08翻译英汉语言文化对比作业2 汇总
作业内容及参考译文：
1．惜春道：“我清清白白的一个人，为什么叫你们带累坏了我！” (Chapter 74)
(丢东西，搜丫鬟和主子的物件)
…I?m pure and spotless. Why should I spoil my integrity by letting you involve me in your affairs?? (Yang )
…If I seem cold, it is because I wish to keep myself uncorrupted,? said Xi-chun. ‘Why should I want to get involved with you and allow myself to be dragged down to your level??(Hawkes)
2．（薛姨妈跑来禁喝道）：“……你且问个青红皂白，再动粗卤。”(Chapter 80)
You must find out the truth before you start laying about you. (Yang )
Time enough to start laying about you after you?ve made a serious attempt to get to the bottom of it. (Hawkes)
学生译文汇总
Xi chun replid: “I was born innocent, and you should never belittle me!”Aunt Xue came up shouting : “mind your behavior before getting clear of the hows and whys .”
1.Xichun complained: “I am such a pure girl. why do you want to stain me ”?
2. Anut Xue came and scolded: “Make sure that you have a clear understanding of the whole thing before you wave your hand.”
Xichun says, I?m a stainless person,why I had been lead astrayed by you?
Aunt Xue comes and shouts, you shouldn?t say some vulgar words before you have distinguished right from wrong.
1．惜春道：“我清清白白的一个人，为什么叫你们带累坏了我！” (Chapter 74)
Xichun retorted coldly ”I am so clean and crystal, why you have to stain me with black ? ”
2．（薛姨妈跑来禁喝道）：“……你且问个青红皂白，再动粗卤。”(Chapter 80)
Aunt Xue ran over to stop her son: ”Why don’t you make it out what has happened before you punish XiangLing”
1,Xichun said: “I am a pure girl with easy mind at first.Why shonld I be affected by you?”
2,(Aunt Xue ran and shouted):'You should ask clearly what on earth was happening before you take action!”
1.Xichun said: "I am clear white one and Why did you let me into trouble? "
2.Aunt Xue ran and shouted: " You should ask the merits, and then manhandled her.”
1．惜春道：“我清清白白的一个人，为什么叫你们带累坏了我！”(Chapter 74)
I’m pure and spotless, why should I spoil my intergrity by letting you involve me in your affairs?
2．（薛姨妈跑来禁喝道）：“……你且问个青红皂白，再动粗卤。”(Chapter 80)
Aunt Hsueh run over to stop her son, “How can you beat her without first investigating?”
1．惜春道：“我清清白白的一个人，为什么叫你们带累坏了我！”(Chapter 74)
2．（薛姨妈跑来禁喝道）：“……你且问个青红皂白，再动粗卤。”(Chapter 80)
1.Xichun said: "what an innocent person I am, why you get me involved!"
2.Aunt Xue came and shouted loudly: "……at least you should ask clearly before impolite action ."
I lead a clean and clear life. Why you must bring me in a dilemma..
You should first make things clear ,then …
1．惜春道：“我清清白白的一个人，为什么叫你们带累坏了我！” (Chapter 74)
Xichun said ,＂I am such an unblemished people without any stain. How could I be implicated by you!＂
2．（薛姨妈跑来禁喝道）：“……你且问个青红皂白，再动粗卤。”(Chapter 80)
Aunt Xue came and shouted,＂…just make out the right and wrong first, and then decide whether you should behave so rude.＂
1．惜春道：“我清清白白的一个人，为什么叫你们带累坏了我！” (Chapter 74)
I am an obviously pure person, why do you
stain me!
2．（薛姨妈跑来禁喝道）：“……你且问个青红皂白，再动粗卤。”(Chapter 80)
Don?t be impetuous, take action after the whole things are clear.
1．惜春道：“我清清白白的一个人，为什么叫你们带累坏了我！” (Chapter 74)
“I am so innocent and why do you get me into those complex things?” said Xichun.
2．（薛姨妈跑来禁喝道）：“……你且问个青红皂白，再动粗卤。”(Chapter 80)
Aunt Xue ran in to the room and shouted angrily: “…You had better figure it out before you did such rude things.”
惜春道：“我清清白白的一个人，为什么叫你们带累坏了我！”
“So innocent I am,while how I am involved in such situation!”said Xichun.
“……你且问个青红皂白，再动粗卤。”
“Y ou might as well investigate the matter and then resort to your condemning,”said anut Xue.
Xi Chun said angrily, "I'm so clear a person, why be judged to the vague ones because of you!"
Aunt Xue run over ,stopped them and said anxiously,"You should make out the true first then do your job."
1．惜春道：“我清清白白的一个人，为什么叫你们带累坏了我！” (Chapter 74) Xichun said coldly: I am so white and clean, why you frame me as black.
2．（薛姨妈跑来禁喝道）：“……你且问个青红皂白，再动粗卤。”(Chapter 80)
Aunt Xue angrily running to forbidden: …why don?t you understand the thing from A to Z, then take the action.
翻译：1.Xi Chun said coldly, “I am innocent all the time .Why do you impose something bad on me ?”
2.“Before you take rough action, you had better make things clear.”
1．I?m a stainless person. Why do you always get me into trouble!
2．Don?t be so rude until you figure it out !
1:Xichun complained:“I am clear and innocent,why I am incriminated badly by you！”
2(aunt Xue runned to command):“…you should ask clearly and petuously, and
then you can beat her ”.
1.Xi Chun said angrily , “I?m innocent but you have involved me in this kind of scandal!”
2.Aunt Xue rushed here shouting, “You should know the whole thing first before you use the violence. ”
1. Xichun argued:“I was a clean and innocent person, why should I involve in this matter?〞
2. Aunt Xue ran and shoulded, “you should make things clear before beating her”.
1.“How pure a person I was !Why must I become bad because of you! “Xichun complained loudly .
2.”At least you should ask what had happened and which is good or bad before your stupid rudeness”.Aunt Xue shouted to her son,Xuepan
1．惜春道：“我清清白白的一个人，为什么叫你们带累坏了我！” (Chapter 74)
Xichun said angrily ,” I lead a clean life , why can I be implicated by you ?”
2．（薛姨妈跑来禁喝道）：“……你且问个青红皂白，再动粗卤。”(Chapter 80)
Aunt Xue came and bellowed ,”…you should have a discrimimate investigation and then do whatever you want to .”
1.Xichun retorted :“I am the person who lead a clean life. How
can you render me to be implicated!”
2.Aunt Xue ran to protect Xiangling , shutting: “First you
should at least ask what happened on earth ,and then punish her.”
1．惜春道：“我清清白白的一个人，为什么叫你们带累坏了我！”
Xichun responded“I know nothing about this matter at all. Why do you involve me in it?”
2．（薛姨妈跑来禁喝道）：“……你且问个青红皂白，再动粗卤。”
AunXue ran to stop him“……Before you beat Xiangling, you must make it out what has happened on earth?”
Xichun said,”I`m such an unblemished girl. How can I let you lead me into the troubles.”
Aunt Xue came over and shouted,”You can`t start a fight until you figure this out!”
我清清白白的一个人I am such a clean and clear women
你且问个青红皂白再动粗鲁Could you realise the thruth before you hit them？
1．惜春道：“我清清白白的一个人，为什么叫你们带累坏了我！” (Chapter 74)
Xi Chun said that I am pure in mind and body and why I have been coupled by you.
2．（薛姨妈跑来禁喝道）：“……你且问个青红皂白，再动粗
卤。”(Chapter 80)
Aunt Xue scolded that how can you beat her without first investigation？You should find out the truth before you start laying about her.
．惜春道：“我清清白白的一个人，为什么叫你们带累坏了我！”(Chapter 74)
Xichun said angrily , "I lead a pure life , why can I be implicated by you ? "
2．（薛姨妈跑来禁喝道）：“……你且问个青红皂白，再动粗卤。”(Chapter 80)
Aunt Xue came and shouted , "you should have a discriminated investigation and then do whatever you want . "
XiChun said :I am a innocent kid ,why should me be misled by you!
You must distinguish black and white before behaving rude .
Ru-hua said in a dry tone.：“I have no relations with anyone of you，so all keep no reasons to get me involved in your trouble.”
Aunt xue ran to stop her son and snapped ：“....... it's not late for you to be rude after you make all things clear.”
1.XiChun said : “I?m a spotless and crystal-clear girl, why should I am implicated by your
affairs ?”
2.Aunt Xue scolded : “…you should find out the truth before you start fighting.”
Xichun said : I serve as a person purely ,why I was always adversely affected by you.
Aunt xue shouted : you should make clear of what
happened before you act.
1.Xichun said :“I?m a so upright person.Why do these slave girls pollute my reputation.”
2.(Aunt Xue hurried to get there and shouted):“。。。you must clear all the fact before shake your
fist.”
1 . “I am pure in mind and body , why am I incriminated by you ? Xi Chun said angriy.
2.Aunt Xue scolded ,“you must make out right and wrong before you take rude measures.”
XiChun says:“I am an innocent person, and why should I be involved with you?”
With angry,Aunt Xue comes and shouts:“…You should make all things clear before you punish her.”
I am a woman with no dirty pot.Why do I let you push me into trouble.
Uncle Xue scolded,”You must make things clear before you use voilence”
1、Xi Chun said :“I am a girl of innocent, but how am I involved in
your trifles?”
2、Aunt Xue shouted seriously:“You?d better make a clear
understanding of the whole process ,and then let off your anger and rudeness .”
1 .I am such an innocent person, Why should I let myself be in such a bad situation caused by you?
2.Aunt Xue ran towards us saying loudly: you just make it clearly before getting rude.
1.Who would think such an innocent person like me should behave badly under your influence?
2.You should have found out who was right and who was wrong before you took any action!
1Why I should not be hardhearted!I am such an innocent person,why am I implicated by you?
2.You should inquire whether it is right or wrong and decide to punish.
Xichun shouted: ”I used to be a innocent person. Why do you lead me to a wrong way!”
Aunt Xue rushed out and stopped him with these words: ”Only after making the situation clear can you be mad.”
1．惜春道：“我清清白白的一个人，为什么叫你们带累坏了我！”(Chapter 74)
Xichun said：“I?m innocent, how could you people involve me in this trouble?”
2．（薛姨妈跑来禁喝道）：“……你且问个青红皂白，再动粗卤。”(Chapter 80)
(Aunt Xue came and scolded that):“How can you behave so rudely before you haven?t make sure of the fact?”
(1). Xi Chun said coldly : “I am so purified and innocent a person , and how come should you mislead me ! ”
(2). Aunt Xue came to her rescue and ordered: “ you can do what you want after you find out the truth ! ”
清清白白：be pure in mind and body; be honest;
Have clean hands
To describe someone who is honest when be suspected by others
青红皂白：the how and why of a matter
Usually used when suspect sb. Without reasons
I?m a good clean person, and why should I want to get involved with you and allow myself to be dragged down to your level?
You should have made a serious attempt to get to the bottom of it and then decided what to do.
我清清白白的一个人怎么就要你给带坏了呢?
How was I who is a blameless person led astray by you?
你且问个青红皂白再动粗鲁?
Why didn?t you get to the bottom of it before you behaved rudely?
Xi Chun shouted:“I am such an innocent and pure person. How can you involve me in your misdeeds?”
Aunt Xue come and yell at him:“You should make it clear before beating her”.
1.Xichun said ：I am an innocent person ，why do you get me
involved ？
2.Aunt Xue rushed out and stopped with the words ：you shoud
figure out the truth and then being rude 。
清清白白：
Innocent and purity .here , this word refers to a girl who behaves well and has clean hands .
青红皂白：
Rightness and justice. Here, the woman requests her son to make things clear and be justicial to the maid
清清白白：lead a clean life
青红皂白：make it clear
xichun said: I'm certainly in vain ,how can ypu make me so tired.
Aunt xue runned here and shouted:You should know what is right and wrong,then you
can take rude
1.Xi chun said angrily:“I?m always be quiet and staying away from
affairs,why did you come and ruin my reputation?”
2.Aunt Xue scolds:“If you want to fix her,you must make things
clear first!”
1 Xichun said: "I am an unblemished one, why is bad that you implicate me!"
2..Xue Yima came shouted): "... ...go and ask indiscriminately, and then manhandle halgen."
1．惜春道：“我清清白白的一个人，为什么叫你们带累坏了我！”
Translation: Said Xi Chen:“Why should I want to get involved with you and alow you to bring down my name!”
2．（薛姨妈跑来禁喝道）：“……你且问个青红皂白，再动粗卤。”
Translation:(Aunt Xue came running out in thunder to Caltrop?s painful cries and yelled to him to stop):“……Time enough to start losing your temper after you have made a serious attempt to get the facts straight .”
1: xichun complained , so decent person i was , how had your guys stained me !
2 Aunt xue came over ,shouting that you should have well awared of the case before you make any comments
Xichun said:“I?m a sinless person, and I?ll never be involved in your dirty business.”
Aunt Xue came quickly and scolded:“You should have made the cause clear, and then decided what to do.”
(1)Xichun said : “I?m inncent,why should you mak trouble for
me!”
(2)Aunt Xue scolded “ You should ask impetuously,and then take
your rude action.”
1. Xi Chun said:“I lead a clean life ,how can you implicate me！”
2．(Aunt Xue dashed up and couldn?t help shouting):“……you shoud make it clear first, then you might use abusive.”
Xichun said :”I am always a frank and blameless person,how could you make bad effects on me and destroy wy reputation?”
(aunt Xue came and scold):”make everything clear before manhandling”
“I am pure , why do you led me astray.” XiChun said. Aunt Xue ran and shouted ,“you should make clear the fact , and take action.”
Xi chun shouted: “I used to be an honest person. Why do you lead me to a wrong way!”
Aunt Xue rushed out and stopped him with these words: “Only after making the situation clear can you be rude.”Xichun said heartlessly: “I’m pure in mind and body.Why will let you implicate me in this scandal.”
Aunt Xue scuttled to Xuepang,snapped at him,“make clear the black an d white,then decide how to punish Xiangling.”
1，I'm blameless！Why should you implicate me!
2，Don’t being rude before you ascertain the truth.
清清白白：innocent
青红皂白：the truth of the fact
清清白白：1、live a clean life
2、have clean hands
不分青红皂白： 1、to confound right and wrong;
2、not to distinguish black from white
1.我清清白白的一个人，为什么叫你们带累坏了我？
译文：I am an unblemished one, and why you can influence me and blacken me?
2.你且问个青红皂白，再动粗鲁。
译文：You should take actions after that you have made out what the truth is.
1．惜春道：“我清清白白的一个人，为什么叫你们带累坏了我！” (Chapter 74) Xi Chun said: “I?m an innocent person with a pure mind, why do you get me into trouble?”
2．（薛姨妈跑来禁喝道）：“……你且问个青红皂白，再动粗卤。”(Chapter 80) (Aunt Xue rushed in a hurry and berated): “......You should make the distinction between right and wrong at any rate, otherwise you couldn?t beat her!”
1.Xi Chun said:“I?m innocent, why did you get me involved?
2.Aunt Xue rushes and said:”……you should first ask what is the truth, and then being rude.”
我清清白白的一个人怎么叫你给带坏了
I am such a person with innocency,how come you foul my fair name
你且问个青红皂白再动粗鲁也行啊
Why don?t you make clear about the whys and hows of the matter before you use abuse?
Xichuen coldly said : I am an innocent person , how dare you can do that to risk my reputation . Aunt Xie ran and stopped ：You should not have done these to Xiangling until you got a full understanding of the whole thing.
Xichun said,“why did you make me involved in such trouble since I am as pure as the white paper.”
You shouldn?t have been so impetuous as to scold yinlian without looking into the facts
Xi Chun ,the fifth daugther of the Jias said angrily: “I am innocent, and how can you give me Such a lesson.”
The aunt Xue walked into the room quickly and shouted:” you should have had the fact before you take action roughly.
1Xichun howled angrily,” I am clear ,innocent and honest. There is no reason for me to be involved punished along with you!”
2Aunt Xue came hurrily and said to Xue Fan angrily but in a lecture way, “…….You oughtn’t to treat Xiang Lin in such a rude way. Y ou must see through the whole thing first.”
1．惜春道：“我清清白白的一个人，为什么叫你们带累坏了我！” (Chapter 74)“I am quite an honest person,why do i let you involve me in it?”xichun cried. 2．（薛姨妈跑来禁喝道）：“……你且问个青红皂白，再动粗卤。”(Chapter 80) You must find out the truth before you start your rude behaviors.
Xi C h un said:” I am clear white one , why you should spoil me!
Aunt Xue came shouted:”……..you should clear the fact first, and then take rough actions. “
英汉语言对比与翻译练习 注意事项： １．英汉语言句法／句式差别； ２．体会英汉互译句式转换规律； Sentences: 1.In praising the logic of the English language we must not lose sight of the fact that in most cases where, so to speak, the logic of facts or of the exterior world is at war with the logic of grammar. 2.邢夫人携了黛玉坐上，众老婆们放下车帘，方命小厮们抬起，拉至宽处，加上训骡，出 了西脚门往东，过荣府正门，如一黑油漆大门内，至仪门前，方下了车。 3.When about three hundred men had been landed from these vessels and were marching rapidly to camp, the Morini, who had been left by Caesar in a state of peace when he set out for Britain, were fired by the hope of booty, and surrounded the troops, at first with no very large number of folk, bidding them lay down their arms if they did not wish to be killed. 4.I had spent a long day on a hired mule before the mail carrier who had been my guide pointed to a cabin on the far side of a stream, mutely refused the money I offered, and rode on. 5.Mr. Kennedy apparently was hit by the first of what witness believed were three shots. 6.And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she know had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born.. 7.The original members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated in the United Nations conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, sign the present charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110. 8.After watching the fish for some time, they asked me for pairs of several different kinds, pointing them out as they walked down the row of tanks. I netted their choices into a traveling container and slipped it into an insulated bag for transport, handing it to the boy. “carry it carefully,” I cautioned. 9.Sickness had robbed her of her confidence that she could carry the load. 10.Loneliness held the great masses of immigrants together, and poverty kept them down. 11.Starvation was a remote threat. 12.There is a crying need for a new remedy. 13.There was a mumbled conversation in the background. Then a man’s voice came on the phone. 14.The whole devastating experience sharpened my appreciation of the world around me. 15.She was always a crier any way. 16.The car wound through the village and up a narrow valley, following a thaw-swollen stream. 17.The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days. 18.A long course of poverty and humility, of daily privations and hard words, of kind office and no returns, had been her lot ever since womanhood almost, or since her luckless marriage with George Osborne.(Vanity Fair chapter 57) 19.The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media.
幻灯片1 课后练习 ●blue films ●bluebottle ●Greenfly ●common criminal ●common informer ●hard labor ●free love ●blue-eyed boy ●bluestocking 幻灯片2 参考翻译 ●blue films 蓝色电影（×） ●淫秽电影（√） ●bluebottle 蓝瓶子（×） ●绿头苍蝇（√） ●greenfly 绿苍蝇（×） ●蚜虫（√） ●common criminal 普通罪犯（×） ●臭名昭著的罪犯（√） ●common informer 一般的告密者（×） ●职业告密者（√） 幻灯片3 参考翻译 ●hard labor 艰苦的劳动（×） ●（监禁）苦役（√） ●free love 自由恋爱（×） ●（无婚约的）自由性爱（√） ●blue-eyed boy 蓝眼睛男孩（×） ●宠儿（√） ●blue sky research/thinking 蓝天研究/思维（×） ●天马行空式的（√） 幻灯片4 翻译的原则与标准
1. 支谦与《法句经序》（229年） “天竺言语，与汉异音。云其书为天书，语为天语，名物不同，传实不易。” 开篇即强调了佛经翻译之难，即语言不同，语境不同，名物不同，翻译起来确实不易。幻灯片5 翻译的原则与标准 2. 道安与“五失本，三不易” 源自其在公元382年所作 《摩诃钵罗若波罗蜜经抄序》 译胡为秦，有五失本也。 一者，胡语尽倒，而使从秦，一失本也。 二者，胡经尚质，秦人好文，传可众心，非文不合，斯二失本也。 幻灯片6 翻译的原则与标准 三者，经委悉，至于叹咏，叮咛反复，或三或四，不嫌其烦，而今裁斥，三失本也。 四者，胡有义说，正似乱辞，寻说向语，文无以异，或千五百，刈而不存，四失本也。 五者，事已全成，将更傍及，反腾前辞，已乃后说，而悉除此，五失本也。 幻灯片7 ●“五失本”是： ●一、佛经词序多是颠倒的，汉译时改从汉语语法，容易失本； ●二、佛经文字质朴，而汉人喜欢文采，为适合汉语读者，译文作了润饰，容易失本； ●三、佛经的论述，往往不厌其烦，颂文更是翻三覆四，翻译时删繁就简，容易失本； 幻灯片8 ●四、佛经有“义说”（长行之后，另加的偈颂复述）类似汉人韵文后的“乱辞”（总结），
从英汉对比的角度看被动的翻译 发表时间：2015-02-02T13:45:31.063Z 来源：《教育学文摘》2014年12月总第142期供稿作者：武亚萍[导读] 东西方文化风俗和语言习惯的差异导致二者在字形系统、词汇系统和语法结构系统等方面表现出了截然不同的特色。武亚萍山西大学商务学院外语系山西太原030006 摘要：英汉两种语言由于隶属于不同的文化体系所以在语言结构和表达上存在诸多的差异，两种语言系统对被动语意的表达差别巨大。相较于汉语的表达方式而言，被动语态在英语语言系统中的运用更为普遍，所以对英语被动语态的翻译更加受到英语研究学界的重视，而如何在尊重两种语言系统差异的情况下合理地对英语被动句进行翻译是近年来英语语言学研究的重点课题。本文在汉英两种语言系统被动语态进行对比的基础上，对英语被动翻译的策略进行了探讨，以期能够促进两种语言系统更好地交流融合。关键词：英语英汉对比被动翻译 英语和汉语在世界语言系统中是两种有着较大差异的语言，分别隶属于西方语系和东方语系。东西方文化风俗和语言习惯的差异导致二者在字形系统、词汇系统和语法结构系统等方面表现出了截然不同的特色。而被动语态是构成两种语言系统必不可少的因素，在两种语系中均有着重要的地位。从英汉对比的角度看，英语语系对被动语态的使用较之于汉语语系更为广泛和深刻，著名的语言学家就曾经指出英语语系对被动语态的广泛使用是英语语系区别于汉语语系最重要的特色。所以对英语被动语态的翻译首先应该从英汉两种语系在被动语态上的对比入手，在掌握两种语言系统中被动语态区别的基础上，对英语被动语态的翻译进行准确的把握。 一、英汉被动语态的对比 英语语言系统在具体表达上注重句式的“型合”，句式结构的变化更为丰富复杂，特别是在be和动词的过去分词这一被动语态的组合中，句式的“型合”表现得更为明显。英语对被动语态的表达通过类似的句式展现出来，明显具有显性的特点。而对于汉语被动语态来说，汉语的语意表现更为含蓄，对被动语态的表达也通常会借助句子的内部连接或句意之间的逻辑关系来展示意义上的被动，具有隐性的特点。 1.英汉结构被动句对比。英汉两种语系的被动语态在结构上存在着相同点，在两种形式的被动句中句子的主语一般都是意义上的受动者，而意义上的施动者则不太重要，可以在句子中表现出来，也可以隐去。但是两种被动句的结构存在巨大的差异。例如在“Many soldiers were killed in the war”一句中，由于句子的阐述者不能明确语意的施动者，所以采用被动句的形式进行表述。而与英语被动句的结构不同，汉语被动句的动词没有时态上的变化，所以汉语被动句不会以动词的过去分词为被动标志，汉语被动式常用能够直接表现被动的“被”字作为结构式被动句的构成条件。例如“糖果被吃掉了”一句中，采用了受动者、“被“字和动词相结合的结构表现被动意义。汉语被动句中的标志词除了“被”以外还有“叫”、“让”等，都能在反映被动意义的基础上构建被动句结构。 2.英汉意义被动句对比。英汉两种语系不仅在结构被动句上存在差异，在语意被动句上也有着明显的不同。当被动句的受动者不会被错认成施动者时，汉语一般选择使用意义被动句。常见的意义被动有两种：一是常见于古文或口语中的逻辑关系上的被动，如“看病难这一问题总算得到解决了”。二是具有感情色彩的“挨、获、遭、承蒙”等词与及物动词相结合表现被动意义，如“承蒙关照，在此表示深深的感谢”。而英语的意念被动句则有所不同，在这种句式中虽然句子仍为主动句的结构，但是句子的主语在意义上却是受动者，常常用于描绘事物的属性状态等，被动意义比较弱。例如“Brazilian fruit tastes delicious”一句利用“taste”表示整个句子的被动意义，而“My father is difficult to request”一句也在主动句的句型中用“difficult”加具有被动意义的不定式结构来表现被动的概念。 二、英语被动翻译的策略 对英语被动句进行翻译可以遵循两种方法，即直译法和意译法。直译法具体来说就是在句子中没有出现施动者时对句子各部分结构的意思按主要成分的顺序进行翻译，直接翻译成带有“被”或其他结构被动句标志的句子。例如在对“Candy has been eaten by harry”一句进行翻译时可以直接利用“被”字翻译成“糖果被哈利吃掉了”。而运用意译法进行翻译时，在句子中有施动者的情况下，可以将句子的施动者直接翻译成汉语句子的主语，将受动者翻译成句子的宾语，如可以将“The mouse was killed by Peter”翻译成“彼得把老鼠打死了”；而当句子中没有施动者时，可以根据句子上下文的内容合理地在翻译中增加施动者，如在对“It maybe asked why I killed them”一句进行翻译时可以根据内容增加主语，合理地翻译为“也许有人会问我为什么将他们杀了”。 三、结语 本文从英汉对比的角度对英语被动翻译进行了探讨，简要说明了英汉被动存在的差别和对英语被动句进行翻译的策略，希望能为相关的英语被动句翻译提供理论借鉴。 参考文献 [1]Nord·Christiane Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained (Translation Theories Explored).New York: Routledge,2014,5。 [2]钟小芳英汉被动语态对比与互译方式[J].吉林省教育学院学报（学科版），2012，28，(2)。 [3]樊斌基于双语语料库的英汉对比与翻译初探[J].重庆科技学院学报（社会科学版），2012，(5)。 [4]朱旭双英汉被动意义表达形式对比及翻译策略分析[J].教育教学论坛，2014，(20)。
英汉语言对比与翻译作业 1. It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read, and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection. 翻译：认为自己的思想深奥，不可能表达得很清楚，让任何人都能理解，这是一种虚荣的念头。这样的作家当然不会想到，问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。 2. He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession. 翻译：他有一种令人不安的习惯：一会儿一个看法，自相矛盾，变化无常。 3．While the present century was in its teens, and on one sunshiny morning in June, there drove up to the great iron gate of Miss Pinkerton’s academy for young ladies, on Chiswick Mall, a large family coach, with two fat horses in blazing harness, driven by a fat coachman in a three-cornered hat and wig, at the rate of four miles an hour. (Thackeray)翻译：(当时)这个世纪刚过了十几年。六月的一天早上，天气晴朗。契息克林阴道上平克顿女子学校的大铁门前面来了一辆宽敞的私人马车。拉车的两匹肥马套着雪亮的马具，一个肥胖的车夫带了假头发和三角帽子，赶车子的速度是一小时四英里。（萨克雷）
英汉文化差异与翻译 摘要：语言与文化密不可分,任何语言的生存发展都离不开其赖以生存的社会文化环境,社会文化又在一定程度上制约着语言使用者的思维方式和表达能力。本文围绕英汉文化差异在各自语言中的体现, 来说明文化差异、背景知识对翻译的影响。由此说明文化差异因素对翻译的影响不容低估。本文对中英的文化、社会风俗与礼仪差异进行了初步的探索，提出了一些在翻译中弥补这一差异的例子，以及在翻译英语里面的习惯词汇时应该注意的几个方面。 [关键字] 文化差异一般风俗翻译、影响 文化是一种上层建筑.它是建立在一定的经济基础之上的，而且与一个国家、民族的传统文化密不可分。由于不同的民族所处的生态、物质、社会及宗教等环境不同, 因而各自的语言环境产生了不同的语言习惯、社会文化、风土人情等等语境因素。不同文化背景造成人们说话方式或习惯不尽相同。因此, 在交流中, 人们总喜欢用自己的说话方式来解释对方的话语,这就可能对对方的话语做出不准确的推论, 从而产生冲突和故障。了解这些文化差异，对我们平时能更好的使用英语有很大的帮助。丰富的文化背景和相关专业知识会有助于翻译的准确性，所以，我们要在平时的学习中不断积累相关的专业知识，加强训练，才能在翻译中做到游刃有余。 翻译作为语际交际, 不仅仅是语言的转换过程, 而且也是文化移植的过程。在很大程度, 它与文化因素、背景知识有很大的关系。王佐良曾说:“翻译的最大困难是两种文化的不同。”吕淑湘也说, 翻译家必须是一个杂家。“杂”就是指知识要广博。可见,解决好翻译中的文化差异问题,了解背景知识是保证译作成功的关键。 英汉文化差异对翻译的影响主要表现在以下几个方面: 一、观察与思维上的差异对翻译的影响 英汉两个民族在观察与思维上是存在着差异的: 面对同一物体, 用以概括的概念也有出入, 因而语言表达方式也不同。如对颜色的观察和使用,就有不同的概念。英语“black tea”在汉语中不叫“黑茶”, 而叫“红茶”;“brownbread”是“黑面包”, 而不是“棕 色面包”。汉语的“青衣”,“青天”同是一个“青”字, 翻译成英文就只能分别译作“black dress”和“blue sky”。汉语“黑眼睛”, 英语为“drakeyes”; 英语的“black eyes”, 汉语为“挨打后出现的黑眼圈”; 汉语“黄色影片”, 汉语的“红眼病”,英语为“green - eyed”。此外,英汉两个民族在逻辑思维上也存在着差异。例如: 英文句子You can not be too careful in the exam. 若直译为“考试时你不要太细心”。那就大错特错了。因为从句法上看,它是一个双重否定结构, 从思维方式上看, 它是一种逆向思维。其正确译文是: 考试时你要特别细心。再如, The plastic container isfive times lighter thanthat glass one. 其正确译法为: 这个塑料容器比那个玻璃容器轻五分之四。如果直译,这个塑料容器的重量比那个玻璃容器要轻四倍, 在汉语中是说不通的。英语习惯上说“减少n 倍”, 即是汉语说的减少了n - 1/ n ,如英语说减少3 倍,即是汉语说的减少2/ 3。这种情况显 然是由于英汉思维方式不同而造成的。因此,对于这一类因思维差异而引起的表达不同的概念, 译者同样要越过表达形式的局限进行意义上的对等翻译。 二、时间观念的差异对翻译的影响 由于英汉文化的差异, 两个民族在时间观念上也存在着一定的差异。如,英语中的“the
浅谈英汉数字的文化差异与翻译 内容摘要 世界上任何一种语言都是植根于特定的文化背景之中，反映着特定的文化内容。语言中数字是反映客观物质世界的规模、大小的数和量，而由于各自语言中所包涵的文化传统、思维观念、以及对数字的感知取向不同，故而赋予数字的社会文化涵义也不尽相同。本文主要针对中西方对数字不同的传统观念、英汉语言中数字包含的内涵意义以及在英汉文学及生活中碰到的有关数字的翻译等，来探讨英汉数字文化的差异，为跨文化交际提供便利。 关键词：英汉数字；内涵意义；翻译；实指义；虚指义；词汇空缺 Abstract Every language in the world takes root in a special cultural background, and the language reflects the contents of the culture. Figure is the count and quantity which reflects the scope and size of the objective world. The social meanings of figure are different because there are some differences in cultural tradition, the concept of thinking and the understanding and using of the figure among all kinds of languages. This paper is to discuss the differences between English and Chinese figure from the traditional conception, the meanings of the figure and the translation with figure between the two languages. The aim from which is expected to make an advantage in cross-cultural communication. Key words: figure in English and Chinese; implied meaning; translation; grammatical meaning; false meaning; vocabulary vacancy “语言与文化有着密切的关系。语言的使用离不开人，而人又离不开某个特定的社会文化。” [1]（p477）“在跨文化交际活动中，参与的各方不仅要熟悉本民族的语言和文化，而且要充分了解对方的语言和文化，特别是本民族文化与他民族文化的差异，只有这样才能使交际顺利进行下去。”[2]（p480）数字是随着人类文明的产生和发展而产生和发展的。数字作为一种特殊的语言符号，在英汉两种语言中都被赋予了丰富的文化内涵。本文主要从中西方对数字不同的传统观念,英汉两种语言中数字蕴涵的不同意义及英汉文学中和生活中碰到的有关数字的翻译等来探讨英汉数字文化的差异，以便消除英汉交际中的理解障碍。 一、英汉数字的文化内涵差异 在古老的传统中，数字具有神圣的意义，还具有主吉凶的宗教迷信色彩。不同的民族对数字的选择性和不同的偏爱，都有着深刻的民族文化的烙印。下面就几组具有代表性的数字进行对比分析。 （一）、“三”与“九” 1、“三” 汉语中带“三”的习语有很多，如“三思而后行”、“垂涎三尺”、“三人行，必有我师焉”、“三句话不离本行”、“一日不见，如隔三秋”、“余音绕梁，三日不绝”、“三头六臂”、“三教九流”、“三令五申”等。中国人对“三”的垂青是有因可循的。《说文解字》云：“三，天地人之道也”，可见“三”的本义就是代表天、地、人，即上为天，下为地，中为人。在历史进程中，人们还逐渐认识到：时间有昔、今、未之分，空间有上、中、下之分，方位有左、中、右和前、中、后之分，似乎有三就能代表全部，“三”因此隐含完全、完美之意在内，并且积淀在中国人的潜意识中，从而人们在生活中不自觉地运用“三”来归纳事物，指导行动。在古代，“三”的运用更是奥妙无穷，甚至带有某些神秘意味。在政制结构上，有“三公”（西周时指：太师、太傅、太保；西汉时指丞相、太尉、御史大夫；东汉时指太尉、司徒、司空）；军事编制上，有“三军”（海军、陆军、空军）；教育上有“三学”（述学、评学、考学）；科举有“三试”（乡试、会试、殿试）；录取有“三甲”（状元、榜眼、探花）；祭祀要供“三牲”（牛牲、羊牲、猪牲）；敬酒要“三献”（初献、亚献、终献）；行礼要“三跪”
The Assignment of a Contrastive Approach to Translation Between English and Chinese ( III ) 翻译下列句子或语段： 1.Only the thought of his mother gave him the strength to go on doing it. 想起母亲，他才鼓足勇气继续做了下去。 2.It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal. 要不是我能干重活，早就给辞退了。 3.China’s support is constant source of encouragement to us in the pursuit of social and economic development and the maintenance of national independence. 中国的支持始终鼓励我们去追求社会和经济发展，维护国家独立。 4.Robots have found application for the exploration of the outer space. 机器人已用于探索外层空间。 5.He’s a big eater. 他这人非常能吃。 6.Of the girl’s sensations they remained a little in doubt. 译文一：姑娘的心思他们一时还无法断定。 译文二：他们一时还无法断定姑娘的心思。 7.He is inexperienced in driving. 译文一：开车他没有经验。 译文二：他开车方面没有经验。 8.And am I not indebted to you for the bread I eat? 译文一：我眼下有口饭吃，还不是多亏了你吗？ 译文二：还不是多亏了你，我眼下才有口饭吃。 9.I’ll make my own decision in marriage. 译文一：婚姻的事我自己做主。 译文二：婚姻上我要自己做主。 译文三：我的婚姻我做主。 10.父母爱护子女无微不至。 译文一：Parents’ love of their children is perfect and minute. 译文二：Parents love their children perfectly and minutely. 译文三：Parents are perfect and minute in loving their children. 11.一定要少说空话，多做工作。 译文一: There must be less empty talk and more hard work. 译文二：We should talk less and do more hard work. 12.德国入侵波兰在全世界引起轰动。 译文一: German’s invasion of Poland caused an enormous sensation throughout the world. 译文二：German invaded Poland and it caused an enormous sensation throughout the world. 13.上下班他一般坐地铁。 He usually rides subways to and from work. 14.端午节吃粽子。 People eat rice dumplings on the Dragon Boat Festival. 15.这会儿正下着毛毛雨。 It’s drizzling at the moment. 16.不逢北国之秋，已将近十余年了。 译文一: I have not seen autumn in the North for over ten years. 译文二： It is more than a decade since I last saw autumn in the North. 17.众庄客一头笑着，扶了洪教头，羞颜满面，自投庄外去了。 The tenants burst into laughter and supported the fully shamefaced Master Hong in going out of the house. 18.沉默呵，沉默！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。 Silence, silence! Unless one bursts out, he shall perish in this silence. 注意：请大家在做作业之前，仔细阅读课本中“刚性与柔性” (Rigid vs. S upple)、“静态与动态” （Static vs. Dynamic）两章内容。
《英汉语言文化比较》讲义 第1讲语言与文化概述 1.The relationship between language and culture. Language and culture are inseparably intertwined. (1) Language is a part of culture. (2) Language is a manifestation of culture. (Culture manifests itself both in patterns of language and thought, and in forms of activity and behavior.) (3) Language is the stimulus of culture (A flourished language can promote the development of culture.) 2.English speakers are good at abstract thinking while the Chinese are apt to think in terms of images. 3.English speakers prefer analytical thinking while the Chinese prefer comprehensive thinking. 4.English speakers think more in a linear way while the Chinese think more or less in a curving way. 5.According to Whorf hypothesis, “The language that an individual speaks facilitates particular ways of thinking.” 第2讲英汉语发展简史1 1.Based on morphological classification (形态分类法), English belongs to inflected language (屈折语), while Chinese belongs to isolating language (孤立语). 2.Based on structural classification (结构分类法), both English and Chinese belong to analytic language (分析语). 3.Based on genetic classification (谱系分类法), English belongs to Indo-European Language Family, and Chinese belongs to Sino-Tibetan Language Family. 4.English is a West Germanic (西日耳曼语支) language that originated from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic invaders. 5.English is a phoneme language (表音文字) and Chinese is an ideographic language (表意文字). 6.The first people in England about whose language we have definite knowledge are the Celts. 7.After the Norman Conquest, English entered the period of Middle English. 8.The period from 450 to 1150 is known as Old English. From 1150 to 1500 the language is known as Middle English. The language since 1500 is called Modern English (1500-1700, early Modern English, 1700 until now, later Modern English). 9.The main differences between Chinese words and English words: a) Letters in English are like strokes in Chinese. b) Morphemes in English are like radicals in Chinese. c) Chinese associative compounds (会意字) are like English compound words. 第3讲英汉语发展简史2
[摘要]文化对语言的形成、发展和变化产生着深刻的影响。语言与文化有着紧密的关系。中西文化的差异可以在各自的语言上从不同的方面反映出来,并且对英汉翻译过程中的语义理解和传达产生一定的干扰和影响。本文主要从地理环境、历史背景差异,社会风俗习惯差异和宗教文化差异这三个主要方面,分别论述了中西文化差异对英汉翻译造成的影响,提示大家要充分了解中西文化背景,在真正理解原文内涵的基础上,精确译出原文。 [关键词]文化差异英汉翻译 文化是人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和,如文学、艺术、教育、科学等等。而语言是人类思维的外在形式,人们通过语言来表达内心的丰富思想,进行相互间的思想感情交流。文化对语言的形成、发展和变化产生着深刻的影响。事实上语言并不是一种隔离的现象孤立地存在,语言是文化的一个整体的部分。文化是语言的内容,语言是文化的载体,语言与文化是密不可分的。中西文化之间存在着差异,可以体现在地理环境、社会习俗、宗教信仰、历史典故等多方面。这些差异可以在各自的语言上从不同的方面反映出来,并且对英汉翻译过程中的语义理解和传达产生一定的干扰和影响。所以在英汉翻译活动中,必须要考虑到中西文化差异的问题,从各自文化的角度充分理解原文的涵义,并采取适当的语义表达方式,精确地译出原文。在本文中,将从以下几个主要方面分别探讨文化差异对英汉翻译的影响。 一、地理环境、历史背景差异对英汉翻译的影响 由于所处的地域不同,相应地就有不同的自然条件和地理环境。地理环境的不同会引起文化上的个性和差异,形成一些独特的文化概念。这些文化差异都会体现在语言中,对英汉翻译产生一定的影响。例如,中国东临大海,西部为高山,所以在中国,“东风”是“春天的风”,“西风”却是凛冽的。而英国的地理环境与中国相反,英国西临大西洋,报告春天消息的却是西风。西风在英国人心中是温暖宜人的。英国著名诗人雪莱的《西风颂》就是对温暖西风的讴歌:“It’s a warm wind, the west wind, full of bird’s cries”(那是温暖的风,温暖的西风,伴随着百鸟欢唱)。在英汉翻译中要充分理解这些差异,才能更好地理解原文。再如,英国的天气变化无常,所以人们见面爱谈论天气。“Lovely day, isn’t it? ”(天气多好啊)。而中国人见面打招呼则会说,“去哪儿啊?”,“吃饭了吗?”。 与地理环境一样,中西文化的历史背景也会反映在语言中。在英语中,与Dutch有关的词语往往带有贬义。如Dutch act(自杀),Dutch courage(酒后之勇),I got mad and I talk like a Dutch uncle.(我勃然大怒,于是就严厉地训人),If it is the fact, I’m a Dutchman(如果这是事实,我就不是人)。因为在17世纪初,英国和荷兰曾经激烈交战二十多年,使英国大伤元气,所以英国普通民众对荷兰人恨之入骨。这一历史背景,使英语带有了民族性,理解了这一点,我们就不难理解这些英文的真正含义了。 二、社会风俗习惯对英汉翻译的影响 在社会风俗习惯方面,欧美人和中国人也存在很多差异,这对翻译也造成了一定的影响。同一件事物,不同的文化背景,看法大相径庭。比如,龙是古代汉族人崇拜的图腾形象,象征着吉祥、尊贵、权势和奋发向上。我们自称是龙的传人,意思是一个伟大而杰出的民族。龙是比喻皇帝,凤是比喻皇后。在汉语中,有关龙和凤的词语大都是褒义的,如藏龙卧虎、龙飞凤舞、生龙活虎、龙凤呈祥等。但是在英语中,dragon却含有不好的意思。这是因为在《圣经》中
英汉语言系统对比与翻译 一、被动与主动 （一）英语多用被动式原因 1、施事的原因。 2、句法的要求。 （1）为了使句子承上启下、前后连贯、便于衔接。 （2）为了使句子平衡。 （3）修辞的考虑。 （4）文体的需要。 （二）汉英多主动式原因 1、汉语被动式的使用受到限制。 2、使用受事主语(Receptor subject)导致大量的“当然被动句”。 3、当不需要或不可能说出施事者的时候，汉语可以采用无主句或主语省略句来保持句子的主动形式。 4、当施事者难以指明时，汉语还可以采用通称(generic person)或泛称作主语。 5、当不便使用被动式时，汉语可采用某些转换式来表达被动意义。 （1）处置式(即“把字式”或“将字式”) （2）“为……所”式。 （3）“是……的”式。 （4）“……的是” （5）“……加以／予以”式。 二、物称与人称（Impersonal vs Personal ） （一）、英语常用非人称，主语汉语常用人称主语 1、用抽象名词或无生命的事物名称作主语。 2用非人称代词“it”作主语。代词“it”除了用来代替除人以外的生物或事物之外还广泛用作填补词expletive。 （二）英语常用被动式，采用物称表达法：汉语常用主动式，采用人称、泛称或隐称表达法。 三、静态与动态（Static vs. Dynamic) 1、名词化倾向是英语的特征之一 2、名词作为施事者对动词的替代 3、名词构成标题式短语对形容词的替代 4、名词优势引起的介词优势 5、动词的弱化 6、形容词副词对动词的替代 7、动词连用是汉语的常态 8、动词可以充当汉语的任何句子成份 9、汉语句子中的动词可重复重叠
中国海洋大学本科生课程大纲 课程属性：公共基础/通识教育/学科基础/专业知识/工作技能，课程性质：必修、选修 一、课程介绍 1. 课程描述 要想学好翻译，最有效的办法莫过于充分了解两种语言之间的相同之处和不同之处。著名语言学家吕叔湘曾指出：“我相信，对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识英语和汉语的差别，在每一个具体问题——词形、词义、语法范畴、句子结构上，都尽可能用汉语的情况来跟英语作比较，让他通过这种比较得到更深刻的领会”。只有对英汉两种语言之间的差异有了深刻的体会，才能培养出语言之间的转换意识，翻译也才能够顺利进行。可以说，双语认知能力与差异观念、语言对比与转换意识构成了翻译能力的基本要素。一切翻译理论、方法和技巧均建基于此。英汉两种语言在词法、句法、语篇和文体层面迥然有别，英语是综合语，可以充分利用形态变化、虚词、复句等表情达意，而汉语属于分析语，在表达同样意思时，主要借助语序、短句、散句、紧缩句、省略句、流水句、并列句，按照时间顺序或事理顺序，逐层叙述。在句法层面，英汉两种语言在主谓结构、局部与整体、形合与意合等方面不尽相同；语篇层面， - 7 -
英汉两种语言在时间性和空间性、连贯与衔接等方面均有差异。本课程将从英汉语之间的显著差异切入，探究两种语言之间的转换机制与转换方法。 The most effective way of mastering translation is to fully understand the similarities and dissimilarities between the source language and the target language. Lv Shuxiang, a famous linguist once remarked: “I firmly believe that the most useful way for Chinese students is to make them be aware of the differences between English and Chinese on every category including lexicon, semantics, grammar, and sentence structure. Only by this way can they have a deeper understanding”. This remark holds truth. A deep understanding of the differences between English and Chinese ensures a sense of shift and successful translation. We can safely conclude that the bilingual cognition between the source language and the target language, the sense of comparison and shift constitute the basic elements of translation competence. All translation theories, strategies and techniques are based upon them. There are huge differences on morphology, syntax, discourse and stylistics between English and Chinese. English belongs to synthetic language, conveying meaning by means of formal devices, function words and complex sentences while Chinese, an analytic language, conveys meaning chronologically and logically through word order, short sentence, loose sentence, contracted sentence, ellipsis sentence and coordinate sentence. At the syntactic level, English and Chinese differs in subject-verb structure, ways of expressing partiality and wholeness, and ways of connection. At the discoursal level, the two languages differ in temporality and spatiality, cohesion and coherence. The course will start from the most obvious differences between English and Chinese, exploring the shifting mechanism and methods. - 7 -