IV.将下列句子译成英语，注意正确使用表示比较的句型。
2.这台计算机所需的元件数比那台多得多。
This computer requires many more components than that one (does). 3.月亮离地球的距离远达24万英里。
The distance of the Moon from the Earth is as great as 240 000 miles. 4.电阻(resistance)越大，电容器(capacitor)达到其最大电压(voltage)所需的时间越长。
The greater the resistance, the longer time it takes for the capacitor to reach its maximum voltage.
The greater the resistance, the longer time is required for the capacitor to reach its maximum voltage.
V.根据所给的汉语原文，改正各英语文本中的错误。
1.我们容易确定该物体的重量。
We are easy to determine the weight of the body.
It is easy for us to determine the weight of the body.
2.这两位工程师在忙于设计一种新型的计算机。
The both engineers are busy to design a type of new computer.
The two engineers are busy (in) designing a new type of computer.
3.我们发现这个概念很难解释。
We find this concept very difficult to be explained.
We find this concept very difficult to explain.
4.这些窗户均承受不了这么大的力。
All these windows cannot withstand a so large force.
None of these windows can withstand so large a force.
5.功等于力乘以距离。
Work equals to force multiplying distance.
Work equals force multiplied by/times distance.
6.所得结果与实验数值相吻合。
The results obtained fit the experimental values.
The results obtained agree with the experimental values.
I.将下列句子译成英语，要求对划线部分用动词不定式来表示。
2.证明(show)这个表达式(expression)成立(hold)就留作读者的一个习题。
It is left as a problem to the reader to show that this expression holds. 4.这山谷(valley)用作为建坝(dam)的基础(foundation)。
This valley acts as the foundation on which to build the dam.
8.为使该级数(series)收敛(converge, vi.)，必须小于1。
For the series to converge, x must be less than 1.
13.这是画画所用的笔。
This is a pen to draw pictures with.
14.弹性(elasticity)是物体形变(deform, vt.)后能恢复(return to)原状的趋势。
Elasticity is the tendency of an body to return to its original condition after being deformed.
II.根据所给的汉语原文，改正各英语文本中的错误。
1.强调指出了光强随圆柱体直径变化的正弦规律。
The sine law of the variance of the light intensity brought due to the variance of the cylinder diameter has been pointed emphatically.
The sine law of the variation of the cylinder diameter with light intensity has been emphasized.
2.不仅温度和光影响导电率，而且给半导体加杂志也会使导电率变化很大。
Not only temperature and light affect the conductivity, but the addition of impurities to semiconductors also make it to change greatly.
Not only do temperature and light affect the conductivity, but the addition of impurities to semiconductors also makes it change greatly.
3.人们经常发射各种卫星来获得有关太空的信息。
The various satellites are frequently launched to obtain informations about the space.
Various satellites are frequently launched to obtain information about/on space.
4.我们的半导体工业是在20世纪50年代形成的。
Our semiconductor industry comes into being in the end of 1950s.
Our semiconductor industry came into being at the end of the 1950s.
5.我和我的同事们愿对W.史密斯教授给予我们的大力帮助表示感谢。
I and my colleagues would like to express our thank to professor W. Smith for his great help.
My colleagues and I would like to express our thanks to professor W. Smith for his great help.
I.将下列句子译成英语，要求把画线部分用分词或分词短语来表示。
3.速度等于距离除以时间。
Speed equals distance divided by time.
4.电压等于电流乘以电阻。
Voltage equals current multiplied by resistance.
6.变压器(transformer)是由绕(wind)在铁芯(iron core)上的两个或多个线圈(coil)组成的一种装置。
A transformer is a device consisting of two or more coils wound on/around an iron core.
10.若已知时间和速度，我们就能求出距离来。
Given time and speed, we can find out distance.
15.这个力可以分解(resolve)成两个分量(component)，一个是水平的(horizontal)，另一个是垂直的(vertical)。
This force can be resolved into two components, one (being) horizontal and the other vertical.（独立分词结构）
II.把下列句子译成英语，要求把画线部分用“with结构”来表示。5.本文介绍了一种新的设计方法，重点放在其原理上。
This paper introduces a new design technique, with emphasis on its principle.
III.将下列句子译成英语，要求把画线部分用动名词（短语）来表示。
4.对上面的方程整理(rearrange)后，我们得到了以下一个方程组(a set of equations)。
On/Upon rearranging the above equations, we obtain the following set of equations.
IV. 根据所给的汉语原文，改正各英语文本中的错误。
1.已知电阻和电流，就能计算出电压来
Giving resistance and current, voltage can be determined.
Given resistance and current, one/we can determine/calculate voltage.
2.这台仪器的价格很昂贵。
The price for this instrument is expensive.
The price of this instrument is high.
3.机器人是一种特殊的电子设备。
Robot is a kind of special electronic devices.
A robot is a special kind of electronic device.
4.就在我们闭合电路的那一瞬间电流开始流动。
The current starts flowing on very moment we close the circuit.
The current starts flowing at the very moment we close the circuit.
5.这六个月来他们一直在设计一种新型的计算机。
They have been designed a type of new computer since these six months.
They have been designing a new type of computer these six months.
I.将下列句子译成英语，要求用合适的状语从句表示画线部分。
4.虽然(as)原子很小，它们是由更小的微粒构成的。
Small as they are, atoms are made up of still smaller particles.
II.将下列句子译成英语，要求用同位语从句表示画线部分。
1.电压是电流和电阻之乘积(product)这一关系(relation)适用于一切直流电路(dc circuit)。
The relation that voltage is the product of current and resistance applies to all dc circuits.
5.现在出现了这么个问题：该算法(algorithm)是否实用呢？
The question now arises whether this algorithm is of practical use.
7.人们越来越认识到这些方法是很有用的。
There is a growing/increasing awareness that these techniques/methods are very useful.
8.当时最显著的(noteworthy)成就之一是人们认识到了光是由电磁波
(electromagnetic wave)组成的。
One of/Among the most noteworthy achievements at that time was the realization that light consists of electromagnetic waves.
III. 根据所给的汉语原文，改正各英语文本中的错误。
1.这些特点使电子对抗系统难以截获、分析和干扰这种信号。These features make electronic counter-measure systems difficult to intercept and analyze this kind of signal and jam.
These features make it difficult for electronic counter-measure systems to intercept, analyze and jam this kind of signal.
2.这些现象的存在及对它们的控制能力使得制造那些器件成为了可能。
The existence and ability for controlling these phenomena makes those devices possible.
The existence of and the ability to control these phenomena make those devices possible.
3.滤波器的齿数变化对滤波器通带性能的影响比结构尺寸变化产生的影响大。
The variation of the filter’s tooth number more affects the performance of its passband compared with the variation of its dimensions.
The variation of/in the number of filter’s teeth has a greater effect on the performance of its passband than the variation of/in its dimensions.
4.标量检测会失去部分相位信息。
Scalar detection loses some phase informations.
Scalar detection will result in the loss of some phase information.
5.图6表示出了本征参数变换法测量散射参数的原理图。
Fig.6 draws the principle diagram of the natural parameter transformation method for measuring scattering parameters.
Fig.6 draws the schematic diagram of measuring scatter parameters by the natural parameter transformation method.
I.将下列句子译成英语，要求把画线部分用名词从句来表示。
1.现在有待于确定该级数(series)何时收敛(converge)。
Now it remains to be determined when the series converges.
4.在这种情况下磁铁(magnet)是否运动是没有关系的。
It does not matter whether the magnet is moved in this case.
6.一切物质(matter)均是由微粒构成的，这现在已是一个众所周知的事实了。
It is now well-known fact that all matter consists of tiny particles.
II.将下列句子译成英语，要求把画线部分用“what”从句来表示。
1.发电机所做的是把机械能转变成电能。
What a generator does is (to) change mechanical energy into electrical energy.
2.这一章所讲的内容非常重要。
What this chapter describes is of great importance.
5.这个方向与假设的方向相反。
This direction is opposite to what has been assumed.
III.根据所给的汉语原文，改正各英语文本中的错误。
1.图7表示出了x波段波导测试系统。
A x-band wave-guide test system is shown by Fig.7.
An x-band wave-guide test system is shown in Fig.7.
2.这种方法降低了对采样网络硬件的要求。
This kind of method decreases the requirement to the hardware of a sample network.
This method lowers the requirement for the hardware of a sample network.
3.根据上面对该多项式分解的分析，就得到了一种新颖的排列。
On the basis of the above analysis to the decomposition of the polynomial, a novel kind of configuration is followed.
On the basis of the above analysis of the decomposition of the polynomial, a novel configuration results.
4.最后用计算机仿真对窗口损耗概率进行了分析。
In the end, analysis of packet loss probability is presented by computer simulation.
Finally, an analysis of packet loss probability is made by computer simulation.
5.导出的阻抗矩阵稀疏率高达40%。
The sparse ratio of the resulted impedance matrix is 40% high.
The sparse ratio of the resulting impedance matrix is as high as 40%.
I.将下列句子译成英语，要求把划线部分用定语从句来表示。
4.雷达可以测出无线电回波(radio echo)返回(return)所需的时间。Radar can measure the time (that) it takes for the radio echo to return.
7.这个质点(particle)每秒钟振动(vibrate)的次数被叫做频率。
The number of times (that/by which) this particle vibrates per/a second is called/termed/named/known as/spoken of as/referred to as frequency.
10.其每一点的y坐标(y-coordinate)均为零的曲线(curve)就是x轴(x-axis)。
The curve the y-coordinate of each point on which is zero is just the x-axis.
II.将下列句子译成英语，要求把画线部分用以“介词+which”的定语从句来表示。
5.这是给定的两个矢量(vector)为其边(side)的一个平行四边形(parallelogram)。
This is a parallelogram of which the two given vectors are/form sides. III.将下列句子译成英语，要求把画线部分用以“as”从句来表示。
2.顾名思义，流体(fluid)就是一种容易流动的物质(substance)。
As the name shows, a fluid is a substance which flows readily.
IV. 将下列句子译成英语，要求把画线部分用以“than”从句来表示。
V. 根据所给的汉语原文，改正各英语文本中的错误。
1.甚至在这种情况下，这些协议也能为数量有限的用户提供质量可接受的语音服务。
Even in this case these protocols can provide limited amount of users acceptable quality of voice service.(provide sb with stb ,provide sth for sb)
Even in this case these protocols can provide a limited number of users with the acceptable quality of voice service.
2.本文介绍了8098微控制器与386PC机串行通信的方法。
This paper presents a method of 8098 microcontroller series-communicating with 386 personal computer.
This paper presents a method for an 8089 microcontroller to
series-communicate with a 386 personal computer.
3.对均衡器参数对均衡性能的影响进行了详细的分析。
The effect of equalizer parameters for equalization performance is analyzed detailedly.
The effect of equalizer parameters on equalization performance is analyzed in detail.
4.图1中的接收机每个信道包括射频放大器、混频器、中频放大器、A/D转换器。
Each receiver channel in Fig.1 includes RF amplifier、mixer、IF amplifier and A/D converter etc.
Each receiver channel in Fig.1 contains an RF amplifier, a mixer, and IF amplifier, an A/D converter, etc.
5.异常程度越大，残留的失配就越大，曲线就上扬。
Larger is abnormal extent, larger is the residual mismatch and the curve goes up.
The larger the abnormal extent (is), the larger is the residual mismatch, with the curve going up.
III.将下列句子译成英语，要求正确使用强调句型。
4.尚不清楚到底在什么条件下才能使用这个公式(formula)。
It is not clear yet under what conditions it is that this formula can be
used.
IV. 根据所给的汉语原文，改正各英语文本中的错误。
1.作者现在从事于计算机视觉、图像处理和识别。
The author is engaged in the teaching of and the research on computer vision, image processing and recognition.
The author is engages in the teaching of and the research on computer vision, image processing and recognition.
2.设P和Q为同阶的两个布尔排列，那么它们的合成是一个新的布尔排列。
Let P and Q be two Boolean permutations of the same order, then their combination is a new Boolean permutation.
Let P and Q be two Boolean permutations of the same order, and then their composition is a new Boolean permutation.
3.我们给出了三种算法，这些算法能明显地减少提出画笔的时间，从而提高绘画的效率。
We give three kinds of algorithms. These algorithms can remarkably reduce the time for raising the pen, therefore improve drawing efficiency.
Three algorithms are presented, which can remarkably reduce the time to raise the pen, thus raising the drawing efficiency.
4.本文所讲的内容对通信工程师来说是很感兴趣的。
The content of this paper talks about is of the great interest to communications engineers.
What this paper describes if of great interest to communications engineers.
5.本文介绍了用于估算多普勒调频率的最小熵方法，它与经典方法相比具有精度高、计算量小的优点。
The minimum entropy technique for estimating the Doppler frequency rate is presented. Its high accuracy and small amount of computation is advantageous over the classical technique.
The minimum entropy technique for estimating the Doppler frequency rate is presented, which has the advantages over the classical techniques of high accuracy and a small amount of computation.
I.将下列句子译成英语，要求把画线部分用倒装句型表示。
8.电场和磁场(electric and magnetic fields)之间的这种相互关系(interrelationship)使得电磁铁(electromagnetic)和电动机(electric motor)成为了可能。
This interrelationship between electric and magnetic fields makes possible such things as the electromagnet and the electric motor.
10.在导线(wire)中，电子绝不会从正端(positive terminal)流向负端(negative terminal)。
By no means do electrons move from the positive terminal to the negative terminal in a wire.
II.将下列句子译成英语，要求把画线部分用省略句型表示。
4.这个电压小于或等于0.4伏(volt)。
This voltage is less than or equal to 0.4 volts.
7.如果需要，该导线(wire)将涂有(be covered with)某种绝缘物(some insulation)。
If necessary, the wire will be covered with some insulation.
IV.根据汉语原文，改正英语文本中的错误。
1.模拟结果表明，所有这两种方案是容易实现的。
The simulation results prove that all these two schemes are easy to be implemented.
The simulation results show that both the schemes are easy to implement.
2.本文提出的模型及算法比传统的BP算法在性能上有一定的优越性。The model and algorithm proposed in this paper has certain advantage
of the conventional BP algorithm.
The model and algorithm proposed in this paper are to a certain degree/extent superior in performance to the conventional BP algorithm.
3.本文提出了估算频率偏移的一种新方法，其精度高、计算量少。
A new kind of technique to estimate the frequency deviation is proposed with high accuracy and low computation complexity.
A new technique for estimating the frequency deviation is proposed which gives a high accuracy and requires a small amount of computation.
4.利用超分辨率方法来提高在ISAR成像中距离调整的精度(论文标题) Using super resolution technique to improve the accuracy of range alignement in ISAR imaging
Improvement of the accuracy of range alignment in ISAR imaging (by) using the super resolution technique
5.对密码编码器中的DTMF的研究及实现(论文标题)
Research and Realization of DTMF in Cipher Coder
Research on and the realization of DTMF in a Cipher Coder
6.石英扰性加速度计抗恶劣环境能力的分析(论文标题)
Analysis on the ability resisting bad environment for a quartz flexibility accelerometer
Analysis of the ability of quartz flexibility accelerometer to resist bad
environment
硕士课程论文 课程名称： 专业： 姓名： 学号：LAN ZHOU JIAO TONG UNIVERSITY Master Course Paper Paper Name: Course Name: Mayor: Name: Number:
ON-LINE DIAGNOSIS OF MARINE DIESEL CRANKSHAFT CRACK BASED ON MAGNETIC MEMORY LI HAN-LIN, LIN JIN-BIAO, CAI ZHEN-XIONG, LU YONG (Marine Engineering Institute, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021) Abstract: This paper summarized recent diagnosis methods of marine diesel crankshaft crack and introduced the fundamental principle, development and application of metal magnetic memory testing (MMMT) diagnosis technology. Compared with other methods, a scheme developed from MMMT combined with torsional signal to make on-line diagnosis of crankshaft crack was proposed, and the on-line diagnosis experimental platform of diesel was designed. Finally, comments were also made on the on-line MMMT method. Keywords: marine diesel; crankshaft; crack; metal magnetic memory 1Introduction Most of the crankshaft cracks on ocean marine diesel are deeply latent and difficult to detect artificially. In general, while the crack develops to a certain extent it will rupture and cause destructive breakage1. If inchoate stress concentration and tiny crack of crankshaft are detected on-line by Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) methods, the diesel can be stopped before the full development of the crack and thus rupture can be avoided. A new NDT method, MMMT developed rapidly recent years with advantages in such areas as cheap and simple sensors, measuring without impacting diesel operation and long-term on-line detection. Therefore, there will be a great foreground to use MMMT in crankshaft crack detection. 2Dynamic Diagnosis of Crankshaft Crack 2.1 Static Diagnosis of Crankshaft Crack Crankshaft crack is one of the fatal faults in diesels. There are some static NDT methods to diagnose crankshaft crack2such as Ultrasonic Testing, Radiographic Testing, Magnetic Particle Testing, Penetrate Testing, Eddy Current Testing, Optical Holography,and Microwave Testing. These methods have taken an important part in crankshaft quality control and accident prevention. However, on the other hand there are several disadvantages of these methods. Firstly, all of them must find cracks already formed and can not detect unexpected ones. Secondly, they are unable to make on-line detection and fault diagnosis. Thirdly, most of them need surface pretreatment of the facilities before inspection. Finally, the accuracy of detection is affected by crankshaft configuration and personal skill. 2.2 Dynamic Diagnosis of Crankshaft Crack At present there are some methods to diagnose shaft cracks on-line: rotor engine vibration displacement method, train wheel shaft temperature testing, acoustic emission and tortional vibration signal testing. However, vibration displacement method is unfit for diesel crankshaft crack diagnosis due to the strong vibration from reciprocating movement which makes it difficult to survey displacement and acceleration. Although there is local high temperature on the cracks, it is hard to inspect the change of the crankshaft temperature due to the high temperature of the lube oil in the diesels. Acoustic emission method is still in developing as great noise from diesel operation makes it difficult to measure high frequency acoustic wave emitted by crack. Therefore at present it is feasible to diagnose crankshaft crack on-line by using torsional vibration signal. 2.3 Crankshaft Crack Diagnosis Using Torsional Vibration Signal Literature 3 brought forward a method using torsional vibration signal detected real-time from diesel to diagnose crankshaft fault. It studied crack fault diagnosis though measuring the characteristics of the torsional vibration of the shafting flywheel system, and presented that model frequency and damp were sensitive parameters of cracks. The torsional vibration measuring system of the diesel had several advantages such as: easy measuring, no direct contact, cheap sensor and longevity. It was a long-term reliable alarm method for diesel shafting crack. Research group in Marine Engine Institute of Jimei University has done the research of internal-combustion engine score fault with intelligent torsional vibration diagnosis system4, and it was a successful case of on-line fault diagnosis based on torsional vibration signal. 3Metal Magnetic Memory Testing Technique In the year 1997, Russian professor A. A. Dubov brought forward correlative theory of metal magnetic memory on the World Conference on NDT, developed MMM instruments and formed MMM NDT technique5. 3.1 Theory of Metal Magnetic Memory Testing Under the condition of the existence of the outside magnetic field, usually the magnetic field of the earth, there will appear a phenomenon in the stress concentration zone of ferromagnetic components with load that permeability of material besides the zone reduces and surface leak magnetic field increases, which is called magnetostriction. It will makes the surface magnetic field of the ferromagnetic accessory increase, and the magnetic field can remember the location of disfigurement and stress concentration zone, thus it is named metal magnetic memory.
练习1 II冠词 1.Dr. Emmet graduated from Harvard University in 2001.（Emmet博士2001年毕业 于哈弗大学） 2.Professor Li earned his Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering from the Xi’an University of Technology in 1988.（李教授1998年在西安理工大学获得机械工 程博士学位） 3.Now we shall turn to the discussion of local area networks.（现在我们转向（turn to）讨论一下局域网） 4.The Bainbridge mass spectrometer is as important an instrument as the optical spectrometer.（质谱仪是与光谱仪一样重要的仪器） 5.How long a time [或How much time] is required to this experiment?（做这个实验 需要多长时间？） 6.An increase in pressure always causes a decrease in volume.（压力的增加总会引 起体积的减少） 7.Fig. (2-5) shows what is expressed by Eq. (2-2).（图（2-5）画出了式（2-2）所表 示的情况） 8.The unit of inductance is the henry.（电感的单位是亨利） III、改错 1.The UASMA protocol employs a unique frame structure.（UASMA协议采用了 独特的帧结构） 2.Finally, a broad stepped impedance transformer is designed by this method.（最 后，用这种方法设计了宽带阶梯阻抗变换器） 3.Dynamic analysis and evaluation of the security of a proactive secret sharing system（先应秘密共享系统安全性的动态分析和评估） 4.The approach can be applied to the one-dimensional potential barrier with an arbitrary profile.（该方法适用于任意形状的一维势垒） 5.We propose a numerical method based on Newton’s iterative method.（我们提出 了一种基于牛顿地带发的数值方法） 练习2 1. This circuit consists of a battery, an inductor and a capacitor.（该电路是由一个电池、一个电感器和一个电容器组成） 2. Compute the electric fields at points a, b, and c.（试计算在a、b、c三点处的电场。） 3. This satellite is used for communications between the United States and Great Britain, France and Italy.（这颗卫星用于美国与英国、法国、意大利之间的通讯） 4. We assume that the antenna is vertical and that its loss is zero.（我们假设该天线是垂直的，并且其损耗为0）
大学英语写作课怎么上 要上好大学英语写作课除了积累经验以外还要吸取别人的授课方法。下面是给大家整理的大学英语写作课怎么上，供大家参阅! 大学英语写作课怎么上1 关键，备课环节 上好大学英语写作课，关键是备好课，俗话说“台上一分钟，台下十年功”，从中引申出来意思就是准备工作容不得半点马虎。备好课主要做到备课程、备学生、备方法。一要备好课程。我们知道，单列的写作课往往只有几节课，且安排在学期末;可以说，写作课是检验学生一学期的课程内容的标尺，包括学生的单词积累、逻辑思维和行文习惯。因此，在备课时，笔者目的明确，所教的写作内容决不允许局限于课本的例题，而要在各种文体(说明文、论说文和应用文)上加料，突出主题延伸;如笔者在备书信写作课时，就会把书信的各种类别找出来，并自己归纳其格式;;日期的写法+称呼+内容+结束语。二要备好学生。大学生写作水平参差不齐，层次有上中下，必须采取的策略是抓小放大促中间，达到教学的总体均衡;具体操作是备课内容重点放在学习层次较为一般的中下层学生，容易的题目占比增大，体现为从易到难、由有感性向理性逐渐过渡;同时积极参阅历年全国大学语言四六级考试真题，参考《大学英语实用写作课程》[1]等教辅，使得备课内容切合实际、内涵丰富，学生能既能“吃饱”，又容易消化。如我采编的写作常用过渡词(学生运用起来方便快捷)，(1)
对照/but、whereas、however ……(2)让步/nevertheless、although……(3) 原因/because 、since 、for ……(4)结果/so、thus、hence等等。三要备好方法。针对不同的写作课程内容，采用不同的教学方法备课：描写文和记叙文写作课程;;讲授法、探究法，论说文;;讲授法、练习法，应用文;;探究法、讨论法;并利用PowerPoint或Authorware软件将课程内容制作幻灯片，加插动画、视频、音频和解说手段，力求内容生动、直观、有趣，学生容易接受。 2 重心，施教环节 我们知道，教学目标的实现很大程度上依赖课间教学。为实现成果转化的最大性，笔者会在课堂上采用各种不同的教学法或多种教学法穿插进行。特别在讲授应用文写作时笔者多采用探究启发式教学法，因为应用文类别多、各有格式，导致学生很容易混淆。 谈大学英语写作教学中的几点体会一、大学英语写作教学的现状分析1、对英语写作重视程度欠缺 在大学英语教学中，仍然是教师占主导地位，在语言知识的输入与输出地关系上，大多数学校的学生仍然是被动的知识接受者，即所获取的语言知识大多是听力、阅读等输入型的言语信息，一旦接触到语言输出环节(说和写)，学生就会感觉到力不从心。 在教学环节中，从教师的角度来看，在听说课上，他们的主要精力用于对学生听的训练，而让学生说的机会甚少;在读写课上，由于课堂时间所限，教师将大部分时间用来传授基本的语法知识和词汇用
第一单元语法部分参考答案 PART III GRAMMAR Subject- Verb Agreement When the subject is compound Reference for the Classroom Activities Summary: 1. A compound subject with and takes a plural verb in most cases, but when it expresses a singular meaning or when each of the singular subjects is considered individually, it takes a singular verb. 2.After a compound subject with or, nor, either…or, neither…nor, not …but,the verb agrees in number and person with the nearer part of the subject. 3.Intervening phrases or clauses not introduced by coordinating conjunctions do not affect the number of a verb. Such phrases are normally introduced by prepositions or prepositional phrases such as well as, as much as, rather than, along with in addition to, together with, with, plus, and including. When the subject expresses quantity Reference for the Classroom Activities All the sentences are correct. Summary: 1.Nominal phrases of time, money, weight and measurement normally take a singular verb. 2.Some words or phrases, such as all, most, alf, the last, the rest, take a singular or plural verb, depending on the meaning of the noun or pronoun that follows. 3.Phrases lik e lots of, heaps of , loads of take singular or plural verbs depending on the form of the nouns that follow. 4.In sentences with more than one or many a modifying the subject nouns, the verb should take a singular form though it is plural in meaning. When the subject is a relative pronoun, a what-clause, or in the there-be structure Reference for the Classroom Activities
科技英语论文写作学习心得作为一名刚刚步入科研工作的学生，深切的感触到，科研的进步在于科研工作之间交流，讨论，阅读。而面对全球众多的科研工作者来说，本领域学者之间的交流，最多的形式不过于是以文字形式进行传播的科研文章，各个国家学者的文章是大家相互学习的最有效的途径。那么面对不同种族，不同语言，文字的科研工作者来说，要想让更多的相关领域的人们读到自己的文章，对自己的研究成果进行审阅。他们就需要用一种大家都可以看的懂的文字来将自己的文章展现在相关的科研平台上以供大家的查看和检索。英语作为世界各国人们交流的一种流通语言，同样可以用来作为科研领域学术文章流通的工具。那么如何写好一篇英文的科技论文，如何让那些非英语为母语和以英语为母语国家的科研人员可以读懂你的文章，不会对你所达的内容产生歧义，以达到科研学术结论供大家参考的目的，这其中的方式与技巧，必然与我们平常的英语写作形式，写作以及口语表达习惯有着很大的区别。每一个科研学者都需要自己去阅读和学习，英文科技论文当中大家定性的相关规定与方法，从而了解到其他的科研学者是通过什么样的写作模式将自己的科研成果通过英文的方式让更多的人看到，了解并去传播的。通过对研究生阶段的这门科技英语论文写作课程的学习，让我认识到虽然自己已经经历过从中学到大学的十多年的英文学习，对英文这门语言来说也算是有课一定的掌握，但面对科技论文的写作时发现其有着自己的一套详细而又独特的写作方法，面对这种新颖的写作特点，既觉得新奇有感觉到了有点难受，特别是当面对最后的大作业中文文献翻译成英文时候，深深的感受到其翻译中给我带来的艰难。在课堂上，老师生动，幽默而又不失严厉的教学模式，对学生高标准，严要求，本着对学生负责的态度通过与学生互动对每一个知识点进行讲解，之后又通过在课堂上及时的实战练习，将学过的知识点直接进行应用练习，让学生很快就可以掌握其翻译要领，这样有条有理的教学方法，必然是一个有着多年教学经验的老教师才可以展现出来的风采。教学内容上老师较多将在学术文章中可能遇到的情况进行了举例讲解，如面对实验方法，实验设备，实验数据的分析和结果等语法表达，以及对一篇文章所要具有的结构，主题，除此之外，文章开头的背景，研究课题的意义，目的，价值，研究方法的描写，其中在英语论文的书写中多使用到的语法，时态等都通过不同例句进行分析和学生一起学习。其中的每一个知识点对以后遇到的可能的写作都有着很实用的价值。教学中的每一个环节老师都主动和大家交流互动，引导大家的思维开放，用自己积累的方式与单词将一句话表达清楚，整个过成让人心情愉悦，轻松。其次，课堂上还着重讲解了在引用文章，引用他人的结论时可能出现的问题及技巧，如何通过时态的不同和使用将不同的内容引用的合理，其中的有些规定在科技文章的写作中如果要想表达的准确，明了还是很有必要的，而这个在自己私下的阅读和练习中是很难以注意到的。在用词造句上，口语与书面语的差别，和使用方法也同样通过例句的分析比较传授给学生，让我深刻的感受到书面语言的正式，严谨。在句型上通过对一段长句的划分析，每一个单词的词性和多意的理解，进行揣摩构造，表达出自己想要讲述的内容，并在课堂上老师多次带领学生一起对一整篇已经在科学杂志期刊上发表过的文章进行现场导读讲解，使学生可以完全跟进老师自己的阅读习惯和模式，以达到将自己的英文方面的技能的到传授的目的。在课堂的结束阶段，老师又对以往大家在英文科技论文写作中经常遇到的各种问题与错误进行了总结和指导，让我对今后使用英文对科研类文章的撰写有了更大的信心。总的来说，科技英文论文写作这门课程是一门非常实用的课程，是每一个科研人员都应该学习并拥有的一项必要技能，这门课程对新入学的研究生，即将进入研究岗位的大四学生等都是有着及其重要的教学意义，希望今后将会有更多的接触科研的学生在这个课堂上受益。
“Results and Discussion”的写作技巧：案例分析 例Clusters and Inverse Emulsions from Nanoparticle Surfactants in Organic Solvents[Langmuir 2015, 31, 1344?1352] 这篇文献主要介绍一种在非极性溶剂中自组装合成纳米粒子的方法。该方法在乙醇或含羧基基团溶剂中通过控制聚苯乙烯的长程排斥力和硫醇分子的短程吸引力。这一案例中Results和Discussion分开写的。 1 Results部分： 结果部分作者结合图形客观、生动的展现了实验结果。图示下方用简要的文字进行了图示说明。图中不同曲线用不同的颜色进行了标注，直观、明了。 1.1紫外吸收光谱： 介绍实验结果引用文献结论 1.2 0.31PS 20 kDa-loaded 粒子聚集后吸收峰随时间变化：
对于反应不了的结论也应指出，同时提出实验结果与下文表征结果相符。 1.3 800nm处吸光度值的比较； 1.4随时间增加，粒子尺寸的增加； 1.5胶束粒径的分布； 1.6裸粒子和不同胶束的流体动力学； 1.7三种不同粒子的TEM表征图； （作者均结合图像对表征图像内所反应内容客观的叙述。） 1.8不同粒子状态下的SAXS:
对于不常用的表征方法要解释使用的理由，并结合参考文献的内容来佐证。 2 Discussions部分: 讨论部分解释结果中的现象，合理分析原因。并将各图像之间所反映 的事实联系在一起。
相类似的实验现象已有文献报道，对结果结合参考文献进行进一步解释 指出研究结果在实际中可能的应用； 讨论中对于研究中的不足或不明确指出也要明确指出。
V、练习参考答案 练习1 I、 1、the（各项均为负。) 2、the; a （功率额定值是电阻器不会引起温度太大的上升而能安全地耗散的最大功率。） 3、an（这是均方根值伏特计。） 4、The; a（该设备的成功设计需要详细地了解性能指标。） 5、the; a; a（在氢原子的布尔模型中，一个电子绕一个质子以半径为R的圆周运转。） 6、the（电阻的单位是欧姆。） 7、an （这是一个h参数。） 8、/; /（图5－1画出了Oersted的实验。） 9、A; a; a（机器是能够传递力来完成某一确定目的的一种设备。） 10、/（水压机将在第14章加以考虑。） 11、the; the [/]（我们容易确定参数μ的值。） 12、/; the（根据式（2－1），我们得到以下的关系式。） 13、the; /（作者工作在位于阿林顿的得克萨斯大学。） 14、an（甚至当积分区间并不是无穷时，能够恰当地显示一个时函数的傅氏变换的仪器是多么重要啊！） II、 1.Dr. Emmet graduated from Harvard University in 2001. 2.Professor Li earned his Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering from the Xi’an University of Technology in 1988. 3.Now we shall turn to the discussion of local area networks. 4.The Bainbridge mass spectrometer is as important an instrument as the optical spectrometer. 5.How long a time [或How much time] is required to this experiment? 6.An increase in pressure always causes a decrease in volume. 7.Fig. (2-5) shows what is expressed by Eq. (2-2). 8.The unit of inductance is the henry. III、 1.The UASMA protocol employs a unique frame structure. 2.Finally, a broad stepped impedance transformer is designed by this method. 3.Dynamic analysis and evaluation of the security of a proactive secret sharing system 4.The approach can be applied to the one-dimensional potential barrier with an arbitrary profile.
PART III GRAMMARp -ing and -ed forms of verbs Reference for the Classroom Activities 1）That woman who is laughing is my mother. 2）Finally they found the treasure that had been hidden. 3）This is the place that is most frequently reported in the press. 4）The boy who was enchanted stared at the screen, mouth wide open. Now, ask students to summarize the use of the -ing and -ed forms as modifiers Summary 1.The –ing form of a verb is used when the action described by the verb continues to happen or when the relationship between the modified and the verb is active. 2.The –ed form of a verb is used when the action is completed at the time another action occurs or when the relationship between the modified and the verb is passive. Nouns Reference for the Classroom Activities 1）.development of career educators 2）. readjustment of the flight timetable 3）. money problems of high-school art education 4）. country for family vacation 5）. the study of the growth of childhood personality Now, ask students to summarize the rules of using nouns as modifiers. Summary Nouns can be put ahead of another noun as its modifiers in English; but too many nouns clustered can cause ambiguity and misunderstanding. Very often the maximum of nouns as modifiers is two, though sometimes this number may be exceeded. So the guiding principle for noun modifiers is that they shouldn pose too much difficulty to the reader’s comprehension.
V、练习参考答案 练习1 II、 1、an（人们对这课题的兴趣越来越浓。) 2、a （功率额定值是电阻器不会引起温度太大的上升而能安全地耗散的最大功率。） 3、an（其主要的缺点是增加了噪声。） 4、The; a（该设备的成功设计需要详细地了解性能指标。） 5、the; a; a（在氢原子的布尔模型中，一个电子绕一个质子以半径为R 的圆周运转。） 6、the（频率的单位是赫兹。） 7、a; a; an; the（如果在电路的两端加上电压的话，就会有电流在电路中流动。） 8、/; /（图5－1画出了Oersted的实验。） 9、an（这里我们应该使用一个18伏的电池。） 10、A; a; a（机器是能够传递力来完成某一确定目的的一种设备。） 11、The; /（水压机将在第14章加以考虑。） 12、The; the; the（研究处于运动中的流体，是力学中较为困难的分支之一，因为可能出现的现象是多种多样的。） 13、the; the [/]（我们容易确定参数μ的值。） 14、/; the（根据式（2－1），我们得到以下的关系式。） 15、an（在这里必须使用一根S形管子。） 16、the; /（作者工作在位于阿林顿的得克萨斯大学。） 17、an（这是一只R位的变换器。） 18、An（这里必须使用一个“异”或门电路。XOR = Exclusive OR）III、 1. 2.We turn now to a discussion of local area networks. 3. optical spectrometer. 4. 5.The density of a substance is its mass per unit volume. 6.106 m. 7.
科技英语论文写作学习心得 作为一名刚刚步入科研工作的学生，深切的感触到，科研的进步在于科研工作之间交流，讨论，阅读。而面对全球众多的科研工作者来说，本领域学者之间的交流，最多的形式不过于是以文字形式进行传播的科研文章，各个国家学者的文章是大家相互学习的最有效的途径。那么面对不同种族，不同语言，文字的科研工作者来说，要想让更多的相关领域的人们读到自己的文章，对自己的研究成果进行审阅。他们就需要用一种大家都可以看的懂的文字来将自己的文章展现在相关的科研平台上以供大家的查看和检索。英语作为世界各国人们交流的一种流通语言，同样可以用来作为科研领域学术文章流通的工具。那么如何写好一篇英文的科技论文，如何让那些非英语为母语和以英语为母语国家的科研人员可以读懂你的文章，不会对你所达的内容产生歧义，以达到科研学术结论供大家参考的目的，这其中的方式与技巧，必然与我们平常的英语写作形式，写作以及口语表达习惯有着很大的区别。每一个科研学者都需要自己去阅读和学习，英文科技论文当中大家定性的相关规定与方法，从而了解到其他的科研学者是通过什么样的写作模式将自己的科研成果通过英文的方式让更多的人看到，了解并去传播的。 通过对研究生阶段的这门科技英语论文写作课程的学习，让我认识到虽然自己已经经历过从中学到大学的十多年的英文学习，对英文这门语言来说也算是有课一定的掌握，但面对科技论文的写作时发现其有着自己的一套详细而又独特的写作方法，面对这种新颖的写作特点，既觉得新奇有感觉到了有点难受，特别是当面对最后的大作业中文文献翻译成英文时候，深深的感受到其翻译中给我带来的艰难。在课堂上，老师生动，幽默而又不失严厉的教学模式，对学生高标准，严要求，本着对学生负责的态度通过与学生互动对每一个知识点进行讲解，之后又通过在课堂上及时的实战练习，将学过的知识点直接进行应用练习，让学生很快就可以掌握其翻译要领，这样有条有理的教学方法，必然是一个有着多年教学经验的老教师才可以展现出来的风采。教学内容上老师较多将在学术文章中可能遇到的情况进行了举例讲解，如面对实验方法，实验设备，实验数据的分析和结果等语法表达，以及对一篇文章所要具有的结构，主题，除此之外，文章开头的背景，研究课题的意义，目的，价值，研究方法的描写，其中在英语论文的书写中多使用到的语法，时态等都通过不同例句进行分析和学生一起学习。其中的每一个知识点对以后遇到的可能的写作都有着很实用的价值。 教学中的每一个环节老师都主动和大家交流互动，引导大家的思维开放，用自己积累的方式与单词将一句话表达清楚，整个过成让人心情愉悦，轻松。其次，课堂上还着重讲解了在引用文章，引用他人的结论时可能出现的问题及技巧，如何通过时态的不同和使用将不同的内容引用的合理，其中的有些规定在科技文章的写作中如果要想表达的准确，明了还是很有必要的，而这个在自己私下的阅读和练习中是很难以注意到的。在用词造句上，口语与书面语的差别，和使用方法也同样通过例句的分析比较传授给学生，让我深刻的感受到书面语言的正式，严谨。在句型上通过对一段长句的划分析，每一个单词的词性和多意的理解，进行揣摩构造，表达出自己想要讲述的内容，并在课堂上老师多次带领学生一起对一整篇已经在科学杂志期刊上发表过的文章进行现场导读讲解，使学生可以完全跟进老师自己的阅读习惯和模式，以达到将自己的英文方面的技能的到传授的目的。在课堂的结束阶段，老师又对以往大家在英文科技论文写作中经常遇到的各种问
练习1 I、在下列每个句子的空白处填上适当的冠词（如果必要的话），然后将句子译成汉语： 1. There has been _____ ever greater interest in this subject. 2. The power rating is the maximum power the resistor can safely dissipate without too great _____ rise in temperature. 3. Its primary disadvantage is _____ increase in noise. 4. _____ successful design of the equipment requires _____ detailed knowledge of the performance specifications. 5. In _____ Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, _____ single electron revolves around _____ single proton in a circle of radius R. 6. The unit of frequency is _____ hertz. 7. If _____ voltage is applied across _____ circuit, _____ electric current will flow in _____ circuit. 8. _____ Fig. 5-1 shows _____ Oersted’s experiment. 9. We should use _____ 18-volt battery here. 10. _____ machine is _____ device for transmitting force to accomplish _____ definite purpose. 11. _____ hydraulic press will be considered in _____ Chapter 14. 12. _____ study of fluids in motion is one of _____ more difficult branches of mechanics because of _____ diversity of phenomena that may occur. 13. It is easy to determine _____ value of _____ parameter μ. 14. By _____ Eq. (2-1) we have _____ following relation. 15. It is necessay to use _____ S-shaped tube here. 16. The authors work at _____ University of Texas at _____ Arlinton. 17. This is _____ R-bit transformer. 18. _____ XOR gate must be used here. II、将下列句子译成英语，注意正确地使用冠词： 1、这是一个h参数（parameter）。 2、现在我们转向（turn to）讨论一下局域网（local area networks）。 3、Bainbridge 质谱仪（mass spectrometer）是与光谱仪（optical spectrometer）一样重要的仪器。 4、必需求出为使一个电子通过（travel）这一段导线（length of the wire）需要多长的时间。 5、物质（substance）的密度（density）是其每单位体积的质量（mass）。 6、地球的半径（radius）为6.37×106米。 7、这两个参数（parameter）是相同的。 8、压力的增加总会引起体积的减少。 9、图（2－5）画出了式（2－2）所表示的情况。 10、电感（inductance）的单位是亨利（henry）。 11、输入信号（input signal）太大会引起非线性失真（nonlinear distprtion）。 12、利用斜率（slope）的定义，我们能导出（derive）表示直线（straight line）的方程。 13、f (x＋h)－f(x)这一表达式（expression）经常用在学习微积分（calculus）中。