第六章
词汇：
Polysemy n. 一词多义
peculiar n. 特权；特有财产adj. 特殊的Diachronic 历时性
Synchronic 共时性
Radiation 放射法
garments n. [服装] 服装，衣着
Concatenation n. 串联，连结
tern 三个一组的
candidate n. 候选人
preceding v. 在...之前
Homonyms n. [语] 同形同音异义词
identical adj. 同一的；完全相同的
Homographs同形异义词
Homophones 同音异形异义
Rhetoric 修辞
puns n. 双关语
sarcasm n. 讽刺
ridicule n. 嘲笑
embrace vt. 拥抱；信奉，皈依；包含
connotation n. 内涵
Antonymy 反义词
predecessor 前任
vice versa 反之亦然
Hyponymy 上下位关系
要点
一. 1.Polysemy—polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages. When a words is first coined, it always monosemic, but
in the course of development , the same word may have two or more different meanings.
e.g. The word "flight" may mean "passing through the air", "power of flying", "air of journey", etc.
2.Two approaches
1).( Diachronic approach –
Diachronically, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of
the semantic structure of one and same word.
This first meaning is the primary meaning. With the advance of time
and the development of language, it took on more and more meanings. These latter meanings are called derived meanings.
E.g. face
The primary meaning gave birth to new meaning.
The primary meaning become either absolute or disappeared altogether
E.g. harvest
time of cutting reaping and gathering the crops
a season‘s yield of grain or fruit
Pain penalty or punishment pains and penalty
upon/under pain of suffering
2).Synchronic approach –synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistent of various meaning of the same word in a certain historical period of time.
The basic meaning of a word is the core of word meaning.
The core of word meaning called the central meaning (secondary meaning).
The central meaning has gradually dimished in currency with the changes and one of
the derived meanings has become dominant.
E.g. gay
3.Two process of development
1). Radiation-a semantic process which shows that the primary meaning stands at the center and each of the derived meanings proceed out of in every direction like rays.
The meanings are independent of one another, but can all be tracked back to the
central meaning.
e.g. Neck
1) That part of a man or animal jointing the head to the body
2) That part of the garments
3) The neck of an animal used as food
4) A narrow part between the head and body or base of any object
5) The part of anything
Of the 5 meanings 1) is the primary and all the rest are derived but each of the other
four is directly related to 1).
Therefore, we say neck has developed through the process of radiation.
2).Concatenation –meaning ―linking together, is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until,
in many cases, there is not a sign of connection
between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had
at the begining.
e.g. candidate
1) White-robed adj. 穿白色长袍的
2) Office seeker in white gouns
3) A person who seeks an office
4) A person proposed for a place, award, etc.
Of the 4 meanings, 1) is the primary meaning and the other three are derived, but each of the derived meaning is
only directly related to the preceding one and there is no direct connection between 1) and 4). Therefore, we say
candidate has developed through the process of concatenation.
3).Difference
Radiation and concatenation is closely related, being different stages of the
development leading to polysemy.
Radiation, each of the derived meaning is directly connected to the primary meaning.
Concatenation, each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like
chains. Though the latest sense
can be tracked to the original, there‘s no direct connection in between.
The two processes work together, complementing each other.
Radiation precedes concatenation.
1.Homonyms--are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both i n s ound and spelling
or identical only in sound or spelling.
2.
1).Perfect Homonyms--are words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meanin
g.
e.g. bank/bank ,bear/bear ,date/date
2).Homographs--are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning.
e.g. Bow/bow ,Sow/sow
3).Homophones (most common)--are words identical only in sound but different in spelling a nd meaning.
e.g. Dear/dear ,Right/rite ,Son/sun
3.Origins of Homonyms
1). Change in sound and spelling
(homonyms are native by origin, derived from different earlier forms in Old
English. The change in sound and spelling gradually made them identical in modern
English.)
e.g. ear/ear ,long/long
2). Borrowing (many words of foreign origin coincide in sound and/or spelling with
those of native origin with those of other foreign origin.)
e.g. fair/fair,ball/ball
3). Shortening (many shortened forms of words happen to be identical with other
words in spelling or sound)
e.g. ad/add,rock/rock ,NOW/now
4.Differentiation of Homonyms and polysemants
(Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical regard to spelling and pronunciation. )
Homonyms refer to different word, which happen to share the same forms.
Polysemant is the one and some word, which has several meanings.
1).One important criterion is to see their etymology. Homonyms are from differen t
sources. A polysemant is from the same source,
which has acquired different meaning in the course of development.
2). The second principle is semantic relatedness.
The various meanings of a polysemant are correlated and
connected to some central meaning to a greater or less degree. Meanings of different homon yms have nothing to do with one another.
5.Rhetoric feature
They create puns for desired effect of, say, humour, sarcasm or ridicule.
三.
1.Synonyms—
are words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in mean ing.
Synonyms share a likeness in denotation and in part of speech.
2.Types of Synonyms
1).Absolute (Complete) Synonyms--are words, which are identical in meaning in
all its aspects, both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning,
including c onceptual and associative meanings.
Absolute (Complete) Synonyms are restricted to high-specialized vocabulary.
For instance, composition / compounding. They have the perfect same meaning
in Lexicology.
2).Relative (Near) synonyms--are similar or nearly the same in denotation but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.
e.g. Change/alter/vary
Take stagger/reel/totter for example.
Stagger implies unsteady movement characterized by a loss of balance and failure to maintai n a fixed course.
E.g. stagger under a heavy load;
Reel suggests a swaying or lurching so as to appear on the verge of falling.
E.g. The drunken man reeled down the hall;
Totter indicates the uncertain, faltering steps of a feeble old person or of an infant learning to walk.
3.Sources of Synonyms
1).Borrowing: (the most important source)
2).Dialects and regional English:
eg.Railway (BrE) railroad (AmE)
Mother (BrE) minny (ScotE)
Charm (BrE) glamour (ScotE)
Ranch (AmE) run (AusE)
Job (StandE) gig (BlackE)
Jim (BlachE) mal person (StandE)
3).Figurative a. 比喻的，象征的and euphemistic a.委婉的use of words:
Occupation walk of life (fig.)
Dreamer star-gazer (fig.)
Drunk elevated (euph.)
Lie distort the fact (euph.)
4).Coincidence with idiomatic expressions:
Win gain the upper hand
Decide make up one‘s mind
Finish get through
Hesitate be in two minds
Help lend one a hand
4.Discrimination of Synonyms
1) Difference in denotation: differ in the range and intensity of meaning.
Range (some words have a wider range of meaning than others)
e.g. timid--timorous
Timid is applied to the state of minds in which a person may happen to be at the moment, ant to the habitual disposition.
Timorous is only to the disposition.
Comprehend/ understand
extend—increase—expand
The owner of the restaurant is going to extend the kitchen by ten feet this year. The company has decided to increase its sales by ten percent next year.
The metal will expand if heated.
Extent increase expand Differ in degree of intensity
e.g. wealth—rich
The wealth person is to posses more money and property than a rich man.
work – toil
Work is a general term having no special implications as ?light‘ or ?heavy‘, and
?mental‘ or ?physical‘.
Toil suggests ?heavy and tiring work‘, associated with more with manual than
mental labor.
want—wish—desire
Want is the most general and has the widest range of meaning.
Wish and desire are much narrow in sense
2) Difference in connotation: differ in the stylistic and emotive coloring.
Some words share the same denotation but differ in their stylistic appropriateness.
E.g. The words borrowed from French and Latin are more formal than native words.
These borrowings are more appropriate formal and technical writing.
policeman – constable – bobby – cop
policeman(neutral) – constable(neutral) – bobby(colloquial) – cop(slangy)
ask -- beg -- request
ask (neutral); beg (colloquial); request (formal)
archaic and poetic, which are self-suggestive.
e.g.ire/anger,bliss/happiness,forlorn/distressed,dire/dreadful,list/listen,enow/enough,save/exp ect,mere/lake and
such like are all synonyms, but in each the second is standard in usage whereas the first on e is old-fashioned and archaic, only found in poetry, earlier writing, etc.
Many synonyms have clear affective values
result – consequence result(neutral ) – consequence(negative implication)
big –great
big(the bigness of size, volume and so on, without any emotive coloring) -
great(suggest distinguished, eminent, outstanding)
little – small – tiny
little (attractiveness, pleasantness)– small(not big),tiny(abnormal growth of the child)
3) Difference in application: differ in usage.
Many words are synonyms in meaning but different in usage in simple terms.
They form different collocations and fit into different sentence patterns.
E.g. allow – let
allow sb to so sth. – let sb. do sth.
answer – reply
answer(transitive v.) the letter – reply(intransitive v.) to the letter
sense –meaning
He is a man of sense.
empty -- vacant
empty box/street/room (no one or nothing inside) vacant seat/chair/apartment(not occupied) lump –slice – chunk – sheet –cake
a lump sugar– a slice of meat – a chunk of wood – a sheet of paper –a cake of soap
四.
1.Antonymy--is concerned with semantic opposition.
Antonyms--are words which are opposite in meaning.
2.Types of Antonyms (according to the semantic opposition )
1) Contradictory terms –
these antonyms are truly represent oppositeness of meaning. They are so opposed to
each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them.
They assertion of one is the denial of the other.
E.g. alive—dead, present--absent, male – female, boy – girl, true – false,
same – different, imperfect –perfect
Such antonyms are non gradable.
They can not be used in comparative degrees and do not allow adverbs like
―very to qualify them. (single/married)
特点:对立的/不可分级
2) Contrary terms- a scale running between two poles or extremes. The two opposites are gra dable and one exists in comparison with the other.
E.g. rich--(well-to-do)--poor; old –(middle-aged)-- young,
open –(ajar)—close,
beautiful –(good-looking) –(plain) –ugly,
hot--(warm, cool)--cold
verbs. E.g. love – (attachment) – (liking) – (indifferent) –(antipathy) -- hate
3) Relative terms
–consist of relational oppositeness. The pairs of words indicate such a social
relationship that one of them can not be used without suggesting the other,
the type is also reverse terms. The two words of each pair interdependent.
E.g. parent--child; husband--wife; predecessor –successor, employer -- employee sell—buy, give –receive
3.difference between relative terms and contradictory terms
there is an absolute opposite between relative terms and contradictory terms. In the case of relative terms, the opposition is only relational.
contradictory terms –
e.g. if the adult is not a man, then the adult must be a woman.
4.the characteristics of antonyms
1). Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition.
形容词(most) -- 动词–名词(least)
There are a great many more synonyms than antonyms.
Words denoting nature, quality or state of things have many antonyms. This accounts for the large number of antonyms are adjectives.
2). A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym.
e.g. fast – firm/secure loose quick slow
pleasure-seeking/wild sober
dull -- boring interesting
She became dull and silent during the last part of the journey.
lively dull weather sunny ,dull noise sharp,dull pain acute
these factors affect both intelligent and dull children. Intelligent
3).Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion.
Pairs of antonyms are seen as marked and unmarked terms. One member is more
specific than the other and the meaning of the specific is included in that of the general.
e.g. man–woman
There has been no man in the island. (man signifies human being, including women, but not v ice versa).
dog-male/ female dog
tall—short
How tall is his brother? (includes the meaning of next one)
How short is his brother? (more restricted in sense)
4). Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each has
its own corresponding opposition.
e.g. hot – cold, warm – cool, rich – poor, destitute – opulent
Some words can have two different types of antonyms at the same time, one being negative and the other opposite.
e.g. happy—unhappy-sad,productive—unproductive—destructive
free--unfree-enslaved
5.the use of antonyms
Antonyms have various practical uses and have long proved helpful and valuable in
defining the meanings of words.
fresh bread –stale bread, fresh air –stuff air, fresh flower -faded flower,
fresh look – tired look
Antonyms are useful to express economically the opposition of a particular thought,
often for the sake for contrast. They look neat and pleasan t, and sound rhythmic
Many idioms are formed with antonyms.
Rain and shine无论如何
Here and there到处
Weal and woe祸福
Friend and foe敌友
Now or never机不可失
Thick and thin不顾艰难，险阻
High and low到处
Give an take互让，平等
Antonyms are often used to form antithesis to achieve emphasis by putting
contrasting idea together.
Easy come, easy go. 来的易，去得快。
More haste, less speed. 欲速则不达
United we stand, divided we fall.团结则存，分裂则亡。
五.Hyponymy-deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. These specific words
are known as hyponyms
For instance, tulip and rose are hyponyms of flower. The general word flower is the superordinate term（上义词and the specific ones tulip and rose are the subordinate terms （下义词）
Hyponymy can be descried in terms of tree-like graph, with higher-order superordinates above the lower subordinates.
The sense relation of hyponymy is very helpful in both receptive and productiv e processing of language.
In reading comprehension, coherence by hyponymy is an important key. In production, knowing the semantic features of the hyponyms and their superordinates can help us
achieve vividness, exactness, and concreteness.
The status either as superordinate and sobordinate is relative to other terms.
六.semantic field
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料c h a p t e r 文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]
Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split.
张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》——解析 第一部分Chapter Ⅰ 英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary) Bloomfield 1933 中对词的定义是，每个单词都是最小的自由词。然而这个定义不够全面，存在着缺陷。首先，不是所有的单词都可以独立出现，如the ，a ，my 这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义。另外，Bloomfield的定义侧重在于语法（syntax）却没有涉及到词的意义。随着词汇学的发展跟完善。人们给词下了较为完整的定义。“词，今指语言组织中的基础单位，能独立运用，具有声音、意义和语法功能。”（《辞海》1984（上）375页，上海辞书出版社） 一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。纵观英语的发展历史，我们可以知道，大多数的英语词汇都是外来词，它从拉丁语，法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇，不断的扩充自己，为己所用。特别是第二次世界大战之后，英语词汇得到了空前的发展。现代英语词汇快速发展的原因主要有四方面。一是科学技术的快速发展，二是社会经济的全球化，三是英语国家的政治和文化变化，最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响。 英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成，而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。根据词的起源可以分为本族语和外来语；根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇，文学词汇。口头词汇，俚语以及科学术语。基础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征，稳定性，构词的能力和搭配能力。 第二部分Chapter Ⅱ到Chapter Ⅳ 英语词汇的形态结构和词的构词(Morphological structure of English words and word-formation ) (一) 词素（Morphemes） 单词是有词素（morphemes）构成的。词素即英语语言中有意义的最小单位，同时具有声音和意义。单词可以有一个或一个以上的词素组成。如：nation 是一个词素，national有nation+al 两个词素。词素跟音素（phoneme）不同，词素必须同时具备声音和意义两方面，而音素只需要发出声音即可。如k 和u 只是音素，因为它们没有什么具体含义。而a 和i 分别存在于单词tame 和time 中是音素，但当a是定冠词和i表示第一人称时它们则是词素。词素并不等同于音节（syllable ），因为音节并没有什么具体含义。如单词dis·a·gree·a·ble有五个音节却只有三个语素（dis + agree + able ）。词素有不同的形式，同一语素的不同形式即语素变体。 词素可以分为自由词素（free morphemes）和黏着词素（bound morphemes）。自由词素可以单独成为单词，而黏着词素则必须要依附于其他的词素，如-ly , -ness。 词素又可以分为词根和词缀。词根是单词中表示含义的成分，可以是自由或者黏着词素。词缀只能是黏着词素，它又可以分为屈折词缀（inflectional affixes）和派生词缀（derivational affixes ）。屈折词缀跟语法有关，派生词缀又可以分为前缀跟后缀，这都是构成新单词的重要元素。从词素的层面来说，词可以分类为简单词，复杂词以及合成词。词素在词的构成中取到非常重要的作用，因为构词的二大过程----合成和附加都涉及到了词素，前者是词素的联合，后者是黏着词素附加到自由词素上。 (二) 词的构成（word-formation） 1/5页 有很多种途径可以构成词汇，大的方面主要有合成法（compounding），派生法(derivation)和转换法(conversion)三种，小的方面主要有八个过程，分别是首字母法(acronym)，混合法(blending)，截短法(clipping)，专有名词(word from proper names)，逆构法(back-formation)，复制法(reduplication)，新古典法(neo-classical famation)以及混杂法(miscellaneous)。
英语词汇学 (English Lexicology) 课程编号：05100290课程性质：专业选修课 总学分：2 总学时：36 一课程目的及要求： 英语语言文学专业必修课或选修课。英语词汇学是一门以当代语言学多种理论为指导，全面深入研究英语词汇的专业课程。英语词汇学课程重在揭示现代英语词汇的普遍规律，侧重分析研究现代英语词汇现象，兼顾英语词汇的纵向演变和发展。 本课程旨在帮助英语专业高年级学习者强化英语词汇知识，系统地了解现代英语词汇的过去和现状，把握英语词汇学习与使用的规则和特点。既要培养学生理解语言现象和分析语言问题的理论水平，又要提高学生运用英语的实际能力。二、课程主要内容： 英语词汇学导言（词汇学的性质、重要性、学习方法） 词的基本知识（词和词汇的定义与区别，声音与意义和拼写之间的关系，词汇划分的基本原则及各类词的主要特点） 英语词汇的形成与发展（英语的亲属关系，英语词汇形成和发展的三个时期及其特点，现代英语词汇发展的趋势和方式） 英语构词法I （词的个构成成分，各成分之间的区别，对词进行结构分析）英语构词法II （现代英语主要构词法，这些构词法在英语词汇发展中的地位） 词的意义（了解“意义”的不同含义，词义的理据，几种常见意义） 语义关系和语义场（词与词之间的几种主要语义关系，它们的概念和特点）词义的演变（词义变化的必然性，词义变化的主要方式，词义变化的原因）词义与语境（两种不同的语境，语境对词义的重要作用） 英语习语（英语习语的概念、范畴、特点及其分类原则，习语的作用） 英语词典（不同类型词典的形式、内容、范围及特点） 三、教学方式 以讲解为主，在教学过程中采用研究型教学方式，在讲授基本的词汇学概念和原理之后引导学生进行课堂讨论，课后查阅资料，收集语料，描写语言和分析语言等活动，同时指定阅读材料并作课堂汇报。 四、主要教学参考书： 教材：自编 参考书目： 1. 陆国强：《现代英语词汇学》，上海外语教育出版社，1999 2. 汪榕培、卢晓娟：《英语词汇学教程》，上海外语教育出版社，1997 3. 张维友：《英语词汇学》，外语教学与研究出版社，2000 4. 张韵斐，周锡卿：《现代英语词汇学概论》，北京师范大学出版社，1988 5. 张永言，《词汇学简论》，华中工学院出版社，1982 6．拉耶芙斯卡娅，《英语词汇学引论》，商务印书馆，1960
张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》一书的读后感 摘要语言学 关键词词汇词义语义词的构成 正文 《现代英语词汇学概论》一书共有12章,可以分为四部分.第一部分即ChapterⅠ是英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary),第二部分即Chapter Ⅱ到Chapter Ⅳ的英语词汇的形态结构和构词法(Morphological structure of English words and word-formation )，第三部分即ChapterⅤ到ChapterⅨ的词义及其语义关系(Word meaning and sense relations)，第四部分是Chapter Ⅹ到Chapter ⅩⅡ的英语习语，美国英语，英语词典的使用和选择（English idioms,American English , choice and use of English dictionaries ）. 第一部分Chapter Ⅰ 英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary) Bloomfield 1933 中对词的定义是，每个单词都是最小的自由词。然而这个定义不够全面，存在着缺陷。首先，不是所有的单词都可以独立出现，如the ，a ，my 这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义。另外，Bloomfield的定义侧重在于语法（syntax）却没有涉及到词的意义。随着词汇学的发展跟完善。人们给词下了较为完整的定义。“词，今指语言组织中的基础单位，能独立运用，具有声音、意义和语法功能。”（《辞海》1984（上）375页，上海辞书出版社） 一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。纵观英语的发展历史，我们可以知道，大多数的英语词汇都是外来词，它从拉丁语，法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇，不断的扩充自己，为己所用。特别是第二次世界大战之后，英语词汇得到了空前的发展。现代英语词汇快速发展的原因主要有四方面。一是科学技术的快速发展，二是社会经济的全球化，三是英语国家的政治和文化变化，最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响。 英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成，而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。根据词的起源可以分为本族语和外来语；根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇，文学词汇。口头词汇，俚语以及科学术语。基础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征，稳定性，构词的能力和搭配能力。 第二部分Chapter Ⅱ到Chapter Ⅳ 英语词汇的形态结构和词的构词(Morphological structure of English words and word-formation ) (一)词素（Morphemes） 单词是有词素（morphemes）构成的。词素即英语语言中有意义的最小单位，同时具有声音和意义。单词可以有一个或一个以上的词素组成。如：nation 是一个词素，national有nation+al 两个词素。词素跟音素（phoneme）不同，词素必须同时具备声音和意义两方面，而音素只需要发出声音即可。如k 和u 只是音素，因为它们没有什么具体含义。而a 和i 分别存在于单词tame 和time 中是音素，但当a是定冠词和i表示第一人称时它们则是词素。词素并不等同于音节（syllable ），因为音节并没有什么具体含义。如单词dis·a·gree·a·ble有五个音节却只有三个语素（dis + agree + able ）。词素有不同的形式，同一语素的不同形式即语素变体。 词素可以分为自由词素（free morphemes）和黏着词素（bound morphemes）。自由词素可以单独成
全国2019年4月高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%) 1. There are ______ major classes of compounds. A. two B. for C. three D. five 2. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. Connotative meaning refers to associations suggested by the conceptual meaning. B. Stylistic meaning accounts for the formality of the word concerned. C. Affective meaning is universal to all men alike. D. Denotative meaning can always be found in the dictionary. 3. After the invading Germanic tribes settled down in Britain, their language almost totally blotted out ______. A. Old English B. Middle English C. Anglo-Saxon D. Celtic 4. The idiom “Jack of all trades”results from ______. A. addition B. position-shifting C. dismembering D. shortening 5. ______ are those that cannot occur as separate words without adding other morphemes. A. Free roots B. Free morphemes C. Bound morphemes D. Meaningful units 6. The major factors that promote the growth of modern English are ______. A. the growth of science and technology B. economic and political changes C. the influence of other cultures and languages D. all the above 7. Since the beginning of this century, ______ has become even more important for the expansion of English vocabulary. A. word-formation B. borrowing C. semantic change D. both B and C 8. Which of the following characteristics of the basic word stock is the most important? A. Stability B. Collocability. C. Productivity. D. National character. 1
Chapter 1 1.1 What Is a Word 词的概念：A word can be defined as a meaningful group of letters. （一个词可以被定义为一组有意义的字母） 词包含以下几点： ① a minimal free form of a language.一门语言中最小的形式 ② a sound unity.一个声音统一体 ③ a unit of meaning.一个意义单位 ④ a form that can function alone in a sentence.能在句子中起独立作用的一个形式 A word is a free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.词是一门语言中具有一定的声音，意义和句法功能的最小形式 Words can be simple and complex.词可以是简单的也可以是复杂的 1.2 Sound and Meaning 声音与意义之间的关系：This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary,and there is no logical relationship between the sound and the actual thing and idea itself .The relationship between them is conventional. 这种象征性的联系几乎总是任意的，声音与实际的事物和观念本身没有逻辑关系。他们之间的关系是约定俗成的。 1.3 Sound and Form 读音与拼写不一致的原因：①The English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language. ②The pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. ③Some of the differences were created by the early scribes. ①英语字母表是从罗马人那里采用的，罗马人没有一个单独的字母来代表语言中的每个 声音。 ②这些年来，发音的变化比拼写的变化更快。 ③有些差异是由早期的抄写员造成的。
Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos ,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split. B.Social cause 社会原因 Change in word meaning resulting from a constant verbal traffic between common words and various technical words is referred to as social
全国高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832 Ⅰ．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.（30%）1．According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.（） A．meaning B．Sound C．combination of sounds D．Group 2．The pronunciation has changed ______ spelling over the years.（） A．more slowly than B．As quickly as C．more rapidly than D．Not so quickly as 3．Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by ______.（）A．use frequency B．notion C．origin D．sound 4．Rapid growth of science and technology breeds such new words as the following EXCEPT______.（） A．green revolution B．fast food C．moon walk D．space shuttle 5．Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new ______ to meet the new need. （）A．form B．meaning C．look D．pronunciation 6．Reviving archaic words also contribute to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, in American English “fall” means ______ in British English.（） A．four B．fell C．for D．autumn 7．The plural morpheme “-s” is realized by /s/after the following sounds EXCEPT ______. （）A．/t/ B．/g/ C．/p/ D．/k/ 英语词汇学试卷第 1 页共9 页
第一章word 1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion. 第三章formation 1 1. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 2. Allomorph --- Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are know as allomorphs. 3. Free morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes which are independent of other morphemes. 4. Bound Morphemes--- They are morphemes which cannot occur as separate words. 5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. 6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. 7. Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as inflectional morphemes. 8. Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word. 10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word. 11. Roo t --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity. 12. Stem--- a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. 第四章formation 2 1. Affixation --- affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. 2. Prefixation --- is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Suffixation--- is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. 3. Compounding（Compositon）-- is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. 4. Conversion-- is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. 5. Blending-- is the formation of new words by combined by parts of two words or a word plus a plus a part of another word. 6. Clipping- is the formation of new words by shortening a longer word by cutting a
现代英语词汇学(课后总结中文)
第一章 一个词可以被定义为一个基本单位的言论和作为一个最低的自由形式。它是一个统一的声音和意义，帽子能够执行一个给定的句法功能，所有的话在一个语言的共同组成的词汇。英语的历史发展表明，英语是一个沉重的借用者，它采用了几乎所有已知语言的词汇，尤其是拉丁语、法语和希腊语。第一次世界大战的英语词汇?拉里扩大的速度比以前快后渣土。对了一天英语词汇快速增长的根本原因是科学技术进步的标志，社会经济、政治和文化的变化?宝在英语母语国家的发生，和其他国家的语言和文化的强烈影响， 由于在历史发展过程中出现大规模借贷，英语词汇极其丰富和异质。词汇量从旧英语的50000个增加到了60000个，增加到了世界上最大的一百万个单词。 尽管外来词在本土词汇上占优势，但后者却是英语词汇中最熟悉、最有用的部分。前者增加了灵活性和语言资源?丰满。 英语词汇包含不同种类的词汇。可根据不同的?租金标准分类。词汇可以根据其来源分类为母语反借词。通过使用水平，词可以分为普通（或流行〉词文学的话口语词、俚语和术语。一个词的状态不是固定不变的，而是不断变化的。技术术语可能会很流行，而流行词可以用作专门术语。一些俚语也成为常用词或俗语词可以分为实
词和虚词前有独立的词汇意义，后者，在大多数情况下，没有词汇本身的含义，作为语法信号显示内容之间的连接词。虚词比内容词少得多，但使用频率更高。 第二章 词是由语素构成的，语素是英语最有意义的单位，既有音也有义。一位是任何一个рЬешеMOR的变体形式。 语素111ay被归类为自由或束缚，自由语素是一个可以成为一个独立的COM?完整的话语，而粘着语素不能单独存在；它必须出现至少一个其他语素自由或束缚。 语素可以分为根和根进行affixies，在а?ягогс?意义的重要组成部分，根可以免费或黏着语素 自由根可以独立成为单词，并为语言的形成提供基础。在现代英语中，词根虽然不能用词来表示，也不能用词来构成新词。 词缀是粘着语素。因为它们只在添加到其他语素时才使用。?词缀分类分为屈折词缀和派生词缀，前者涉及到语法，派生词缀分为前缀和就够了，这是重新?相关词形成的根，前缀和后缀的圆弧和单词构成的积木，对语素水平的话可以Ъб分为简单，复杂的复合词，根据数量和他们的COM?构成语素的类型。 语素是重要的。该房屋亲?过程因为两最核心的产出性词汇- lormation过程、复合和词缀，
自考英语词汇学翻译精华整理
English Lexicology(英语词汇学) 1.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.英语词汇学旨在调查和研究英语单词和单词的等价物的形态结构,其语义结构、关系、历史发展、形成和用法。 2.English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics （文体论）and lexicography(词典学) Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary 1.Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence 词语是语言最小的自由形式，拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。 2.Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”词语是一个符号，代表着世界上其他的事物。每种世界文化已经赞成一定的读音将代表一定的人，事，地方，特性，过程，行动，当然是在语言系统之外。这种象征性的联系几乎总是主观的，并且“在代表事物和思想的声音和实际的事物和思想之间没有法定关系” 3.Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other内因是因为英语字母表采用罗马字母，罗马字母没有独立的字母代表每个读音，因此一些字母代表两个读音或者组合在一起发音。
English Lexicology Chapter 1 1.5 Classification of words 词的分类 依据不同的划分标准，可将英语词汇划分为不同的类别。 首先，根据使用频率（use frequency），可将英语词汇划分为： 1.5.1 Basic word stock & nonbasic word stock Basic word stock is the most important part and the foundation of English vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language (语言的共核). 基本词汇是全民族活动共同的和基本的核心词汇，是语言中使用得最多、生活中最必需、意义最明确、生命力最强的词汇。 基本词汇所占比例不大，但在日常交际中使用频率却很高。 基本词汇的六大特征Six characteristics （1）All national character. The most important feature. denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us. （2）stability （3）productivity （4）polysemy （5）collocability 全民性、稳定性、能产性、多义性、可搭配性 但是，数词、代词、助动词、介词、连词等并不具备全部五种特征。 Though numerals and pronouns enjoy nation-wide use, they are semantically monosemous, with low productivity and collocability. 不属于基本词汇的7种词（words do not belong to the common core of the language）（p14）: 1.terminology术语 2.jargon行话 3.slang俚语 4.argot黑话
《现代英语词汇学》(新版)读后感 《现代英语词汇学》是一本十分全面的英语词汇学书籍，从英语词汇的来源、词的语义，词汇在句子中的应用和词汇在语篇中的分析具体的介绍了词汇学，让认为词汇十分枯燥的我对词汇学有了新的认识，对自己记忆单词和分析短语也十分有帮助。对英语词汇的构成及语义、语境作了比较系统而详细的解释和说明，全书用英语撰写，为我们学习和研究英语词汇提供了不少帮助。笔者读过以上两著，感到受益非浅，尤其是构词部分。因为英语基础并不十分扎实，我先看的是中文版的书，阅读之后，我受益匪浅。 首先介绍一下陆老师的生平。 陆国强教授于1934年3月生，任职于复旦大学，是复旦大学首席教授、外文系英语语言文学博士生导师。曾任国务院学位委员会学科评审组成员、全国高等院校外语指导委员会委员。于1991年列入英国剑桥传记中心出版的《名人录》。曾应美国康乃尔大学、哥伦比亚大学、西北大学、加拿大滑铁卢大学以及英国朗文（亚洲）出版公司之邀作过系列学术讲座。1989年被滑铁卢大学电脑中心聘为高级研究员，利用电脑进行英汉语义结构对比研究。 《现代英语词汇学》共分十二章，可归结为四大部分： 第一部分，主要探讨英语词汇的来源、词的形态、词的构成方式、词的语义理据等。第二部分着重研究词的语义特征、词的语义变化和词的语义分类。第三部分着重探讨词汇在句子层次上的应用和理解。而第四部分着重于词汇在语篇层次上作超顺段的分析。 而，在我看来，这本书最大的特点便在于它对词的构成及词的基本性质的描述十分到位，排版也极具逻辑性，简洁明了，从粗略到精细，从概括到一一列举，十分有利于我对这本《现代词汇学》的认识和学习。现在就以第一部分英语词汇的来源、词的形态、词的构成方式、词的语义理据为例，谈谈我对这本书的大致理解和学习。
教学大纲 课程名称英语词汇学课程类型专业课总学时数128 开课专业英语航空任课教师王艳梅 2017年 3月
《英语词汇学》教学大纲 一、课程基本信息 课程名称：英语词汇学 开课学期：2 学时/学分：128 / 6 课程类型：专业课 开课专业：英语航空专业本科生 二、课程简介 英语词汇学是全国高等教育自学考试英语语言文学专业本科段选修课，是培养和检验自学应考者词汇学的基本理论知识和实际语言能力而设置的一门专业课程。 英语词汇学以现代语言学理论为指导，以英语词汇学为研究对象。主要内容有词的基本知识、词的形态结构、词的构成方式、词的意义和语义关系、英语词汇的来源和发展、词义的变化、习语及词典知识。英语词汇学以传授英语词汇的基本理论和基本知识为主要任务，属于理论知识课。但是，其实践性很强，因为词汇本身是构成语言的具体材料，在传授理论的过程中必然要涉及丰富的语言材料和大量的词语例证。 三、相关课程的衔接 预修课程：《英语语言学概论》《英语国家概况》 并修课程：《高级英语》 四、教学的目的、要求与方法 （一）教学目的和要求 通过本课程的学习，使考生对英语词汇学具有比较系统、比较完整的知识，比较深入地了解英语词汇的现状及其历史演变过程，并能对现代英语词汇发展所出现的现象做出分析和解释，提高词语的理解、释义和综合运用的能力，以便毕业后能够比较好地适应工作的需要。 （二）教学方法 认真学习教材，不仅要看懂，而且要善于总结，抓住要点，用简单的语言阐述清楚。多做习题，旨在把学到的知识应用于实践。
五、各章节内容及学时分配 第一章词的基本知识 （一）学时：4 （二）教学目的与要求 通过本章的学习，了解词和词汇的定义和区别，弄清楚声音与意义、声音与拼写之间的关系，掌握词汇划分的基本原则及各类词的主要特点。 （三）教学内容 第一节词的定义 词包含四方面的内容：具有声音、意义、句法功能并能自由运用的最小语言单位。 第二节声音与意义 声音与意义没有内在的逻辑关系。它们之间的联系是任意的、是约定俗成的。 第三节声音与拼写 英语中词的声音与拼写不统一是因为音位数多于字母数，拼写的规范化，早期抄写人员人为的改动以及大量外借词等因素导致。 第四节词汇 词汇是词和词语的总和。它可以是一种语言的断代词汇，某学科领域的词的总和，某书的总词汇，某个人掌握的词语总和等。 第五节词汇的分类 词汇的分类原则。基本词汇和非基本词汇；基本词汇的特点：全民性、稳定性、多产性、多义性、搭配性。实词和虚词及特点。本族语词和外来语词的特点及外来语词的子分类：同化词、非同化词、译借词、借义词。 （四）教学重点和难点 词汇的分类 （五）考核要求 识记：词的定义 声音与意义的关系 读音与拼写不一致的原因 词汇的含义
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料 Chapter 1 A General Survey Of English Vocabulary The Definition of the term “word” 词的定义 The Development of English Vocabulary英语词汇的发展史 Classification of English Words词的分类 The Definition of the term “word” Word: a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function. a minimum free form sound lexical and grammatical meaning syntactic function Bound form粘着形式：Never used as sentences. Free form 自由形式：Consists entirely of two or more lesser free forms. It’s not a phrase，is a word. The Development of English Vocabulary Native: Celtic 1st period(449-1100): Old English or Anglo-Saxon Period (OE or AS) Celtic → Anglo-Saxon (the settlement from 450 AD.) / Old Norse / Latin 2nd period (1100-1500): Middle English Period (ME) French (the Norman Conquest in 1066) Latin 3rd period (1500-present): Modern English Period Early stages of Modern English (1500-1700) Latin (Renaissance) Greek (Renaissance) Contemporary English (1700-present): Three Romance Languages : French, Spanish, Italian Other European languages: Portuguese, German, Dutch … Non-European languages (exploration, colonization, trade) The rapid growth of present-day English vocabulary and its causes. Marked progress of science and technology. Socio-economic，political and cultural changes. The influence of other cultures and languages. Classification of English Words Three main criteria: By origin: 1. native words 本族词 2. loan words 外来词