什么是无灵主语？
无灵主语的概念极为简单：有无生命的事物做主语来展开句子。其实它向我们传达的只是一种思维，一种思考的方式而已。
什么是无灵主语？
Eg: I love everbody.译为：我爱大家。如果出现在口语中，这样的表达当然最为清晰，但如果出现在写作中，如下表达可能更为生动一些：My love goes to everbody.从例子可以看出，用客观的事物love代替有生命的I，这就是无灵主语的实质。
但我们为什么要使用无灵主语，它究竟有什么优点呢？
（1）增加主语的多样性。往往在写作时，我们会反复用同一有生命的词作主语，使语句显得单调，重复。这些总在不经意之间常常发生。
Eg: We don’t think so.If we want light,we must conquer darkness.
三个we的使用，使句子显得平淡，甚至别扭，但如果稍加变动，句子会显得协调的多。
①We don’t think so.If we want light,darkness must be conquered.
②This idea can’t acquire our acceptanc e,If we want light,we must conquer darkness.
（2）使语言更生动化。将无生命的事物作主语而展开的句子，往往会用上比喻、拟人等修辞手法，语言随之提升一个档次。
Eg: 青少年常常沉迷于网络。Indulge(sb) in, be addicted in; Be absorbed in; pay attention to;concentrate on.
Internet is Pandora’s Box for youth.
这也就是无灵主语的难点所在，也是华丽之处：并不是简单的主动语态变为被动语态，而是用主动语态去表达被动意义。
Eg: People accepted the fact.人们接受这个事实。并不是简单地变为The fact was accepted by people.而应当更为形象的用主动语态表示“事实被人们接受”这个被动意义。人们接受这个事实，就是这个事实获得人们的认可：The fact acquired people’s acceptance.
其实要写这样的句子并不难，只要掌握这种思想，加上一段时间的练习，肯定会下笔如有神。
（3）使表达更为客观。主语是有生命的事物时，展开的句子往往带有该有生命物质的主观感情色彩，而如果是无灵主语，则表达很客观。
无灵主语并不是英语的专利，在汉语中其实我们也常常用到。
Eg: 我们从生活中学到——可以表述为“生活告诉我们——”
Life has told us that------ 这就是一个漂亮的无灵主语的应用
Eg: 海外华人时刻关注祖国。可以表述为“祖国时刻牵动着海外华人的心” Motherland,always,is drawing the heart of overseas Chinese.
英语常用无生命的名词作主语, 这是英语和汉语在句子构成方面的一个重要差别。
引起这种差别的原因很多，最主要的恐怕是由于不同民族的不同思维习惯所致。
从动作的执行者是有无生命的这一点来看，英语和汉语的动词均可分为有生命动词和无生命动词。
有生命动词与无生命动词在英语中没有明确的区别，即一个动词常常是
既可用作有生命动词、又可用作无生命动词；而在汉语中这两类动词之
间却有明确的区别。
汉语中有生命动词表示人和人类社会组织才有的行为或动作, 如：看、哭、送、说、写、讲、拿等；无生命动词表示无生命事物的一些无意识运动、作用或变化，如：吸引、相排斥、变等。
在中国人的思维中，往往以人为中心，认为只有人类和人类社会组织才会有上述有生命动词表示的行为和动作，无生命的事物和现象只能用无
生命动词表示动作。所以有生命动词做谓语时不能以无生命名词或代词
作主语。
在英美人的思维中，往往更注意客观事物和现象对人的作用和影响，反映在语言表达上就是多用无生命名词作主语。有生命动词既可以用有生命名词做主语，也可以用无生命的名词作主语。
英语无生命主语句（Non-life subject sentences）的类型: 从充当句子主语的词语来看，大致可分为以下几类：
1. 以时间﹑地点等名词作主语的句子，常用see, find, witness等动词作谓语。例：
1949 saw the founding of the People’s Republic of China.
1949年中华人民共和国成立了。
Rome witnessed many great historic events.
在罗马城发生了许多伟大历史事件。
第二年他妈妈去世了。
The following year saw the death of his mother.
在世界历史上眼泪比欢笑多
The world history has seen more tears than laughter.
2. 表示生理、心理状态的名词和表示某种遭遇的名词主语的句子。
Neither sorrow nor regret followed my passionate outburst．
我这样发作一通之后，既不难过，也不后悔。
His weariness determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade.
他疲惫不堪，于是下了决心，一碰到舒适的阴凉处就坐下休息。
我完全丧失了勇气。
All my courage deserted me．
我惊讶得说不出话来。
Astonishment deprived me 0f my power of speech．
3. 具有行为和动作意义的名词作主语的句子。
The very sight of it makes me feel nervous.
一见到它，我就感到紧张。
Thought of the interview filled me with fear.
一想到面试，我就担心害怕。
想到不久就要见到她的儿子，她心中感到十分快乐。
The thought of seeing her son very soon filled her heart with great happiness．
从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到城镇的美景。
A glance through his office window offers a beautiful scenery of
the town．
4.表示情景,自然现象的名词做主语
An earthquake comes like a thief in the night，without warning.
地震到来，犹如夜贼，不作预告。
Such a chance was denied (to) me．
我可得不到这样的机会。
因下雨，我不能来。
The rain prevented me from coming．
这个城市刚下过一场大雨。
A heavy rain visited the city.
5. 用“it”作形式主语，其逻辑主语是
后面的短语或从句的英语句子。
It was very wise of you to bring an umbrella.
你带了雨伞是明知的。
It is hardly likely that Tom may have forgotten to post the parcel.
汤姆几乎不太可能忘记寄这个包裹。
6.There be句型
There be 句型
There be +名词定语从句★★★/分词/介词
There come, emerge, exist, lie, live, occur, stand,
【练1/4】越来越多的人反对这一看法. ---（新托福写作）
More and more people disagree it.
(there be)
There are more and more people who disagree/are against/object to this point.
【练2/4】每个孩子都想赚些零花钱来帮助交付高额的大学费用。
---（家庭话题）
Every child wants to earn a little money to help cover higher college cost.
(there be)
There is every child who wants to ```
(高分作文句子）
There is hardly a child who doesn’t want to earn a little money to help cover higher college cost.
(常见句型）
there is nothing we cannot do ```.
In the 1950s and 1960s, there emerged an awareness in Western societies that resources for the provision of fossil fuel energy were finite and exhaustible.
【练3/4】在20世纪50年代和60年代，西方社会开始意识到提供矿物质燃料能量的资源是有限的且有可能枯竭。（剑4,T4,R） 【练4/4】预计将会在2030年轻微下降至18%。（剑5，T1,W）
There is expected to be a slight drop to 18% in 2030.
【练4/5】毫无疑问，收音机和电视机是信息交流的重要工具。（剑6，
T1,W）
There is no doubt that radio and television are important means of communication.
状语变主语：
园子中央有一座花坛。
There sits a flower bed in the middle of the garden.
“有人、人们”等主语：
人们对人口的迅速增长越来越关注。
There is a growing concern over the population growth.
有人敲门。
There comes a knock at the door.
7. 表示其他事物名词作主语的句子。
The matter asks immediate attention.
这件事需要立即予以注意。
Her heart did whisper that he had done it for her.
她的心里的确嘀咕：为了我，他才这么做的。
无灵名词作主语时常见的谓语动词
see，find，make，bring，cause，enable，desert，prevent，meet，visit，give，witness，convince，request，compel等。
短语动词(如lead to，bring out，fall up-on．keep／prevent…from ） 谓语动词往往含有“使”的意义（“反向心理动词”）：delight, move, please，strike，amaze，astonish，surprise, worry, trouble，impress，
satisfy
Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.
谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。
疾病使他虚弱。
His illness left him weak.
练习
这个回答没有使我们感到满意。
That answer didn’t satisfy us．
看了这部小说，他很激动。
The novel excited him.
你只要仔细比较一下，就会发现它们的不同之处。
Careful comparison of them will show you the difference.
他因事进城去了。
Business took him to the town．
世界上已经有不同的现代化道路。
The world has witnessed different roads to modernization．
黑暗使人更加珍惜光明；寂静教人体会到声音的欢乐。
Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight；silence would teach
him the joys of sound．
据估计，在英国工作的外籍家庭佣人有两万多人。
There are estimated to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain.
名词性从句---主语从句 1. What is needed for the space trip is careful preparation. 2. Her wish is that she can lose weight soon. 3. I think that woman can reach every high achievements in many fields of science. 4. We were very excited at the news that our team had won. 引导名词性从句的关联词可分为三类： 一．从属连词：that（无任何词意） whether, if（均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性） as if ,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”）以上在从句中均不充当任何成分二．连接代词：what, who, whom, which，whose, whatever, whoever, whichever(作主宾表定) 三．连接副词：when, where, how, why(作状语) I.主语从句 1.定义：在句子中担当主语的是一个从句,这个从句就叫做主语从句。 2.位置：主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it 代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 3.引导主语从句的关联词： (1)从属连词that,whether,if (在从句中不充当成分，仅起连接作用) That Jack won the match yesterday surprised us. Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. (此处不能用if) (2)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever(充当主宾表定) What she did is not known. Whoever comes is welcome. (3)连接副词where,when,how,why(在从句中充当状语) How this happened is not clear to anyone. When the meeting will be held is decided by our manager. 4.有时为了避免头重脚轻，常用it作形式主语，而把真正主语放在句子末尾。 How the book will sell depends on its author. = It depends on its author how the book will sell. That he is the best student in the class is obvious. = It is obvious that he is the best student in the class. 用it作形式主语的几种常见结构： (1) It is ＋名词＋从句 It is a fact that … 事实是… It is an honor that …非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that …是常识 (2) It is ＋形容词＋从句 It is natural that… 很自然It is strange that… 奇怪的是… (3) It is ＋不及物动词＋从句 It seems that… 似乎… It happened that… 碰巧… It ap pears that… 似乎… (4) It ＋过去分词＋从句
1.Noun Identify the uncountable nouns ? 1. Nouns that have no distinct, separate parts, we look as the whole (气、液、固体) ? 2. Nouns that have parts that are too small or insignificant to count (sand grass hair) ? 3. Nouns that are classes or categories of things (food, clothing, money) P49 ? 4. Nouns that are abstraction (life, work, music) ? 5. Subjects of study (history, math) 不可数变可数三大规律 ? 1. 物质名词(总称名词)若表示不同的种类，或者表示特定的意思，或者是液体名词表示“几杯”或“几瓶”这样的数量时。 ? 2. 抽象名词若是具体化，则可数。与此相反，可数转化为不可数。 ? 3. 当一个名词表示抽象、总称的概念，则为不可数，当一个名词表示具体、特定的事物，则为可数。 物质名词/总称名词变可数 ? 1. 总称名词具体化 ?A: Would you like a cake? ?B: No. I don’t like cake. ? 2. 物质名词变意思 ?I need some paper. / I bought a paper. ? 3. 液体物质名词表数量 ?Two beers and three coffees, please. 抽象名词变可数 ?Art (an art) / beauty (a beauty) / youth (a youth) ?Eg. 1. Youth is not a time of life. It is a state of mind. ? 2. When as a child I laughed and wept– time crept. ?When as a youth I dreamed and talked-time walked. 2Articles Specific reference--the ? 1. 特指是针对交际双方来说的 ? 2. 特指就是根据说话者和听话者共有的知识，或根据上下文，可以识别的事物。 ? 3. 说话者用the是想要听话者找到双方心中都知道的所知，而听话者一方“断定”或“还原”所指对象的方法有多种。 ? 1. Situational/cultural reference ?Eg. Albert Einstein, the famous physicist. ? 2. textual co-reference— ?anaphoric reference (前指）& ?cataphoric reference （后指 ? 1. general knowledge (the sun, the moon, the North Pole, the Equator, the universe, the Renaissance, the Pope 罗马教皇） ? 2. specific knowledge/ local use (let’s go to the library) ? 3. immediate situation (The roses are very beautiful. Can you find the page?）
一、英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解： （一）句子成分 1.主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。 主语可以由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、分词、主语从句和短语等来担任。 The sun rises in the east.（名词） He likes dancing. （代词） Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词） To see is to believe. （不定式） What he needs is a book. （主语从句） It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语） 找出下列句中的主语： Jane is good at playing the piano.（名词） She went out in a hurry.（代词） Four plus four is eight.（数词） To see is to believe.（不定式） Smoking is bad for health.（动名词） The young should respect the old.（名词化的形容词）What he has said is true. （句子） 2.谓语（predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。 简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成 I saw the flag on the top of the hill? He looked after two orphans. 复合谓语：由情态动词或助动词+动词; He can speak English well. She doesn’t seem to like dancing. 找出下列句中的谓语（注：只有动词才可作谓语。）： 1. We love China. 2. We have finished reading this book. 3. He can speak English. 4. She seems tired. 3.表语（predicative）: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。
小学英语语法主语、谓语、宾语 主语：主语表明这句话说的是谁和什么，主语主要由名词、代词或相当于名词的单词，短语或从句充当。 一、名词作主语 David arrived last night. 大卫昨晚到达。 Pride goes before a fall. 骄必败。 二、代词作主语 Who is speaking, please? (在电话中)请问您是谁? That's OK. 这没问题。 三、数词作主语 Two will be enough. 两个就够了。 Two-thirds of the workers are women.
三分之二的工人是女工。 四、ing形式作主语 Skating is good exercise. 溜冰是很好的运动。 Looking up all the new words in the dictionary took him a lot of time. 从字典里查所有的生词花费了他许多时间。 五、不定式作主语 To translate this ideal into reality needs hard work. 把理想转变成现实需要辛勤的劳动。 六、名词化的形容词作主语 The blind and the lame are well cared for in our country. 在我们国家，盲人和肢残人受到很好的照顾。 The unemployed usually lead a hard life. 失业的人生活一般很困难。 七、短语作主语 How to do well is an important question.
语法要点剖析 一、名词性从句 主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句，在整个句子中所起的作用，相当于一个名词。因此，这四种从句通称为名词性从句。 引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类： 连接词：that, whether, if （不充当从句的任何成分） 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. 连接副词：when, where, how, why 1. 主语从句 作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if 和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副 词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如： What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。 It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名 作家的。 Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。 有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下： （1）It + be + 名词+ that从句（2）It + be + 形容词+ that从句 （3）It + be + 动词的过去分词+ that从句（4）It + 不及物动词+ that 从句 另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有： It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that … It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that… It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that… 2. 宾语从句 名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。 1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句 由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如：He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.他已经告诉我他明天要去 上海。 We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。
大学英语语法及练习 Last updated at 10:00 am on 25th December 2020
大学英语语法及练习 第一讲虚拟语气 I. 考点分析：分四级语法复习 虚拟语气是动词的特殊形式，用来表达说话人的意愿、建议、请求、意图、惊奇、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况，以及在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。 虚拟语气是非常重要的语法考点。考查历届四级试题，我们发现与虚拟语气有关的考题每次至少2题，有时甚至3-4题。虚拟语气的考查要点有： 1. 虚拟语气的形式：分清虚拟时间和主从句的动词形式十分重要，因此我们把所有虚拟语气的不同类型列表归纳并进行对比，以便于同学们记忆掌握。
2. 要注意从句中第一/三人称的过去式was用were代替。 例如：If I were invited, I would come. If she were not ill, she could do a lot of things. 3. if条件句中如谓语动词是were, had, should, could时，可以省略if, 把它们前置。
例如： Had my father a lot of money, he would send me abroad. Could I do it, I would surely do it. Should the Black Death reappear, what should we do?（万一黑死病再次出现，我们该怎么办） 4. 错综时间的条件句是难点，如99年1月第60题: If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldn’t be smiling now.（从句用过去完成时，主句用现在进行时） 又如：If I were you, I would have gone to the film last night.(从句虚拟现在，主句虚拟过去)；If we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟将来)； If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在) 5. 虚拟句的另一难点是省略if条件句的含蓄条件句，如： I would have written the paper before, but I have been ill.(=If I had not been ill, I would have written the paper before.); A true friend would have acted differently. (=A friend, if he had been true, would have acted differently.) 6. 注意介词短语 without, but for, in the absence等表示虚拟条件。
英语句子成分分析大全 一个句子至少由两部分构成，即主语和谓语，它们是句子的主要成分。 句子的次要成分包括宾语（包括双宾语中的直接宾语和间接宾语）， 表语，定语（包括前置定语及后置定语），状 语，同位语（包括限制性同位语及非限制性同位语）， 补语及呼语。 一.主语：是一句话的中心，整句话都谈它的情况。 如：They were teachers.(他们曾是老师。) Time flies. （时光飞逝。） 这两句话中分别由代词They ，名词Time 作主语。 二.谓语：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或者状态。 谓语必须由动词或动词短语充当，因此动词不定式、动名词、不能作谓语。 且谓语动词可以体现时态，单复数的语法现象。 如：They were teachers.(他们曾是老师。) He enjoys singing songs. （他喜欢唱歌。） 这两句话分别由动词were （are 的过去式），enjoys singing （enjoy doing动词短语）作谓语。其中were 体现出句子的时态为过去时态，且主语的人称为第一人称，enjoys singing 体现出句子的时态为一般现在时，且主语的人称为第三人称。 三.宾语：表示动作的承受者。宾语放在及物动词或者介词之后。 如： I play with him. (我和他玩。) I like Chinese food.（我喜欢中国菜。） 这两句话中分别由人称代词 him ，名词food 作宾语。 直接宾语与间接宾语： 有的动词能够接双宾语，直接宾语指的是动词所涉及的物,间接宾语是指受益于动词所表示行为的人。 如：He gave me a book.（他给了我一本书） He gave a book to me 这句话中 a book 为直接宾语， me 为间接宾语。 又如：My mother bought a schoolbag to me.(我妈妈买了一个书包给我。) 这句话中schoolbag 为直接宾语， me 为间接宾语。 四.表语：用来说明主语的性质或状态。接在系动词之后，其中接在系动词be 后是最常见的情况。 系动词：看起来闻起来听起来感觉起来总是保持三变。 look smell sound feel be keep get seem turn become 如They were teachers.(他们曾是老师。) He is kind.. (他心地善良。) 这两句话分别由名词teachers，形容词 kind 作表语。 五.定语：是用来说明或限制名词的成分，可分为前置定语和后置定语，常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任。形容词放在名词之前，构成前置定语；相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词的后面，构成后置定语。
英语中的主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语和表语语法是理解英语逻辑的核心。语法不好的同学，处理简单句尚可；遇到复杂句型时，就晕头转向了。所以，要彻底读懂英语，必须在语法上下苦功夫。今天，我们彻底解析一下这些句子成分。（下图为：一个复合句中，所有的句子成分。） 1 第一：英语中的“主语” 1. 主语的含义： 主语即“动作的发出者”（主谓宾结构中）或者“表述的对象”（主系表结构中），一般放在句首，有时也放在中间或者句尾。充当主语的可以是名词、代词；也可以是短语、不定式；甚至可以是整个句子。所以，在找主语的时候，脑子里一定要有这些认知。 2. 充当主语的有哪些？ （1）名词/代词/数词做主语
（2）不定式/名词化短语做主语 （3）从句做主语（即主语从句） 从句做主语的句子，就是我们学过的“主语从句”。主语从句可以由连词that/whether引导；也可以由关系代词what/who/which引导；还可以由连接副词how/when/why/where引导。 详情如下：
（4）有时为了避免头重脚轻，经常会借助“it”充当形式主语，而真正的主语则放在句尾： （5）“There be …”句型 “there be…”比较特殊。在这种句型中，主语的位置在中间。比如：There are six beautiful French ladies walking on the street. 大街上有六位漂亮的法国女郎在散步。 2
第二：英语中的“谓语” 1. 含义： 谓语是句子的灵魂，主要用来“陈述主语的状态”或者“表明主语发出的动作”。 2. 分类：简单谓语复合谓语 （1）简单谓语：由一个动词或者一个动词短语构成谓语； I love my girlfriend. 我爱我的女朋友。 My boss stayed up late last night. 我的老板昨晚熬夜了。 （2）复合谓语： ① 情态动词/助动词+动词构成 ② 系动词+表语构成
高考英语主语从句 定义：用作主语的从句叫主语从句，它是名词性从句之一。主语从句的时态：不受主句的时态影响和限制。引导主语从句的连接词有： 从属连词: that, whether； 连接代词: who (whoever), whom, whose, what (whatever)和which (whichever)； 连接副词: when, where, how和why。 连接词： 1. 从属连词：that，whether 1）that引导主语从句只起引导作用，在主语从句中不充当任何成分，that本身无实际意义，但不能省略。2）whether意为“是否”，放在句首句末皆可。由whether引导的名词从句做主语，表语，介词宾语，同位语时！不可用if代替。 a.That price will go up is certain. b. Whether they would support us was a problem. 他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。 2. 连接代词who ，what ，which, whatever, whichever, whoever (Who, whom, which, what可以和ever构成合成词，和what一样引导从句，ever起到强调作用。此类主语从句不能用形式主语it引导，它们在句子中担任成分，不能省略，语序为陈述语序，既有疑问含义,又起连接作用,同时在从句中充当各种成分。 Which side will win is not clear. Whoever breaks the law will be punished. Whatever he did is right. Who killed the scientist remains a question. 1）What和that引导的主语从句的区别：that 只起引导作用，不充当任何成分，没有意思。What 不仅起引导作用，还要充当一定成分(主语、宾语或表语)，意思是：“什么”。 What we need is money. That he will come is certain. 2）whatever / whoever的用法（~ever=no matter ~---让步状语从句中） whatever / whoever可以引导主语从句,并在句中作主语、宾语、表语等,不含疑问意义。whatever相当于anything that; whoever 相当于anyone who。例如: Whoever(Anyone who) wants to enter into this school must take the exam. Whatever(Anything that) she did was right. 3. 连接副词when，where，how，why等。既有疑问含义,又起连接作用,同时在从句中充当各种成分。How this happened is not clear to anyone. When he will be back depends on the weather. When we’ll start tomorrow will be told soon. Where the test will be given is not yet decided. 4. 主语从句后置：为了避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it 作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语. 例: That we shall be late is certain. -- It’s certain that we shall be late. 1）用it 作形式主语的结构 A. It + be + 形容词+ that 从句 (obvious, true, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.) 如：It is certain that she will do well in her exam. B. It + be + 名词词组+ that 从句(an honour, a fact, a pity, etc）如： It is a pity/shame that... 遗憾的是…… It is a surprise that…令人惊奇的是… It is a fact that… …是事实It is common knowledge that… …是常识 It’s a pity that we can’t go. C. It + be + 过去分词+ that 从句(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, etc。）如：It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. D. It + 不及物动词或短语+ that 从句( seem，happen, doesn’t matter ,turn out）。如： It happened that I was out that day. It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not. 2) 对于以连接代词(副词)引导的主语从句,可以使用形式主语代主语从句,也可直接在句首使用主语从
三级语法考点归纳 一．虚拟语气 1. if 句中虚拟形式 if 引导的非真实条件句（纯粹假设或发生的可能性不大）： 条件从句主句 与现在相反 did (be were) would/ should/ might/ could do 与将来相反 did (be were) would/ should/ might/ could do 与过去相反 had done would/ should/ might/ could have done 例句 If we left (leave) now, we should arrive in time. If they hadn’t gone on vacation, their house wouldn’t have been broken (break) into. 2. 原形虚拟： a. 表命令、决定、要求、建议等词语之后的that-分句中，用动词原形。 suggest, demand, advise, propose, order, arrange, insist, command, require, request, desire …… that ＋(should) do 例如 He suggested that we should leave early. My suggestion is that we should tell him. b. It is (was) 形容词/名词that …… (should) do/ 例如 It is absolutely essential that all the facts be examined first. 3. 一些句型中的虚拟形式：
主语从句即一个句子作主语如：what he said is true. what he said是一个句子具备最短的句子所应有的主语（he）和谓语动词(said)。又应有what引导词所以做从句，又Is 是大句子中的谓语动词，在主句中，所以其前的成分为主语，主语是一个句子，叫做主语从句。 宾语从句和主语从句同理，事不过宾语从句是在谓语动词后的句子，谓语后的成分是宾语。如：He said that the girl is beautiful. that the girl is beautiful为宾语从句，做动词said后的宾语。 表语从句依然如此，只是动词为系动词或感官动词，动词后为表语从句。如：He is who I am looking for. who I am looking for. 为表语从句，做系动词is的表语。 前几种句子均为名词性从句，引导词指人用who whose whom,指物用which，what。其中which有范围what没范围。连接副词有：when where why how四种。如：I don't know where he is going.（宾从） 定语从句为形容词性从句，即一个句子像一个形容词，修饰一个名词或代词，而被修饰的词在句子前面，叫做先行词。如：The girl who wears a red coat is my classmate. 其中who wears a red coat 是定语从句，修饰the girl, 所以the girl为先行词，主句为The girl is my classmate。定语从句引导词指人和名词性从句相同，who whose whom；指物只用which，没有what；that 即指人又指物。关系副词没有how 即when,where,why.如：The year when I arrived there is 2000. （when I arrived there为从句） 状语从句考点比较简单，记住他引导词的意思就行了，如时间是when while等，地点是where wherever,原因是why 结果because 等就可以了 英语主谓宾表定状补成分精简讲解 一．主语： 主语(subject) 是一个句子的主题( theme)，是句子所述说的主体。它的位置一般在一句之首。可用作主语的有单词、短语、从句乃至句子。 1．名词作主语。 A tree has fallen across the road. (倒下横在) Little streams feed big rivers. ( 小河流入大江。) 2 You’re not far wrong. (你差不多对了)。 He told a joke but it fell flat. (他说了个笑话，但没有引人发笑) 3 Three is enough. 三个就够了。 Four from seven leaves three. 7减4余3。 4 The idle are forced to work. 懒汉被迫劳动。 Old and young marched side by side. 老少并肩而行。 5 Now is the time. 现在是时候了。Carefully does it. 小心就行。 6 The ups and downs of life must be taken as they come. 7 To find your way can be a problem.你能否找到路可能是一个问题。 It would be nice to see him again. 8 Smoking is bad for you. Watching a film is pleasure,but making one is hard work. 9 The disabled are to receive more money. The deceased died of old age. To Beijing is not very far. From Yenan to Nanniwan was a three-hour ride on horseback. Whenever you are ready will be fine. Because Sally wants to leave doesn’t mean that we hav e to. "How do you do ?" is a greeting. “你好”是一句问候语。 谓语(predicate) 或谓语动词(predicate verb) 的位置一般在主语之后。 谓语由简单动词或动词短语（助动词或情态动词＋主要动词）构成。 1．由简单的动词构成。
高中英语语法通霸1.句子结构成分分析 主语谓语宾语定语状语补语定语
英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”和“同位语”的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。 考点1. 划分句子成分时的常用符号 英语中划分句子成分的符号 主语在下面画直线 谓语在下面画曲线 宾语在下面画双横线 定语在下面画虚线?（一行点使我们想到一排钉子，“钉”谐音为“定语”的“定”）状语下面为短横线（短横线使我们想到短木桩，木桩撞（状）钟） 补语上一短横，下一短横（下一短横好像是为了弥补上面短横间的空隙） 同位语上下双曲线（都有曲折，上下位置基本相同） 考点1. 主语 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。 可以作主语的词性或语法结构： 1. 名词 2. 代词 3. 数词 4. 不定式 5. 动名词 6. 主语从句等表示。 7. 名词化的形容词（如the rich） 在英语中，形容词、副词和介词短语是不能作主语的。如果它们在句首时，句子可能是倒装句，真正的主语在后面。 On the desk are some books. (主语是books，所以用are) Down jumps the boy. (主语是the boy，所以用jumps ) Gone are the days. (主语是the days，所以用are) 练习1. 在下面句子的主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充当。 1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls. 4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor. 7.When we are going to have English test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language. 9.That he isn’t at home is not true. 10.There comes the bus. 11.Beyond the village lies a small village. 12.Now comes your turn.
三级语法考点归纳 一. 虚拟语气 1. if 句中虚拟形式 if 引导的非真实条件句(纯粹假设或发生的可能性不大) 条件 与现在相反 与将来相反 与过去相反 done 例句 If we left (leave) now, we should arrive in time. If they hadn ' t gone on vacation, their house wouldn 2. 原形虚拟： a. 表命令、决定、要求、建议等词语之后的that-分句中，用动词原形。 suggest, dema nd, advise, propose, order, arran ge, in sist, comma nd, require, request, desire that (should) do 例女口 He suggested that we should leave early. My suggesti on is that we should tell him. b. It is (was)形容词 /名词 that ......... (should) do/ 例女口 It is absolutely essential that all the facts be examined first. 3. 一些句型中的虚拟形式： 1. It ' s (high, about, the first, etc.) time (that)词过去时 … … 例如 It ' s time we left. 2 would rather/so oner as if/ though would rather/sooner 反 as if/ though 4?练习 1. I _______ t ry it agai n if I ______ you. A. will ； am B. should; am would ； had been 2. If it _______ n ot for the water , the pla nts _ A. were ； would not B. is ； could not could not 3. If I school. A. have not had; could not become 从句 did (be > were) did (be * were) had done 主句 would/ should/ might/ could do would/ should/ might/ could do would/ should/ might/ could have 't have been broken (break) into. 例女口 It is time we went to bed. 宁愿 好像 谓语用过去时 与现在或者将来相 谓语用过去完成时 与过去相反 C. would ； were D. live. C. were ； could D. did ； that chanee to show my ability, I the preside nt of this B. had not had ； would not have
Grammar of Unit 1 Different parts of a sentence 概念 句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子的成分包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接和间接宾语）、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分（在英语中，一般句子必须有主语和谓语），表语、宾语和宾语的补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成份如定语和状语是句子的次要成分。 ▲句子成分分类 1．主语 主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当，也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语都在句首。如： 讲述“谁” We work in a big factory. 讲述“什么” The classroom is very big. 数词作主语 Three are enough.三个人就够了 不定式作主语 To operate on the blind is one of the ORBIS Doctor’s job. 从句作主语 What we need is food.我们最需要的是食物. ▲在“There be …”句型中，主语的位置在中间。如：There are some bottles of milk in the box. ▲在个别句型中，主语在整个句子后面，这时前面用it作形式主语。如： It is very interesting to play the game called “treat or trick”.
It took two workers about three months to build the house. 2．谓语 谓语时用来说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”， 3 表语说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”，由名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式及相当于名词的词或短语来充当，它的位置在系动词后面。 形容词作表语 You look younger than before. 名词作表语 My father is a teacher. 副词作表语 Everyone is here. 介词短语作表语 They are at the theatre. 不定式作表语 My job is to teach them English. 动名词作表语 Her job is training the nurses. 从句作表语 That is why he didn’t come to school yesterday. 4．宾语 ▲宾语是动作、行为的对象，由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当，它和谓语动词一起