PASSAGE 4
The term "Hudson River school" was applied to the foremost最重要的representatives代表of nineteenth-century North American landscape painting. Hudson River school在19世纪是北美山水画的最重要的代表。Apparently显然的unknown during the golden days of the American landscape movement, which began around 1850 and lasted until the late 1860's, the Hudson River school seems to have emerged in the 1870's as a direct result of the struggle between the old and the new generations of artists, each to assert维护；坚持its own style as the representative American art.显然在美国山水画的黄金时期的未知运动从1850年左右开始一直持续到1860年代末，Hudson River School似乎在1870年代出现了一个直接结果旧的艺术家和新的一代艺术家的斗争，都为了维护以自己风格为代表的艺术。The older painters, most of whom were born before 1835, practiced in a mode often self-taught自学的；自修的and monopolized垄断；独占by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy of Design. 老的艺术家们，其中大多是出生在1835年以前，实行一种自学的垄断的景观主题和牢固建立的和现任美国艺术组织培养，国家设计学院。The younger painters returning home from training in Europe worked more with figural借喻的subject matter and in a bold大胆的；英勇的and impressionistic technique; their prospects前景for patronage赞助in their own country were uncertain, and they sought to attract 应该吸引it by attaining academic recognition in New York.年轻的画家在欧洲的训练中工作伴随着借喻的主题和大胆的以及印象派的手法；他们在自己的国家中赞助的前景并不确定，他们应该吸引他通过得到纽约的学术认可。One of the results of the conflict between the two factions was that what in previous years had been referred参考；援引的to as the "American", "native", or, occasionally, "New York" school — the most representative school of American art in any genre — had by 1890 become firmly established in the minds of critics and public alike相似的as the Hudson River school.冲突的结果之一是，在过去的几年间被认为是“美国”，“本土”，或者，偶尔，称为“纽约”学校——在大多数美国的艺术题材中最具代表性的学校有1890年成为坚固的建设在批评家和相似的公众心中的Hudson River School.
The sobriquet绰号was first applied around 1879. 绰号首次被应用在1879年While it was not intended打算as flattering奉承的；谄媚的, it was hardly inappropriate不适当的. 然而这不是为了让人喜欢，这是很不适合的。The Academicians at whom it was aimed had worked and socialized in New York, the Hudson's port city, and had painted the river and its shores with varying frequency. 院士在纽约，它的目的是工作和社会化的两院院士，在Hudson的港口城市，并绘制了不同频率的河流和海岸Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity保真度a manner of technique and composition构成consistent with those of America's first popular landscape artist, Thomas Cole, who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River. 最重要的是，也许，他们保持着一定保真度的管理和技术和构成美国第一流行的山水画艺术家一直的手法，Thomas Cole，他建立了一个职业绘画Catskill Mountain 风景临近hudson 河。A possible implication in the term applied to the group of landscapists was that many of them had, like Cole, lived on or near the banks of the Hudson.在一个可能有山水画家的群体，他们中的许多人，比如COLE，生活或者挨着Hudson河。Further, the river had long served as the principal route 主要路线to other sketching草图；写生grounds favored by the Academicians, particularly the Adirondacks and the mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire. 此外，这条河曾经担任绘画草图
的主要路线得到院士的喜爱，特别是山和Vermont和New Hampshire的山群。
2002年8月TOEFL试题 Section Three: Reading Comprehension Question 1-9 Often enough the craft worker’s place of employment in ancient Greece was set in rural isolation. Potter, for instance, found it convenient to locate their workshops near their source of clay, regardless of its relation to the center of settlement, At Corinth and Athens, however, two of the best-known potters’ quarters were situated on the cities’ outskirts, and potters and makers of terra-cotta figurines were also established well within the city of Athens itself. The techniques of pottery manufacture had evolved well before the Greek period, but marked stylistic developments occurred in shape and in decoration, for example, in the interplay of black and other glazes with the red surface of the fired pot. Athenian black-figure and red-figure decoration, which emphasized human figures rather than animal images, was adopted between 630 and 530 B.C.；its distinctive color and luster were the result of the skillful adjustments of the kiln’s temperat ure during an extended three-stage period if firing the clayware. Whether it was the potters or the vase-painters who initiated changes in firing is unclear; the functions of making and decorating were usually divided between them, but neither group can have been so specialized the they did not share in the concerns of the other. The broad utility of terra-cotta was such that workers in clay could generally afford to confine themselves to either decorated ware and housewares like cooking pots and storage Jars or building materials like roof tiles and drainpipes, some sixth-and fifth-century B.C. Athenian pottery establishments are known to have concentrated on a limited range of fine ware, but a rural pottery establishment on the island of Thasos produced many types of pottery and roof tiles too, presumably to meet local demand. Molds were used to create particular effects for some products, such as relief-decorated vessels and figurines; for other products such as roof tiles, which were needed in some quantity, they were used to facilitate mass production. There were also a number of poor-quality figurines and painted pots produced in quantity by easy, inexpensive means- as numerous featureless statuettes and unattractive cases testify. 1. The passage mainly discusses ancient Greek pottery and its (A) production techniques (B) similarity to other crafts (C) unusual materials (D) resemblance to earlier pottery 2. The phrase “regardless of” in line 3 is closest in meaning to (A) as a result of (B) no matter what (C) proud of (D) according to 3. It can be inferred from the passage that most pottery establishments in ancient Greece were situated (A) in city centers (B) on the outskirts of cities (C) where clay could be found (D) near other potters’ workshops 4. The word “marked” in line 7 is closest in meaning to
2001年1月第二篇 Questions 10-17 at least one carpenter, joiner, sawyer, and cooper in woodworking; a weaver and a tailor 5) an assistant, the rural artisan provided the neighborhood with common goods from furniture to shoes to farm equipment in exchange for cash or for “goods in kind” from the customer’s field, pasture, or dairy. Sometimes artisans transformed material provided by the customer wove cloth of yam spun at the farm from the wool of the family sheep; made chairs or tables 10) from wood cut in the customer’s own woodlot; produced shoes or leather breeches from cow, deer, or sheepskin tanned on the farm. Like their farming neighbors, rural artisans were part of an economy seen, by one historian, as “an orchestra conducted by nature.” Some tasks could not be done in the winter, other had to be put off during harvest time, and still others waited on raw materials that were 15) only produced seasonally. As the days grew shorter, shop hours kept pace, since few artisans could afford enough artificial light to continue work when the Sun went down. To the best of their ability, colonial artisans tried to keep their shops as efficient as possible and to regularize their schedules and methods of production for the best return on their investment in time, tools, and materials. While it is pleasant to imagine a woodworker, for example, 20) carefully matching lumber, joining a chest together without resort to nails or glue, and applying all thought and energy to carving beautiful designs on the finished piece, the time required was not justified unless the customer was willing to pay extra for the quality— and few in rural areas were, Artisans, therefore, often found it necessary to employ as many shortcuts and economics as possible while still producing satisfactory products.
0308 托福试题 阅读( 55minutes ) Question 1-11 seen in putrefying materials .He did (10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it had trapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteur found that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from 0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembled the reproductive (15) structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells . As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen If food is allowed to stand for some time, putrefies .When the putrefied material is examined microscopically ,it is teeming with bacteria. Where do these bacteria come from , since they are fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenth century, many people believed microorganisms originated by spontaneous (5 ) generation ,a hypothetical living organisms develop from nonliving matter. The most powerful spontaneous generation microbiologist Louis showed that structures present in air closely found not that it to be seen in such process by which of the theory of French chemist and opponent was the Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur resemble the microorganisms
寒假社会实践报告100篇 高一寒假社会实践报告 寒假时间比较短，然而，对时间的合理安排和对自身的合理调整，却足以让我认识到;寒假除了和亲友团聚，还有更为丰富多彩的内容。寒假时间是三十五天，在亲友的帮助下，我来到许昌鑫鑫装饰有限公司，进行了为期两个星期的社会实践活动。 寒假社会实践报告格式 一、实践报告应由8个部分组成，撰写要求与排列顺序为1、封面：中文、可根据具体情况设置。2、标题：要求准确、凝练，能总括全文内容，字数一般不超过25字，若语义未尽，可另起一行设置副标题。 餐店服务员寒假实践报告范文 实践过程：首先是找工作。由于社会上有有人利用学生求职心切的心理发布虚假广告骗人骗钱的传言，开始时我选择了一家正规的中介中心注册，这样就可以免去受骗的后顾之忧。 大学生家教寒假社会实践报告 在寒假即将来临之际，我们接到了在寒假完成大学生实践报告这个任务。因为大学的寒假是比较长的，而我在之前就曾经决定要
利用寒假去打工了。现在这样不仅实现了我的假期打工愿望，还能完成了学校布置给我们的实践报告。 大学生寒假销售员社会实践总结报告 实践单位：佳和超市实践时间：2019年01月09日2019年02月09日共32天出于对实践出真知，适应社会需要理念的认知，我在家乡的佳和超市二楼商场部做了一个小小的销售员。 寒假社会实践报告3000字范文 就在今年的寒假里，我体验到了我人生中的第一次打工经历，有苦有乐，但更多的是通过这次经历我得到了很多收获这绝对是一次很有意义的活动。小草用绿色证明自己，鸟儿用歌声证明自己，我们要用行动证明自己。 寒假实践报告心得 年关将尽，红红火火的鞭炮声迎来了年，也带来了春。短短一个月的寒假同样因为我们团队的社会实践而丰富多彩。作为当代大学生，大家都过着已温饱甚至富足的生活，初入大学，经过一个学期大学生活，大家似乎都意识到大学是放羊式教育。 【精选】寒假实践报告范文 寒假是我们充实自我、增加阅历、了解社会的重要阶段。作为社
老托福阅读真题及答案解析 托福从听、说、读、写四方面进行英语能力全面考核。托福频道为大家提供了这四个方面的资料，希望对大家有所帮助。 Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates. When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment. In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks. When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo. Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest. 1. What is the main idea of the passage ? (A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment. (B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs. (C) Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots. (D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation. 2. The word "They" in line 2 refers to
TOEFL词汇题精选440题 001. Most of these leaders were involved in public life as reformers, activists working for The word "representative" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) typical (B) satisfied (C) supportive (D) distinctive 002. In the United States, Louis Comfort Tiffany (1843-1933) was the most noted exponent of this style, producing a great variety today. The word "prized" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) valued (B) universal (C) uncommon (D) preserved 003. The Art Nouveau style was a major force in the decorative arts from 1895 until 1915, although its influence continued throughout the mid-1920's. It was eventually to be overtaken by a new school of thought known as Functionalism that had been present since the turn of the century. The word "overtaken" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) surpassed (B) inclined (C) expressed (D) applied 004. During most of their lives, surge glaciers behave like normal glaciers, traveling perhaps only a couple of inches per day. However, at intervals of 10 to 100 years, these glaciers move forward up to 100 times faster than usual. The word "intervals" is closest in meaning to which of following?(A) records (B) speeds (C) distances (D) periods 005. The increasing water pressure under the glaciers also might be influenced by the climate, volcanic heat, or earthquakes. The word "freeing" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) pushing (B) releasing (C) strengthening (D) draining 006. A flood of ice would then surge into the turn would release more ice and set in motion a vicious cycle. The word "plunge" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) drop (B) extend (C) melt (D) drift 007. Group members look to instrumental leaders to "get things done." Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group's members. The word "collective" is closest in meaning to which of following? (A) necessary (B) typical (C) group (D) particular 008. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious
老托福阅读真题及答案：PASSAGE 19 The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the North American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe they grew over a period of centuries from town economies to their present urban structure. In North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a century. In the early colonial days in North America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic Coastline, mostly in what are now New England and Middle Atlantic states in the United States and in the lower Saint Lawrence valley in Canada. This was natural because these areas were nearest to England and France, particularly England, from which most capital goods (assets such as equipment) and many consumer goods were imported. Merchandising establishments were, accordingly, advantageously located in port cities from which goods could be readily distributed to interior settlements. Here, too, were the favored locations for processing raw materials prior to export. Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Montreal, and other cities flourished, and, as the colonies grew, these cities increased in importance. This was less true in the colonial South, where life centered around large farms, known as plantations, rather than around towns, as was the case in the areas further north along the Atlantic coastline. The local isolation and the economic self-sufficiency of the plantations were antagonistic to the development of the towns. The plantations maintained their independence because they were located on navigable streams and each had a wharf accessible to the small shipping of that day. In fact, one of the strongest factors in the selection of plantation land was the desire to have its front on a water highway. When the United States became an independent nation in 1776, it did not have a single city as large as 50,000 inhabitants, but by 1820 it had a city of more than 10,000 people, and by 1880 it had recorded a city of over one million. It was not until after 1823, after the mechanization of the spinning had weaving industries,
2000年5月第五篇 Questions 41-50 According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, Line such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although support to individual members. Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to (25) suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a mote (30) distant respect.
历年托福考试阅读真题精选 If you find a path with no obstacles, it probably doesn't lead anywhere.以下是小编为大家搜索整理的历年托福考试阅读真题精选，希望能给大家带来帮助!更多精彩内容请及时关注我们应届毕业生考试网! Industrialization came to the United State after 1790 as North American entrepreneurs increased productivity by reorganizing work and building factories. These innovations in manufacturing boosted output and living standards to an unprecedented extent; the average per capita wealth increased by nearly 1 percent per year — 30 percent over the course of a generation. Goods that had once been luxury items became part of everyday life. The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made goods, since the 1790's, North American entrepreneurs — even without technological improvements — had broadened the scope of the outwork system that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a single step of the production process. For example, during the 1820's and 1830's the shoe industry greatly expanded the scale and extend of the outwork system. Tens of thousands of rural women, paid according to the amount they produced, fabricated the "uppers" of shoes, which were bound to the soles by wage-earning journeymen shoemakers in dozens of Massachusetts towns, whereas previously journeymen would have made the entire shoe. This system of production made the employer a powerful "shoe boss" and eroded workers' control over the pace and conditions of labor. However, it also dramatically increased the output of shoes while cutting their price. For tasks that were not suited to the outwork system, entrepreneurs created an even more important new organization, the modem factory, which used power-driven machines and assembly-line techniques to turn out large quantities of well-made goods. As early as 1782 the prolific Delaware inventor Oliver Evans had built a highly automated, laborsaving flour mill driven by water power. His machinery lifted the grain to the top of the mill, cleaned it as it fell into containers known as hoppers, ground the grain into flour, and then conveyed the flour back to the top of the mill to allow it to cool as it descended into barrels. Subsequently, manufacturers made use of new improved stationary steam engines to power their mills. This new technology enabled them to build factories in the nation's largest cities, taking advantage of urban concentrations of inexpensive labor, good transportation networks, and eager customers. 1. What is the passage mainly about? (A) The difficulties of industrialization in North America (B) The influence of changes in manufacturing on the growth of urban centers (C) The rapid speed of industrialization in North America (D) Improved ways of organizing the manufacturing of goods 2. The word "boosted" in line 3 is closest in meaning to (A) ensured (B) raised (C) arranged (D) discouraged 3. The word "scope" in line 9 is closest in meaning to (A) value
如何从托福小白到大白(●—●) 托福分手大师 二零一五年叁月
大师想说话： 最近《超能陆战队》了，然后“暖男”大白也了，大师也希望你能找到专属于你的大白，陪伴你走过艰辛的托福备考路程。一路有你，一路有大师。^_^ 这篇文章是大师花时间写的，所以，也希望你能认真看完，你肯定会有收获的。 针对的对象是：对托福考试零认知，或者刚刚开始背单词，又或者你被论坛五花八门的资料贴搞得头大，被培训机构天花乱坠的保分广告砸晕。 大师想说的话都在这里了，很多内容可能毁你三观，但是希望你能客观地去思考，当然，大师说的你也可以不同意，只要你能说出理由，欢迎跟大师讨论！ 入门篇： “单词背什么，怎么背” 首先声明，积累单词最有效的方法一定是通过长期的阅读积累，但为了短期的考试需求，我们不得不退而求其次，选择短期突击的方法。出于应试目的的背单词应该是高频率重复，单次消耗时间短，重复次数多，利用碎片时间背。 单词书选择： 大师推荐： 如果你喜欢纸质书：李笑来《新托福iBT词汇21天突破》+王玉梅《TOEFL 词汇》（两本都需用，单本词汇量太少）。 如果你能习惯电子版或者网页、app背单词：朗播词汇（网页＋APP），全部词汇来自真题。 免费下载pdf：https://www.doczj.com/doc/a415682036.html,/Information/Download/Files/3；（你也可以自己转成word版打印） 你看到这，可能会有两个疑问： 1.大师为啥推荐朗播词汇？ 大师明确告诉你，词汇书没有一本权威的，只是一定要弄清词源，单词书应该选择选词准确的，来源于考试真题是唯一选词标准。市面上大多数词汇书都是作者yy出来的，红宝书也不例外。 2.朗播词汇跟乐词、扇贝、百词斩有啥优势？