The past two decades have witnessed enormous growth in the number and importance of database applications.
在过去的20年中，数据库的应用无论在数量还是在重要性程度上都有显著增加
Databases are used to store,manipulate,and retrieve data in nearly every type of organization including business,health care,education,government,and libraries.
包括商业、医疗、教育、政府和图书馆在内的几乎各种组织都借助数据库存储、处理和检索数据
Database technology is routinely used by individuals on personal computers,by workgroups accessing databases on network servers,and by all employees using enterprise-wide
distributed applications.
个人计算机用户、从网络服务器获取数据的工作组以及使用企业分布式应用程序的企业雇员等都在经常使用数据库技术
竞争优势
competitive advantage
执行信息系统
executive informaton systems
局域网
local area network
数据冗杂，过多
data redundancy
数据和元数据一致性
consistency of data and metadata
电信（无线电）网络
telecommunications network
The loss of correctness has two primary culprits-broken links and broken pages.
正确性降低的两大祸因是：断链和错页
Broken links include same-site URLs and other-site URLs,but in either case,the user gets a 404 File not found message or some modernized equivalent,along with a strong impression of a sloppy,unprofessional Web site.
断链包括相同网站的链接和不同网站的链接，但无论哪种情况，用户都得到“404找不到文件”的讯息，或者一些时髦的类似用语，让人感觉非常地草率和不专业
Broken pages are an HTML coding errors that may result in display problems as minor as an HTML tag displayed in a place it doesn"t belong,or as major as a page that fails to load at all.
错页通常是HTML编码错误，它会导致显示错误，轻则使HTML标签显示在不该显示的地方，重则使页面根本不能加载
From the user"s perspective,most broken pages are just as disturbing as broken links
从用户的角度看，大多数错页和断链一样烦人
performance enhancement
性能改善/完善
pros and cons
优缺点/正反面
syntax checking
语法检查
real-time traffic analysis
实施流量分析
static Web pages
静态网页
semantic content
语义内容
The concept of soft computing(SC) was introduced by Zadeh[28] as a synergy of methodologies which collectively provide a foundation for the conception,design,construction and utilization of information\intelligent systems
在引入“软计算”（SC）这一概念时，Zadeh【28】把它看做一个若干方法论的协同体。
Some of main methodologies of SC are fuzzy logic,genetic algorithms,neural networks,rough sets,Bayesian networks,and other probabilistic techniques
它综合性地提供了一个概念、设计、建造和使用信息/智能系统的基础
The main characteristic of SC is that it is tolerant to imprecision vagueness,partial truth,and approximation
“软计算”的主要方法论有：模糊逻辑、遗传算法、精神网络、粗集、贝叶斯网络以及其他概率技术
The subjectivity,vagueness,and imprecision are typical properties of any IR properties
“软计算”的主要特征在于它可以容忍不精确、模糊、部分真实以及近似性
SC techniques have been used satisfactorily to improve IR processes
由于主观性、模糊性和非精确性是任何一个信息检索过程都具有的典型属性，所以软计算技术的使用能够令人满意地改善信息检索的过程
In particular,we think that its application to solve the different IR problems recently appeared in the Web can be of help
尤其值得一提的是，我们认为它的应用能够帮助解决最近出现在网络上的不同的信息检索问题
search engine spam
搜索引擎作弊
soft computing
软计算
rough sets
粗糙集
temporal dimension
时间范围
the WWW Consortium
万维网联盟
Web page categorization
网页分类
information fusion
信息融合
The essential distinction between information and knowledge is that information can be digitized,while knowledge is intrinstic to people
信息与知识的本质区别在于，信息可以被数字化，而知识是人们固有的
Knowledge can be transferred either directly between people through socialization,or indirectly by delivering information which people can internalize as their personal knowledge
知识既可以通过社会化直接在人们之间进行转移，也可以通过传递信息、人们将其内化进而变成自己的知识后间接地进行转移
Both means of transferring contact is critical for rich knowledge sharing and relationship development,the dynamics of technology and markets mean that information is playing an increasingly dominant role in shaping the word of business
尽管直接的人与人之间的联系对于良好的知识共享和客户关系发展非常重要，同时技术和市场的活力也表明信息在塑造商业世界中日益发挥着支配性作用，但对于职业服务来说，以上谈到的两种转移知识的手段仍是最基本的
In this chapter,we examine the dynamics of adding value to information in serving professional service clients
本章中，我们主要探讨为客户提供职业服务的过程中为信息增值的动力因素
The objective of professional service firms,or indeeded any organizations that disseminate information,is to create high-value information,is to take low-value information and use it to create high-value information.
职业服务机构的目标，或者说任何转播信息的组
织的目标，就是占有低价值的信息，然后利用它进而创造出高价值的信息
As we saw in Chaper 2,the primary input of professional firms is information,however,this is mainly low or negative value information
正如我们在第二章看到的，职业服务机构的主要投入是信息，而且，这些信息主要是低价值或者负价值的信息
One of the key functions of hese firms is to add value to this information by using it to create high-value information for their clients,as well as for use in their own operations
公司的职业服务重要职能就是为这些信息增值，即利用这些信息为客户创造出高价值信息，同样还要利用这些信息优化自身的运作能力
We will examine this process in detail in a moment
下面我们将详细分析这一流程
作文 人们如何为信息增值
In order for people to add value to information,they must first internalize it as knowledge.This means integrating it into their existing knowledge,adding value to that knowledge-which ofen happens in the process of internalization,as well as through subsequent analysis and synthesis-and then externalizing it as value-added information.This process is illustrated in Figure3-1.
There are seven key processes in adding value to information
信息增值有七个关键性流程
Our focus here is adding value to information users outside the organization,although the same principles apply to adding value to information for use within an organization .
尽管同样的原则也适用于组织内部的信息增值，这里我们的重点仍放在为组织外部的用户信息增值
There seven processes are:
这七个流程是
Filtering
信息过滤
Validation
信息核实
Analysis
信息分析
Synthesis
信息综合
Presentation
信息表达
Ease of access and use
信息的便于查询和使用
Customization
信息定制化
business capabilities
业务能力
delivering information
传递信息
interpersonal communication and knowledge transfer
人与人之间的交流和知识转移
videoconferencing
视频会议
premium pricing
溢价
knowledge framework
知识框架
With its commericialization and intergration into everyday life,the information infrastructure has run headlong into intellectual property law
随着信息基础实施的商业化和与日常生活的结合，信息基础设施已经直接地与知识产权法产生了冲突
Today,some actions that can be taken casually by the average citizen-downloading files,forwarding informaion found on the Web-can at times be blatant violations of intellectual property laws;others,such as making copies of information for private use,may require subtle and difficult interpretation of the law simple to determine their legality
今天，一般公民的某
些偶然的不经意的行为，如下载文件，转发网上的信息等，都明显违反了知识产权法；对于其他的一些行为，例如为了个人使用复制信息，也许需要对法律进行精妙的同时也是困难的解释，才能确定该行为的合法性
Individuals in their daily lives have the capability and the opportunity to accesss and copy amounts of digital information;yet lack a clear picture of what is or legal
日常生活中，个人有能力也有机会获取和复制大量的数字化信息；但是他们心中却对什么是可接受的或是合法的没有清楚的认识
Nor is it easy to supply a clear,"bright-line"answer,because(among other things) current intellectual property law is complex
当然，由于目前的知识产权相当复杂，所以要给出一个清楚的明确的答案同样也是不容易的
In the digital word,even the most routine access to information invariably involves making a copy:Computer programs are run by copying them from disk to memory,for example (an act that some counts have ruled to be "copying" for the purposes of copyright law),and Web pages are viewed by copying them from a remore computer to the local machine
在数字世界中，即使最平常的信息获取也不可避免地涉及制作复本：例如（许多法庭根据版权法裁决认定是“复制”的行为），计算机程序是通过把它们从磁盘复制到寄存器来运行的，网页是通过把它们从远地计算机复制到本地机器上来浏览的
But the exclusive right to copy is the first and perhaps most basic right of a copyright holder.
但是，对于版权所有者来说复制的专有权是首要的、或许是最基本的权力
How can the conflict be resolved between the desire to provide access to works and the desire to control copying,if,for digital information,access is copying?
对于数字信息来说，如果获取即是复制的话，那么提供作品获取和控制复制的这两种愿望之间的冲突该如何来解决呢？
intellectual property
知识产权
electronic holdings of libraries
图书馆电子馆藏
society"s intellectual and cultural heritage
社会知识和文化遗产
information infrastructure
信息基础设施
public good and private interest
公共利益和私人利益
ability to reproduce,distribute,control,and publish information
信息的复制、发行、控制和出版的能力
enforcement policies
执行政策
exclusive right
专有权；垄断权
first-sale rule of copyright
版权首次销售原则
subsequent editions
后续版本
Technical protection mechanisms currently being explored are similarly two-edged sword
目前正在开发的技术保护机制就像一把双刃剑
They make possible the distribution of some digital information that rights holders would ot
herwise be release,but also have the potential for significant adverse impact on public access
他们使得版权所有者在其他情况下不情愿分发的数字信息变得容易发行：但同样对公众获取信息产生了潜在的负面冲击
Encryption technologies under development could enable the distribution of content in such a way that consumers would find it difficult to do anything but view it:
加密技术的发展促成了信息内容发行的新形式，即消费者只能浏览信息内容而不能对该信息做其他任何事情
The technology can make it very difficult to save a decrypted digital version of information or even print it,should a publisher choose to package the information under those conditions.
该技术能够使保存解密后的数字版本信息变得十分困难，甚至难以打印，那么出版商还会以这样的条件打包出售他的信息吗？
The publisher need not set such terms,of course,or may choose simply to charge one prince for viewing,an additional fee for saving,and yet another fee for printing
当然，出版商没有必要设立这种条款，他可以选择更简单的付费方法，比如阅读收费，另加存盘收费和打印收费
first-sale doctrine
(美国联邦政府颁布的)转售(或租)法(允许商品的买主出售或出租购得的商品)
encryption technology
加密技术
fair use doctrine
合理使用原则
authenticity and integrity of the information
真实性和完整性的信息
the Digital Millennium Copyright Act
数字千年版权法案
cryptography technology
加密技术
physical substrates
物理基板