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2021年高三上学期第二次周练 物理试题 含答案

2021年高三上学期第二次周练 物理试题 含答案
2021年高三上学期第二次周练 物理试题 含答案

2021年高三上学期第二次周练物理试题含答案

一、选择题:

14.了解物理规律的发现过程,学会像科学家那样观察与思考往往比掌握知识更重要,下列说法不.符合物理学史实的是()

A.法拉第最早提出电场的概念,并提出用电场线表示电场

B.奥斯特发现了磁场产生电流的条件和规律

C.库仑总结出了真空中静止点电荷之间相互作用的规律

D.美国物理学家密立根最早用油滴实验精确地测出了元电荷e的电荷量15.如图甲所示,两物体A、B叠放在光滑水平面上,对物体A施加一水平力F,F-t关系图象如图乙所示.两物体在力F作用下由静止开始运动,且始终相对静止,则()

A.两物体沿直线做往复运动

B.2~3s时间内两物体间的摩擦力逐渐减小

C.两物体做匀变速直线运动

D.A对B的摩擦力方向始终与力F的方向相同

16.据报道,目前我国正在研制“萤火二号”火星探测器,假设其发射过程为:先让运载火箭将其送入太空,以第一宇宙速度环绕地球飞行,再调整速度进入地火转移轨道,最后再一次调整速度以线速度v在火星表面附近环绕飞行.若认为地球和火星都是质量分布均匀的球体,已知地球和火星的半径之比为,密度之比为,则v大约为()

A.6.9km/s B.3.3km/s C.4.7km/s D.18.9km/s

17.如图所示,电压互感器、电流互感器可看成理想变压器,已知电压互感器原、副线圈匝数比是1000∶1,电流互感器原、副线圈匝数比是1∶200,电压表读数是200V,电流表读数是1.5A,则交流电路输送电能的功率是()

A.3×102W B.6×104W

C.3×105W D.6×107W

18.如图所示,两个截面半径均为r、质量均为m的半圆柱体A、B放在粗糙水平面上,A、B截面圆心间的距离为L.在A、B上放一个截面半径为r、质量为2m的光滑圆柱体C,

A、B、C始终都处于静止状态.则()

A.B对地面的压力大小为3mg

B.地面对A的作用力沿A C方向

C.L越小,A、C间的弹力越小

D.L越小,地面对A、B的摩擦力越小

19.如图所示,将一轻弹簧固定在倾角为30°的斜面底

端,现用一质量为m的物体将弹簧压缩至A点并锁定弹簧,解除锁定后,物体将沿斜面上滑,物体在运动过程中所能到达的最高点B距A点的竖直高度为h,物体离开弹簧后沿斜面向上运动的加速度大小等于重力加速度g.则下列说法正确的是()

A.弹簧的最大弹性势能为mgh

B.物体从A点运动到B点的过程中系统损失的机械能为mgh

C.物体的最大动能等于弹簧的最大弹性势能

D.物体最终静止在B点

20. 某同学设计了一种静电除尘装置,如图1所示,其中有一长为L、宽为b、高为d的矩形

通道,其前、后面板为绝缘材料,上、下面板为金属材料.图2是装置的截面图,上、下两板与电压恒定为U的高压直流电源相连.带负电的尘埃被吸入矩形通道的水平速度为v0,当碰到下板后其所带电荷被中和,同时被收集.将被收集尘埃的数量与进入矩形通道尘埃的数量的比值,称为除尘率.不计尘埃的重力及尘埃之间的相互作用.要增大除尘率,则下列措施可行的是()

C

A B

L

V A

A .只增大电压

U B .只增大长度L

C .只增大高度d

D .只增大尘埃被吸入水平速度v 0

21. 如图甲所示,导体框架abcd 的ab 、cd 边平行,框架平面与水平面的夹角为θ,质量为m

的导体棒PQ 垂直放在两平行导轨ab 、cd 上,导体棒与框架构成回路的总电阻为R ,整个装置处于垂直于框架平面的变化磁场中,磁感应强度(取垂直框架向上为正)随时间变化规律如图乙所示.PQ 能始终保持静止,则在0?t 2时间内,回路中电流i 随时间t 变化的图像(取P→Q→c→b →P 方向为正)和PQ 受到的摩擦力f 随时间t 变化的图像(取平行于框架平面向上为正)可能正确的是( )

二、非选择题:

22.某同学利用如图丙所示的气垫导轨装置验证系统机械能守恒定律。在气垫导轨上安装了

两光电门1、2,滑块上固定一遮光条,滑块用细线绕过定滑轮与钩码相连.

① 实验时要调整气垫导轨水平.不挂钩码和细线,接通气源,释放滑块,如果滑块 ,

图2

图1

L

d

b

v 0

刻度尺

气垫导

滑块

遮光条 钩码

连气源

光电门1

光电门2

调节旋钮P

定滑轮

调节旋钮Q

则表示气垫导轨已调整至水平状态.

② 不挂钩码和细线,接通气源,滑块从轨道右端向左运动的过程中,发现滑块通过光电门1的时间小于通过光电门2的时间.实施下列措施能够达到实验调整目标的是( ) A .调节P 使轨道左端升高一些 B .调节Q 使轨道右端降低一些 C .遮光条的宽度应适当大一些 D .滑块的质量增大一些 E .气源的供气量增大一些

③ 实验时,测出光电门1、2间的距离L ,遮光条的宽度d ,滑块和遮光条的总质量M ,钩码质量m .由数字计时器读出遮光条通过光电门1、2的时间t 1、t 2,则系统机械能守恒成立的表达式是 .

23.现有一量程为3V 的电压表,内阻约为3kΩ.为了较准确地测量其内电阻,在没有电流表的情况下,某同学设计了如图a 所示的实验电路,按此电路可以测出电压表的内电阻.其中R 1是最大阻值为9999Ω的电阻箱,R 2是最大阻值为20Ω的滑动变阻器. ①试根据图a 所示的电路图,完成如图b 所示的实物电路的连线.

②根据电路图连线后有如下的主要操作步骤:

a.将电阻箱的阻值调至某一确定阻值(最好为3kΩ左右),并记下此时的电阻值R .闭合开关S 1和S 2,调节滑动变阻器R 2的滑动头P ,使电压表的指针偏转一个较大的角度(或满刻度),并记录此时电压表的示数U 1.

b.断开S 1,拆除电路,实验器材复原.

图b

A

B

S 1

S

2

P

图a

R 2

A

B

c.保持P 的位置不变,断开S 2,记录此时电压表的示数U 2.

d.按电路图连好电路后,将滑动变阻器的滑动头P 移至A 端.

按本实验正确的操作步骤排序 (只填写步骤前的字母). ③根据实验记录的数据R 、U 1、U 2,可求出电压表的内电阻为:R V = . ④根据此实验原理,电压表内阻的测量值与真实值的关系为:测量值 真实值(选填大于、等于或小于).

24.如图所示,倾角的斜面底端B 平滑连接着半径r =0.40m 的竖直光滑圆轨道.质量m =0.50kg

的小物块,从距地面h =2.7m 处沿斜面由静止开始下滑,小物块与斜面间的动摩擦因数μ=0.25,求:(sin37°=0.6,cos37°=0.8,g =10m/s 2) (1)物块滑到斜面底端B 时的速度大小.

(2)物块运动到圆轨道的最高点A 时,对圆轨道的压力大小.

25.如图所示,PQ 是两块平行金属板,上极板接电源正极,两极板之间的电压为U =1.2×104V ,一群带负电粒子不停的通过P 极板的小孔以速度v 0=2.0×104m/s 垂直金属板飞入,通过Q 极板上的小孔后,垂直AC 边的中点O 进入边界为等腰直角三角形的匀强磁场中,磁感应强度为B =1.0T ,边界AC 的长度为a =1.6m ,粒子比荷.不计粒子的重力.求:

(1)粒子进入磁场时的速度大小是多少? (2)粒子在磁场中运动的时间?打在什么位置?

(3)若在两极板间加一正弦交变电压U =9.6×104sin314t (V ),则这群粒子可能从磁场边

界的哪些区域飞出?并求出这些区域.(每个粒子在电场中运动时,可认为电压是不变的)

33.【物理——选修3-3】略

θ

A

B

O

h

34.【物理——选修3-4】

(1)下列说法中正确的是( )

A.泊松亮斑是光的衍射现象,玻璃中的气泡看起来特别明亮是光的全反射现象

B.做简谐运动的质点,其振动能量与振幅无关

C.在“用单摆测定重力加速度”的实验中,为使实验结果较为准确,应选用10cm长的细线和小铁球

D.真空中的光速在不同的惯性参考系中都是相同的,与光源和观察者的运动无关

E.各种电磁波在真空中的传播速度与光速一样,为3×108m/s

(2)雨过天晴,人们常看到天空中出现彩虹,它是阳光照射到空中弥漫的水珠上时出现的现

象.在说明这个现象时,需要分析光线射入水珠后的光路.一细束某种单色光线射入水珠,水珠可视为一个半径R=10mm的球,球心O到入射光线的垂直距离d=8mm,水的折射率n=4/3.

①在图上画出该束光线射入水珠后,第一次从水珠中射出的光路图.

②求这束光线从射入水珠到第一次射出水珠,光线偏转的角度.

35.【物理——选修3-5】

(1)下列五幅图涉及到不同的物理知识,其中说法正确的是()(填入正确选项前的字母,

选对一个给3分,选对两个给4分,选对三个给6分,每选错一个扣3分,最低得0分)

A.图甲:原子是由原子核和核外电子组成,原子核是由带正电的质子和不带电的中子组成

B.图乙:卢瑟福通过分析α粒子散射实验结果,发现了质子和中子

C.图丙:用中子轰击铀核使其发生聚变……,链式反应会释放出巨大的核能

D.图丁:普朗克通过研究黑体辐射提出能量子的概念,成为量子力学的奠基人之一

E.图戊:玻尔理论指出氢原子能级是分立的,所以原子发射光子的频率也是不连续的

(2)如图,轻弹簧的一端固定,另一端与滑块B相连,B静止在水平导轨上的O点,此时弹簧处于原长.另一质量与B相同的滑块A从导轨上的P点以初速度v0向B滑行,当A 滑过距离l时,与B相碰.碰撞时间极短,碰后A、B粘在一起运动.设滑块A和B均可视为质点,与导轨的动摩擦因数均为μ.重力加速度为g.求:

①碰后瞬间,A、B共同的速度大小;

②若A、B压缩弹簧后恰能返回到O点并停止,求弹簧的最大压缩量.

物理答案

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

B D B D CD BDABBC

24.解:(1)物块沿斜面下滑过程中,在重力、支持力和摩擦力作用下做匀加速运动,设下滑加速度为a,到达斜面底端B时的速度为v,则

…………………………(3分)

…………………………(2分)由①、②式代入数据解得:m/s ………………………… (1分)

(2)设物块运动到圆轨道的最高点A时的速度为v A,在A点受到圆轨道的压力为N,由机械能守恒定律得:

…………………………(3分)

物块运动到圆轨道的最高点A时,由牛顿第二定律得:

…………………………(2分)

由④、⑤式代入数据解得:N=20N …………………………(2分)

由牛顿第三定律可知,物块运动到圆轨道的最高点A时,对圆轨道的压力大小

N A=N=20N …………………………(1分)

…………………………(1分) 垂直地打在BC 边的中点。 ……………………(1分) 粒子在磁场中运动的周期为 …………………………(1分) 偏转角为90°, …………………………(1分) …………………………(1分)

(3)当粒子以反向最大电压进入电场时,粒子不能穿过Q 点进入磁场。……(1分) t=0时刻射入的粒子,没有经过加速,粒子将以v 0=2.0×104m/s 从O 点射入磁场, 。恰好打到C 点 …………(1分) 因此OC 边可以全部打到。

当粒子以正向最大电压加速进入电场中,

最大速度 m/s …………………………(1分) ………………(1分) 若粒子与AB 边相切飞出,如图所示,根据几何关系可得: BF+FC=a ,R 切=PF+FO 1,可得: …………(1分)

由以上三个半径关系可知,粒子从BC 和AB 边飞出。 ………………(1分) 若恰好与AB 相切的粒子打在BC 边E 离C 点的距离为:m

在EC 之间均有粒子飞出 ……(1分) 与AB 边相切的切点P 到B 点的距离为:m ……(1分)

当粒子以最大速度进入磁场时,粒子将从AB 边界的G 点飞出,设OD 之间的距离为x ,则:

GD=AD=x +a/2,DO 2=R max -x ,根据几何关系可得: 可得x=0.4m

最大速度粒子从AB 边上射出点G 到B 点的距离为:0.4m

在GP 之间均有粒子飞出 …………(1分)

R max

R 切F

E G

B P

34[答案](1)ADE(2)①光路如图所示②32°

(2)①如图所示

②由几何关系得sinθ1=d

R=0.8

即θ1=53°

由折射定律得sinθ1=n sinθ2

解得sinθ2=0.6

即θ2=37°

则φ=2(θ1-θ2) =32°

35[答案](1) ADE

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(完整版)2019年全国一卷理综物理高考真题

2019年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试 理科综合能力测试 注意事项: 1.答卷前,考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。 2.回答选择题时,选出每小题答案后,用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑,如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其它答案标号。回答非选择题时,将答案写在答题卡上,写在本试卷上无效。。 3.考试结束后,将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。 可能用到的相对原子质量:H 1 Li 7 C 12 N 14 O 16 Na 23 S 32 Cl 35.5 Ar 40 Fe 56 I 127 二、选择题:本题共8小题,每小题6分。在每小题给出的四个选项中,第14~18题只有一项符合题目要 求,第19~21题有多项符合题目要求。全部选对的得6分,选对但不全的得3分,有选错的得0分。14.氢原子能级示意图如图所示。光子能景在1.63 eV~3.10 eV的光为可见光。要使处于基态(n=1)的氢原子被激发后可辐射出可见光光子,最少应给氢原子提供的能量为 A.12.09 eV B.10.20 eV C.1.89 eV D.1.5l eV 15.如图,空间存在一方向水平向右的匀强磁场,两个带电小球P和Q用相同的绝缘细绳悬挂在水平天花板下,两细绳都恰好与天花板垂直,则 A.P和Q都带正电荷B.P和Q都带负电荷

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四川省成都七中2021届高三5月第二次周练(十模) 英语试题 第一卷(两部分,共90分) 第一部分:英语知识运用(共两节,满分40分) 第一节:单项填空(共10小题;每小题1分,满分10分) 从A,B,C,D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 1. ---This is my treat and next is yours. How’s that? --- OK. _______. A. It doesn’t matter B. It depends C. No way D. It’s a deal 2. Each of the 400 employees received from their boss ___ gift —“Who moved my cheese?”— _____ best seller in the US, which made them understood how to deal with changes in their lives and work. A. a, the B. 不填,a C. a, a D. the, 不填 3. How many of us ________, say, a meeting that is not important to us would be interested in the discussion? A. attended B. had attended C. attending D. have attended 4. Mother was so angry at all _______ I was doing _______ she walked out. A. that; that B. what; that C. what; as D. that; which 5. Although he likes singing very much, he is _____ but a good singer. A. anything B. something C. nothing D. everything 6. This kind of glasses made in Shanghai _____ well and comfortably, because of the lightweight and durable frames.

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高三英语周周练(二) 一.单项选择(共50小题,每题1分,共50分) 1.—Is John coming by train? —He should,but he _______ not.He likes driving his car. A.must B.can C.need D.may 2.—The room is so dirty.________ we clean it? —Of course. A.Will B.Shall C.Would D.Do 3. My English-Chinese dictionary has disappeared.Who ________ have taken it? A.should B.must C.could D.would 4.—I heard they went skiing in the mountains last winter. —It ________ true because there was little snow there. A.may not be B.won?t be C.couldn?t be D.mustn?t be 5. It has been announced that candidates _____remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected. A.can B.will C.may D.shall 6.—There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well. —It ________ a comfortable journey. A.can?t be B.shouldn?t be C.mustn?t have been D.couldn?t have been 7.—Did the train arrive in time? —No.It ________two hours ago. A.must have arrive B.ought to have arrived C.must arrive D.ought to arrive 8.—I can?t find my wallet. —You ________ it on the bus. A.must forget B.must leave C.must have forgotten D.must have left 9.Such a businessman ________ be honest.He gets his money in a dishonest way. A.can?t B.mustn?t be C.may not D.shouldn?t 10.Peter ________ come with us tonight,but he isn?t very sure y et. A.must B.may C.can D.will 11.The girl used to be very interested in music,________ she? A.didn?t https://www.doczj.com/doc/a46061984.html,e https://www.doczj.com/doc/a46061984.html,ed https://www.doczj.com/doc/a46061984.html,edn?t to 12.The old woman ________ sit there for hours,recalling her good old days. A.would https://www.doczj.com/doc/a46061984.html,ed https://www.doczj.com/doc/a46061984.html,ed to D.could 13.My watch is out of order.It needs ________. A.repair B.repaired C.repairing D.to repair 14.It?s seven o?clock.Jack ________ be here at any moment. A.must B.need C.should D.can 15.It?s still early.You ________ hurry. A.mustn?t B.wouldn?t C.may not D.don?t have to 16.—Do you think the flight is delayed? —It ________ be,especially in such weather. A.would B.should C.might D.ought to 17.Tom didn?t see her in the meetin g room this morning.She _____ have spoken at the meeting. A.couldn?t B.mustn?t C.shouldn?t D.needn?t 18.The light is still on.The student ________ to switch it off. A.must forget B.must have forgotten C.might forget D.may forget 19.You must be a writer,________ you? A.can?t B.aren?t C.must D.mu stn?t 20.You ought ________ for what you are unable to do. A.not to be punished B.to not be punished C.to not punished D.not be punished 21.If you had been more careful enough,you ________ have made so many mistakes. A.won?t B.mustn?t C.shouldn?t D.wouldn?t 22.—I hear you?ve got a set of valuable Australian coins.________ I have a look?

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