关于性别歧视About Gender Discrimination 大学英语作文 The date of March 8th reminds people of the importance of women, for they give birth to the children and the contribution they make to the family. Nowadays, more women have got the respect and certain rights. But gender discrimination still exists, for both men and women.3月8日这个日期提醒了人们女性的重要性,因为她们生孩子,对家庭做出了贡献。如今,越来越多的女性得到了尊重和某些权利。但是性别歧视仍然存在,对于男性和女性来说。For the discrimination on women, it is easy for people to notice this problem. In the last century, the word feminism was created and many women fought for the respect. Now most women have grown into the new generation, they are confident and independent. But in some aspects, women are still struggling for the equality with men. Such as the pay in job and the chances to work.人们很容易注意到对女性的歧视这个问题。在上个世纪,人们创造了女权主义这个词,许多女性争取得到尊重。现在大多数女性已经成长为新一代,她们自
英语性别语言特征分析 语言是人类思想的载体，是人与人进行交际时必不可少的工具，也是人类文化中不可或缺的一部分。性别与语言的关系在很早之前就已经成为语言学家们关注的焦点，17世纪的美洲加勒比印第安人语言中的男性用语和女性用语曾一度被欧洲殖民者误认为是两种不同的语言。20世纪60年代的妇女解放运动在很大程度上推动了性别语言的研究，语言学家们开始将语言学及社会各个学科的研究方法及丰硕的研究成果运用到性别语言研究中［1］。20世纪80年代，学者们从话语量、话题选择等方面开始对性别语言的差异进行深入研究，代表性人物有Swann，Hirschman等。语言性别差异是一种普遍现象，是伴随着语言的发展而产生的。人们在语言使用过程中存在着各种差异，如地域差异、语言共同体差异、性别差异等等。语言的性别差异指的是在语言的使用过程中，女性的言语特点和男性的言语特点有所不同，存在一定的差别［2］。从落后的原始社会到现代发达的物质文明社会，语言使用中的性别差异一直都受到男女社会分工不同的影响，而这种语言使用的差异在一定程度上又反映出了女性的社会地位。目前国内有关性别语言的研究大多数都使用的是西方的研究方法，多数都只是研究英语中的性别语言差异，鲜有学者深入研究汉语中独特的性别语言差异，本文
尝试从社会语言学的视角出发，梳理英语中存在的性别语言现象，研究性别语言差异的成因及其产生的根源，为跨文化及跨性别交际能力的提高贡献一份力量。 世界上的任何一种语言都不是一成不变的，语言的发展具有较强的开放性，这在客观上就赋予了语言一种较强的调节功能。变异是语言动态的表现形式，没有变异也就没有语言的发展［3］。语言的变异通常是指某个语言项目，可以是音位、形位或者是其他语法规则在实际使用的话语中的状况。语言使用的背景、场合、对象及语言使用者本身的不同都会造成语言发生变异。语言的性别差异是指男女不同性别之间语言使用的差别，是语言变异的一种变体，也是语言发展使用过程中普遍存在的一种现象。这种差异可以表现在语音、语调、措词、句法，甚至男女谈话话题的差异等方面。 语言是人与人之间相互沟通与交流的工具，是一个人文化素养的重要体现。人们可以从语言的使用上看出另一个人的职业、阶级、社会地位、受教育程度及其成长的地域背景与生活环境等。自语言出现以来，对语言的使用，男女存在着一定的差异，当前有关英语中性别语言差异的研究主要从静态分析和动态研究这两个方面进行。静态分析指的是从性别语言自身及性别语言的语法结构等方面进行分析，而动态研究则指的是对性别话语及其特征进行分析。 (一)语音语调方面的性别差异
论英语中的性别歧视现象及其消除方法 ［Abstract］Language reflects a nation’s history, culture and all of its entertainments, believes and prejudice. Therefore, language inevitably has the traits of sexism. It is the use of language which devalues members of one sex, almost invariably women, and thus fosters gender inequality. It discriminates against women by rendering them invisible or trivializing them at the same time that it perpetuates notions of male supremacy. This thesis is to talk about the sexual discriminations in English, traits of female language, and solutions to eliminate sexual discriminations. ［Key words］English,sexual discrimination,female language,solution I. Sexual Discrimination in English 1.1 Take the men’s language as the standard language, and women as the ancilla of men In English, there are many words with sexual discrimination phenomenon, and in the order of words, we can find that men are usually in front of women. For instance, Mr. and Mrs., his and hers, boys and girls, men and women, brothers and sisters, etc.. Because of the long-term historical reason, women have been put in the position of appurtenant of men. In many countries there is the tradition that unmarried women are
篇一：英文作文自我介绍版本英文作文自我介绍版本 sample1: in my spare time, i like to read novels. i think reading could enlargemy knowledge. as for novels, i could imagine whatever i like such as a well-known scientist or a kung-fu master. in addition to reading, i also like to play pc games. a lot of grownups think playing pc games hinders the students from learning. but i think pc games could motivate me to learn something such as english or japanese.my favorite course is english because i think it is interesting to say one thing via different sounds. i wish my english could be improved in the next four years and be able to speak fluent english in the future. sample2: in my spare time, i like to do anything relating to english such as listening to english songs, watching english movies or tv programs, or even attending the activities held by some english clubs or institutes. i used to go abroad for a shortterm english study. during that time, i learned a lot of daily life english and saw a lot of different things. i think language is very interesting. i could express one substanceby using different sounds. so i wish i could study and read more english literatures and enlarge my knowledge. sample3: my name is . there are 4 people in my family. my father is a chemistryteacher. he teaches chemistry in senior high school. my mother is an english teacher. she teaches english in the university. i have a younger brother, he is a junior high school student and is preparing for the entrance exam. i like to read english story books in my free time. sometimes i surf the internet and download the e- books to read. reading e- books is fun. in addition, it also enlarges my vocabulary words because of the advanced technology and the vivid animations. sample4: sample5: from a middle class family, i was born in hsin ying, tainan on october 10th, 1965. my father is a civil official at tainan city government. my mother is a house wife good at cooking. although i am the only child of my parents, i am by no mans a spoiled one. on the contrary, i have been expected to be a successful man with advanced education. i study hard at school. besides texts knowledge, journalism is my favorite; whenever reading, my heart is filled with great joy and interesting. “ being good is must; successful, however, is plus. ” father adopts the idea of his father. especially in military service, i realized it more precisely. people said: military service makes a boy to man, i agree that. i realized the importance of english and began to study diligently when i was eighteen. i did not start in my early age, but i hope that i could pass the test of general english proficiency test. and this is my best wish at the moment. sample6: my father is, in the same way, a good consultant to me. as he said: i am in poor education, little for you; to clarify, what he have given is far beyond his words, i do think so. i was born in a country of ping tung country, farming is our career of generations. there are four people in my family, mother is housewife and my brother is a student of an agriculture college. i am optimistic and active, and i am confident that i can pass the test. thank you for your precious to read my autobiography. sample7 ： 1 、good morning/afternoon/evening, my name is . it is really a great honor to have this
Female inferiors Decades ago, Chairman Mao succinctly settled the age-old debate about gender equality when he stated that "woman holds up half of the sky". Male superiority so out of place in this age, when women are said to be equal to men in many aspects. However, we very grieved discovery already said goodbye to feudalism several hundred years China to be still unable get rid of the treatment of woman as inferiors thought the fetter. In this advanced society, phenomenon of female inferiors not only existing stably but also taking control of our minds and indicates in many fields. To begin with, take employment for example, women are excluded from the major department of productions. Many significant occupations such as executive or professional jobs prefer hiring male rather than woman. Moreover, man still holds perception that women should do more household routine, nurture their offspring and take care of pets. Last but not the least, people living in remote areas believed that men are superior to women, until this status does not also get thorough improvement now. When a woman got pregnant, they were begging for a son instead of a daughter. To prevent these troublesome already mentioned from happen again, we should create feministic atmosphere, promote gender equality and ask man to do household chores, because in a family where roles of men and women are not sharply separated and where many household tasks are
景德镇陶瓷学院科技 艺术学院 本科生毕业论文（设计） 题目：Sexism in English Vocabulary 学号： 姓名： 院（系）： 专业： 完成时间： 指导老师： CONTENTS Acknowledgements………………………………………….. Abstract in Chinese……………………………………. Abstract in English……………………………………. 1.Definition……………………………………………… 2.Sexism in word-formation methods……………….. 2.1 Suffixes………………………………………… . 2.2 Sexism in compound words…………………….. 3.Sxism in Naming and Addressing………………….. 3.1 Sexism and Naming………………………………. 3.1.1 Sexism in the first names……………….. 3.1.1.1 Derivation of Female Names from Male Names…….. 3.1.1.2 Sexism in Semantic Naming of First Names………. 3.1.2 Sexism in the family names…………… 3.1.2.1 Patrilineal System of Family Names 3.1.2.2 Change of Female Family Names upon marriage 3.2 Sexism and Addressing……….
一英语语言中的性别歧视现象 首先我们来了解一下什么是性别歧视（sexism）。根据Webster Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary，其定义是：prejudice or discrimination based on sex ; esp: discrimination against women , 基于性别的偏见或歧视，尤其是对妇女的歧视。?朗曼英语词典?对“性别歧视”的解释是：“以性别为基础的歧视，尤其是男性对女性的偏见。”?? Longman English Dictionary on "gender discrimination" explanation was: "based on gender discrimination, particularly male prejudice against women. ?牛津字典?给“性别歧视”所下的定义是：“性别偏见或歧视(尤其对女性).”?Oxford Dictionary?to the "gender discrimination" by the definition of is: "gender bias or discrimination (especially for women)."因此，在语言习惯上，“性别歧视”通常是指语言对女性的歧视，那么，英语语言是怎样歧视女性的呢？ 1.以男性语言为规,而女性语言只是一种附属或变体.Therefore, on the language, "sex discrimination" usually refers to the language of discrimination against women, then the English language is how to discriminate against a woman then 1.1在词汇上的表现a) “当中最明显的例子就是”man”一词，既有“男子“的意思，又表示”人类”.泛指所有的人，而woman仅是“女子”的意思。如：Man cannot live by bread alone.(人不能单靠面包生活)。The man in the street(普通人，一般人)。一个语言学家曾抱怨说：假如一个女人从船上掉入水中，呼叫的是：“MAN，OVERBROAD。”若她被闯了祸逃走的司机撞死控告词是MANSLAUGHTER。倘若在工作中受伤，她的医疗费称作WORKMAN’S COMPENSATION。但是如果她来到一个写着man only ！的地方。她立刻明白整个告戒不是针对动物或植物或无生命之物而写的，而是冲着她来的.”[1][P22-23]b)不知道所指之人的具体性别时，he ,his 和 him 经常用来泛指全人类，（这是英语中的一条规则）, 如 Every student has to make up his own mind. He who laughs last laughs best.男主女从，以逻辑性为中心，女性便居于从属地位。就词汇而言，如以—er, --or 结尾的名词实则是个中性词，但人们将之看作男性名词，所以如是女性则在前面加woman,如：a woman doctor. Man 一词不但可以指男人，成年男人，而且作为“人类的总称”,而woman 则不然。许多职业名词常以man 作为后缀，尽管干这工作的有许多女性。he 和she 的单数中性人称代词用he 表示，因而我们常见Nobody in the class can be proud of his English.这类说法，尽管教室中有男有女。 1．2 称谓上的表现a) “把女性当做男性的附属品，而这一观点充分体现在英语称谓词当中。Mr. 是对一位男士的尊称， Mrs.则是一位男子的太太的尊称，女性的称谓也就依附于男性了，如: 丈夫是John Smith 具有博士学衔，于是可以称这对夫妇为Dr. and Mrs. John Smith.假如丈夫没有学衔或职称，那只能称为Mr. and Mrs. John Smith. 假如妻子是博士，丈夫没有学衔或职称，妻子的名字叫Marry随夫姓后只能称呼为Marry Smith. Miss是用来称呼未婚女性的称呼。Mr.却既可以称呼未婚男性，也可以称呼已婚的男性。女性从称谓马上就可以识别出婚姻状况，而对于男性却无从知晓，而且女性结婚后改随夫姓，这样自己的姓就完全被遗忘了。b) 许多职业名称如doctor, professor, engineer,等对男女都适应，可是人们习惯于把他们跟男性联系在一起。而对于女性则成了一个标志项，往往要加上woman, lady, 或female 等词加以限定。如：female judge, lady doctor, woman lawyer. 这些从一个侧面反映出旧社会中地位较高的职业为男子所垄断，相反地，teacher, nurse , secretary, model 等人们一般认为是女性，如为男性时前面要加上male 或是man.如male nurse, man teacher. 这些除了历史现实情况有关，也可以说是一种社会偏见.” 2.女性语言语意贬低的表现 “英语中，与女性有关的词语的贬化大大多于与男性相关的词语。曾有人做过统计，与prostitute意思接近的词大约有500多个，而与whole-monger(嫖客)意思相近的词只有65个。此外这一点还表现在对于与女性相关的词语的含义的贬化上。在英语中，任何词只要与女性有关，其意思就要变质，这个词就会成为贬义词。同一个词用与男性和女性身上可以引起极为不同的联想，甚至是有完全不同的意思。用与男性常常带有褒扬或赞美之意，而用于女性常常带有贬低或轻蔑的意思。例如，professional一词，用在男性身上和女性身上可能会引起的联想却大相径庭。He is a professional.让人联想起体面的职业，如律师，医生等，而She is a professional很多英语国家的人会理解为She is a prostitute。
英语中的性别歧视 Abstract Sexism in English language has launched along with the vigorous development of w omen’s liberation movement since the end of 1960s. As a mirror reflecting the socie ty, language images the social views and values. Sex ism in society is thus inevitably reflected in the use of language. The paper based on the analysis of sex discrimination in English explores that it is by no means an extinction of sexist language so long as the sexism in society exist s. The causes of sexism in this thesis are the inequality between male and female. In ancient time, the thoughts that males host females and the treatment of women as inferiors to men are in vogue. Men are always at superior positions to women i n the social economy, in the politics, as well as in the people’s tradi tional ideas, so the idea of sex discrimination has reflected in the language. The thesis summarizes the phenomena of sexism in English by using universal evidence, and they are sho wn and discussed in four aspects: English proverbs, English expressions, English voc abulary and the meanings of English words. Lastly, the thesis introduces two feasibl e strategies to erase sexism in English language, and they are: language reform an d social reform. The most important one is to erase the sex ist conceptions and im p rove women’s status, respect and support them. The language transformation can b e realistic on the basis of the social reform. Key Words Sexism; female words; masculine words; strategies 摘要 自20世纪60年代起，语言性别歧视已随着女性解放运动的展开而得到蓬勃发展。语言是社会现实的一种反映，因此由于历史发展、文化、社会价值及男女两性之间在生理等方面的差异而引起的性别歧视，尤其是社会对女性的性别歧视一览无余的体现在语言上，英语语言中也存在性别歧视。本篇论文阐述了性别歧视产生的原因是男女地位的不平等，在人类早期，男尊女卑的思想盛行，男子在社会经济、政治、文化领域以及人们的传统观念中，总是处于比女性优越的地位,人们在观念上形成的对妇女特有的歧视观念慢慢形成并反映在语言中。本文分析了性别歧视在英语中的四个方面的表现：在谚语中；在词汇中；在词语中和在词义中，通过大量的举例和分类来系统阐述。最后着重讨论了消除性别歧视语所应采取的一些策
关于介绍自己家庭的英语作文5篇每个人都有自己最温暖的家，那么你想知道介绍家庭的英语作文要怎么写吗?下面是橙子整理的介绍自己家庭的英语作文范文，以供大家参考学习。 介绍家庭的英语作文一 In the east of China, there is a small city---Haimen. I was born there. Today, I am telling you about my hometown. Haimen is not far from Shanghai. It’s at the mouth of the Changjiang River. Haimen is a modern city. There are lots of high buildings in it. Most of us live in flats. We like to live in flats because we can be close to our friends. In the center of Haimen, there are many shops. You can buy some nice things here. Things in most shops aren’t expensive. You can pay a little money and they are yours. My hometown is a beautiful city. On each of the roads, there are some big trees and nice flowers. The roads are also very clean. They make people happy and comfortable. The seasons here are very nice. From I like autumn best. It’s neither hot nor cold. A poem says “Flyer of summer come to my window to sing, 1 / 5
Gender Inequality in Employment of College Graduates Though people's concept of gender has changed a lot, gender inequality in some cases still exists. I will mainly express my opinions on gender inequality in employment of college graduates in this passage. It is generally acknowledged that college graduates are confronted with heavy pressure of seeking jobs in China. However it is more difficult for female graduates to seek a good job because of the social discrimination.There is no denying that female job-seekers are treated unequally when they apply for most of the jobs such as computer programmers, drivers, factory workers and so on. There are numerous reasons accounting for this phenomenon. Above all, compared with male graduates, female graduates are concerned to have inevitable physical weaknesses. In addition, women have to give birth to babies one day they get married, consequently they need a maternity leave for several months which certainly makes less profit for the company. As far as I am concerned, women can do as good as men even better than men, therefore women shouldn't be treated unequally. The government can take measures to improve this situation, in the meanwhile, the society and companies should also give equal opportunities to female graduates and male graduates. If this discrimination can be eliminated, our society will be bound to be better.
英语学习中的性别差异带来的问题极其对策分析 本文就男女生在英语学习中的呈现的性别差异从社会性别理论视角进行了分析,并结 合教育学理论提出了教育管理对策。 社会与文化影响性别塑造, 性别又影响学习,从而当然地影响自主学习, 鉴于“性别差异对于外语的精通有何影响本身就是较少引起人们注意的话题”。本文从社会性别理论视角探讨社会性别如何影响男女生的英语自主学习过程。 一、社会性别理论概述 当代社会性别理论在赞成性别相关特征的发展源于生物学上的性差异的同时, 更认为性别是社会建构。社会性别理论把“社会性别”定义为社会对两性及两性关系的期待、要求和评价, 强调社会对性别的建构过程, 认为性别是文化指定、分配及强加的, 其通过教、学、模仿、强化等过程而被精心建构。社会性别特征主要表现在: 它是伴随着社会变迁的动态过程, 伴随着人的社会化而形成。具体表现为:( 1) 社会性别是以性别规范和社会角色为基础的文化建构;( 2) 性别之间的生理差异并不足以直接导致两性间地位的高低之分;( 3) 社会性别是不断被建构的动态过程, 不同的历史条件下存在着不同的社会性别差异;( 4) 社会性别差异的表现形式具有多样性, 既可有形, 也可无形。 社会性别理论认为, 社会性别是通过性别角色刻板印象和性别社会化得以实现。其中, 性别角色刻板印象是人们在社会文化中, 基于生理性别对男性或女性的不同性别的角色和行为模式所形成的相对持久的固定不变的看法, 是人们在性别角色上形成的关于男性化和女性化的态度、认识和信念。 性别角色刻板印象规定两性的行为举止、思维方式等, 对男女两性的发展都有不可忽视的影响。一方面它有利于人们对性别角色和行为模式的认识与掌握, 缩短个人的性别社会化过程; 另一方面往往不能准确地翻印客观存在的性别差异, 甚至带来固定化了的性别偏见, 并且使社会存在的性别不平等现象在观念上合理化。 性别角色社会化则指个体在社会生活过程中逐渐学会按照自己的性别角色规范形成 的过程。它是个体在成长过程中, 通过人类的互动和社会生活不断了解、学习并掌握性别角色规范、性别认同的过程。儿童的性别角色社会化开始于家庭、其机制是性别期望、性别认同和模仿。影响性别社会化的因素有家庭因素和社会因素。家庭因素包括家庭背景、养育方式、玩具和游戏的选择等; 社会因素包括职业、劳动分工、教育经验和经历、同龄人团体和大众传媒等。总之性别社会化过程包括学习、被教育、教化和接受暗示。 性别角色社会化与社会性别角色刻板印象之间存在紧密关联。它体现在: 个体性别社会化过程中, 来自他人和自我的社会性别角色刻板印象往往成为一个重要的影响内容,男性和女性在社会化过程中接受刻板印象的观念并据此调整自己的态度、言行、举止等,进而影响各自的成就可能性及事实。 二、社会性别差异分析 ( 一) 男女生英语自主学习中的表现差异与父母的养育方式相关 傅球安认为女性的言语优势除了生理因素外,父母起了关键作用。他指出, 父母通常
英语语言中的性别歧视及其变化】引言 语言是现实世界的一面镜子，现实世界的种种现象，美丑好坏，尽现其中。在一向声称人生而平等的 英语国家里，其实也有诸多的不平等。男女不平等即是其中之一，而这种不平等也被反映在语言这面镜子里。然而，妇女的社会地位感比男子敏锐，英国语言学家彼得.特鲁杰说：“在我们的社会中，妇女的地位 不如男子那样牢靠，而且通常比男子低一些。因此，对她们来说，可能更加需要在语言上和别的方面来表 明和保障她们的社会地位。”上世纪70年代初，女权运动在西方兴起，受其影响，英语世界掀起了一场 旨在消除性别歧视的文字改革运动，这方面尤以美国为甚。本文拟谈谈反映在英语语言中的性别歧视现象、 出现原因及其发展变化． 一英语语言中的性别歧视现象 首先我们来了解一下什么是性别歧视（sexism）。根据Webster Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary， 其定义是：prejudice or discrimination based on sex ; esp: discrimination against women , 基 于性别的偏见或歧视，尤其是对妇女的歧视。?朗曼英语词典?对“性别歧视”的解释是：“以性别为基础 的歧视，尤其是男性对女性的偏见。”?牛津字典?给“性别歧视”所下的定义是：“性别偏见或歧视(尤其对 女性).”因此，在语言习惯上，“性别歧视”通常是指语言对女性的歧视，那么，英语语言是怎样歧视女性 的呢？ 1.以男性语言为规范,而女性语言只是一种附属或变体. 1.1在词汇上的表现a) “当中最明显的例子就是”man”一词，既有“男子“的意思，又表示”人类”.泛指 所有的人，而woman仅是“女子”的意思。如：Man cannot live by bread alone.(人不能单靠面包生活)。The man in the street(普通人，一般人)。一个语言学家曾抱怨说：假如一个女人从船上掉入水中，呼叫的是：“MAN，OVERBROAD。”若她被闯了祸逃走的司机撞死控告词是MANSLAUGHTER。 倘若在工作中受伤，她的医疗费称作WORKMAN’S COMPENSATION。但是如果她来到一个写着man only ！的地方。她立刻明白整个告戒不是针对动物或植物或无生命之物而写的，而是冲着她来 的.”[1][P22-23]b)不知道所指之人的具体性别时，he ,his 和him 经常用来泛指全人类，（这是英语 中的一条规则）, 如Every student has to make up his own mind. He who laughs last laughs best.男主女从，以逻辑性为中心，女性便居于从属地位。就词汇而言，如以—er, --or 结尾的名词实则
关于我的家庭英语作文5篇 有家就有爱，父母给予我们的爱像蜜糖一样让我们开心的生活，你知道怎么写一篇我的家庭的英语作文吗?下面是小编为大家收集关于我的家庭英语作文5篇，欢迎借鉴参考。【篇一】 I have a happy family, I love my father and mother love me. And a sister. Who is that? He is my grandfather. That? She is my grandmother. My family are all very healthy, very love me. I am very happy, I love my family and my relatives. 【篇二】 I love my family,because I have a happy family. My father is an English teacher.His name is Jacky.He is thirty-eight.He likes playing basketball.My mother is a teacher.She is very kind and nice,and she is thirty-seven.I love my parents! On Saturday and Sunday,I often go to the library and play the piano.My father go to play basketball.Sometimes we watch TV and listen to music at home. I love my family.Because I’m very happy to live with my parents together! 【篇三】 This is my family. There are four people in my family. My grandmother, my father, my mother and me. My grandmother has short white hair. She looks very nice. My father has short black hair and small eyes. He looks very fat, so I often call him “fat man”. He works at a factory. My mother works at a L.D.T. My mother has long black hair. She likes sports and traveling, so I often go on sports with my mother. On holidays my family often go to travel. I study at Guiyuan Primary School. We are very happy. 【篇四】 Do you want have my name?I want tell you. My name is Betty, I’m fouteen, I’m a student, I’m in NO.1 High School. I have a happy family. My father is an office worker, he works in an office. My mother is an office worker, too. Bananas, rice are my father’s favorite food, but apples are my mother’s favorite food. I like chicken very much. I have a happy family and I love my family!