名词性从句
在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。名词性从句的作用相当于名词，因此主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。主语从句：Who will win the match is still unknown.
宾语从句：I want to know what he has told you.
表语从句：The fact is that we have lost the game.
同位语从句：The news that we won the game is exciting.
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：
连接词(不充当从句的任何成分)：that ,whether ,if
连接代词：what, who, whom, whose, which, wh+ever
连接副词：when ,where ,how ,why
Object Clauses 宾语从句
一、宾语从句的概念：宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。
位置：通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。
句子结构：主句 +连词(引导词)+ 宾语从句
e.g. She asked if these answers were right.
We can learn what we do not know.
He will talk to us about what he saw in the U.S.A.
I don’t know where we will hold the meeting.
通过观察，我们可以知道宾语从句的语序用述语序：
连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分
1)Could you tell me______.
A. you will get here when
B. when will you get here
C. get here when you will
D. when you will get here
2) Mother asked his son what ______for lunch at school.
A. did he had
B. does he had
C. he has
D. he had
3) Pointing to the young plant, he asked me ____ that was the one we had seen in the picture.
A. what
B. if
C. where
D. how
二、连接词
1、从属连接词(不充当从句的任何成分)：that ,whether ,if
1）、 I hear (that) he will be back in an hour.
2）、I want to know if /whether he will go to the park with us 用it做形式宾语的宾语从句时，it常可以放在动词think, find, consider, believe, feel, make等后作为形式宾语，而真正的宾语——that从句则放在句尾）（此时that
一定不可以省略）
I think it necessary that you should read English aloud.
We heard it that she would get married next month.
3、that从句位于句首时，that不可省略。
That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe.
4、if 和Whether的区别
1）、由连词if、 whether 引导的表示“是否…”的宾语从句。Whether,if 在从句中不做句子的成分，一般情况下，whether和if 可以替换。
例：I don’t know if/whether he will come tomorrow.
2）、下面几种情况只能用whether
①和不定式连(whether to do sth.)用作宾语时不用if引导.
例：Whether to go there hasn’t been decided.
They asked me whether to go shopping.
②宾语从句中有or not时不用if引导.
例：I don’t know whether the star will come or not.
③在介词后面的宾语从句中不用if引导
例：I’m thinking of whether we should go fishing.
④宾语从句提前时：
例：Whether this is true or not, I can’t say.
练习：1. I asked her _____________ she had a bike.
2. We’re worried about __________ he is safe.
3. I wonder ______________ he is well.
4. I don’t know ___________ or not he is well.
5. I don’t know __________ to go.
2、连接代词和连接副词
连接代词：what, who, whom, whose, which, wh+ever 连接副词：when ,where ,how ,why
因为连接代词或副词连接主句和从句，并在从句中担任句子成分，具有一定的意义，不可省略。
Do you know what he said just now?
I don’t remember when we arrived.
I asked him where I could get so much money.
Please tell me who (whom) we have to see.
1. Wang Hai told me _______ he didn't go hiking yesterday afternoon.（how, why）
2. Can you tell me ________ else is going to be on duty today?（who, whom）
3. He always thinks ______ he can do better.（how, who）
4. They don't know _________ we are going hiking. (when, what)
5. I don't know ________ so many people crowding round him. (how, why)
6. Do you know ________ shirt it is? (whose, who’s)
三、时态
1. 主句用现在时或将来时，从句可用任何时态，根据实际情况而定
I know that he lives here.
I know that he lived here ten years ago.
I have heard that he will come tomorrow.
2.如果主句是过去的时态（一般过去时，过去进行时），从句的时态一定要用相
对应的过去的某种时（一般过去时，过去进行时,过去将来时，过去完成时）
I knew who lived here.
I saw that she was talking with her mother.
He said that his father had gone to Beijing.
3. 从句说明的是一般真理、客观事实、自然现象时，仍用一般现在时。
He told the boy that three and three is six.
He told me that the earth moves around the sun.
1. The young man asked _____ it's summer or winter.
A. either
B. that
C. weather
D. whether
2. We don't know ______ they did it.
A. how
B. who
C. what
D. which
3. The teacher asks us ____ Jim can come back on time.
A. that
B. if
C. when
D. what time
4. Does anybody know ______ we will have a sports meeting this weekend or not.
A. if
B. where
C. whether
D. that
5. Could you show me ________ ?
A. how can I get to the station
B. where is the station
C. how I could get to the station
D. how I can reach the station
8. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see _______.
A. who is he
B. who he is
C. who is it
D. who it is
10. He says that if it ______ tomorrow, he ____ fishing.
A. will rain, won't go
B. rained, wasn't go
C. rains, won't go
D. rain, will go
Predicative Clauses 表语从句
This is his job. This is what he does every day.
（）（）
表语从句是在复合句中作表语的名词性从句, 放在系动词之后。
一般结构是“主语+系动词+表语从句”。
系动词有那些呢? 常见的系动词分为三种：
A．表示特征和状态： be, look, sound, taste, smell, seem, appear等
B．表示由一类状态转为另一类状态： get, become, grow, turn, fall, go, come, run 等
C．表示某种状态的：remain, keep, prove, continue, stay等
从句连接词分为三类：引导表语从句的连接词一般不省略。
连接词: that / whether /as if /as though( if 不引导表语从句)
连接代词: who / whom / whose / which / what
连接副词: when / where / why / how / because
用横线画出表语从句：The question is whether we can rely on him.
That is because we were in need of money at that time. He looked as if he was going to cry.
That is why I was late.
过观察，我们可以知道表语从句的语序也是用述语序
注意：
1、that 引导的表语从句，that 仅起连接作用，无意义，在句中不作任何成分，通常不可省略。这种从句往往是对主句主语的容起进一步解释的作用。
The fact is tha t he hasn’t yet recover from illness.
Our purpose is that he can realize his faults.
*名词主语+be+that引起的表语从句
表示事实，真理的名词，如：fact, truth 表示看法，观点、问题、麻烦的名词，如：idea, opinion, belief, view, news, advice, feeling, suggestion, plan, trouble, question, problem等
The fact is that our team has won the game.
The truth is that she was the very person we are looking for.
2. whether 引导的表语从句，连接词whether起连接作用，意为“是否、究竟、到底”在句中也不作任何成分（注意：if不能引导表语从句)。
The question is whether we can rely on him.
What the doctor doubts is whether my mother will recover from the disease soon.
3、连接代词what,which,who,whom,whose除在句子中起连接作用外，还可在从句中从当主语、表语、定语，且各有各的词义。
Tom is no longer what he used to be.
The question is which of us should come first.
The problem is who is really fit for the hard job.
The important thing is whose name should be put on the top of the list.
My strongest memory is when I attended an American wedding.
4. 连接副词where, when, why, how除在句中起连接作用外，在从句中还充当时间、地
点、方式、原因状语，本身具有词义。
That’s where I can’t agree with you.
This is why Sara was late for the meeting.
This is how they overcome the difficulties.
My strongest memory is when I attended an American wedding.
5. 其他连词as if, because, as, as though 引导的表语从句
because引导表语从句通常只用于“This/That/It is because…”结构中。
as if/though引导的表语从句常置于连系动词look, seem, sound, be, become
等后面，常用虚拟语气，表示不存在的动作或状态。
It sounds as if/though somebody was knocking at the door.
My anger is because you haven’t written to me for a long time.
1. That’s ____ the Party called on us to do.
A. why
B. what
C. how
D. that
2. The reason is ____ he is unable to operate the machine.
A. because
B. why
C. that
D. Whether
3. She looked____she were ten years younger.
A.that
B.like
C.as
D.as though
4. Jane is no longer ____ she was four years ago.
A. what
B. which
C. that
D. when
5．_______your father wants to know is________ getting on with your studies.
A. What; how are you
B. That；how you are
C. How；that you are
D. What；how you are
6. The trouble is__________we are short of tools.
A. what
B. that
C. how
D. why that
7. America was __________was first called “India” by Columbus.
A. what
B. where
C. the place
D. there where
8. China is becoming stronger and stronger. It is no longer_________ .
A. what it used to be
B. what it was used to being
C. what it used to being
D. what it was used to be
9. ________he really means is ________he disagrees with us.
A. What … that
B. That … what
C. What … what
D. That … what
10. The energy is ________ makes the cells able to do their work.
A. that
B. which
C. what
D. such
综合练习：
1．— I flew to New York for the talk show on TV last week．
— Is that ______you had a few days off?
A． why B． when C． what D． where
2． I ask her _____ come with me．
A． if she will B． if will sheC． whether will she D． will she 3． It was a matter of _______ would take the position．
A． who B． whoever C． whom D． whomever
6． It is generally considered unwise to give a child ________ he or she wants．A． however B． whatever C． whichever D． whenever
8． Go and get your coat． It's________ you left it．
A． there B． where C． there where D． where there
9． I wonder how much ________．
A． does the watch cost B． did the watch cost
C． the watch costed D． the watch costs
10． It was _____ he said _____ disappointed me．
A． what；that B． that；that
C． what；what D． that；what
11． "Is Mary from New York City?" "I don't know _______．"
A． from what city does she come from B． from what city she come
C． what city does she come from D． what city she comes from
13． Have you seen Henry lately? My boss wants to know ________．A． how he is getting along B． how is he getting along
C． what he is getting along D． what is he getting along
15．You can’t imagine ________ when they received these nice Christmas presents．A． how they were excited B． how excited they were
C． how excited were they D． they were how excited
16． Why the explosion occurred was ________ the laboratory attendant had been careless．
A． for B． because C． since D． that
17． We gave him ________ help we could．
A． which B． what C． that D． this
20． Where do you think ________?
A． has he gone B． has he been C． he's gone D． was he