![风险管理[外文翻译]](https://img.doczj.com/img90/1gu3t1166ifafar8u5kfmt3ylwghdjqr-01.webp)
![风险管理[外文翻译]](https://img.doczj.com/img90/1gu3t1166ifafar8u5kfmt3ylwghdjqr-22.webp)
外文翻译
Risk Management
Material Source: Springer Series in Reliability Engineering, 2010, Risks in Technological Systems, Pages 175-198 Author: Terje Aven This chapter reviews and discusses the basic issues and principles of risk management, including:
●Risk acceptability(tolerability)
●Risk reduction and the ALARP principle
●Cautionary and precautionary principles
and presents a case study showing the importance of these issues and principles in a practical management context. Before we take a closer look, let us briefly address some basic features of risk management.
Overview of Risk Management
The purpose of risk management is to ensure that adequate measures are taken to protect people, the environment, and assets from possible harmful consequences of the activities being undertaken, as well as to balance different concerns, in particular risks and costs. Risk management includes measures both to avoid the hazards and to reduce their potential harm. Traditionally, in industries such as nuclear, oil and gas risk management was based on a prescriptive regulating regime, in which detailed requirements were set with regard to the design and operation of the arrangements. This regime has gradually been replaced by a more goal-oriented regime, putting emphasis on what to achieve rather than on the means of achieving it.
Risk management is an integral aspect of a goal-oriented regime (Figure 12.1). It is acknowledged that risk cannot be eliminated but must be managed. There is nowadays an enormous drive and enthusiasm in various industries and in society as a whole to implement risk management in organizations. There are high expectations that risk management is the proper framework through which to achieve high levels of performance.
Risk management involves achieving an appropriate balance between realizing opportunities for gain and minimizing losses. It is an integral part of good management practice and an essential element of good corporate governance. It is an iterative process consisting of steps that, when undertaken in sequence, can lead to a continuous improvement in decision-making and facilitate a continuous improvement in performance.
To support decision-making regarding design and operation, risk analyses are carried out.
They include the identification of hazards and threats, cause analyses, consequence analyses, and risk descriptions. The results are then evaluated. The totality of the analyses and the evaluations are referred to as risk assessments. Risk assessment is followed by risk treatment, which is a process involving the development and implementation of measures to modify the risk, including measures designed to avoid, reduce (“optimize”),transfer, or retain the risk. Risk transfer means sharing with another party the benefit or loss associated with a risk. It is typically effected through insurance. Risk management covers all coordinated activities in the direction and control of an organization with regard to risk. This terminology is in line with ISO/IEC Guide 73(2002).
Figure https://www.doczj.com/doc/93166482.html,plex industrial activities require systematic Risk Management. Here a view of the Mexican Oil Refinery Francisco I Madero. (Photo: Adalberto Ríos Szalay/AGE/Scanpix) In many enterprises, the risk management tasks are divided into three main categories: strategic risk, financial risk, and operational risk. Strategic risk includes aspects and factors that are important for the enterprise’s long-term strategy and plans, for example mergers and acquisitions, technology, competition, political conditions, legislation and regulations, and labor market. Financial risk includes the enterprise’s financial situation, and includes:
●Market risk, associated with the costs of goods and services, foreign exchange
rates and securities (shares, bonds, etc.)
●Credit risk, associated with a debtor’s failure to meet its obligations in accordance
with agreed terms
●Liquidity risk, reflecting lack of access to cash; the difficulty of selling an asset in
a timely manner
Operational risk is related to conditions affecting the normal operating situation:
●Accidental events, including failures and defects, quality deviations, natural
disasters
●Intended acts; sabotage, disgruntled employees, etc.
●Loss of competence, key personnel
●Legal circumstances, associated for instance, with defective contracts and liability
insurance
For an enterprise to become successful in its implementation of risk management, top management needs to be involved, and activities must be put into effect on many levels. Some important points to ensure success are (Aven 2008a):
●The establishment of a strategy for risk management, i.e., the principles of how
the enterprise defines and implements risk management. Should one simply follow the regulatory requirements (minimal requirements), or should one be the “best in the class”?
●The establishment of a risk management process for the enterprise, i.e., formal
processes and routines that the enterprise is to follow.
●The establishment of management structures, with roles and responsibilities, such
that the risk analysis process becomes integrated into the organization.
●The implementation of analyses and support systems, such as risk analysis tools,
recording systems for occurrences of various types of events, etc.
●The communication, training, and development of a risk management culture, so
that the competence, understanding, and motivation level within the organization is enhanced.
Given the above fundamentals of risk management, the next step is to develop principles and a methodology that can be used in practical decision-making. This is not, however, straightforward. There are a number of challenges and here we address some of these:
●Establishing an informative risk picture for the various decision alternatives
●Using this risk picture in a decision-making context
Establishing an informative risk picture means identifying appropriate risk indices and assessments of uncertainties. Using the risk picture in a decision making context means the definition and application of risk acceptance criteria, cost benefit analyses and the ALARP principle, which states that risk should be reduced to a level which is as low as is reasonably practicable.
It is common to define and describe risks in terms of probabilities and expected values. This has, however, been challenged, since the probabilities and expected values can camouflage uncertainties; see, e.g., Rosa (1998) and Aven (2003, 2008b).The assigned probabilities are conditional on a number of assumptions and suppositions, and they depend on the background knowledge. Uncertainties are often hidden in this background knowledge, and restricting attention to the assigned probabilities can camouflage factors that could produce surprising outcomes. By jumping directly into probabilities, important uncertainty aspects are easily truncated, and potential surprises may be left unconsidered.
Let us, as an example, consider the risks, seen through the eyes of a risk analyst in the 1970s, associated with future health problems for divers working on offshore petroleum projects. The analyst assigns a value to the probability that a diver would experience health problems (properly defined) during the coming 30 years due to the diving activities. Let us assume that a value of 1%was assigned, a number based on the knowledge available at that time. There are no strong indications that the divers will experience health problems, but we know today that these probabilities led to poor predictions. Many divers have experienced severe health problems (Aven and Vinnem, 2007).By restricting risk to the probability assignments alone, important
aspects of uncertainty and risk are hidden. There is a lack of understanding about the underlying phenomena, but the probability assignments alone are not able to fully describe this status.
Several risk perspectives and definitions have been proposed in line with this realization. For example, Aven(2007a,2008a)defines risk as the two-dimensional combination of events/consequences and associated uncertainties(will the events occur, what will the consequences be).A closely related perspective is suggested by Aven and Renn(2008a),who define risk associated with an activity as uncertainty about and severity of the consequences of the activity, where severity refers to intensity, size, extension, scope and other potential measures of magnitude with respect to something that humans value(lives, the environment, money, etc.). Losses and gains, expressed for example in monetary terms or as the number of fatalities, are ways of defining the severity of the consequences. See also Aven and Kristensen(2005).
In the case of large uncertainties, risk assessments can support decision making, but other principles, measures, and instruments are also required, such as the cautionary/precautionary principles (HES, 2001; Aven and Vinnem 2007) as well as robustness and resilience strategies (IRGC, 2005); see Sections 2.4 and 12.6.An informative decision basis is needed, but it should be far more nuanced than can be obtained by a probabilistic analysis alone. This has been stressed by many researchers, e.g., Apostolakis (1990) and Apostolakis and Lemon (2005): qualitative risk analysis (QRA) results are never the sole basis for decision-making. Safety-and security-related decision-making is risk-informed, not risk-based. This conclusion is not, however, justified merely by referring to the need for addressing uncertainties beyond probabilities and expected values. The main issue here is the fact that risks need to be balanced with other concerns.
Risk Management and the Risk Analysis Process
The risk analysis process is a central part of risk management, and has a basic structure that is independent of its area of application. There are several ways of presenting the risk analysis process, but most structures contain the following three key elements (compare with Figure
12.2):
●Planning
●Risk assessment(execution)
●Risk treatment(use)
Risk analyses, cost–benefit analyses, and related types of analyses provide support for decision-making, leaving the decision-makers to apply decision processes outside the direct applications of the analyses. We speak of managerial review and judgment (Figure 12.2).It is not desirable to develop tools that prescribe or dictate the decision. That would mean too mechanical an approach to decision-making and would fail to recognize the important role of management
in performing difficult value judgments involving uncertainty.
Nonetheless, there is a need for guidance and a structure for decision-making in situations involving high risks and large uncertainties. The aim must be to achieve a certain level of consistency in decision-making and of confidence in obtaining desirable outcomes. Such guidance and structure exist to some degree, and the challenge is to find the right level. This will be discussed in more detail in the following sections.
More generally, the risk management process can be divided into the following steps(IRGC,2005)according to the basic model used by decision theory(Lindley, 1985;Morgan,1990;Keeney,1992;Hammond et al.,1999):
1. Identification and generation of risk management options. Risk reduction can be accomplished by many various means, including:
●Technical standards and limits that prescribe the permissible threshold of
concentrations, emissions, take-up or other measures of exposure
●Performance standards for technological and chemical processes such as
minimum temperatures in waste incinerators
●Technical prescriptions referring to the blockage of exposure(e.g. via protective
clothing)or the improvement of resilience(e.g. via immunization or earthquake-tolerant structures)
●Governmental economic incentives including taxation, duties, subsidies, and
certification schemes
●Third party incentives, i.e. private monetary or in-kind incentives
●Compensation schemes(monetary or in-kind)
●Insurance and liability
●Cooperative and informative options ranging from voluntary agreements to
labeling and education programs
All these options can be used individually or in various combinations to accomplish even more effective risk reduction. One way of implementing the risk reduction is to apply the ALARP-principle (see also Section 12.5).
2. Assessment of risk management options. Each of the options will have desired and unintended consequences. In most instances, an assessment should be made according to the following criteria:
●Effectiveness. Does the option achieve the desired effect?
●Efficiency. Does the option achieve the desired effect with the least resource
consumption?
●Minimization of external side-effects. Does the option infringe on other valuable
《金融风险管理案例分析》 ——华谊兄弟 姓名：周冰倩 学院：行知学院商学分院 专业：金融学
学号：12856218 金融风险管理案例分析之华谊兄弟 前言： 在21世纪初的中国娱乐业市场，涌现出一批商业巨头，而华谊公司正是个中翘楚。从一家小型的广告公司，到如今庞大的商业帝国，华谊走过了一条不可思议的崛起之路。当然，时势造英雄，这不仅仅归功于王中军王中磊两位创始人的商业才能，也要归功于繁荣的中国市场。 华谊概况： 华谊兄弟传媒集团是中国大陆一家知名综合性民营娱乐集团，于1994年创立。1998年正式进入电影行业，因投资冯小刚的贺岁片而声名鹊起，随后全面进入传媒产业，投资及运营电影、电视剧、艺人经纪、唱片、娱乐营销等领域，在这些领域都取得了不错的成绩。时至今日，华谊兄弟传媒集团已经发展成为一个涵盖广告、影视、音乐、发行、艺术设计、建筑、汽车梢售、文化经纪、投资等的大型民营企业集团，并于2009年10月30日创业板正式上市。 一．信用风险： 信用风险又称违约风险，是指借款人、证券发行人或交易对方因种种原因，不愿或无力履行合同条件而构成违约，致使银行、投资者或交易对方遭受损失的可能性。 我认为可能会导致出现信用风险的原因有两个：
（1）经济运行的周期性。 （2）是对于公司经营有影响的特殊事件的发生。 宏观经济与政策环境： 2013年起，全球经济逐渐复苏，中国经济保持稳定的增长态势，经济运行总体平稳。2014年将是中国全面深化改革的重要一年，中国经济的主要特征是由高速增长向中高速增长转换。伴随着这种增速转换，中国经济的结构性调整特征十分明显，服务业发展动能逐渐增强。国内外良好的经济环境和国内深化改革的政策目标都将刺激中国服务业，第三产业的发展。 行业态势： 优势： 1.中国电影产业规模快速增长，为大型电影企业提供了发展机会。而且娱乐影视这整个行业发展快，对优质作品需求大，有利于公司发挥自身优势满足市场需求，保持行业领先地位。 2.华谊拥有出色的制作、宣传与发行能力，在国产大片市场处于优势地位；电视剧制作实力强产量高；艺人经纪业务拥有艺人数量超过百人。公司独创的经营管理模式，有助于降低风险保证收益。 3.公司以工作室独立运营进行作品创作等经营管理模式，有助于公司降低经营风险，取得最大收益。公司产业完整，影视资源丰富，电影、电视剧和艺人经纪三大业务板块有效整合，协同发展，在产业链完整性和影视资源丰富性方面有较为突出的优势。 劣势： 1.虽然我国电影产量已初具规模，但其中具备较高商业价值的影片数量仍然较少，高质量影片供应量的增加将直接推动电影票房收入的增长。 2.影片产量和放映数量均在增长，但银幕数量以及高质量影片的供应不足限制了整个行业的发展速度。规模大，产业链完整，运作高效的电影企业将在发展中获胜。 综上所述，尽管存在着一些不利因素，但总体来看，电视剧市场以及国内外的经济环境外部因素都是有利于华谊公司的发展的。因此，外部环境对该公司造成的信用风险的压力较小。 华谊重大事件年表： 1994年，华谊兄弟广告公司创立 1997年，年销售额达6亿，进入中国十大广告公司行列 2000年，并购金牌经纪人王京花的经纪公司，成立华谊兄弟时代经纪有限公司；太合控股2000万入股，成立华谊兄弟太合影视投资公司 2001年，成立华谊兄弟太合文化经纪有限公司 2002年，华谊取得西影股份发行公司超过40%的股份 2004年，出资3000万收购战国音乐，成立华谊兄弟音乐有限公司；TOM集团出资500万美元收购华谊27%的股权，华谊更名为华谊兄弟传媒集团 2005年，中国最大SP之一华友世纪对华谊兄弟音乐有限公司进行超过3500万战略性投资；华谊以3500万入股天音公司成立新的天音传媒有限公司；金牌经纪人王京花带领一些艺人跳槽橙天娱乐
工程项目风险管理案例分析 风险管理的重点是成本、进度、质量、健康/安全/环 境（HSE）和资源供应等风险。 一、工程概况：指在施工程项目的基本情况,其主要内容包括:建设单位、单位、单位、施工单位、工 程地点、工程总、施工条件、开竣工日期、面积、 形式等。（自己写写就OK） 二、不确定分析（看着加吧） （1）费用不确定：在工程还未完工之前，该工程所花费的具体数额是不能确定的。 （2）进度不确定：工程完工之前，需要多长的工期因为众多因素的不确定而无法确定。 （3）质量不确定：我们只能尽量保证工程质量符号标准，而无法确定工程在未完工之前的质量。 （4）水文地质不确定：在勘察和实际所面临的水文地质等可能因为时间的改变而改变，无法准确定位。 （5）工程收益不确定：收益总是改变的，且具体数额不可能提前预知。 （6）移民拆迁等不确定 三、风险清单（看着加吧） （1）不可抗力：不能预见、不能避免和不能克服的
客观情况 （2）资源供应：包括人力资源、财力资源、物质资源和技术信息资源。 （3）法规变更：新的规范、规定。 （4）行政风险：新的行政命令。 （5）利率风险：利率变化使工程的实际收益与预期收益或实际成本与预期成本发生背离，使其实际收益低于预期收益，或实际成本高于预期成本，从而使工程遭受损失的可能性。 （6）通胀风险：投资行为所面临的系统风险，指因通货膨胀引起货币贬值造成资产价值和劳动收益缩水的风险。 （7）技术风险：是指伴随着科学技术的发展、生产方式的改变而产生的威胁人们生产与生活的风险。技术风险可依据工程项目风险定义进行等级区分。通常分为低、中、高风险三个等级。 低风险是指可辨识且可监控其对项目目标影响的风险；中等风险是指可辨识的，对工程系统的技术性能、费用或进度将产生较大影响的风险，这类风险发生的可能性相当高，是有条件接受的事件，需要对其进行严密监控。高风险是指发生的可能性很高，不可接受的事件，其
财务风险管理 尽管近年来金融风险大大增加，但风险和风险管理不是当代的主要问题。全球市场越来越多的问题是，风险可能来自几千英里以外的与这些事件无关的国外市场。意味着需要的信息可以在瞬间得到，而其后的市场反应，很快就发生了。经济气候和市场可能会快速影响外汇汇率变化、利率及大宗商品价格，交易对手会迅速成为一个问题。因此，重要的一点是要确保金融风险是可以被识别并且管理得当的。准备是风险管理工作的一个关键组成部分。 什么是风险？ 风险给机会提供了基础。风险和暴露的条款让它们在含义上有了细微的差别。风险是指有损失的可能性，而暴露是可能的损失，尽管他们通常可以互换。风险起因是由于暴露。金融市场的暴露影响大多数机构，包括直接或间接的影响。当一个组织的金融市场暴露，有损失的可能性，但也是一个获利或利润的机会。金融市场的暴露可以提供战略性或竞争性的利益。 风险损失的可能性事件来自如市场价格的变化。事件发生的可能性很小，但这可能导致损失率很高，特别麻烦，因为他们往往比预想的要严重得多。换句话说，可能就是变异的风险回报。由于它并不总是可能的，或者能满意地把风险消除，在决定如何管理它中了解它是很重要的一步。识别暴露和风险形式的基础需要相应的财务风险管理策略。 财务风险是如何产生的呢？ 无数金融性质的交易包括销售和采购，投资和贷款，以及其他各种业务活动，产生了财务风险。它可以出现在合法的交易中，新项目中，兼并和收购中，债务融资中，能源部分的成本中，或通过管理的活动，利益相关者，竞争者，外国政府，或天气出现。当金融的价格变化很大，它可以增加成本，降低财政收入，或影响其他有不利影响的盈利能力的组织。金融波动可能使人们难以规划和预算商品和服务的价格，并分配资金。 有三种金融风险的主要来源： 1、金融风险起因于组织所暴露出来的市场价格的变化，如利率、汇率、和大宗商品价格。 2、引起金融风险的行为有与其他组织的交易如供应商、客户，和对方在金融衍生产品中的交易。 3、由于内部行动或失败的组织，特别是人、过程和系统所造成的金融风险。 什么是财务风险管理？ 财务风险管理是用来处理金融市场中不确定的事情的。它涉及到一个组织所面临的评估和组织的发展战略、内部管理的优先事项和当政策一致时的财务风险。企业积极应对金融风险可以使企业成为一个具有竞争优势的组织。它还确保管理，业务人员，利益相关者，董事会董事在对风险的关键问题达成协议。金融风险管理组织就必须作出那些不被接受的有关风险的决定。那些被动不采取行动的战略是在默认情况下接受所有的风险，组织使用各种策略和产品来管理金融风险。重要的是要了解这些产品和战略方面，通过工作来减少该组织内的风险承受能力和目标范围内的风险。 风险管理的策略往往涉及衍生工具。在金融机构和有组织的交易所，衍生物广泛地进行
文献出处：Bedard J C, Hoitash R, et al. The development of the enterprise risk management theory [J]. Contemporary Accounting Research, 2014, 30(4): 64-95. （声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。） 原文 The development of the enterprise risk management theory Bedard J C, Hoitash R Abstract Enterprise risk management as an important field of risk management disciplines, in more than 50 years of development process of the implementation of dispersing from multiple areas of research to the integration of comprehensive risk management framework evolution, the theory of risk management and internal audit and control theory are two major theoretical sources of risk management theory has experienced from the traditional risk management, financial volatility to the development of the enterprise risk management, risk management and internal audit and control theory went through the internal accounting control and internal control integrated framework to the evolution of enterprise risk management, the development of the theory of the above two points to the direction of the enterprise risk management, finally realizes the integration development, enterprise risk management theory to become an important part of enterprise management is indispensable. Keywords: enterprise risk management, internal audit the internal control 1 The first theory source, evolution of the theory of risk management "Risk management" as a kind of operation and management idea, has a long history: thousands of years ago in the west have "don't put all eggs in one basket" the proverb, the ancient Chinese famous "product valley hunger" allusions and "yicang ("
项目风险管理案例分析 1公司背景简介 河北H-A会计师事务所是河北省财政厅对国有大中型企业进行社会审计的试点所，承担省直大中型企业的审计工作。具有丰富工作经验，拥有一批具有丰富实践经验的注册会计师。 河北省某研究所是省直科研单位，现有50多位员工。在基于WINDOWS平台开发软件方面，具备较丰富的实战技能。河北H-A会计师事务所在审计工作中发现，很多企业都采用了会计电算化软件，对审计工作提出新的要求。社会审计工作的需要，对开发计算机辅助审计软件的愿望越来越强烈。所以就联合河北省某研究所进行联合开发 2实际项目分析 2.1项目介绍 该系统基于windows和sql server进行开发，开发工具是powerbulider。项目开发过程中，共生成程序源代码约数万行，项目开发的难度和源代码行数都比预计的要多。 计算机辅助审计软件具有工作底稿制作能力和查证功能；数据可传递，能自动生成和人工输入相结合，产生合并抵销分录；能自动产生勾稽无误的审计报告和会计报表附注；有灵活开放的系统，方便用户进行二次开发等特点。 2.2开发队伍的风险 开发团队维持在10人上下，事务所提供3人，开发单位6-7人，有一些人员只能部分时间工作，开发人员能够自始至终地参加整个项目的工作。开发人员的流动基本能保证工作的连续性。 2.3技术风险 数据结构复杂，关联比较多。需要创建新的算法或输入,输出技术；软件需要与其他软件产品的数据库系统接口；客户能确定所要求的功能是可行的。同时，由于当时审计软件在国内的应用尚处于起步阶段，开发人员普遍对该系统比较陌生，这也带来了相当的技术风险。 2.4客户相关风险 用户对自己真正的需求并不是十分明确，他们认为计算机是万能的，只要简单的说说自己想干什么就是把需求说明白了，而对业务的规则、工作流程却不愿多谈，也讲不清楚。有的用户日常工作繁忙，他们不愿意付出更多的时间和精力向分析人员讲解业务，这样加大分析人员的工作难度和工作量，也可能导致因业务需求不足而使系统风险加大。 2.5项目按时完成的风险 另外，这个项目也像许多其它软件项目一样，面临着竣工日期带来的巨大压力。 3实际的风险管理状况 凭借公司在以往的经验，在此软件项目的整个生命周期中，任何阶段都有可能有风险存在，WBS是完整表示项目，且伴随整个项目生命周期的项目要素，所以以WBS为基础进行风险管理，既可以方便地识别，标识相应的风险来源，又方便和项日其他工作一起，统一管理。 在软件项目中，各阶段主要工作简述如下：
本科毕业论文（设计） 外文翻译 Financial Risk Management Although financial risk has increased significantly in recent years, risk and risk management are not contemporary issues. The result of increasingly global markets is that risk may originate with events thousands of miles away that have nothing to do with the domestic market. Information is available instantaneously, which means that change, and subsequent market reactions, occur very quickly. The economic climate and markets can be affected very quickly by changes in exchange rates, interest rates, and commodity prices. Counterparties can rapidly become problematic. As a result, it is important to ensure financial risks are identified and managed appropriately. Preparation is a key component of risk management. What Is Risk? Risk provides the basis for opportunity. The terms risk and exposure have subtle differences in their meaning. Risk refers to the probability of loss, while exposure is the possibility of loss, although they are often used interchangeably. Risk arises as a result of exposure. Exposure to financial markets affects most organizations, either directly or indirectly. When an organization has financial market exposure, there is a possibility of loss but also an opportunity for gain or profit. Financial market exposure may provide strategic or competitive benefits. Risk is the likelihood of losses resulting from events such as changes in market prices. Events with a low probability of occurring, but that may result in a high loss, are particularly troublesome because they are often not anticipated. Put another way, risk is the probable variability of returns. Since it is not always possible or desirable to eliminate risk, understanding it is an important step in determining how to manage it.
目录 1.雷曼兄弟简介 (1) 2.雷曼兄弟破产过程 (1) 3.雷曼兄弟破产原因分析 (3) 3.1 自身原因 (3) 3.2 外部原因 (6) 4.应对措施及建议 (8)
1.雷曼兄弟简介 雷曼兄弟控股公司是美国第四大投资银行。作为一家全球性的投资银行，雷曼兄弟公司具有158年的历史。其雄厚的财务实力，以及“全球最具实力股票债券承销交易商”的名号可以追述到一个世纪前。 雷曼公司的业务能力一直受到众多世界知名公司的广泛认可。它不仅担任这些跨国公司和政府的重要财务顾问，同时拥有多名业界公认的国际最佳分析师。由此，它在很多业务领域都居于全球领先地位，包括股票、固定收益、交易和研究、投资银行业务、私人银行业务、资产管理以及风险投资。这一切都有助于雷曼兄弟稳固其在业务领域的领导地位。《商业周刊》评选雷曼兄弟公司为2000年最佳投资银行，《国际融资评论》授予其2002年度最佳投资银行称号，其整体调研实力也高居《机构投资者》排名榜榜首。 这样一家信誉名声都响彻业界的全球性多元化投资银行，于北京时间2008年9月15日，在次级抵押贷款市场危机加剧的形势下，丢盔弃甲。根据美国破产法，美国第四大投资银行雷曼兄弟控股公司向美国联邦破产法庭递交破产保护申请。以资产衡量，这是美国金融业最大的一宗公司破产案。 2.雷曼兄弟破产过程 表1罗列了自2007年夏天美国的次贷危机爆发以来，金融市场上所发生的一些重大事件和雷曼兄弟是如何一步步走向破产的。 表1 雷曼兄弟破产过程
3.1自身原因 1. 进入不熟悉的业务，且发展太快，业务过于集中。 作为一家顶级的投资银行，雷曼兄弟在很长一段时间内注重于传统的投资银行业务（证券发行承销，兼并收购顾问等）。 进入20世纪90年代后，随着固定收益产品、金融衍生品的流行和交易的飞速发展，雷曼兄弟也大力拓展了这些领域的业务，并取得了巨大的成功，被称为华尔街上的“债券之王”。 在2000年后房地产和信贷这些非传统的业务蓬勃发展之后，雷曼兄弟和其它华尔街上的银行一样，开始涉足此类业务。这本无可厚非，但雷曼的扩张速度太快（美林、贝尔斯登、摩根士丹利等也存在相同的问题）。雷曼兄弟破产前的几年一直是住宅抵押债券和商业地产债券的顶级承销商和账簿管理人。即使是在房地产市场下滑的2007年，雷曼兄弟的商业地产债券业务仍然增长了约13%。这样一来，雷曼兄弟面临的系统性风险非常大。在市场情况好的年份，整个市场都在向上，市场流动性泛滥，投资者被乐观情绪所蒙蔽，巨大的系统性风险给雷曼带来了巨大的收益；可是当市场崩溃的时候，如此大的系统风险必然带来巨大的负面影响。 2. 财务结构不合理，自身资本太少，杠杆率太高且过度依赖短期融资。 以雷曼为代表的投资银行与花旗、摩根大通、美洲银行等综合性银行不同，它们的自有资本太少，资本充足率太低。为了筹集资金来扩大业务，它们只好依赖债券市场和银行间拆借市场，在债券市场发债来满足中长期资金的需求，在银
第8 章项目风险管理案例 项目需要以有限的成本在有限的时间内达到项目目标，而风险会影响这一点。风险管理的目的就是最小化风险对项目目标的负面影响，抓住风险带来的机会，增加项目干系人的收益。作为项目管理人员，必须评估项目中的风险，制定风险应对策略，有针对性地分配资源、制定计划，保证项目顺利的进行。 8．1 案例一：风险分类 阅读以下关于信息系统项目管理过程中人群风险分类方面问题的叙述，回答问题1至问题3。 8.1.1 案例场景 某公司召开会议，商量是否实施ERP项目，三个部门主要负责人就此问题发表自己的看法。 甲：我们公司不应该实施这个项目。现在我们刚把办公自动化系统搞好，还没有适应，工作效率也没提高多少，再上ERP 有些不适应，而且这个ERP项目花费太大。ERP在国内很多企业都搞失败了，成功的几率不会多大。如果我们也失败了，会给公司带来灾难性的后果。利用搞ERP的这些钱我们可以做一些短、平、快的项目，多招一些开发高手，提高公司的收益，而不是搞这些无端的风险投资。 乙：不应该一棒子打死ERP，ERP是一种新兴事务，ERP不是万能的，但是不上ERP 又是万万不行的。企业规模到了一定程度，管理和决策就是一个重要的问题。ERP是知识经济时代的管理方案，是面向供应链和“流程制”的智能决策支持系统，其先进的管理思想可以帮助企业最大限度地利用已有资源，解决管理和决策问题。但是实施ERP 风险很大，很多企业都失败了，主要原因在于项目实施的管理问题，没有及时识别项目中的风险并及时处理，项目监控机制不好，高层支持不够，老员工的适应性差等，最终导致“ERP天折”。我们公司以后想获得更大发展，应该实施ERP ，现在有些条件不够，整体上ERP不太可行，我们可以分步实施。我们可以借鉴其他企业实施ERP 的经验，先进行小范围ERP试验、积累经验，等以后时机成熟了，我们就整体实施ERP 。 丙：ERP 应该上，而且要迅速上，不应该等。如果其他企业都上了ERP，那么我们公司再依靠ERP获得收益就没有什么希望了。ERP本身就是一把双刃剑，虽然有风险，但是收益也大，现在我们的目标是收益，对于风险要想法化解。项目实施中要注意借鉴其他企业的经验，摸着石头过河，形成自己的特色，提高自己公司的管理和决策水平，争取把公司做大做强。小的、可以自己解决的风险自己处理；难以处理的、不确定的风险进行外包，实施风险转移；如果管理有问题的话，可以从专业咨询公司招聘顾问来担当项目经理的职务。总之，尽一切可能实施ERP，实现收益最大化。 【问题1】如图8-1所示，横轴表示项目投资的大小，纵轴表示项目成功的概率，A、B, C代表三种不同应对风险的人。请写出A,B,C的名字和特征，并且指出上述案例中甲、乙、丙分别属于哪一种对象(250字左右)。
外文文献翻译 Commercial Bank Risk Management : An Analysis of the Process
外文文献： Commercial Bank Risk Management: An Analysis of the Process Abstract Throughout the past year, on-site visits to financial service firms were conducted to review and evaluate their financial risk management systems. The commercial banking analysis covered a number of North American super-regionals and quasi±money-center institutions as well as several firms outside the U.S. The information obtained covered both the philosophy and practice of financial risk management. This article outlines the results of this investigation. It reports the state of risk management techniques in the industry. It reports the standard of practice and evaluates how and why it is conducted in the particular way chosen. In addition, critiques are offered where appropriate. We discuss the problems which the industry finds most difficult to address, shortcomings of the current methodology used to analyze risk, and the elements that are missing in the current procedures of risk management. 1. Introduction The past decade has seen dramatic losses in the banking industry. Firms that had been performing well suddenly announced large losses due to credit exposures that turned sour, interest rate positions taken, or derivative exposures that may or may not have been assumed to hedge balance sheet risk. In response to this, commercial banks have almost universally embarked upon an upgrading of their risk management and control systems. Coincidental to this activity, and in part because of our recognition of the industry's vulnerability to financial risk, the Wharton Financial Institutions Center, with the support of the Sloan Foundation, has been involved in an analysis of financial risk management processes in the financial sector. Through the past academic year, on-site visits were conducted to review and evaluate the risk management systems and the process of risk evaluation that is in place. In the banking sector, system evaluation was conducted covering many of North America's
ERP项目实施成功因素和风险管理 参考国外的一些文献资料，一个成功的ERP项目，往往要花费数年时间，数千万美元得以完成。再回头看国内，随着ERP怀疑论的抬头，价格战的兴起，ERP作为一种软件供应商的产品，却有走下神坛趋势。就连ERP界的首领SAP 也推出了Business One产品，价格低于十万。不过，即便ERP软件能做到免费，或如IBM推崇的按需收费的境界，从整个企业实施的角度，考虑到人员、培训、维护、业务重组、二次开发、三次、n次开发，其费用应该也在数百万乃至千万人民币的规模。这对于国内企业而言，已是不小的数目了。 但是，还是有不少企业怀着美丽的梦想，踏上ERP实施的艰辛之旅。其中又有不少项目以失败告终。而对于那些最后的幸存者，是否就可以还戟入仓，饮酒高歌呢？ 事实上，企业在成功实施ERP项目后，将面对较实施前更大的风险。在未来的五到十年中，是否有一个扎实的ERP风险管理机制将决定了企业是否能在最初的ERP投资中真正获益。 1998年Thomas H.Davenport在哈佛商务评论发表了名为《将企业放入企业系统》的文章(Putting the entERPrise into the entERPrise system)。该文系统地提出了企业系统，或称ERP系统给企业运作带来积极及消极的引响。同时也直接提出了未来企业必须面对的一个风险：将整个企业放入企业系统中的风险。 按照美国项目管理协会对风险的定义，“风险”是指对项目有利或不利的不确定因素。 项目是“为完成某一独特的产品或服务所做的一次性努力”，项目的“独特性”决定了项目不可能是以与以前完全相同的方式、由与以前完全相同的人来完成的，同时，项目所要创造的产品或服务，以及项目可能涉及的范围、时间及成本都不可能在项目开始时完全确定，因此，在项目进行过程中也相应会出现大量的不确定性，即项目风险。本文以下所提到的“风险”是指对项目“不利”的不确定因素。 对项目不利的风险存在于任何项目中，并往往会给项目的推进和项目的成功带来负面影响。风险一旦发生，它的影响是多方面的，如导致项目产品/服务的功能无法满足客户的需要、项目费用超出预算、项目计划拖延或被迫取消等，其最终体现为客户满意度的降低。因此，识别风险、评估风险并采取措施应对风险即风险管理对项目管理具有十分重要的意义。 风险管理的具体内容 项目风险管理主要分为以下几个步骤：风险识别、定性/定量风险分析、风险应对计划编制及风险监控。 1.风险识别 风险识别，是指识别并记录可能对项目造成不利影响的因素。由于项目处于不断发展变化的过程中，因此风险识别也贯穿于整个项目实施的全过程,而不仅仅是项目的开始阶段。风险识别不是一次性的工作，而需要更多系统的、横向的思维。几乎所有关于项目的计划与信息都可能作为风险识别的依据，如项目进度及成本计划、工作分解结构、项目组织结构、项目范围、类似项目的历史信息等。 需要注意的是，并非所有的风险都可以通过风险识别来进行管理。风险识别只能发现已知风险（如：已知项目组织中某一成员能力不能完全满足要求）或已知未知风险（known-unknown,即“事件名称已知”，如“客户方人员参与力度不足”）；而某些风险，由于项目的独特性，不可能在其发生前预知
2006年五个著名企业风险管理案例1 2006年五个著名企业风险管理案例 1．芝华士风波：一场传媒与品牌的博弈 2.芬达美年达致癌风波：权威验证，化险为夷 3.丰田锐志漏油事件：出招缓慢，自食其果 4.博士伦眼药水风波：虽有瑕疵，值得尊敬 5.欧典地板风波：媒体与公众的狂欢 2005年度的中国市场对于众多知名商业品牌可谓多事之秋，肯德基、宝洁、强生、雀巢、高露洁、哈根达斯、光明……一个个叱刹风云的国际著名品牌陆续在中国市场上遭遇到空前的企业危机冲击。企业危机的类型也主要集中在产品质量安全和企业形象方面：芝华士12年份门风波、丰田锐志漏油事件、博士伦护理液引发眼疾、欧典地板宣传欺诈…… 当然，不同企业对待危机事件的策略和技巧、对消费者的态度差异，直接决定了其危机公关的成败。我们也同时看到，包括国际著名品牌在内，很少有哪家企业能够在突如其来的危机风波中做到完美应对进而转危为机。危机管理，对所有企业组织和管理者们仍然任重而道远。聪明的企业经营者，应该学会让别人吃一堑，让自己长一智。 有鉴于此，我们选取了2006年上半年国内市场上具有广泛影响力的著名品牌危机案例进行回顾和剖析。 芝华士风波：一场传媒与品牌的博弈
——2006年上半年著名企业危机案例回顾系列之一 2006年1月20日，距离农历中国新年只有9天时间，在全球华人最重要的春节前夕，全国消费能力被空前放大，市场的繁荣和火爆令辛勤打拼一年的商家们露出难得的笑容。《国际金融报》刊登的一篇题为《芝华士12年：“勾兑”了多少谎言》的报道，却掀开了狗年中国洋酒市场第一场品牌信任危机－“芝华士风波”拉开序幕。 事件回放 《国际金融报》在异常醒目的头版位置刊登出这篇火药味道十足的曝光文章，文中援引一位不愿透露姓名的消息人士所了解的在华销售的国际知名酒类产品芝华士12的成本信 息，向欧盟最大的酒类公司保乐力加集团在华经销商－保乐力加中国公司发出四项质疑：芝华士12成本：“25元”缔造“亿元神话”？在华产品销售：大陆市场没有真正的12年酒？全体员工赴英旅游：暴利下的奢侈？品牌价值：“变了味道的水”？ 一连串的极具挑战性的发问，将远离普通消费群体的洋酒奢侈品芝华士拉下神坛，一时间，芝华士成本谎言通过网络、报纸、电视、电台等传媒迅速传播扩散至全国。“芝华士风波”与其说成是新闻曝光，更不如视为传媒向洋酒品牌发起的挑战宣言，2006年度第一场国际品牌在华信任危机在狗年春节到来前爆发。 案例点评： 回顾保乐力加公司对芝华士产品危机的应对，其整体危机管理可以概括为：“亮点颇多，败笔不少”。 亮点一：迅速行动，快速反应。
金融银行信用风险管理外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 原文: Managing Credit Risks with Knowledge Management for Financial Banks Pan Jin Department of Economics Economics and Management School of Wuhan University Wuhan,Hubei Province,430072,China Abstract-Nowadays,financial banks are operating in a knowledge society and there are more and more credit risks breaking out in banks.So,this paper first discusses the implications of knowledge and knowledge management, and then analyzes credit risks of financial banks
with knowledge management. Finally, the paper studies ways for banks to manage credit risks with knowledge management. With the application of knowledge management in financial banks, customers will acquire better service and banks will acquire more rewards. Index Terms–knowledge management; credit risk; risk management; incentive mechanism; financial banks I.INTRODUCTION Nowadays,banks are operating in a“knowledge society”.So, what is knowledge? Davenport(1996)[1]thinks knowledge is professional intellect, such as know-what, know-how, know-why, and self-motivated creativity, or experience, concepts, values, beliefs and ways of working that can be shared and communicated. The awareness of the importance of knowledge results in the critical issue of “knowledge management”. So, what is knowledge management? According to Malhothra(2001)[2], knowledge management(KM)caters to the critical issues of organizational adaptation, survival and competence in face of increasingly discontinuous environmental change. Essentially it embodies organizational processes that seek synergistic combination of data and information processing capacity of information technologies and the creative and innovative capacity of human beings. Through the processes of creating,sustaining, applying, sharing and renewing knowledge, we can enhance organizational performance and create value. Many dissertations have studied knowledge managementapplications in some special fields. Aybübe Aurum(2004)[3] analyzes knowledge management in software engineering and D.J.Harvey＆R.Holdsworth(2005)[4]study knowledge management in the aerospace industry. Li Yang(2007)[5] studies knowledge management in information-based education and Jayasundara＆Chaminda Chiran(2008)[6] review the prevailing literature on knowledge management in banking industries. Liang ping and Wu Kebao(2010)[7]study the incentive mechanism of knowledge management in Banking. There are also many papers about risks analysis and risks management. Before the 1980s, the dominant mathematical theory of risks analysis was to describe a pair of random vectors.But,the simplification assumptions and methods used by classical competing risks
合规风险管理实务 据有关部门不完全统计，1980—2001年的21年间，国际上商业银行仅仅由于操作风险造成的损失超过207亿法郎，其中既有巴林银行倒闭案，也有被称为世界金融史上最大丑闻的国际商业信贷银行在全世界范围内的清盘案。从国内银行业情况看，2000年以来，涉及资金在2000万元以上的内部欺诈案件达到17起，涉案金额超60多亿元。特别是国内近期频频发生的系列金融大案要案，再次提醒我们，对于处在经济转型之中和正在加速推进改革开放的中国银行业来说，防范经营中面临的多种风险是一个十分重要而紧迫的课题，我们必须不断提高对防范金融经营风险的认识，加快构建防范金融风险的内控系统，从根本上建立风险管理的长效机制。 一、商业银行内部控制失败典型案例给予银行业者的警示：山西“7·28”等系列金融大案。 1、案情简介： 2004年7月28日，ΧΧ山西省分行发现涉嫌诈骗案件。8月3日、8月5日、8月11日，山西省太原市其他三家商业银行分支机构和一家城市商业银行相继发生涉嫌诈骗案件。这些案件
的作案手法类似，先是犯罪分子给付一定比例费用，要求出资企业将资金存入其指定银行，然后与银行内部人员勾结，以假印鉴等方式诈骗银行资金。因此，这一系列案件以及后来发现的相关案件统称为“7·28”金融大案。该案是新中国成立以来山西省最大的金融诈骗案，涉及5家商业银行共17个分支机构，涉案金额达10多亿元人民币，预计损失7亿元。“7·28”金融大案对银行业的金融声誉造成了很大的负面影响，也给我们银行业者以深刻教训。 2、案例分析 从内部控制、合规风险管理角度剖析“7·28”金融大案，暴露出银行业机构在合规风险管理和业务流程控制方面存在诸多漏洞和薄弱环节。 第一，对经营风险的识别与控制措施不足。防范“资产业务风险”多，关注“负债业务风险”少。不能及时修订和完善适应现实风险控制要求的规定。对内部控制的薄弱环节和违法违规疑点未能有效识别并给予持续关注。 第二，内部控制文化缺失，从业人员法律意识和风险意识薄弱，监管约束失效。一是部分员工法律和风险意识淡薄，不懂法，对领导违规要求不能加以抵制；二是高管人员和重要岗位人员权