划并不完美(若代之以适应公共交通的规划也完美不起来)，但实际状况仍然是：南部和西部环绕汽车兴 建的城市正在飞跃发展。环境保护主义者在担忧，大多数人却照样开着车。 在美国有1亿7千5百万人持有驾驶执照，开着近2亿辆汽车，行驶在390万英里的道路上。人们坐上自己的轿车、轻型货车、摩托车、带卧室的汽车、运动用车，每年行驶约2万4千亿英里。每年约有1，500，百万辆崭新的轿车和轻型货车涌上公路。赛车已成为这个国 家发展最快的运动项目。汽车行业雇了230万员工，比任何其他制造业都要多。
Un itl 从能力到责任 When today ' s highhool seniors are asked what they plan to do after graduates , most say that they intend to get a bachelor ' s degree. They have been told that their generation has only way to win getting at least at least a bachelor ' s degree, in the hoeeehtutatlwil l ead to a professi onal job. In a recen t survey of high-school seniors con ducted by the Nati on Cen ter for Educati on Statistics, 85 percent of the respondents said they planned to get a bachelor 'degree. And, although 20 years ago only 45 percent of high-school graduates went on to college, today 68 percent actually matriculate （注 册）,with the majority enrolling in four-year or two-year programs designed to allow them transfer to four-year institutions. According to conventional wisdom, the rapid rise in the number of students attending college is cause for national celebration. But our research suggests that, intend it may be cause for national concern. Why? Because for many young peo ple, the “ one way to win ”例子id）gm （ not realistic , give n their academic tale nts and the labor-market project ions. Stude nts ranking below the top third of their s degre high- school graduating class too often fail to earn as bachelor if they enroll in college. The cost of such failure -n both dollars and unmet expectations -is rising and begi nning to erode public con fide nee in our system of high education . A 1. （Arnod Toynbee has said that all progress …）德.汤说过，一切进步，一切发 展均来自挑战及由此引起的反应。没有挑战就没有反应，没有发展，没有自由。所以，我们首先应该在 我们孩子的能力允许的范围内为他们开设最严格最富有挑战性的课程。 2. （The seco nd opportu nity we can give our boys …）我们可以向我们的孩子提供第二个 机会是允许他们有失败的权力。德.纽伊写道：“不仅是一种特权，也是一种考验。”如果 没有人可以失败，那它算什么考验，算什么自由呢？美国可以向所有在高中读者完四年课程而不管其是 否取得任何明显收获的学生发放毕业文凭的日子已经一去不复返了。我们现在生 活在一个外变得很狭隘的世界里，们必须同对现实保持警觉，有所认识；而现实主义要求树 立一个要么成功要么失败的标准。这些话听起来很刺耳，但都是残酷的事实。如果我们剥夺 了孩子的失败权力，实际上我们就剥夺了他们如实地认识世界的机会。 B 1.（如今的大学生，尽管他们努力的想使自己成才，但对未来还是很模糊的）Today's uni versity stude nts are struggli ng to establish themselves, but they still have ambiguous feeli ngs about their future. 2. （一个人如果不能找到自我以外的中心，就不能实现它的自我价值。所以，理想的本科 教育必须使学生超越自我）A man cannot find himself without finding a center beyond hi. So the idealism of the un dergraduate experie nee must help the stude nt transcend himself. 3. （我们强烈的希望在大学所学到的知识在今后的工作与学习中能起到重要的作用）We eagerly hope that the lessons leaned in the university will reveal themselves in our performa nee in the workplace and further educati on. 4. （四年的本科学习是走向成功生活的唯一道路，这种说法是无法接受的）It cann ot go un challe nged to say that the 4-year un dergraduate experie nee is the only path to success in life. 5. （在对一个关键的问题做结论时，如果只相信所谓的专家而不相信自己，不根据调查的