2012届北京四中上学期期中英语试题
第二部分：知识运用（共两节，45分）
第一节单项填空（共15小题；每小题1分，共15分）
从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
21.----I hear that there was a terrible crash in the subway in Shanghai the other day.
----Yes, ______news came as ______shock to all of us.
A. the; the
B. a; /
C. the; a
D. /; a
C考查冠词的用法。第一空表示“特指消息”；第二空指“抽象名词具体化”，a shock意为：一件令人震惊的事。
22. Alibaba has become China’s largest online commercial company, _____ a profit of 1.47 billion yuan in 2010.
A. earns
B. earning
C. earned
D. to have earned
B考查分词作状语。此处现在分词作结果状语，表示自然的结果。
23. None of the underwater workers has been harmed by the great fish. ________, most fish were so friendly that they played with the instruments.
A. Instead
B. Even though
C. However
D. Though
A考查副词的用法及含义。句意：水下工作的工人没有一个被大鱼伤害，相反，大多数鱼很友好以至于他们和和装备玩耍。
24. ---Has James finished his report on his Enquiry Learning yet?
----I’m not sure. She _______ on it last week.
A. was working
B. has worked
C. worked
D. had worked
A考查动词时态。句意：---James已经写完她的研究性学习报告了吗？---我不确定。她上周还在写。
25. A huge amount of oil was spilt on the East Sea, the caused of ______ are still under investigation.
A. it
B. that
C. which
D. whom
C考查非限制性定语从句的关系词。此处which替代前面句子的内容。
26.---These grapes look really beautiful.
----They _______! See the price $3.99 a pound. Very expensive, aren’t they!
A. would
B. could
C. might
D. should
D考查情态动词的用法。句意：---这些葡萄看起来真漂亮。---它们应该看起来漂亮。看3.99美元一磅。太贵了，不是吗！
27. It is good manners to eat up_______is left in your plate.
A. that
B. what
C. which
D. all
B考查宾语从句的连接词。此处what在宾语从句中作主语。句意：吃干净你盘子里的剩东西是礼貌行为。
28. _______me when you get it through and I’ll pick you up at your work place.
A. Calling
B. Call
C. Called
D. To call
B考查非谓语动词的用法。此处为祈使句，所以用动词原形。
29. I fell asleep while working on this paper_______the computer on.
A. as
B. for
C. over
D. with
D考查with的复合结构。此处是with+名词+副词的用法。句意：我在打这篇论文时电脑开
着就睡着了。
30.----How do you usually go to work?
----I usually drive, but if it is fine, I ______by bike.
A. will go
B. would go
C. have gone
D. had gone
A考查动词时态的用法。句意：----你通常怎样去上班？---我通常开车去上班，但如果天气好我会骑自行车。此处will表意愿。
31. I ______ to reach the manager for the last two hours but the line is always busy.
A. tired
B. have tired
C. had tired
D. have been trying
D考查动词时态。句意：在过去的两小时里，我一直想接通经理的电话，但是总占线。此处表示我一直在努力打电话，故用现在完成进行时。
32. ______in the woods, the two girls were frightened and kept crying.
A. Having lost
B. Lost
C. To be lost
D. Being lost
B考查过去分词短语作状语。句意：迷失在树林里，这两位姑娘吓坏了并且不断地哭。
33. My son has gone abroad. I’m looking forward to him_______.
A. return
B. to return
C. returning
D. returned
C考查动名词的用法。此处to是介词，其后him returning为动名词的复合结构。
34. I ____ him the money but he didn’t tell me he needed it.
A. should have lent
B. must have lent
C. need have lent
D. could have lent
D考查情态动词的虚拟语气用法。句意：我本能借给他钱但他没有告诉我他需要钱。
35.Nowadays, more film stars_______to be difficult to work with.
A. say
B. have said
C. are said
D. were said
C考查不定式的被动式。句意：当今，据说越来越多的电影明星难以合作。
【答案】CBAAC DBBDA DBCDC
第二节完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，共30分）
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
As a teenager, I felt I was always letting people down. I rebellious(叛逆)on the outside, ___36_____ on the inside I wanted people to ____37_____.
Once I left home to hitchhike(搭便车)to California with my friend Penelope. The trip wasn’t ___38___, and there were many times I didn’t feel safe. One situation in particular ___39____ me grateful to still be alive. When I returned home, I was different-----not so outwardly sure of myself.
I was happy to be home. But then I noticed that Penelope, who was ___40____ with us, was wearing my clothes. And my ___41___ seemed to like her better than me. I wondered if would be ___42___ if I weren’t there. I told my mom, and she explained that ___43____ Penelope was a lovely girl, no one could ___44___ me. I pointed out, “She is more patient and is neater than I have ever been.”My mom said these were wonderful __45____, but I was the only person who could fill my ___46___. She made me realize that even with my ___47_____, ------ and they were many-----I was a loved member of the family who couldn’t be replaced.
I became a searcher, ___48____ who I was and what made me unique. My ___49___ of myself was changing. I wanted a solid base to start from. I started to resist pressure to ___50____ in ways that I didn’t like any more, and I ___51___ who I really was. I came to feel much more ___52___ that no one can ever take my place.
Each of us ___53____ a unique place in the world.You are special, no matter what
others say or what you may think. So __54____ about being replaced. You ____55___ be.
36.A. and B. but C. as D. for
37.A. leave B. replace C. receive D. like
38.A. easy B. hard C. fun D. long
39.A. made B. kept C. left D. forced
40.A. playing B. eating C. staying D. travelling
416.A. family B. friends C. relatives D. neighbors
42.A. loved B. mentioned C. cared D. missed
43.A. since B. as C. while D. unless
44.A. scold B. compare C. replace D. match
45.A. qualities B. girls C. people D. times
46.A. character B. role C. task D. form
47.A. faults B. advantages C. manners D. pities
48.A. looking B. looking back C. seeking out D. giving up
49.A. picture B. view C. sense D. idea
50.A. think B. learn C. change D. act
51.A. hated B. celebrated C. wished D. expected
52.A. sure B. doubtful C. happy D. lonely
53.A. takes B. catches C. seizes D. holds
54.A. talk B. forget C. care D. argue
55.A. mustn’t B. shouldn’t C. can’t D. needn’t
Key: 36----40 BDACC 41----45 ADCCA 46----50 BACBD 51----55 BADBC
【文章大意】本文是夹叙夹议类文章。作者通过自己的经历说明，每一个人都是独特的，是其他人无法取代的。作者首先叙述自己的经历，然后发表自己对个人价值的观点。理清文章的结构，把作者叙述的故事和作者想要表达的观点结合起来分析是做好这篇完形填空的关键。
36.B.此处作者说明自己外表反叛，但内心渴望别人的喜欢。
37.D.作者内心希望别人“喜欢”她。
38.A.从后面作者“好几次感到不安全”看，此处作者是说旅途一点不容易。
39.C.leave sb.+adj.表示“使某人处于。。。。状态”，此处作者的意思是有一种情况特别危险，自己能活下来就谢天谢地了。
40.C.表示朋友跟我们住在一起。
41.A.此处指作者的“家人”。
42.D.此处作者看到家人对朋友那么好，以至产生疑问：如果我不在，他们会想念我吗？
43.C.while此处引导让步状语从句，“尽管”。
44.C.母亲的意思是没有人能“取代”我，match意为“比得上”
45.A.母亲赞扬朋友身上的一些优秀“品质”。Qualities“品质”
46.B.fill one’s role“填补某人的作用”此处作者表达的还是没有人能取代我。
47.A.此处指作者身上的缺点，即使有很多缺点，但还是没有人能取代我。
48.C.seeking out 在句中作伴随状语，“探求”。作者在探求自己的缺点是什么。
49.B.作者对自己的观点发生了变化。此处不是“照片”，更不是“主意”
50.D.自己拒绝像过去那样的“行为”的压力，而原来的方式作者已经不再喜欢了。其他选
项太片面，偏离了作者表达的中心。
51.B.作者找到了自己的特点，故“庆幸”自己就是自己，没有人能取代。
52.A.作者对自己更有信心了。
53.D.我们每一个人都在世界上占据了一个独特的位置，没有人能取代。
54.B.作者用自己的经历警示读者，不要去考虑“被人取代”这一问题。
55.C.作者最后强调你“不可能“被取代。
第三部分：阅读理解（共两节，40分）
第一节（共15小题；每小题2分，共30分）
阅读下面短文，从各题A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳答案。
A
It’s interesting that technology often works as a servant for us, yet frequently we become a servant to it. Email is a useful tool but many feel controlled by this new tool. The average business person is getting about 80 emails per day and many feel that about 80%of the messages in their in box are of little or no value.
So, I have four suggestions to help you to become better at “Erasing Email”
1.get off the lists. The best way to deal with a problem is to never have it. If you are receiving a lot of unwanted emails, ask to be removed from the various lists. This would include your inclusion in unwanted lists.
2. “unlisted address”. Just as you keep an unlisted telephone number that you share only with those whom you want to have direct access to , you might want to get a separate email address only for the important communications you wish to receive.
3.check it once or twice per day. Many I speak with are becoming chained to their email server, monitoring incoming email continuously. Maybe this is because email creates its own sense of urgency, but most of the communications are not all that urgent. I respond to them a couple of times per day.
4. deal with it. As you open each email, do one of the following:
a. if it requires a quick response, respond to it and delete it.
b. if it requires a response but is not the best use of your time, try to find someone else to do it.
c. if it is going to take any serious amount of time to respond, schedule it for action in your day planner and then download the message, save it, or print it out for future action.
I personally receive about 250 emails per day and by practising the suggestions above, I can handle that volume in about an hour, taking advantage of this fantastic tool but not being controlled by it to make sure I’m doing more important tasks in my day.
56. if you get unwanted emails, the best you can do is to_______.
A.make a list of them
B.put them into unwanted lists
C. send them to a special address
D. ask to be deleted from different lists
D考查细节理解。根据第三段The best way to deal with a problem is to never have it. If you are receiving a lot of unwanted emails, ask to be removed from the various lists.可知D正确。
57. For the important communications, the writer suggests that you ______.
A. have a direct access for them
B. have several email servers for them
C. get a separate email address for them
D. get an unlisted phone number for them
C考查细节理解。根据文中you might want to get a separate email address only for the important communications you wish to receive.可知选C。
58. To avoid being chained by the coming emails, what you can do is to______.
A. respond urgent ones only
B. reply to all of them at the same time
C.handle them a couple of times daily
D. keep replying to emails all day long
C考查细节理解。根据文中I respond to them a couple of times per day可知C正确。
59. To deal with an email you get, you can do the following except_______.
A. responding right away if it’s urgent
B. downloading every email before you reply
C. scheduling it for later reply if it takes much time
D. asking someone else to reply to it if it’s not at your convenience
B考查细节理解。根据文中if it is going to take any serious amount of time to respond, schedule it for action in your day planner and then download the message, save it, or print it out for future action可知选B。
【答案】DCCB
B
In Britain and other countries, young people sometimes take a gap year, a year off between high school and college. This idea never gained a big following in America. Recent news reports have suggested that interest may be growing , though there are no official numbers.
Charles Deacon, Dean of Admissions at Georgetown University in Washington, DC estimate that in the current first-year class of 1600 students, only about 25 decided to take a year off. He says this number hasn’t changed much over the years.
Mr.Deacon says the most common reason for taking a gap year is to have a chance to travel, but he says inernational students may take a gap year to meet requirements at home for military duty.
Some high school graduates see a year off as a chance to recover after twelve years of required education, but it can also give students a chance to explore their interests. Students hoping to be doctors, for example, could learn about the profession by volunteering in a hospital.
Many colleges and universities support gap-year projects by permitting students to delay their admission. Experts say students can grow emotionally and intellectually as they work at something they enjoy.
The Harvard admissions office has an essay on its Web site called “Time Out
or Burn Out for the Next Generation.” It praises the idea of taking time off to step back, think and enjoy gaining life experiences outside the pressure of studies. It also notes that students are sometimes admitted to Harvard or other colleges partly because they did something unusual with that time.
Of couse, a gap year is not for everyone. Students might miss their friends who go on directly to college , and parents might worry that their children will decide not to go to college once they take time off. Another concern is money. A year off, away from home, can be costly.
Holly Bull’s job is to specialize in helping students plan their gap year. She notes that several books have been written about this subject. She says these books along with media attention and the availability of information on the Internet have increased inerest in the idea of a year off, and she points out that many gap-year programs cost far less than a year of college.
60. What is the passage mainly about?
A. If you want to go to an American university, take a gap year first.
B. More and more American students are choosing to take a year off.
C. It is likely that taking a gap year is becoming popular in America.
D. Americans hold different opinions towards students taking a gap year.
C考查推理、判断。根据Recent news reports have suggested that interest may be growing , though there are no official numbers.和She says these books along with media attention and the availability of information on the Internet have increased inerest in the idea of a year off可知C正确。
61. How many reasons for students’ taking a gap year are mentioned in passage?
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
C考查细节理解。根据文中 1. have a chance to travel 2. take a gap year to meet requirements at home for military duty 3. a chance to recover after twelve years of required education 4. a chance to explore their interests等四种。
62. The esssay “time out or burn out for the next generation”suggests that________.
A. every student must take a gap year before applying for a famous university
B. some famous universities encouage students to gain more life experiences
C. taking a gap year can make students free from life learning
D. the stress of studies does harm to the students’ health
B考查细节理解。根据It praises the idea of taking time off to step back, think and enjoy gaining life experiences outside the pressure of studies可知。
63.What can we learn from the passage?
A. Charles Deacon doesn’t support the idea of the students’ taking a gap year
B. Books and media have contributed to the students’ inerest in school learning
C. Parents might disagree with the program, concerned about their children’s future.
D. Experts agree taking a year off will benefit the students emotionally and physically.
C考查推理、判断。根据parents might worry that their children will decide not to
go to college once they take time off可知C正确。
【答案】CCBC
C
More surprising, perhaps, than the current difficulties of traditioanal marriage is the fact that marriage itself is alive and thriving(兴盛)。As Skolnick notes, Americans are marrying people----relative to Europeans, more of us marry and we marry at a younger age. Moreover, after a decline in the early 1970s, the rate of marriage in the United States is now increasing. Even the divorce rate needs to be taken in this pro-marriage context: some 80percent of divorced individuals remarry. Thus, marriage remains, by far, the preferred way of life for the vast majority of people in our society.
What has changed more than marriage is the nuclear family. Twenty-five years ago, the typical American family consisted of a husband, a wife and two or three children. Now, there are many marriages in which couples have decided not to have any children. And there are many marriages where at least some of the children are from the wife’s previous marriage, or the husband’s, or both. Sometimes these children spend all their time with one parent from the former marriage; sometimes they are shared between the two former spouses.
Thus, one can find the very type of family arrangement. There are marriages without children; marriages with children from only the present marriage; marriages with full time children from the present marriage and part time children from former marriages. These are stepfathers, stepmothers, half-brothers, and half-sisters. It is not all the unusual for a child to have four parents and eight grandparents! There are enormous changes from the traditional nuclear family. But even so, even in the midst of all this, one thing remains constant: most Americans spend most of their adult lives married.
64. By calling Americans marrying people the author means that________.
A. more of Americans, as compared with Eroupeans, prefer marriage and they accept it at a younger ate.
B. Americans expect more out of marriage than Europeans
C. there are more married couples in USA than in Europe
D. Americans are more traditional than Europeans.
D考查推理、判断。根据More surprising, perhaps, than the current difficulties of traditioanal marriage is the fact that marriage itself is alive and thriving(兴盛)。As Skolnick notes, Americans are marrying people----relative to Europeans, more of us marry and we marry at a younger age可知D正确。
65. Which of the following can be presented as the picture of today’s American families?
A. A typical American family consists of only a husband and a wife.
B. Many types of family arrangements have become socially acceptable.
C. Americans prefer to have more kids than before.
D. There are no nuclear families any more.
B考查推理、判断。根据文章最后一段可知。
66.Even though great changes have taken place in the structure of American
families_______.
A. the functions of marriage remain unchanged
B. most Americans prefer a second marriage
C. the vast majority of Americans still have faith in marriage
D. marriage is still enjoyed by all Americans.
C考查推理、判断。根据There are enormous changes from the traditional nuclear family. But even so, even in the midst of all this, one thing remains constant: most Americans spend most of their adult lives married.可知C正确。
【答案】DBC
D
Trapped on the 37th Floor
Melinda Skaar wasn’t expecting any phone calls. Skaar was working late in her office at the First Internet bank of California. By 10:45 that night she was almost ready to go home when the phone rang.
Picking it up, she heard a guard shouting. There is a fire! Get out of there. Skaar didn’t panic. She figured that it was just a small fire. Her office building was huge. There were 62 floors and her desk was on the 37th floor.
Skaar called out to office mate Stephen Oksas, who also stayed late to work. But when they got out to the hallway, they were met by a cloud of black smoke. Rushing back, Skaar shut the door and filled the space at the bottom of the door with her jacket to keep the smoke out.
Then they called 911. before they could call their families, however, the line went dead. That meant that they were completely cut off from the outside world. All they could do was wait and hope someone would come to rescue them.
Minutes ticked by. Smoke began to float into the office. Soon it became hard for them to breathe.
Looking around, Skaar noticed a small workroom. It seemed to have cleaner air. So they crowed there. That helped for a while, but in time even the workroom was filled with deadly smoke.
Hopeless, they tried to break the windows, but the glass was not breakable. Everything they threw at just bounced back.
Defeated, they struggled back to the workroom. They felt weak and dizzy. Soon Skaar found Oksas had passed out.
Skaar and Oksas knew they were lucky to be alive. Sunday is my birthday, Skaar told a reporter. She would be turning 29. but she knew she had already got the best present possible----the gift of life.
67. What did Skaar and Oksas do where were stopped by the fire?
A. they called their families
B. they waited where they were
C. they tried to run down the stairs
D. they rushed back and shut the door
D考查细节理解。根据Rushing back, Skaar shut the door and filled the space at the bottom of the door with her jacket to keep the smoke out.可知。
68. The first sentence of the passage is to__________.
A. introduce Skaar
B. get the reader’s attention
C. explain the cause of the event
D. tell the background information
B考查作者的写作意图。作者写第一句的目的是引起读者的注意。
69. The following helped Skaar and Oksas survive the fire except_________.
A. calling 911 for help
B. breaking the windows to get some fresh air
C. crowding in a small workroom for clean air
D. shutting the door and keeping the smoke out with a jacket
B考查细节理解。根据Hopeless, they tried to break the windows, but the glass was not breakable可知。
70. what can we conclude from Skaar’s action in the fire?
A. she is cleverer than Oksas
B. she was trained as a firefighter
C. she remained calm in the face of danger
D. she had had the experience of being caught in fire.
C考查文章大意。通过全文Skaar的行动可知，她很清醒、镇静。
【答案】DBBC
第二节：七选五（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分）
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，选项中有两项为多余选项。
The Internet has opened up a whole new online world for us to meet, chat and go where we’ve never been before.
But just as in face to face communication, there are some rules of behavior that should be followed when on line _____71 imagine how you’d feel if you were in the other person’s shoes.
For anything you’re about to send, ask yourself, “Would I say this to the person’s face?” if the answer is no, rewrite and reread. ________72 If someone in the chat room is rude to you, your instinct(本能) is to fire back in the same manner. But try not to do so. _______73 if it was caused by a disagreement with another member, try to fix the situation by politely discussing it. Remember to respect the beliefs and opinions of others in the chat room.
_____74 offer advice when asked by newcomers, as they may not be sure what to do or how to communicate. When someone makes a mistake, whether it’s a stupid question or an unnecessarily long answer, be kind about it. If it’s a small mistake, you may not need to say anything. Even if you feel strongly about it, think twice before saying anything. Have good manners yourself doesn’t give you license to correct everyone else. _____75 at the same time, if you find you are wrong, be sure to correct yourself and apologize to those that you have offended.
It is not polite to ask others personal questions such as age, sex, and marital status. Unless you know the person very well, and you are both comfortable with sharing personal information, don’t ask such questions.
A. Everyone was new to the network once
B. if you do decide to tell someone about a mistake, point it out politely
C. It’s natural that there are some people who speak rudely or make mistakes online
D. The basic rule is simple: treat others in the same way you would want to be treated
E. You should either ignore the person, or use your chat software to block their messages
F. When you send short messages to a person online, you must say something beautiful to hear
G. Repeat the process till you feel sure that you’d feel comfortable saying words to a person’s face
71.D考查上下文的语境理解。根据前文的rules和imagine how you’d feel if you were in the other person’s shoes可知选D。
72.G考查上下文的语境理解。根据上文的if the answer is no, rewrite and reread 可知。
73.C考查上下文的语境理解。根据上文If someone in the chat room is rude to you,可知。
74.A考查上下文的语境理解。根据后文的newcomers可知。
75.B考查上下文的语境理解。根据后文if you find you are wrong, be sure to correct yourself and apologize to those that you have offended.可知。
【答案】DGCAB
第II卷（共35分）
第四部分：书面表达（共两节，35分）
第一节情景作文（20分）
某英文报以Learn to Manage on Our Own 为题向中学生征文，请根据下列图
片，讲述上周班主任生病期间你班同学的表现，写一篇短文投稿。
注意：1. 词数不少于60.
2. 短文内容必须包括图片所提供的主要信息（可适当增加内容）。
提示词：流动红旗：Weekly Model Class
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第二节开放作文（满分15分）
请根据下面提示，写一篇短文。词数不少于50.
In your English class, you are asked to describe the following picture and explain to your classmates how you understand it.
【参考范文】
情景作文
Last week, we all felt sorry to hear that our teacher was ill. Afterwards, we had a discussion and decided to manage on our own.
During the following days, all of us did a good job. None of us was late for school and we did morning exercise better than ever. In class, we listened to the teacher attentively. Besides, we won the school basketball match. The day before our teacher came back, we gave the classroom a thorogh cleaning to welcome her. Our monitor presented a bunch of flowers to her when she stepped onto the platform. Seeing the red flag for Weekly Model Class, she was happy and moved.
We were greatly inspired too, because we succeeded in managing on our own, which proves we have grown up.
【思路分析】
本文为一篇记叙文，其主要考查学生综合运用语言的能力。本题相对比较容易，因为题目中提供了比较具体的情景，而且是学生常见的语言情景。但要注意表达要点要全面，写本文要按照时间顺序对文章进行展开。
考生在写作的时候，要尽量避免逐条翻译以及过于平铺直叙。在每一幅图画描述的过程中，可以在紧扣文章的基础上，增加适当的发挥和议论。图画作文若想得到高分，一定要让阅卷人看到文章的时候。有一种身临其境，饶有兴趣的感觉。
还要注意表达内容要点时要使用丰富多样的表达方式。包括词汇多样、句法多样，段落结构多样。以上是本题获得高分数的关键。
开放作文
As can be seen in the picture, a tree is broken by the strong wind, while the grass still stays as it is. Weak and small as the grass is, it can stand the strong.
It is the same with human beings. Some people look very strong, but they are easily defeated by difficulties. Weak as some people may seem, they are actually strong in mind, just like the grass in the picture. This kind of people can adapt easily to changing situations and achieve more. They are ready to face challenges and never give up in time of difficulty. So a person’s inner strength is much more powerful than physical strength.
【思路分析】北京卷的开放作文真正做到了以语言为载体，考查学生的创新能力。仔细观察图画并能正确的挖掘图画的内涵、哲理本身就是一种能力，在这里英语真正成了表达的工具。这的确是创新意识的好题。
第一段介绍图画的内容，成文要注意文章的格式化的语言，比如：As can be seen in the picture,(From the picture, we can see……/as is shown in the picture). 第二段写图画的内涵哲理。
北京四中2018届上学期高三年级期中考试地理试卷 （满分100分） 一、单项选择题（共40题，每题1.5分，共60分） 图1的左图为我国东南沿海某岛屿等高线地形图，右图为某同学在岛上某地拍摄的照片，照片中的太阳在海天一线上。据此完成第1-2题。 1. 该岛风力资源丰富，风力主要来源于冬季风和台风。下列地点，风力资源最弱的是 A. ①地 B. ②地 C. ③地 D. ④地 2. 若右图反映“海日生残夜”的景观，则照片拍摄地最不可能在图示四地中的 A. ①地 B. ②地 C. ③地 D. ④地 图2中的“鳌山-太白山”徒步穿越路线因“难度高”、“山水胜”为户外徒步爱好者所青睐。据此完成第3-4题。
3. 图中的穿越路线主要经过 A. 山谷 B. 山脊 C. 鞍部 D. 山坡 4. 从安全角度考虑，图示路线较适合的徒步旅行时段是 A. 2月 B. 7月 C. 9月 D. 12月 5. 当前人类活动引起的温室效应增强是导致全球气候变暖的重要因素，温室效应增强的大气过程是大气 A. 对太阳辐射的散射增强 B. 射向地面的辐射增强 C. 对太阳辐射的吸收增强 D. 射向宇宙空间的辐射增强 伊朗古城亚兹德位于热带沙漠地区，城中古老的“风塔”是一种用来通风降温的建筑设计（图3）。风塔高过屋顶的部分四面镂空，悬空连接到室内大厅（左图），塔下中央建有一个水池（右图）。空气经过这一系统降温后，可让人们享受着酷暑中的阵阵清爽。据此完成第6-8题。
6. “风塔”顶部四面镂空的主要目的是 A. 便于室内空气流出 B. 便于采光 C. 便于室内热量散发 D. 便于室外空气流入 7. 有关室内空气的流动状况的说法，正确的是 A. 从四周流向水池 B. 从水池流向四周 C. 中央为上升气流 D. 四周为上升气流 8. 与“风塔”原理相同的是 A. 库区比周边降水少 B. 锋面暖气团的上升运动 C. 秘鲁沿岸的上升流 D. 温室大棚气温较高 图4为某地气象台进行的气温日变化监测图（注：一天中最高气温一般出现在午后14点左右）。读图回答第9-10题。 9. 据图判断 A. 16点地面吸收的太阳热量最多
北京四中2019年高考英语基础知识摸底测试卷 北京四中2019年度 （附参考答案） 试卷I(共75分) 第一部分：英语知识运用(共两节，满分40分) 第一节：单项填空(共20小题；每小题1分，满分20分) 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂 黑。 1．—What do you want for lunch? —Oh， is OK with me． A．anything B．nothing C．something D．none third manned spaceship，was launched successfully on September 25，2 2．Shenzhou VII，country’s 008 in northwestern Gansu Province，China． A．a；不填B．the；the C．the；不填D．a；the 3．—Madam，your clothes are ready now． 一Thanks．And how much shall I for them? A．cost B．take C．spend D．pay 4．—How are you today? 一I’m f eeling much，but my doctor says I’ll s till have to stay in bed for another few days． A．best B．good C．better D．well 5．Being able to speak another language fluently is a great when you’re looking for a job．A．chance B．success C．effort D．advantage 6．Many people in the city complain that the price of housing is too fast． A．growing up B．going up C．turning up D．getting up 7．Fine day! Let’s go out for a walk．
2011-2012学年度第一学期高三年级 英语试题 第一部分英语知识运用(共四节,满分55分) 第一节语音知识(共5小题,每小题1分,满分5分) 从每小题的A、B、C、D四个选项中,找出所给单词的正确读音,并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。、 1. loose A. present B. usual C. usage D. rose 2. south A. courage B. soup C. southern D. trousers 3. official A. concert B. ocean C. coast D. century 4. steam A. hear B. nearly C. mean D. heart 5．judge A．museum B. husband C．true D. huge 第二节情景对话(共5小题,每小题1分,满分5分) 根据对话情景和内容,从对话后所给的选项中选出能填入每一空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑.选项中有两个为多余选项。 A: Any good news? B: Not really. 6 So I was left behind after school yesterday. A: 7 B: Sometimes I do. The day before yesterday, I was quiet in my history class but I still had to stay after school. A: 8 B: Because I fell asleep. But it wasn’t m y fault. 9 A: I advise you to take school more seriously. If you don’t pass your exam, you will have to drop out and work as a result; B: 10 If I have a job, I have to do dull work every day. But now I am in school, I must listen to dull teachers every day. A: Something must be wrong with you. Go to the psychologist first. A: You are lazy. B: I don’t understand. C: You made your teacher angry. D: Better keep quiet in class. E: The lesson is dull. F: I don’t think it makes much difference. G: I was talking without being asked in class. 第三节语法和词汇知识(共15小题,每小题1分,满分15分) 从每小题的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。 11.The CEO needs an assistant with ____ little knowledge of German and ___ experience in administrative management. A. the, an B.the, / C. a, an D. a, / 12. Many houses were destroyed in the heavy rain. They should get them _____. A. to repair B. repaired C. repairing D. repair 13. Allow children to voice their opinions, ____ they are different from your own.
语文试卷 （试卷满分为150分，考试时间为150分钟） 一、本大题共5小题，共18分。 阅读下面的材料，完成1－5题。 材料一 就算让贾公彦拍破脑袋，也不会知道在一千年后，他会被人们认为是指纹识别技术的最早发现者。这位唐朝的儒生凭借对周礼的研究，曾做过太常博士。《周礼》中介绍过周代的一个官职“司市”，类似于现在的市场监管人员。在对“司市”的描述中，提到了一个词叫“质剂”。汉代的郑玄注释说：“质剂谓两书一扎，同而别之也，若今下手书。”“下手书”这个汉代的名词到唐朝时已经不被人熟悉了，贾公彦就在《周礼义疏》中写道：“汉时下手书即今画指券。”也就是说，汉朝的“下手书”就相当于唐朝的一种被称为“画指券”的契约文书，它要求签约的甲乙方及中间人都要把手指在纸张上平放，画下食指上三条指节，以此作为证明。本来，贾公彦的这条注释十分平常，但德国学者罗伯特·海因德尔偶然看到了这一段文字，顿时大感兴奋。他不仅将文字的内容写入了其在1927年出版的《指纹鉴定》，还盛赞贾公彦是世界上最早发现并阐述指纹性质及其应用的人。于是，贾公彦这位古人就莫名其妙地多了一个身份——指纹识别第一人。 欧洲人对指纹的应用似乎要晚得多。但在认清了指纹的科学性质之后，他们迅速地把这些发现应用到了实践。渐渐地，人们还发现人脸、虹膜、声纹、DNA等都有和指纹类似的独特、唯一的性质，可以被用来进行人的身份识别。于是，一种全新的，综合运用多种高科技手段，通过人体固有的生理特性和行为特征等“生物密钥”来实现个人身份鉴别的技术就诞生了。这种技术，就是我们现在十分熟悉的生物识别技术。 近几年，在智能手机、移动互联、人工智能等技术的推进之下，生物识别技术更是迅速普及。有了按指纹、刷脸等技术，我们就不再需要记忆繁琐的密码，进行身份验证时的效率一下子就提升了很多。当然，生物识别技术也有着缺陷和相应的风险。用生物密钥来进行身份识别的原理就是对关键点采样，然后对这些采样点的特征进行比对。在这样的背景下，很多因素都可能对识别结果产生干扰。一方面，一些外部环境因素可能对生物识别的准确性产生比较大的影响；另一方面，人们本身的生物特征变化也可能干扰生物识别的准确性，像整容、受伤、年龄变化，乃至佩戴隐形眼镜等事件都可能会对生物识别的结果产生影响。 （取材于陈永伟的相关文章）
高考英语：完形填空2018年真题分析详解（北京四中教研室） 北京四中高三英语教研室整理 原句1 I jumped at the idea of taking the class because, after all, who doesn’t want to save a few dollars? 参考译文 我欣然接受了这个班的想法，毕竟，谁不想攒几块钱？ 句式分析 整体分析：本句为复合句，同时有插入成分。 1.I jumped at the idea of taking the class 为主句。 2.because, after all, who doesn’t want to save a few dollars为从句，做原因状语从句。同时，从句套有after all这个插入成分。
重点词汇 jumped跳过; 跳( jump的过去式和过去分词); 快速移动; 猛地一动jump at 急于接受;jump at the chance 抓住机会; after all毕竟; 究竟; 归根结底; 别忘了 原句2 And, even if I weren’t excited enough about free credits, news about our instructor was appealing enough to me. 参考译文 而且，即使我对免费学分不够兴奋，但关于我们老师的消息却很有吸引力。 句式分析 整体分析：本句为复合句，句中套有介宾短语。 1.news about our instructor was appealing enough to me. 为主句。about our instructor为定语；to me为状语。
【考纲要求】 1.掌握对数的概念、常用对数、对数式与指数式互化，对数的运算性质、换底公式与自然对数； 2.掌握对数函数的概念、图象和性质. 3.正确使用对数的运算性质；底数a 对图象的影响及对数函数性质的作用. 4.通过对指数函数的概念、图象、性质的学习，培养观察、分析归纳的能力，进一步体会数形结合的思想方法； 【知识网络】 【考点梳理】 考点一、对数概念及其运算 我们在学习过程遇到2x =4的问题时，可凭经验得到x=2的解，而一旦出现2x =3时，我们就 无法用已学过的知识来解决，从而引入出一种新的运算——对数运算. (一)对数概念: 1.如果()01b a N a a =>≠，且，那么数 b 叫做以a 为底N 的对数， 记作:log a N=b.其中a 叫做对数的底数，N 叫做真数. 2.对数恒等式：log log a b N a a N a N N b ?=?=?=? 3.对数()log 0a N a >≠，且a 1具有下列性质： (1)0和负数没有对数，即0N >； (2)1的对数为0，即log 10a =； (3)底的对数等于1，即log 1a a =. (二)常用对数与自然对数 通常将以10为底的对数叫做常用对数，N N lg log 10简记作. 对数与对数函数 图象与性质 对数运算性 质 对数函数的图 像 与 对 数 的 概 念 指对互化 运 算
以e 为底的对数叫做自然对数， log ln e N N 简记作. (三)对数式与指数式的关系 由定义可知:对数就是指数变换而来的，因此对数式与指数式联系密切，且可以互相转化. 它们的关系可由下图表示. 由此可见a ，b ，N 三个字母在不同的式子中名称可能发生变化. (四)积、商、幂的对数 已知()log log 010a a M N a a M N >≠>，且，、 (1)()log log log a a a MN M N =+； 推广：()()12 1212log log log log 0a k a a a k k N N N N N N N N N =+++>、、、 (2)log log log a a a M M N N =-； (3)log log a a M M αα=. (五)换底公式 同底对数才能运算，底数不同时可考虑进行换底，在a>0， a ≠1， M>0的前提下有: (1) )(log log R n M M n a a n ∈= 令 log a M=b ， 则有a b =M ， (a b )n =M n ，即n b n M a =)(， 即n a M b n log =，即:n a a M M n log log =. (2) )1,0(log log log ≠>= c c a M M c c a ，令log a M=b ， 则有a b =M ， 则有 )1,0(log log ≠>=c c M a c b c 即M a b c c log log =?， 即a M b c c log log =， 即)1,0(log log log ≠>=c c a M M c c a
2017-2018 学年度第一学期期末考试试题 高三年级英语学科试卷 （考试时间100 分钟满分120 分） 本试卷共10 页。考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。 第一部分：知识运用（共两节，45 分）第一节单项填空（共15小题；每小题1分, 共15分）从每题所给的A 、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。例：It ' s so nice to hear from her again_. __ , we last met more than thirty years ago. A. What ' s more B. That ' s to say C. In other words D. Believe it or not 答案是D 。 1. These fresh vegetables are easy to rot so you ____ eat them within two days. A. might B. should C. can D. would 2. ____ the pictures on the screen more clearly, they moved to the front row. A. To watch B. Watching C. Watched D. Having watched 3. He missed the worst of the traffic this morning, ____ he set out before 6 o 'clock. A. but B. so C. for D. or 4. - Did you have to do much for the dinner party? -No, Tina ______ everything by the time I got home. A. has finished B. had finished C. would finish D. will finish 5. Two blocks beyond the school is a field _____ we often played football during childhood. A. who B. which C. when D. where 6. My parents graduated from this university; that '__s ___ I insisted on applying for it. A. which B. why C. what D. where 7. - Why are you buying a new refrigerator? The old one _____ so many times that it 'snot worth it any more. A. has repaired B. is repaired C. has been repaired D. has been repairing 8. A child should be receiving either meat or eggs daily, preferably ____ . A. neither B. none C. either D. both 9. Can I give you a call on Saturday morning? I think I _____ to the mountains, so call me on my cell phone. A. drive B. am driving C. will drive D. will be driving 10. What will you do if the people ____ at the back of the hall have trouble hearing the speech? A. sitting B. sit C. sat D. to sit 11. Having a hobby is good for you. It doesn 'tmatter what it is ____ it drives you forward. A. as long as B. though C. unless D. in order that 12. ____ the characters leave un said is ofte n more importa nt tha n what they put i nto words.
北京四中英语试卷 （试卷满分100分，考试时间100分钟） 第一部分 听力测试(共20小题，每小题0.5分，共10分) (略) 第二部分语言知识 一、单项填空(共30小题，每小题1分，共30分) 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案。 21. Between the two roads _____ the high school building. A. stands B. standing C. which stands D. stand 22. It was______ a nearby hospital _____ Ann Peter’s husband rushed her last night. A. to, that B. in, that C. to, where D. in, where 23. The path in the park looked beautiful, _______ with _______ leaves. A. covered; falling B. covered; fallen C. covering; falling D. covering; fallen 24. I won’t go to the party even if_______. A. inviting B. having invited C. invited D. being invited 25. The_______ look on his face suggested that he had passed the exam. A. exciting B. tired C. tiring D. excited 26. As a student, I’m looking forward to holidays ____I am _____to do as I like. A. which; curious B. during which; free C. which; patient D. during which; reliable 27. ---You are not so strong as he. --- _________. However, he isn’t my ________ in intelligence. A. So I am; citizen B. So am I; comparison C. So I am; equal D. So am I; characteristic 28. ______ the fact ______ she deserted him, he still loved her heart and soul. A. Despite; that B. What if; what C. Even if; that D. Despite; what 29. Arms are ______ the body _____ branches are to the tree. A. of; what B. to; that C. on; that D. to; what 30. When our eyes move across an empty wall they will for a few moments _____ on a painting or other kind of work _______ there. A. switch; hanged B. fix; hanged C. rest; hanging D. act; hung 31. ---What’s up there? ---I’m designing a road sign. Can you tell me how I can make the words ___ well? A. call up B. get through C. use up D. stand out 32. ________ metals, for example, plastics has both advantages and disadvantages. A. In comparison with B. In the absence of C. In charge of D. In the case of 33. _____ winter ______ on, it’s time to buy warm clothes.
【考纲要求】 1、会用“五点法”画出正弦函数、余弦函数的简图；熟悉基本三角函数的图象、定义域、值域、奇偶性、单调性及其最值；理解周期函数和最小正周期的意义. 2、理解正弦函数、余弦函数在区间[0,2]π的性质（如单调性、最大和最小值、与x 轴交点等）,理解正切函数在区间(,)22 ππ -的单调性. 【知识网络】 【考点梳理】 考点一、“五点法”作图 在确定正弦函数sin y x =在[0,2]π上的图象形状时，最其关键作用的五个点是(0,0)， (,1)2π，(,0)π，3(,-1)2 π ，(2,0)π 考点二、三角函数的图象和性质 名称 sin y x = cos y x = tan y x = 定义域 x R ∈ x R ∈ {|,} 2 x x k k Z π π≠+ ∈ 值 域 [1,1]- [1,1]- (,)-∞+∞ 图象 奇偶 奇函数 偶函数 奇函数 应用 三角函数的图象与性质 正弦函数的图象与性质 余弦函数的 图象与性质 正切函数的 图象与性质
要点诠释： ①三角函数性质包括定义域、值域、奇偶性、单调性、周期性、最大值和最小值、对称性等，要结合图象记忆性质，反过来，再利用性质巩固图象．三角函数的性质的讨论仍要遵循定义域优先的原则，研究函数的奇偶性、单调性及周期性都要考虑函数的定义域． ②研究三角函数的图象和性质，应重视从数和形两个角度认识，注意用数形结合的思想方法去分析问题、解决问题. 考点三、周期 一般地，对于函数()f x ，如果存在一个不为0的常数T ,使得当x 取定义域内的每一个值时，都有(+)=()f x T f x ，那么函数()f x 就叫做周期函数，非零常数T 叫做这个函数的周期，把所有周期中存在的最小正数，叫做最小正周期（函数的周期一般指最小正周期）.
高三英语期末考试 姓名：班级：得分： 一、单项填空（共15小题，15分） 1．Half _______hour later，we got around together singing and dancing．A．the B．a C．an D．X 2．It is very difficult _______ him to do so much work． A．of B．to C．with D．for 3．Our school is becoming _______． A．more and more better B．better and better C．more better D．more good 4．It is five years he _______ to learn English． A．begins B．began C．had begun D．was beginning 5．________ more time，we are sure to finish the task in time． A．Given B．To give C．Giving D．Give 6．________ he comes to the school，I shall call you up． A．If B．Whether C．While D．Though 7．This pair of shoes ________ repairing． A．needs B．need C．must D．should 8．There are many students surrounding the bus，most of _______ are girls．A．them B．which C．who D．whom 9．I had some medicine，________ it hasn’t done much good up to now．A．but B．so C．or D．for 10．The television ________．It’s working again now． A．is being repaired B．has repaired C．has been repaired D．is repairing 11．I was walking down the street ________ someone stepped in front of me． A．though B．when C．if D．because 12．He always thinks of ________ he can do more for others． A．why B．what C．that D．how 13．If the phone ________，can you answer it? A．will ring B．rang C．rings D．is ringing 14．The moment I got to the station，I found the train ________．A．left B has left C．had left D．leaves 15．I ________ my neighbor that we should remove the fence between the gardens． A．agreed with B．agreed to C．agreed about D．agreed on 二、完形填空（共15小题；30分） 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。 A certain student passed all his examinations．Then he went to college to continue his studies．There he wrote down his name for a course(课程) in English，but after the first 16 ，he didn’t go to it any more． The English lecturer(讲师) 17 this student was always absent（缺席的）and thought he had changed to another course，so he was 18 when he saw the boy’s name on the 1ist of students who wanted to take(参加) the English 19 at the end of this year． The lecturer had 20 a difficult paper，which followed his lectures closely，and he was eager（热切的）to see 21 this student would answer the questions．He expected the boy’s answers would be very bad，but when they 22 him and he examined them 23 ，he was able to find only one small mistake in them．As this surprised him greatly，he 24 the paper repeatedly but still couldn’t find more than one mistake，so he 25 for the student to question him about it． When he came and sat down，the lecturer asked him，“I 26 you came to
2018全国高考英语II卷：短文改错详解（北京四中详解版） 北京四中高三英语教研室整理 真题呈现 短文改错（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分） 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文,请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误,每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。 增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(Λ)，并在其下面写出该加的词。 删除：把多余的词用斜线()划掉。 修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。 注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；2.只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
When I was little， Friday’s night was our family game night. After supper， we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room. As the kid， I loved to watch cartoons，but no matter how many times I asked to watching them， my parents would not to let me. They would say to us that playing card games would help my brain. Still I unwilling to play the games for them sometimes. I didn't realize how right my parents are until I entered high school. The games my parents taught me where I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life. 2018高考英语全国二卷短文改错题，难题不多，但你能拿满分吗 正确答案： 1.Friday’s 改为Friday； 2.sort改为sorts； 3.the改为a； 4.watching改为watch； 5.not to 去掉to； https://www.doczj.com/doc/a318461955.html,改为me； 7. I unwilling中间加was； 8.for改with； 9.are改为were； 10.where 改为when. 答案解析 1. Friday night星期五的晚上。这是一种名词修饰名词的用法。
北京四中数学高考总复习：数列的应用之知识讲解、经典例题及答案
北京四中数学高考总复习：数列的应用之知识讲解、经典例题及答案 知识网络： 目标认知 考试大纲要求： 1.等差数列、等比数列公式、性质的综合及实际应用； 2.掌握常见的求数列通项的一般方法； 3.能综合应用等差、等比数列的公式和性质，并能解决简单的实际问题. 4.用数列知识分析解决带有实际意义的或生活、工作中遇到的数学问题. 重点： 1.掌握常见的求数列通项的一般方法； 3.用数列知识解决带有实际意义的或生活、工作中遇到的数学问题 难点：
用数列知识解决带有实际意义的或生活、工作中遇到的数学问题. 知识要点梳理 知识点一：通项与前n项和的关系 任意数列的前n项和； 注意：由前n项和求数列通项时，要分三步进行： （1）求， （2）求出当n≥2时的， （3）如果令n≥2时得出的中的n=1时有 成立，则最后的通项公式可以统一写成一个形式，否则就只能写成分段的形式. 知识点二：常见的由递推关系求数列通项的方法1.迭加累加法： ， 则，，…， 2.迭乘累乘法：
， 则，，…， 知识点三：数列应用问题 1.数列应用问题的教学已成为中学数学教学与研究的一个重要内容,解答数学应用问题的核心是建立数学模型,有关平均增长率、利率（复利）以及等值增减等实际问题，需利用数列知识建立数学模型. 2.建立数学模型的一般方法步骤. ①认真审题，准确理解题意，达到如下要求： ⑴明确问题属于哪类应用问题； ⑵弄清题目中的主要已知事项； ⑶明确所求的结论是什么. ②抓住数量关系，联想数学知识和数学方法，恰当引入参数变量或适当建立坐标系，将文字语言翻译成数学语言，将数量关系用数学式子表达. ③将实际问题抽象为数学问题，将已知与所求联系起来，据题意列出满足题意的数学关系式（如
赣州市-第一学期高三年级期末考试 英语1月 注意事项： 1本试卷分第I卷（选择题）和第II卷（非选择题）两部分。 2答题前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在本试卷相应的位置。 3.全部答案在答题卡上完成，答在本试卷上无效。 4.考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。 第Ⅰ卷 第一部分：听力(共两节，满分30分) 做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。 第一节听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。 1. What does the man mean? A. He is searching the Internet now. B. He can’t help the woman now. C. He has nothing to do now. 2. How much will the man pay for the apples? A. $2. B. $3. C. $6. 3. What are they going to do first? A. Go to the concert. B. Go to a restaurant. C. Go to buy a guide book. 4. What is the highest temperature? A. Five degree. B. Four degree. C. Zero degree. 5. Where does the woman want to go? A. To a beach. B. To an ocean. C. To a lake. 第二节听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。 听下面一段对话，回答第6和第7题。 6. What size is right for the woman? A. Size seven. B. Size eight. C. Size seven and a half. 7. What color does the woman like? A. Pink. B. White. C. Black. 听下面一段对话，回答第8和第9题。 8. What is the man doing? A. He is asking the woman for help. B. He is buying movie tickets. C. He is looking for a restaurant.
语文试卷 （试卷满分为 150 分，考试时间为 150 分钟） 一、本大题共 5 小题，共 18 分。 阅读下面的材料，完成 1－5 题。 材料一 就算让贾公彦拍破脑袋，也不会知道在一千年后，他会被人们认为是指纹识别技术的最早发现者。这位唐朝的儒生凭借对周礼的研究，曾做过太常博士。《周礼》中介绍过周代的一个官职“司市”，类似于现在的市场监管人员。在对“司市”的描述中，提到了一个词叫“质剂”。汉代的郑玄注释说：“质剂谓两书一扎，同而别之也，若今下手书。”“下手书”这个汉代的名词到唐朝时已经不被人熟悉了，贾公彦就在《周礼义疏》中写道：“汉时下手书即今画指券。”也就是说，汉朝的“下手书”就相当于唐朝的一种被称为“画指券”的契约文书，它要求签约的甲乙方及中间人都要把手指在纸张上平放，画下食指上三条指节，以此作为证明。本来，贾公彦的这条注释十分平常，但德国学者罗伯特·海因德尔偶然看到了这一段文字，顿时大感兴奋。他不仅将文字的内容写入了其在 1927 年出版的《指纹鉴定》，还盛赞贾公彦是世界上最早发现并阐述指纹性质及其应用的人。于是，贾公彦这位古人就莫名其妙地多了一个身份——指纹识别第一人。 欧洲人对指纹的应用似乎要晚得多。但在认清了指纹的科学性质之后，他们迅速地把这些发现应用到了实践。渐渐地，人们还发现人脸、虹膜、声纹、DNA 等都有和指纹类似的独特、唯一的性质，可以被用来进行人的身份识别。于是，一种全新的，综合运用多种高科技手段，通过人体固有的生理特性和行为特征等“生物密钥”来实现个人身份鉴别的技术就诞生了。这种技术，就是我们现在十分熟悉的生物识别技术。 近几年，在智能手机、移动互联、人工智能等技术的推进之下，生物识别技术更是迅速普及。有了按指纹、刷脸等技术，我们就不再需要记忆繁琐的密码，进行身份验证时的效率一下子就提升了很多。当然，生物识别技术也有着缺陷和相应的风险。用生物密钥来进行身份识别的原理就是对关键点采样，然后对这些采样点的特征进行比对。在这样的背景下，很多因素都可能对识别结果产生干扰。一方面，一些外部环境因素可能对生物识别的准确性产生比较大的影响；另一方面，人们本身的生物特征变化也可能干扰生物识别的准确性，像整容、受伤、年龄变化，乃至佩戴隐形眼镜等事件都可能会对生物识别的结果产生影响。 （取材于陈永伟的相关文章）
融洽：I’m glad you get on so well with her. 我很高兴你和她相处得如此融洽。 ◇ She and her sister have never really got on. 她与妹妹一直合不来。 2) (with sth)= get along (with sth) 进步；进展：He’s getting on very well at school. 他在学校学得很好。How did you get on at the interview? 你面试的情况怎么样？ ◇ I’m not getting on very fast with this job. 我这项工作进展不太快。 3) (with sth)（尤指中断后）继续做某事：Be quiet and get on with your work. 安静下来，继续干你的事。 ◇ Let’s get on with the meeting. 我们继续开会吧。 get over sb/sth 从疾病（或不愉快的经历）中恢复过来：He was disappointed at not getting the job, but he’ll get over it. 他没得到这份工作非常失望，不过他会想得开的。◇He never really got over Jennifer when their relationship finished. 自从和珍妮弗分手后，他从未真正恢复过来。 ◇ It has taken me ages to get over the flu. 我得了感冒，很久才好起来。 get over sth to successfully deal with a problem or difficulty 解决（问题）；克服（困难）：She can’t get over her shyness. 她无法克服羞怯心理。 ◇ I think the problem can be got over without too much difficulty. 我认为这个问题不太难解决。 get sth ? over (to sb) (= get sth ? across) to make sth clear to sb 向（某人）讲清某事；让（某人）明白某事：He didn’t really get his meaning over to the audience. 他未能完全把他的意思向听众讲清楚。 get through sth to manage to do or complete sth 处理；完成：We’ve got a lot of work to get through. 我们有许多活儿要干。 get through sth; get sb through sth （帮某人）渡过（难关）；（帮某人）应对（困难）：I don’t know how we’re going to get through the winter. 我不知道我们如何挨过这个冬天。◇I don’t know how I got through the first couple of months after Andy’s death. 安迪去世后的那几个 月我都不知道是怎么熬过来的。◇It was their love that got me through those first difficult months. 是他们的爱帮助我熬过头几个月的困难时期。 get through (sth) 顺利通过（考试等）：Tom failed but his sister got through. 汤姆考试不及格，可她姐姐顺利通过了。 ◇The whole class got through the exam. 全班都通过了考试。 get through (to sb) （用电话）接通，打通，联系上：I tried calling you several times but I couldn’t get through. 我试着给你打了几次电话，但都没打通。 get (sth) through to sb 使（某人）明白；（把…）向（某人）讲清楚：I find it impossible to get through to her. 我发觉根 本无法让她听懂。 get together (with sb) 聚会；相聚：We must get together for a drink sometime. 我们什么时候得聚在一起喝一杯。 get up 站起；起来；起身：The class got up when the teacher came in. 老师进来时全班起立。 get up; get sb up （使）起床：What time do you usually get up? 你通常几点起床？ ◇ Could you get me up early tomorrow? 你明天早点叫我起床行吗？ give sb/sth ? away to make known sth that sb wants to keep secret 泄露；暴露：It was her eyes that gave her away (= showed how she really felt). 她的眼睛流露了她的真实情感。 ◇ She gave away state secrets to the enemy. 她把国家机密泄露给了敌人。 give sth ? away to give sth as a gift 赠送；捐赠：He gave away most of his money to charity. 他把大部分钱都捐赠给了慈善事业。◇I gave most of my books away when I left college. 我大学毕业时把大部分书都送掉了。 give in 1) to admit that you have been defeated in a game, 80