Tour on Chinese Civilization 文化神州游
acculturation 文化融会，文化互渗（不同文化在频繁交流中的互相影响）cultural influence/interaction 文化影响
Gang of Four 四人帮
international publicity 对外宣传
中国点心dim sum 人参ginseng
银杏ginkgo
乌龙茶Oolong 太极taichi
气qi
养生health preservation
阴阳yin and yang
八卦trigram
风水feng shui
气功qi gong
公元前2000年世界最重要的城市伊拉克的乌尔Ur (古代美索不达米亚南部苏美尔的重要城市)
公元前1500年最重要的城市埃及的底比斯Thebes（古希腊Boeotia的主要城邦）公元前1000年黎巴嫩的西顿Sidon
公元前500年波斯Persia 波斯波利斯Persepolis
所有关于中国问题的研究，统称为“中国学”China Studies
汉学Sinology
中国“和平崛起”Peaceful Emergence of China
软力量（文化影响与渗透）soft power
中国模式China Model
北京共识Shared Beijing Views
中庸the way of medium
和而不同harmony with diversities 仁政governing of benevolence 王道governing of justice
“睦邻友好”政策good-neighbor policy
共同发展cooperated development/mutual development
多赢局面win-win situation
中国的“温和形象”friendly and mild image
Communication across Ancient Civilizations 远古的文明交流
张骞引入苜蓿alfalfa、南瓜（胡瓜）pumpkin、胡麻hemp、石榴pomegranate、菠菜spinach、芹菜celery、西瓜（番瓜）muskmelon/watermelon、葡萄grape
西域的坎儿井karez wells/the underground irrigation system
马术equitation
丝绸之路the Silk Road 古藏文ancient Tibetan 回鹘文Uighur script 于阗文Khotan script 粟特文Sogdian
突厥文Turkic
梵文Sanskrit
Cultural Mainstream of Cathay 华夏主流文化
诸子百家the various schools of thought in the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States Periods 百家争鸣free speech of one-hundred-and-one schools
儒家文化Confucianism
Chinese Religious Culture 华夏宗教文化
佛教Buddhism
穆斯林（回教）Muslim 基督教Christianity 道教Taoism
神山圣水holy mountains and sacred waters 名刹佛塔temples and stupas
Chinese Food Tradition 中华食文化烹调技艺wokking skills
地方菜local wokking
宫廷菜royal dishes 官府菜official cuisine
寺院菜Buddhist dishes
少数民族菜ethnic specialties 小吃snacks and dim sum
中国八大菜系China’s Famous Eight of Cuisine (鲁川粤闽苏浙湘徽)
食器culinary wares/dinner wares 老字号long-established restaurants 美食家gourmets
精食家epicures 满汉全席whole set of Manchu-Han dishes
国酒茅台Moutai，the national liquor
中元节，又称祭祖节Ancestor-Worshipping Festival
冬至节Winter Solstice 庙会temple fair
年夜饭family reunion dinner
民族历史ethnic history 民族风情ethnic customs 民族习俗ethnic social norms 民族神话/传说ethnic mythology/legendary
Chinese Architecture and Horticulture 中华建筑及园林文化
京杭大运河Great Jing-Hang Canal
都江堰the Dujiang Weir 南北大运河North-South Grand Canal
苏州园林classical Suzhou gardens
岭南庭院Lingnan courtyards
北京四合院Beijing quadruples; quadruple courtyards
世界遗产名录World Heritage List
Traditional Chinese Arts and Crafts 中国传统工艺
农耕文明farming civilization
现代工业文明industrial civilization
四大发明the Four Great Inventions
指南针compass (sinan compass 司南战国) 北宋制成指南针
造纸术paper-making (Marquis Cai’s paper 蔡侯纸) 西汉发明，东汉蔡伦改进火药gunpowder 隋
雕版印刷术carved wood block printing 隋唐
活字印刷术movable-type printing 北宋毕昇
木刻印刷wooden-type printing 木刻版画wood-carving printing 石板印刷lithographic printing 铜板印刷copper-type printing 铅字印刷lead-type printing 激光照排laser printing
数码印刷digital printing
“李约瑟难题”Joseph Needham’s dilemma 中医中药TCM=Traditional Chinese Medicine
诊脉pulse-feeling
针灸acupuncture and moxibustion 推拿massage
气功qigong 拔火罐cupping
艾灸moxibustion
穴位acupuncture point/acupoint
望、闻、问、切observation, auscultation, olfaction inquiry, pulse-feeling and palpation 中医治疗八法：汗、吐、下、和、温、清、补、消
相生co-occurrence/symbiosis 相克reciprocally destroying
古文献archives
中成药patent TCM 民间偏方folk prescription 家传秘方family prescription
《黄帝内经》The Yellow Emperor’s Canon of Medicine
葛洪Ge Hong(314-420), an alchemist（炼金术士）and doctor of the Eastern Jin 《抱朴子》The Book of Master Baopu.It summarizes ancient China’s ancient alchemy and records many observations of chemical phenomena.
《金匮要略》Synopsis of Golden Chamber 张仲景东汉
十进位值制the decimal system
祖冲之Zu Chongzhi, the first person in the world to bring the calculation of the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter to the seventh decimal place, between 3.1415926 and 3.1415927.
太阳黑子sun spot
哈雷彗星Halley’s Comet
超新星nova
赤道坐标系the equator scale 二十八星宿28 celestial groups 黄道十二宫the 12 zodiac belts 坐标体系the positioning scale
《大明历》the Daming Calendar祖冲之南北朝
《山海经》The Classic of Mountains and Rivers先秦
《水经注》On Rivers郦道元北魏
《梦溪笔谈》Dream Stream Essays沈括北宋
金属冶炼metallurgy
农业的深耕细作agricultural cultivation
郑和Zheng He, a famous navigator of the Ming Dynasty, undertook several epic sea voyages as commander of the largest fleet in the world in his time.
海上丝绸之路the marine silk route
Continuity of Cathay Civilization 中华文明传承
文化因子meme
远古时代remote antiquity
上古primordial times; ancient times; remote ages
中古middle ancient times; medieval times; middle ages
太古代Archaeozoic Era 元古代Proterozoic Era 古生代Paleozoic Era 中生代Mesozoic Era 新生代Cenozoic Era 石器时代Stone Age
旧石器时代Old Stone Age; Paleolithic Age
中石器时代Mesolithic Age
新石器时代New Stone Age; Neolithic Age
铜石并用时代Chalcolithic Age
青铜时代Bronze Age
红铜时代Copper Age
铁器时代Iron Age
女娲补天lady Nu Wa mending the sky
夸父追日Kuafu, the iron man, chasing the sun
后羿射九日Hou Yi shooting down the nine suns
嫦娥奔月Chang E flying to the moon; the Lady on the moon;the moon fairy
神农尝百草Shen Nong trying tasting wild plants
黄帝战蚩尤the war between Huang Di and Chi You
尧舜禹汤ancient Cathay kings of Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang
大禹治水Da Yu, the Great Flood Tamer
养蚕业sericulture，silkworm-breeding and silk-weaving
青铜器制造bronze-making
刀耕火种slash-and-burn farming
狩猎hunting
捕鱼fishing
制陶pottery-making
纺织weaving
养殖家畜husbandry
文明的门槛the threshold of civilization
人类文明的标志an indicator or a marker of human civilization
兵器weapon 礼器ritual wares乐器musical instruments 食器culinary wares
青铜玉器wares made of bronze and jade(翡翠，碧玉)
鼎tripod 漆器lacquer 编钟bronze chimes
三星堆遗址Sanxingdui Archeological Site
原始社会the primitive society 奴隶社会the slave society 封建社会the feudal society 奴隶制slavery 封建制feudalism
资本主义阶段the capitalist period 社会主义socialist society
现代工业文明industrial civilization 光电数字时代the optical and digital stage
后工业时代the post-industrial era
中国特色的社会主义socialism with Chinese characteristics
与国际社会接轨gear into the international society
实事求是to seek truth from facts
“大同社会” the Datong Society/ Universalization
乌托邦Utopia 地球村the global village
龙年the year of dragon
“天下为公” To serve the world as a whole.
革命尚未成功，同志仍须努力！_国父孙中山遗嘱
The revolutionary course is not yet achieved, my country fellows have to work harder to fulfill it!_ Testament（遗嘱）of Premier Sun Yat-sen of ROC（Republic of China）
结绳记事rope-knot memo
元谋人Yuanmou Man 半坡氏族Banpo Clan
华夏三大人文始祖the three legendary ancestors of the Chinese people
“礼崩乐坏” The official rites and social patterns clasped.
中华文明盛于久远。Chinese prosperity is deeply rooted in history.
郑和下西洋Zheng He’s Voyage to the West
戊戌变法（百日维新）100-Day Reform 洋务运动Learning-from West Campaign 辛亥革命1911’s Revolution 五四新文化运动May 4th New Culture Movement
西周Western Zhou 春秋Spring-Autumn Period 战国Warring States Period
三国Three Kingdoms 南北朝Northern and Southern Dynasties
五代十国Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 后唐Later Tang
天朝the Celestial Empire 王朝;皇朝dynasty; imperial/royal court
皇权royal power 官衔official title 官职official position
三公九卿three councilors and nine ministers
英国王室的头衔爵位rank of nobility
公爵duke 侯爵marquis 伯爵earl;count 子爵viscount 男爵baron
清代省级最高行政长官:总督、巡抚
之下设置布政司——掌管一省钱财赋税、民政、简称“蕃台/蕃司”
还设有按察使——主管一省司法、刑狱
府设有知府、县设有知县，其下实行里保和保甲制来实现民户管理
由于中外相互缺乏了解的现象仍十分普遍，历史上形成了汉译英文本中的许多“文化空白”（cultural gap）、“词汇空白”（lexical gap）、“语义空白”（semantic zero）、“意念空白”（abstract gap）。
“五伦全图”象征了封建时代的五种基本伦理关系与人际关系，即“君臣、父子、夫妇、兄弟、朋友”。并用五种鸟禽代表这五种人伦关系：凤凰、仙鹤、鸳鸯、鹑鸽、黄莺。五伦：five ethic relations
《易经》中之阴阳八卦以及后来的五行思想是中国式象征主义的典型代表，以阴
天干地支：产生于炎黄时期，是十天干与十二地支的合称，交叉成序列，共成60组，为一甲子（共60年），用以纪年。
上察天穹，探究太宇，日月星辰，时序变化，构成天干系统；下察地理，探究万物繁衍，构成地支系统。
甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、己、庚、辛、壬、癸被称为“十天干”；
子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戌、亥叫作“十二地支”。
翻译首先要完成本语言、本文化的阐释，做好语内翻译（intralingual translation），才能做语际翻译（interlingual translation）。
科举imperial examinations
武打片chopsocky
龙的传人descendants of the dragon
茶馆teahouse 说书story-telling
算盘abacus （pl.abaci）世界最早的手动计算器
六艺：礼、乐、射、御、书、数
麻将mahjong
汉语中的“缘”：
血缘blood relationship
无缘无故without any reason or any cause/for no reason at all
缘分predestined relationship
姻缘predestined marriage
前世因缘predestination
天赐良缘a god-sent marriage; a good marriage arranged in Heaven
天缘巧合a luck coincidence
喜结良缘tie the nuptial knot
缔结姻缘form marital tie
佛缘Buddhist attachment
人缘relations with people
有人缘enjoy great popularity
聊得投缘talk congenially
投缘的街坊们congenial neighbors
有缘结识某人be lucky to get acquainted with sb.
与某人有一面之缘happen to have met sb. Once
化缘beg for alms
婚姻是缘分。A couple’s conjugal fate is prearranged.
他们的结合是美满的姻缘。Their wedlock is a happy marriage.
有缘终相逢。Fate brings together people who are far apart.
无缘不成对。There is no meeting without predestination.
我与烟酒无缘。Smoking and drinking don’t appeal to me.
好事似乎与他无缘。Good luck seemed to be wholly denied to him.
千里姻缘一线牵。(As a Chinese saying goes) Two beings destined to marry each other, though thousands of miles apart, are tied together with an invisible red thread by an old man under the moonlight.
他们俩有情无缘。They are attracted to each other but not fated to be conjugally tied. 机缘凑巧，我找到一份工作。As luck would have it, I found a job.
有缘千里来相会，无缘对面不相逢。As decreed by providence you have met him; otherwise you might have failed although you came along a long way.
我发现有几个同事和我挺投缘。I found quite a few colleagues congenial to me.
他在单位有人缘。He is popular with his fellow workers.
真遗憾，我们一直无缘相见。It is a pity that we have no opportunity to meet each other.
世上没有无缘无故的爱，也没有无缘无故的恨。
There is absolutely no such a thing as love or hatred without any reason or cause.
不识庐山真面目，只缘身在此山中。
I can’t tell the nature of Mt. Lushan, for I myself stay in the mountains.
玉jade所包含的华夏精神：
玉佩光洁温润，可谓之“仁”；不易折断，且断后不会割伤肌肤，可谓之“义”；佩挂起来整齐有序，可谓之“礼”；击其声音清越优美，可谓之“乐”；瑕不掩瑜，
瑜不掩瑕，可谓之“忠”；人人皆珍之爱之，可谓之“道”；这些美德作为君子的必备条件，因而佩玉以洁身明志，“守身如玉”亦是必然。
玉不琢，不成器。Unpolished pearls never shine.
宁为玉碎不为瓦全。Better death than dishonor.
化干戈为玉帛。Bury the hatchet.
Epigraphy 金石学
marble 大理石
北京四合院Beijing Quadruples
陕北土窑洞cave houses in northern Shaanxi
蒙古包Mongolian yurt
(佛教寺庙的)神龛Buddhist shrine (基督教教堂的)神坛Christian altar
骑楼sotto portico
四书The Four Books即
《大学》The Great learning《中庸》The doctrine of the Mean
《论语》The Analects of Confucius《孟子》Mencius这四部著作的总称。
五经The Five Classics即
The Book of Songs《诗经》The Book of History《书经》
The Book of Changes《易经》The Book of Rites《礼经》仪式
The Spring and Autumn Annals《春秋》编年史
中国人的思维方式和西方人有很大的差异。汉语文约义丰，具有明显的随意性、不确定性、模糊性、暗示性，但常激起无限遐想，趣味无穷。中国的哲学典籍多是格言警句的汇集，语句之间常常没有多少联系，如《道德经》名言隽语很多，深刻但不系统；《论语》也是习惯于以寥寥数语来阐述哲学观点，简约而不规范。中国人习惯于含糊不清的非概念思维，是一种非逻辑推理的方式，这或许与中国的哲学用途有关，在中国，学哲学的目的不再是做西方式的“科学家”，而是铸就有修养的“人”。只有简洁，哲学才能在民间推广，达到熏陶每个人的目的。可见，对中国人来说，道理尽在不言中。可是科学道理却要求是“可道”的，是可以用文字符号精确表达的。
儒学之所以能够促进文明对话与交流，是由于它是一种伦理性的人文主义，为社会提供了普世性的道德原则与规范。
新千年伊始，国际社会共选出世界四大圣贤：孔子、古希腊的柏拉图Plato、阿拉伯的穆罕默德Mohammad、佛学创始人释迦牟尼Sakyamumi。
二人转er’renzhuan dance; pair dance 皮影戏shadow show
双簧a two-man act
绕口令tongue twist
相声cross-talk; comic talk
山东快书Shandong clapper
快板kuaiban；clapper/comic talk
露天表演open-air performance
中国结Chinese knot 七巧板Chinese puzzles; tangram 踢毽子shuttlecock
陀螺whipping-top/spinning top 扯铃/抖空竹diabolo
泥人张Zhang’s clay figurine
泥塑clay figurine