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把任务型英语教学法运用于英语教学之中

把任务型英语教学法运用于英语教学之中
把任务型英语教学法运用于英语教学之中

把任务型英语教学法运用于英语教学之中摘要:任务型英语教学法是以“二语习得”为理论基础,一切以学生的活动为课堂的主旋律,以学生的发展为最高目标的先进教学模式,是当前英语界热议的话题之一。笔者通过对英语新目标Go For It以及相关语言教学理论的学习,结合自身多年的教学实践,在本文中将探讨如何在新课标中运用任务型教学方法。

关键词:论文,教学方法,教学任务, 教学原则,教学步骤与教学效果

引言:

《义务教育英语课程标准》指出,英语课堂教学活动的设计应有利于发挥学生的创造力和想象力,应增加开放性的任务型活动和探究性的学习内容,使学生有机会表达自己的看法与观点。《义务教育英语课程标准》以学生

“can do something”的描述方式设定各级目标要求,提倡体验、实践、参与、合作、探究与交流的学习方式和采用任务型语言教学法等途径;同时,吸取情境教学法、多媒体展示法及小组合作探究法等有效形式,以形成适合我国初等教育学生的英语学习策略。《义务教育英语课程标准》如此重视任务型的教学途径,是因为这一教学途径能够达到“发展学生的语言运用能力,使语言学习的过程成为学生形成积极的情感态度、主动思维和大胆实践、提高文化意识和形成自主学习能力的过程”的教育目标。“任务型教学法”是美国教育家杜威以实用主义作为理论基础而提出来的“以学生为中心,在做中学”的教学模式。是把语言运用基本理念转化为具有实际意义的教学活动。鉴于此,在英语教学中要恰当地使用“任务型教学法”。那么应如何正确理解和在实际英语教学中运用“任务型教学方法”呢?笔者在本文中从一下四个方面来与大家探讨一下:

一、任务型课堂教学设计的理论基础

1.“任务”的定义

在英语教学中,特别是在谈到任务型教学时,“任务”这一概念通常是指以真实世界为参照、以形成语言意义为主旨的活动。《义务教育英语课程标准》中指出,英语教学中的任务指有利于学生用英语做事情的种种语言实践活动。英国教育家Jane Willis对“任务”下的定义是:“任务”就是学生为达到某一交际目的,使用目的语言来进行展开的活动,譬如:比较、解决难题、交流个人经历和完成创造性任务等。笔者认为,“任务”是任何促进语言学习的工作计划,小到简短的练习,大至复杂的、冗长的活动,如小组解决问题或模仿、作决定等。它具有特定的目标、恰当的内容、规定的程序和一系列的结果等基本特点。所以在综合上述观点的基础上,笔者把任务的定义概括为:交际任务是领悟、使用、输出语言和互动的课堂交际活动,它重点关注的是意义,而非语言形式。

尽管各类资料或名家说法不一,但是总的来说都有一点是共同的:任务都涉及语言的实际运用。在完成任务的过程中,学生运用目的语言进行运用与交际,他们的注意力集中在意义上,而不是在语言形式上。笔者认同把任务作为课堂的一种语言学习活动至少应具备有以下特点:(1)以意义为中心;(2)以解决某一交际问题为焦点;(3)任务完成的结果是评估任务是否成功的标志。

2.任务的结构组成

笔者认为:任务型课堂教学设计中的任务(task)具有结构性,并由教学目标、导入、输入、操练与巩固、活动等形式、教师与学生角色和环境五部分组成。

(1)教学目标(goals)

任务型教学的目的主要是培养学生的语言交际能力,这不仅是指语法正确的说和写的能力,还包括社会语言能力

(social linguistic competence)、语篇能力(discourse competence)和策略能力(strategic competence)。

(2)导入(lead in)

发学生的思维兴趣,所以我们教师上课伊始就应当注意通过导入语来激发学生的思维,以引起学生对新知识新内容的热烈探求。用简洁的语言或辅之动作拉开一堂课的序幕,随之进入课堂教学主体的过程。课堂导入是课堂教学的主要环节之一,一堂课导入的成与败直接影响着整堂课的效果。

(3)输入(input)

输入是指设计任务的资料。输入的来源多种多样,包括课本、报刊杂志、学生作品、影视作品、歌曲等。

(4) 操练与巩固(training and consolidation)

从教学实践来看,其中最大的困难是学生学习英语的时间很少,大多学校每天只有一到两节英语课,课后操练英语的机会很少,所以在课堂上要给学生留出一定的时间去操练。同时,在英语教学活动中,课堂练习是学生进行学习最基本的活动形式。学生英语概念的形成、基础内容的掌握、英语方法和技能的获得、技能的形成、学生智力和创新意识的培养等都离不开巩固和练习。所以,巩固和练习是全面完成英语教学任务必不可少的重要手段与方法,它将直接影响英语教学的成效。

(5) 活动(activity)

活动是指任务,而不是指练习。

(6) 师生角色(teacher and student’s role)

学生是交际者,其主要任务是沟通(传送与接收)信息,具有学习的自主性,并经常进行两人或小组活动。为了使学生成为交际者,教师应扮演促进者

(facilitator)、组织者(organizer)和监控者(monitor),有时也加入到活动之中担当学生的“伙伴”(partner)。

7.环境(setting):环境指课堂教学的组织形式,包括任务完成的方式(个人

操练还是两人或小组合作)和任务时间的分配,也包括课堂教学或课外活动等。

二、任务型课堂教学设计的原则

《义务教育英语课程标准》为设计“任务型”教学活动提供了六点指南:

1.任务应有明确的目的;

2.任务应具有真实意义,即接近现实生活中的各

种活动;3.任务应涉及信息的接收、处理和传递等过程;4.学生应在完成任务的过程中使用英语,(即学中用,用中学);5.学生应通过做事情完成任务;6.完成任务后一般应有一个具体的成果。

在设计任务型教学活动时,教师应以学生的生活经验和行为作为出发点;要有助于英)语知识的学习、言语技能的发展和语言实际运用能力的提高;要积极促进英语学科和其他学科间的相互渗透和联系,使学生的思维能力、想象力、审美情趣、艺术感受、协作和创新精神等综合素质都得到发展。基于上述理论,笔者认同以下设计原理:

1. 语言、情景真实。

2. 设计任务时要提供给学生明确、真实的语言信息,语言情景和语言形式要符合

语言实际功能和语言规律,要使学生在一种自然、真实或模拟真实的情景中体会和学习语言。

3. 形式与功能相结合。

4. 设计任务时要注意语言形式和语言功能相结合。要让学生在掌握语言形式的同

时学会自我培养掌握语言功能的能力;每一阶段任务的设计都应具有一定的导入性,使学生在学习语言形式的基础上,通过一系列任务的训练来理解语言形式的功能,并能运用在交际活动中。

5. 阶梯型任务链。

6. 所设计的任务应由简到繁,由易到难,前后相连,层层深入,形成由初

级任务到高级任务,再由高级任务涵盖初级任务的循环,并由数个微型任务构成“任务链”。在语言技能方面,应当先输入后输出,使教学呈阶梯式层层推进。

7. 在做中学。

学生自始至终通过完成具体的任务来学习语言,为了特定的学习目的去实施特定的语言行动,并通过完成特定的任务获得和积累相应的学习经验,享受成功的喜悦,从而提高学生的学习兴趣和学习的积极性。

在此笔者需要强调的是,上述各原则之间是不可分割的有机整体,操作中要注意他们之间的相互制约,从而推动学生的认知能力、语言能力和交际能力相互促进和协调发展。

三、任务型课堂教学设计的步骤

英国教育家Jane Willis在她的专著

A Framework for Task-based Learning 中提出了任务型课堂教学三个步

骤:前任务(C)、任务环(task-cycle)和语言聚焦(language focus)。

1.前任务(before the task):教师在课前向学生介绍下节课的主题和任务,帮助学生理解任务的指令和做好准备。

2.任务环(task-cycle):在此阶段,老师以学生为中心,让学生为完成本堂课的教学目标与任务,而尽其所能运用已学的语言知识。任务环由三个部分组成:

A、任务(task):学生是否执行了任务,老师上课时进行检测。

B、计划(planning):老师把同学们分成两部分,让他们进行分角色对话。我们老师可以给予适当的指导。

C、检测(check):学生完成任务后,老师及时地进行检测与评价所完成的情况。

3.语言聚焦(language focus):学生进一步学习、巩固和掌握前阶段所运用语言的某些特征。

任务型课堂教学设计就是在教学目标确定之后,教师分析和设计具体任务、完成任务所需要的其他前提知识以及需要采用的教学方法和技巧等,旨在将每一项教学目标演变为教学活动中切实可行的具体内容。

四、任务型课堂教学设计的实例

在任务型课堂教学中,教师要从学生“学”的角度来设计教学活动,使学生的学习活动具有明确的目标,并构成一个有阶梯型的连续系列。要使学生在老师所设计的各种“任务”中,能够不断地获得知识或得出结论,从而提高语言运

用的能力,不仅仅是现成的语言知识点。这样,随着“任务”的不断深化,整个语言学习的过程会越来越自动化和自主化。

我们要以《义务教育新课程标准英语新目标》Go For It 七年级Student Book2Unit4 Don’t eat in class! 第一课时的教学实践为例来说明任务型课堂教学设计:

1. 教学目标(The teaching aims):

这是本单元的第一个课时,旨在通过学生的听、说、读和基础语言应用,为目标句型提供分步事例和指导性练习。主要包括以下几个方面:(1)能否通过练习来掌握重点单词、短语和句型

(Master the key words and sentences);(2)能否学会谈论规章制度(Learn how to talk about rules);(3)是否能掌握祈使句的使用(Master the use of imperative sentences);(4)是否能掌握情态动词can must和have to 的用法

(Master the use of modal verbs can, must and have to);

(5)能否理解遵守各种规章制度在现实生活中的重要性

(Get to know the importance of obeying the rules)。

2.学习方法(The teaching methods):

①Task based teaching method.

②Listening and speaking practice.

③Autonomous and cooperative approach.

3. 情感态度与价值观(Emotion attitude and view of value)

Get the students to know the importance of obeying the rules.

4.课前准备阶段(Preparations for the Presentation)

在没有上新课之前,给学生们布置任务,让学生提前预习下节课要学习的新单词和短

语: rule ,arrive, hallway ,dining hall ,listen to ,fight, sorry, wear, important, bring, player, uniform ,quiet.(学生们可以通过读音标以及听录音的方式来学习单词的发音;通过旧单词或联想法来学习新单词的字母组合及词义),并且告诉学生下节课上课时进行检查,看看哪一组预习得最好,看哪些同学预习得好。然后把学生按照其能力和兴趣分成几个小组,给不同小组不同任务。

5.教学过程与设计(The teaching process):

(1) 课堂热身阶段(Warm-up):

首先进行组织教学,师生进行相互问候(greetings)

T: Good morning, boys and girls.

Ss: Good morning, Mr. Wang.

T: How are you?

Ss: I’m fine, thanks, and you?

T: I’m OK.. Nice to meet you.

Ss: Nice to meet you, too.

T: Welcome to my English class. Sit down, please.

Ss: Thank you, Mr. Wang.

然后检测课前学生预习情况(Check the preview)

检测预习情况我分为三部分:首先,全班同学共同大声试读单词和短语,并进行纠正不准确的发音:然后,分小组进行试读单词和短语;最后各小组派代表来大声地朗读单词和短语。通过对比,调动同学们的学习激情,使之都参与进来,并且不时地给予激励和表扬(You prepared very well. Let’

s give a warm applause to encourage you. We hope you make persistent efforts.)。

(2)展示阶段(Presentation)

Step 1. Lead-in

T: I’

m holding up a banana in my hand, and ask my students: Wh at’s this, boys and girls?

Ss: It’s a banana.

T: Can we eat a banana in class?

Ss: No, we can’t.

T: Can we eat it in the dining hall?

Ss:Yes, we can.

T: Why can’t we eat a banana in the classroom?

Ss: It is our class rule. (Help the Students to say i t.)

T: So please don’

t eat a banana in class. Read after me, please.

Don’t eat a banana in class. = We can’

t eat a banana in class.

T: OK, boys and girls , look here, what’

s this ?(Then I take out a mobile phone .)

Ss: It’

s a mobile phone. (Help the students to answer it.) T: OK. These days, mobile phones are used to listen to music, to watch TV, to play computer games and so on. As students, can we listen to music in the classroom or in the hallways?

Ss: No, we can’t.

T: Can we listen to music in the music room or at ho me?

Ss: Yes, we can.

T: Why can’

t we listen to music in the classroom or in the hallways?

Ss: It is our class rule.

T: So don’

t listen to music in the classroom or in the hallways. Rea

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