Chapter 1Labor Economics: Introduction and Overview
1.Because resources are scarce relative to human wants, economics is best described as:
a. the science of allocating productive resources fairly
b. a science of choice
c. the science of allocating goods and services fairly
d. the set of natural laws that govern human behavior in the face of adverse conditions
https://www.doczj.com/doc/aa6873295.html,bor economics is studied as a distinct subfield of economics because:
a. the bulk of national income is received by labor
b. the concepts of supply and demand must be revised somewhat when applied to labor markets
c. labor economics can be used to analyze major socioeconomic trends such as the surge in the number of women workers
d. all of the above
3.The bulk of national income flows to:
a. l and owners in the form of rent
b.capital owners in the form of interest
c. c apital owners in the form of profit
d. workers in the form of wages and salaries
4.As distinct from product market transactions, labor market transactions are unique in that:
a. to the seller, the nonmonetary characteristics of the sale can be as important as the price
b. labor demand curves slope upward
c.the price of labor is not determined by supply and demand factors
d.they are less complex
5.The concept of demand must be modified when applied to labor markets to reflect the fact that:
a. non-monetary characteristics of jobs may be as important to workers as their pay
b. labor demand curves slope upward from left to right
c. the demand for labor is derived from the demand for the various products that labor produces
d. the demand for output is derived from the demand for labor used to produce that output
6.The “old”view of labor economics stresses _____ while the “new”view focuses upon _____.
a.analysis; markets
b.description; analysis
c.description; institutions
d.institutions; description
7.Because scarcity forces people to make purposeful choices, labor market participants:
a.work as many hours as possible
b.respond to changes in perceived costs and benefits
c. make choices that cannot be predicted
d.must have perfect information
8.Which one of the following topics is most suited to macroeconomic analysis?
a. Labor supply decisions of married women
b. Short-run labor demand in a particular industry
c. The individual decision on how much education to obtain
d. The impact of a recession on the country’s unemployment rate
Chapter 2 The Theory of Individual Labor Supply
1. In the context of the basic work-leisure model, “work”is defined as:
a. time devoted to a paying job or household work
b. time devoted to a paying job
c. time devoted to any “undesirable”activity
d. all time not devoted to rest and relaxation
2. The slope of an indifference curve at any point reflects the:
a. willingness of a person to substitute leisure for income
b. wage rate
c. income effect
d. substitution effect
3.Indifference curves are convex to the origin because:
a.at a lower income, a person is more willing to sacrifice income for additional leisure
b.at a lower income, a person is less willing to sacrifice income for additional leisure
c.at any income level, a person is willing to sacrifice the same amount of income for additional leisure
d.the marginal rate of substitution of leisure for income is negative
4. The convex shape of a standard indifference curve reflects:
a. a diminishing marginal rate of substitution of leisure for income
b. an increasing marginal rate of substitution of leisure for income
c. a constant marginal rate of substitution of leisure for income
d. the wage rate
5. For income and leisure time, a higher level of utility is achieved by moving to the _____ on an indifference _____.
a. northeast; curve
b. southwest; curve
c. northeast; map
d. southwest; map
6.On a standard income-leisure diagram, Sara has steeper indifference curves than John. This likely reflects the fact that:
a. Sara likes leisure but dislikes income while John likes both
b. Sara likes income but dislikes leisure while John likes both
c. Sara values leisure more highly compared to income than John does
d. John values leisure more highly compared to income than Sara does
7.Consider the three combinations of leisure and income represented by points A, B, and C. Which of the following is a correct statement?
a.A is preferable to B
b.A is preferable to C
c.B is preferable to C
d.C is preferable to A
8.Which of the following is a correct statement?
a.At A the individual’s marginal valuation of leisure is higher than the market wage
b.At B the individual’s marginal valuation of leisure is higher than the market wage
c.At C the individual’s marginal valuation of leisure is lower than the market wage
d.At B the individual values leisure the same amount as at A
9. The slope of a standard budget constraint reflects:
a. diminishing marginal rate of substitution of leisure for income
b. an increasing marginal rate of substitution of leisure for income
c. a constant marginal rate of substitution of leisure for income
d. the wage rate
10. In an income-leisure diagram, the wage rate is graphically represented by the:
a. slope of the indifference curves
b. curvature of the indifference curves
c. slope of the budget line
d. tangency of the budget line with an indifference curve
11. The optimal work-leisure position is achieved where:
a. the MRS L,Y is equal to the wage rate
b. the difference between the MRS L,Y and the wage is greatest
c. the wage rate is greatest
d. the MRS L,Y is greatest
Chapter 3 Population, Participation Rates, and Hours of Work
14. Which one of the following is not a plausible explanation of the observed change in the participation rate of males age 65 and older since World War II?
a. Growth in the percentage of the labor force covered by private pensions
b. Cutbacks in Social Security benefits
c. The long-term growth of average real incomes and wealth
d. The increased generosity of the disability component of Social Security
15. Which one of the following gives rise to a retirement-inducing substitution effect? As workers approach retirement age:
a. Social Security benefits become available
b. wealth becomes sufficient to make retirement affordable
c. earnings potential decreases and leisure becomes relatively more costly
d. earnings potential decreases and leisure becomes relatively less costly
16.Which one of the following is not predicted to increase the labor force participation rate of married women?
a. Rising wage rates for husbands
b. Rising productivity in the household
c. Declining birthrates
d. Attempts to maintain living standards
17.“For married women, the substitution effect of rising wage rates has apparently outweighed the income effect.”This statement is:
a. true because the labor force participation rate of women has been increasing
b. true because married women have had to work to maintain household living
standards
c. not true because the labor force participation rate of women has been increasing
d. not true because the labor force participation rate of women has been declining
18. According to the textbook, each of the following factors may have contributed to increased female labor force participation except:
a. rising divorce rates
b. expanding job accessibility
c. fewer educational opportunities
d. a desire to maintain household living standards
19.The secular decline in the birth rate:
a. has contributed to the increased labor force participation rate of women
b. may partly be caused by the increasing opportunity cost of children as women’s wages have increased
c. both a. and b. are correct
d. neither a. nor b. are correct
20. Fuchs’research suggests the most important reasons for the increased labor force participation rate of women are:
a. rising real wages and expansion of service sector jobs
b. rising real wages and the feminist movement
c. the feminist movement and passage of antidiscrimination legislation
d.passage of antidiscrimination legislation and technological innovations in household production methods
21. Compared to white females, the labor force participation rate of black females is _____. Compared to white males the labor force participation rate of black males is _____.
a.nearly identical; the same
b.greater; lower
c.lower; greater
d. nearly identical; lower
22. In the mid-1950s, white males:
a.were more likely to participate in the labor force than were black males
b.were less likely to participate in the labor force than were black males
c.and black males were about equally likely to participate in the labor force and that relationship still holds
d.and black males were about equally likely to participate in the labor force but now white men have a higher participation rate
23.Since 1950, the labor force participation rate of white women has:
a. increased until it nearly equals that of black women
b. fallen until it nearly equals that of black women
c. increased and now significantly exceeds that of black women
d. been steady since World War II
24. Until recently, the labor force participation rate of black women has _____ the rate of white women. In recent years the labor force participation rate of black men has _____ the rate of white men.
a. been slightly less than; consistently exceeded
b. consistently exceeded; been slightly less than
c. consistently exceeded; consistently exceeded
d. been slightly less than; been slightly less than
25. A “supply side”explanation of the lower participation rate of black males compared to white males is that:
a. blacks command lower wage rates and are usually last-hired and first-fired
b. black workers are located in the inner city while jobs are in the suburbs
c. black women’s labor force participation rate is lower than that of white women
d. opportunities outside the labor market, such as Social Security and public assistance, afford comparatively more attractive alternatives to blacks
26. Which one of the following will tend to increase the likelihood of participation in the labor force for a current non-participant?
a. A decrease in the spouse’s wage
b. An increase in the spouse’s wage
c. An increase in family size
d. Falling productivity in household production of commodities
Chapter 4 Labor Quality: Investing in Human Capital
1.“Expenditures on education and training can be fruitfully treated as investment in human capital.”This statement is:
a. true—current expenses are incurred with the expectation they will be more than compensated for by greater future returns.
b. true—education must be financed by borrowing money
c. false—the market for college loans is too imperfect to be consistent with investment models
d. false—education is purchased for its current (consumption) value, not its future (investment) value
2. Approximately what percentage of the population had completed four or more years of college by the year 2000?
a.8%
b.14%
c.27%
d.41%
3. Available evidence indicates that:
a. age-earnings profiles vary with education, but not with age
b. age-earnings profiles vary with age, but not with education
c. age-earnings profiles of workers with more education tend to be flatter, but higher, than those with less education
d. differences in earnings between workers who have more education and those who have less education generally widen with age
4. The total cost of formal education typically does not include:
a.expenditures for tuition, books, and fees
b.earnings foregone by choosing not to enter the labor force
c. expenditures for room and board
d.transportation expenses to and from college
5.The primary indirect cost of going to college is:
a. earnings given up by not entering the labor market directly after high school
b. an enhanced future flow of earnings
c. t he value of room and board that would have been provided at home
d.tuition expenses
6. According to human
Capital theory, areas 1, 2
and 3 represent respectively:
a. indirect costs, direct costs,
and incremental earnings
b. direct costs, indirect costs,
and incremental earnings
c. indirect costs, direct costs,
and total earnings d. direct costs, indirect costs,
and total earnings
7.In deciding whether or not to go to college, one would compare the discounted
value of:（图同上）
a.area 3 to the discounted value of area 1
b.area 3 to the discounted value of area 2
c.area 3 to the discounted value of areas 1 and 2
d.areas 2 and 3 to the discounted value of area 1
8.Which one of the following would increase the likelihood of investing in a college
education?（同上图）
a. a n increase in area 1
b.a reduction in area 2
c. a reduction in the retirement age
d.a reduction in area 3 and an equal increase in area 2
9.Suppose there is now a 25% likelihood that a person ’s work career may be interrupted for ten years after schooling has been completed. In the diagram above,
this development would:(同上图)
a. have no impact
b.shrink area 2
c. shrink area 1
d.shrink area 3
10.Consider an individual who will invest a total of $10,000 in direct and indirect
costs for training in order to increase earnings by $12,500 for the next year. Suppose the interest rate is 8%. If this person plans to retire the following year, the net
present value of this investment is:
a. zero
b. between $1500 and $2500
c. $2500
d. between $11,500 and $12,500
11.An earnings maximizing student would attend college if:
a.the net present value of a college education is zero
b.the internal rate of return on a college education is positive
c.the internal rate of return on a college education exceeds the interest rate
d.there is an earnings gain associated with a college education
12.At the optimal amount of education, the internal rate of return on education is: College High School Age 65 22 1 2 3 E a r n i n g s
a.maximized
b.higher than the market rate of interest
c.lower than the market rate of interest
d.equal to the market rate of interest
13.Which one of the following circumstances would lead to increased investment in education by women?
a.An increase in the likelihood of interrupted labor market careers
b.Employment opportunities for women improve
c.Higher discount rates for women than men
d.Persistent discrimination against women
14.All else equal, investment in education will be greater, the:
a.higher the interest rate
b.greater the direct cost of education
c.lower the expected retirement age
d.greater the earnings differential between more and less educated workers
15.Human capital theory predicts that the proportion of people attending college will decrease if:
a. the age at which retirement benefits are received is lowered to 59
b.the age at which retirement benefits are received is raised to 75
c.there is a relatively large population of new high school graduates
d.there is an increase in the demand for college educated workers
16. Most rate-of-return studies of education indicate that:
a.social rates of return generally exceed private rates of return
b.private rates of return are about 2.5% –7%
c.private rates of return are about 8% –13%
d.private rates of return have been steady over the 1956 –1995 period
30.Which one of the following most closely approximates pure specific training?
a.Learning tax accounting
b. Learning a management information system that is unique to your firm
c.Majoring in management information systems at a major university
d.Learning a widely-used spreadsheet program that is used at your firm
31.General training:
a. will be paid for by the employee in the form of a reduced wage
b.raises the trainee’s value only to the firm that is providing the training
c.helps to make labor a quasi-fixed resource
d.reduces the worker’s value to the firm, because the worker’s wage rate would have to rise
32.Specific training:
a.will be paid for by the employee in the form of a reduced wage
b.occurs once a student majors in a specific subject area
c. helps to make labor a quasi-fixed resource
d.reduces the worker’s value to the firm, because the worker’s wage rate would have to rise
33.A worker who has obtained specific training is:
a.more likely to establish a long-term association with an employer because the worker has made an investment he does not wish to lose
b.more likely to establish a long-term association with an employer because the
employer has made an investment she does not wish to lose
c. both a. and b. are correct
d.neither a. nor b. is correct
34.Charley ’s employer is considering him for a training program that will cost $3 per
hour. His current marginal revenue product is $15 per hour and will rise to $20 upon
completion of the program. If this is general training, Charley ’s training and post-training wage, respectively, will most likely be:
a. $15; $20
b.$15; $17
c.$12; $15
d. $12; $20
35.Mary ’s employer is considering her for a training program that will cost $3 per
hour. Her current marginal revenue product is $15 per hour and will rise to $20
upon completion of the program. If this is firm-specific training, Mary ’s training and post-training wage, respectively, will most likely be:
a. $15; $20
b.$15; $17
c.$12; $15
d.$12; $20
Questions 36 and 37 refer to the following diagram, in which MRPu refers to the
marginal revenue product of an untrained worker, while MRPt refers to this worker ’s marginal revenue product as a result of a program of on-the-job training.
36.In the case of general training, the wage rate during the training period will be
_____, while the post-training wage will be _____.
a. W1; W3
b.W1; between W2 and W3
c.W2; between W2 and W3
d.W2; W2
37.In the case of specific training, the wage rate during the training
period will be _____, while the post-training wage will be _____.
a.W1; W3
b.W1; between W2 and W3
c. W2; between W2 and W3
d.W2; W2 Chapter 5 The Demand for Labor
1. The "zone of production" consists of labor inputs over the range of:
a. 0X
b. YZ
c. 0Y
d. XZ
Time W3 W2
W1
MRPt
MRPu Total Product
Labor
X Y Z A
B C 0
2.The slope of line segment OD can be interpreted as the:（同上图）
a.total product of labor at Y
b.average product of labor at Y
c.marginal product of labor over the range 0Y
d.greatest possible marginal product of labor
3.The slope of line segment 0D can be interpreted as the:（同上图）
a.marginal product of labor at Y
b.total product of labor over the range 0Y
c.marginal product of labor over the range 0Y
d.the greatest possible total product of labor
4.Between X and Y:（同上图）
a.the marginal product of labor is falling, but is greater than average product
b.both the marginal product and the average product of labor are falling
c.marginal product is rising and average product is falling
d.both the marginal product and the average product of labor are rising
5.The "law of diminishing marginal returns" begins to take effect at labor input level:（同上图）
a. 0
b.X
c.Y
d.Z
6.At point C:（同上图）
a. average product is maximized
b. marginal product is maximized
c.marginal product is zero
d.total product is zero
7.In stage I of the production function, increases in the amount of labor will:
a.increase the productivity of both capital and labor
b.increase the productivity of capital but not labor
c.increase the productivity of labor but not capital
d.decrease the productivity of both capital and labor
8.Which of the following best describes the “law of diminishing marginal returns”?
a.the marginal product of labor is negative
b.output per worker must eventually fall
c.as more labor is added to a fixed stock of capital, total output must eventually fall
d.as more labor is added to a fixed stock of capital, labor’s marginal product must eventually fall
9.Which of the following equalities holds when the profit-maximizing quantity of labor is employed in the short?run?
a.MRP = MWC
b. MP = wage rate
c.MRP = AP
d.MRP = 0
10. The short-run labor demand curve of a competitive firm is:
a.its average revenue product curve
b.its marginal revenue product curve, provided marginal product is below average product
c.its marginal product curve
d.stage II of the total product curve
11. Value of marginal product (VMP) differs from marginal revenue product (MRP) in that:
a.MRP measures the value society places on the next worker’s output while VMP measures the value the firm places on the next worker’s output
b.VMP measures the value society places on the next worker’s output while MRP measures the value the firm places on the next worker’s output
c.MRP always exceeds VMP
d.VMP always exceeds MRP
12.Suppose product demand is given by the column labeled D1. If the wage rate is $100, the firm will achieve maximum profit by hiring _____ workers.
a. 3
b. 4
c. 5
d.6
13. Suppose product demand is given by the column labeled D1. If the wage rate rises from $100 to $130, the firm will reduce the quantity of labor employed by _____ unit(s)（同上表）
a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. 3
14. Suppose product demand is given by the column labeled D1. If the wage rate is $120, the firm will achieve maximum profit by hiring _____ workers.（同上表）
a. 3
b.4
c. 5
d.6
15. Suppose product demand is given by the column labeled D1. The value of the marginal product of the fourth worker is:（同上表）
a. $10
b. $54
c.$120
d.$540
16. Suppose product demand is given by the column labeled D2. If the wage rate is $100, the firm will achieve maximum profit by hiring _____ workers（同上表）
a.2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
17. Suppose product demand is given by the column labeled D2. The extra revenue generated by the fourth worker is:（同上表）
a. $1
b. $12
c.$48
d.$405
18.Suppose product demand is given by the column labeled D2. If the wage rate rises from $100 to $130, the firm will reduce the quantity of labor employed by _____ unit(s).（同上表）
a. 0
b.1
c. 2
d.3
https://www.doczj.com/doc/aa6873295.html,pared to D1, a firm facing demand schedule D2 will hire: （同上表）
a.the same number of workers, since total product is the same in both instances
b.fewer workers, since product price declines as output increases
c.more workers, since product price declines as output increases
d.more information is required
20.The marginal revenue product schedule:
a.measures the increase in total revenue that results from the production of one more unit
b.measures the decline in product price that a firm must accept in order to sell the extra output of one more worker
c.is the same whether the firm is selling in a purely competitive or imperfectly competitive market
d.is the firm's labor demand schedule, provided the firm is operating in the zone of production
21.If the wage is $20.00, how many workers will this profit-maximizing firm choose to employ? a.2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5
22.What are the value of marginal product and the marginal revenue product, respectively, for the fourth worker?（同上表）
a. $67.20; $9.60
b. $12.60; $9;60
c.$16.80; $8.40
d.$75.60; $67.20
23. If the wage is $11.00, how many workers will this profit-maximizing firm choose to employ?（同上表）
a. 2
b.3
c. 4
d.5
24. Rather than the product demand schedule shown in the table, suppose this firm sold its output competitively for a price of $2.00. In this case, how many workers will this profit-maximizing firm choose to employ at a wage of $22.00?（同上表）
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
25. "The extra output, measured in dollars, that accrues to society when an additional unit of labor is employed" best describes:
a. marginal product
b. marginal revenue product
c.value of marginal product
d.total revenue product
26. For a firm selling output in an imperfectly competitive market, its labor demand curve will:
a.reflect the value of marginal product schedule, provided the firm is operating in the zone of production
b.decline solely because of diminishing marginal productivity
c.decline because of diminishing marginal productivity and because product price declines as output increases
d.be perfectly elastic if the firm is hiring labor competitively
28. "To find the market demand curve for a particular type of labor, simply sum the labor demand curves of all employers of that type of labor." This statement is:
a.true
b.false—sum the value of marginal product curves for the firms to account for changes in wage rates as employment increases
c.false—sum the value of marginal product curves for the firms to account for changes in output price as production increases
d.false—although the price of output for any individual firm may be constant, this may not be the case for all firms taken collectively
29.Which of the following best describes the output effect of a wage increase?
a.The firm's marginal cost increases, the firm desires to produce less output, and therefore less labor is required
b.The cost of labor is relatively higher causing the firm to use relatively more capital and less labor
c.The firm’s marginal cost falls, the firm desires to produce more output, and therefore more labor is required
d.The firm’s labor demand curve becomes more inelastic, causing it to employ less labor
30. Which of the following best describes the substitution effect of a wage increase?
a.The firm's marginal cost increases, the firm desires to produce less output, and therefore less labor is required
b.The cost of labor is relatively higher causing the firm to use relatively more capital and less labor
c.The firm's labor demand curve less elastic, causing it to employ less labor
d.The firm's labor demand curve becomes more inelastic, causing it to employ less labor
31. Which of the following best describes the output effect of a wage decrease?
a.The firm's marginal cost increases, the firm desires to produce less output, and therefore less labor is required
b.The cost of labor is relatively higher causing the firm to use relatively more capital and less labor
c.The firm’s marginal cost falls, the firm desires to produce more output, and therefore more labor is required
d.The firm’s labor demand curve becomes more inelastic, causing it to employ less labor
32. Which of the following best describes the substitution effect of a wage decrease?
a.The firm's marginal cost decreases, the firm desires to produce less output, and therefore less labor is required
b.The cost of labor is relatively lower causing the firm to use relatively more labor and less capital
c.The firm's labor demand curve less elastic, causing it to employ less labor
d.The firm's labor demand curve becomes more inelastic, causing it to employ less labor
33.The firm’s short-run labor demand curve is typically:
a.less elastic than its long-run labor demand curve
b.the same as its long-run labor demand curve
c.more elastic than its long-run labor demand curve
d.more elastic than its long-run labor demand curve only if labor and capital are gross complements
34. Suppose that, as a result of an decrease in the market supply of labor, the wage rate has risen 10%. After adjusting its employment level, a firm find its total wage bill has decreased. This occurrence indicates that the firm’s labor demand:
a.is inelastic over this range of wages
b.is elastic over this range of wages
c.is unit elastic over this range of wage
d.was inelastic at the old wage, but is elastic at the new, higher wage
35. Suppose that, as a result of an increase in the market supply of labor, the wage rate has fallen 10%. After adjusting its employment levels, a firm find its total wage bill has decreased. This occurrence indicates that the firm’s labor demand:
a.is inelastic over this range of wages
b.is elastic over this range of wages
c.is unit elastic over this range of wages
d.was inelastic at the old wage, but is elastic at the new, higher wage
36. In comparing two otherwise identical industries X and Y, an economist finds that labor demand is more elastic in industry X. Which of the following would support this finding?
a.Capital and labor are less easily substituted for one another in X than in Y
https://www.doczj.com/doc/aa6873295.html,bor costs as a percentage of total costs are relatively lower in X than in Y
c.Product demand elasticity is higher in X than in Y
d.Substitute resources have a less elastic supply in X than in Y
37. In comparing two otherwise identical industries X and Y, an economist finds that labor demand is less elastic in industry X. Which of the following would support this finding?
a.Capital and labor are less easily substituted for one another in X than in Y
https://www.doczj.com/doc/aa6873295.html,bor costs as a percentage of total costs are relatively higher in X than in Y
c.Product demand elasticity is higher in X than in Y
d.Substitute resources have a more elastic supply in X than in Y
Chapter 6 Wage Determination and the Allocation of Resources
1. Which one of the following is generally considered a characteristic of a perfectly competitive labor market?
a. A few workers of varying skills and capabilities
b. Wage-setting behavior by firms
c. Numerous firms hiring labor from the same pool of qualified workers
d. Costly information
2.Which of the following best explains why the market labor supply curve is upward sloping, even though individual supply curves are normally backward bending?
a. T he statement is not true: market labor supply curves are also backward bending
b. Market labor supply curves are “price-adjusted,” whereas individual supply curves are not
c. L ower wages in a given market increase the demand for labor, so more labor must be supplied to maintain labor market equilibrium
d. Higher wages in a given market attract more workers away from other activities, more than compensating for any reduction in hours by individuals already in the market
3.In a perfectly competitive environment, the height of the market labor supply curve at any given number of labor hours indicates:
a. the total cost of employing that number of hours in the given occupation
b.the marginal cost of employing the first hour of labor
c. the value of the alternative activity in which the marginal hour might otherwise be used
d.the maximum wage employers would be willing to pay to attract the marginal hour from its alternate use
4.The profit maximizing employer will obtain its optimal level of employment where: a. marginal revenue product equals value of marginal product
b. marginal revenue product equals marginal wage cost
c.value of marginal product equals marginal wage cost
d.marginal product equals marginal revenue product
5.At wage rate W1 there is an: a.excess supply of labor and the wage rate will fall
b.excess supply of labor and the wage rate will rise
c.excess demand for labor and the wage rate will fall
d.excess demand for labor and the wage rate will rise
6.For the supply and demand curves in the diagram,
the level of employment will be highest at:(同上图)
a. wage rate W1
b.wage rate W2
c.a wage rate higher than W1
d.a wage rate lower than W2
7.If the wage rate is W2 and capital and labor are gross complements, then an increase in the cost of capital will:(t 同上图)
a.increase the supply of labor and drive the wage down
b.decrease the demand for labor and drive the wage down
c.increase the demand for labor and drive the wage up
d.either increase or decrease the demand for labor depending on whether the substitution effect or the output effect is stronger
8.Suppose workers in this labor market (X) are qualified to work in an alternative competitive labor market (Y), and vice versa. An increase in the demand for labor in market Y will:（同上图） W a g e
Labor W
W
a.increase labor supply in X and drive its wage down
b.decrease labor supply in X and drive its wage up
c.reduce labor supply in Y and drive its wage down
d.have no impact at all in X
9.A net increase in people ’s preferences for work versus leisure in this market will:（同上图）
a.increase labor supply, reducing the wage rate
b.decrease labor supply, increasing the wage rate
c.increase labor demand, increasing the wage rate
d.decrease labor demand, reducing the wage rate
10. At the profit maximizing level of employment for a monopolist:
a.marginal revenue product equals the value of marginal product
b.marginal revenue product exceeds the value of marginal product
c.value of marginal product equals the marginal wage cost
d.marginal revenue product is less than the value of marginal product
11. All profit-maximizing firms hire labor up to the point where:
a.price times marginal product equals the wage rate
b.marginal revenue times marginal product equals the wage rate
c.price times marginal product equals the marginal wage cost
d.marginal revenue times marginal product equals the marginal wage cost
12.Suppose the wage is currently W1 and L1 is
the level of employment. Then, the value of the last worker ’s additional output is _____ and
the opportunity cost of the last worker ’s time is _____: a. W1; W1 b. W1; W2
c. W1; W3
d. W2; W2 13. Suppose the wage is currently W3 and L1 is
the level of employment. Then we should expect the wage to:（同上图）
a.rise and employment to rise
b.rise and employment to fall
c.fall and employment to rise
d.fall and employment to fall
14. Which one of the following conditions is required for allocative efficiency?
a.Marginal revenue product exceeds the value of marginal product by the greatest amount
b.Marginal revenue product equals the wage rate
c.Value of marginal product equals the marginal wage cost
d.Value of marginal product is the same in all alternative employments of labor
15. Allocative efficiency is achieved when:
a. the marginal product of labor equals its value of marginal product
b.all resources are fully employed
c.the price of each resource equals the value of its marginal product
d.the price of each resource equals the value of its marginal product and its w a g e
Labor S D W1 W2 L1 W3
marginal opportunity cost
16. The table indicates that:
a. the firm sells output in a perfectly competitive market
b. the firm is a monopolist
c.the firm hires labor in a perfectly competitive market
d.the firm is a monopsonist
17. How many workers will this firm hire if the wage is $10?(同上图)
a.3
b.4
c. 5
d.6
18. What is the value of the third worker’s marginal product?（同上图）
a. $18
b.$57
c.$72
d.$342
19. For firms in competitive labor markets:
a.PL = MWC and VMP = MRP
b.PL = MWC and VMP > MRP
c.PL > MWC and VMP = MRP
d.PL > MWC and VMP > MRP
20. Which of the following is a true statement?
a.Monopolists employ too many labor resources, because the value of the marginal product exceeds the marginal opportunity cost of labor
b.For a monopolist, the marginal revenue product of labor exceeds marginal wage at the profit maximizing level of employment
c.Monopolists pay a lower wage than competitors for the same type of labor
d.The monopolist’s demand for labor curve is less elastic than if it were a competitor in the sale of its output.
27. A monopsonist’s marginal wage cost curve is positively sloped because:
a.it “discriminates”by paying each worker a different wage according to his or her opportunity cost
b.it must charge a lower price for each additional unit of output, and it must charge this lower price for all units sold
c.it pays its workers lower wages, so that the supply of labor to the market is restricted
d.it must pay a higher wage to attract additional workers, and it must pay this higher wage to all workers
Chapter 8 The Wage Structure
1.Assuming workers and jobs are identical, if information is perfect and job search and migration are costless, then:
https://www.doczj.com/doc/aa6873295.html,bor may or may not flow among employers
https://www.doczj.com/doc/aa6873295.html,bor will flow among employers until all wages are equal
https://www.doczj.com/doc/aa6873295.html,bor will flow among employers until all economic profits are zero, but wages
may be unequal
d.all firms will hire the same number of workers in equilibrium and pay them all the same wage
2.Assuming workers and jobs are identical, if information is perfect but job search and migration are costly, then:
a. labor may or may not flow among employers
https://www.doczj.com/doc/aa6873295.html,bor will flow among employers until all wages are equal
https://www.doczj.com/doc/aa6873295.html,bor will flow among employers until all economic profits are zero, but wages may be unequal
d.all firms will hire the same number of workers in equilibrium and pay them all the same wage
Questions 3 and 4 refer to the following diagram:
3.Consider the two labor markets shown in the diagram above. The wage rates shown represent:
a.long run equilibrium
b. long run equilibrium if all nonwage aspects of the jobs are identical
c.long run equilibrium provided the workers are in noncompeting groups
d.long run equilibrium if information is perfect and costless
4.Suppose that all other nonwage aspects of the jobs in these two markets are identical. We would expect labor supply in B to increase if:
a.the probability of job loss rises in B
b.earnings are more variable in A
c.job safety improves in A
d.there are better prospects for advancement in A
5.Of the following occupation groups, average hourly earnings are greatest among: a. service workers b.operators, fabricators, and laborers c.precision and production workers d. managerial and professional workers
6.Of the following industries, average hourly earnings are greatest in:
a. mining
b. services
c.manufacturing
d.construction
7.Which of the following is not a source of persistent compensating wage differentials?
a. migration from lower paying jobs to higher paying jobs
b.fringe benefits
c.job status
d.different skill requirements W a g Labor DA W a g
Labor DB
Questions 8 and 9 refer to the diagram below, which represents a local labor market consisting of two submarkets. All workers are assumed to be identical.
8.Assume that information is perfect, mobility between jobs is costless, and that all nonwage aspects of the two are identical. The outcome shown in the diagram: a.represents an equilibrium
b.does not represent an equilibrium. The demand for labor in market A will shift rightward, and that in market B will shift leftward until wage rates equalize
c. does not represent an equilibrium. The supply of labor in market A will shift leftward, and that in market B will shift rightward until the wage rates equalize
d.does not represent an equilibrium. The supply of labor in market B will shift leftward, and that in market A will shift rightward until the wage rates equalize
9.Suppose that the wage in B is higher because workers perceive disutility of $2 associated with this job relative to A. Assuming that information is perfect and mobility between jobs is costless, we can conclude that:
a. the wage differential between jobs A and B is an equilibrium differential
b.workers will flow from job A to job B
c.workers will flow from job B to job A
d.the demand for labor in B will fall and the demand for labor in A will rise
10. Suppose all workers are identical but working for Ajax is more pleasant than working for Acme. In all other nonwage respects the two firms offer the same job characteristics. In equilibrium:
a.the wage at Ajax will be higher than at Acme
b.the wage at Ajax will be lower than at Acme
c.workers will have lower net utility at Acme
d.employment will be higher at Ajax if demand is the same in both markets
12.If job X pays more than identical job Y , then the wage rates will:
a.remain different if mobility is costless
b.remain different if information is perfect
c.equalize because labor will migrate from X to Y
d. equalize if information is perfect and mobility is costless
13.The wage rate paid workers at Flow, Inc. will most likely exceed that at otherwise w a g e
Labor SA DA 10 W a g e Labor SB DB 12 Market A Market B
identical Stock Co. if:
a.Flow, Inc. is a more prestigious firm than Stock Co.
b.earnings are subject to greater variability at Stock, Co.
c. Stock Co. offers better pension and insurance benefits than Flow, Inc.
d.the demand for labor at Stock Co. exceeds the demand for labor at Flow, Inc.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/aa6873295.html,pared to similar jobs, the wage paid to steelworkers in Youngstown, Ohio will be lower if:
a. the cost of living in Youngstown is lower than elsewhere
b.working in the steel industry is more dangerous and loud
c.steelworkers have less control over their work environment
d.there are fewer prospects for promotion among steelworkers
15.Lower-paid workers often seem to have less desirable working conditions as well because:
a.lower-paid workers tend to have proportionately greater fringe benefits.
b.employers discriminate against unskilled workers
c. the compensating differential for skill often outweighs the compensating differential for poor working conditions
d.the compensating differential for poor working conditions often outweighs the compensating differential for skill
16.People who receive relatively high pay also tend to work in a relatively desirable work environment. This is probably because:
a.employers have imperfect information
b.highly paid and poorly paid workers are in noncompeting groups
c.firms with desirable working conditions are operating off their normal isoprofit curves
d. the differential required to compensate for high skill swamps the differential required for poor working conditions
17. Which of the following research findings would support an efficiency wage explanation of pay differentials?
a.Firms with higher turnover costs pay lower than average wages
b.Firms with higher costs of detecting shirking pay higher than average wages
c.Pay is positively correlated with human capital investments in a given industry
d.Differences in observable worker characteristics explain most of the variance in pay across industries
18.Which one of the following is a true statement?
a.Workers cannot ever move from one noncompeting group to another
b.Wage differentials caused by the existence of noncompeting groups can persist over time
c.The concept of noncompeting groups applies only to workers in different geographical locations; it does not apply to productivity differences among workers
d.The concept of noncompeting groups explains why wage rates do not fall in a recession
19. Compared to present-oriented people, individuals who are more future-oriented tend to have _______ discount rates and consequently tend to obtain _______
education and earnings:
a.lower; more
b. lower; less
c.higher; more
d.higher; less
20. Consider a worker who faces a tradeoff between wages on the vertical axis and job safety on the horizontal axis. The less averse is the worker to risk of injury on the job, the:
a.lower is the wage earned by the worker
b.steeper is this worker ’s indifference curves
c. flatter is this worker ’s indifference curves
d.lower are the profits of this worker ’s employer 21.The shape of the worker ’s indifference curves —I1, I2, and I3—indicates that:
a.the worker faces a constant trade-off between
job safety and wages
b.for each successive reduction in job safety,
greater increases in wages are required to maintain
the same utility
c.for each successive reduction in job safety,
smaller increases in wages are required to maintain
the same level of utility
d.for each successive reduction in job safety, smaller reductions in wages are required to maintain the same utility
22.The firm ’s isoprofit curve, P, is shown as concave to the origin, reflecting the assumption that:（同上图）
a.the firm faces a constant trade-off between job safety and wages
b.each successive increase in job safety comes at a decreasing expense to the firm
c.each successive increase in job safety requires a smaller drop in wages to maintain normal profits
d. each successive increase in job safety comes at an increasing expense to the firm
23. The highest level of utility the worker can possibly achieve is:（同上图） a.I1, if P is a normal-profit isoprofit curve
b. I2, if P is a normal-profit isoprofit curve
c.I1, if P represents a positive economic profit
d.I3, if P is a normal-profit isoprofit curve
25.Which one of the following best explains the differences in
the isoprofit curves of the two firms?
a.X has lower profits than Y because X is paying higher wages
b.X has higher profits than Y because X ’s high wages attract
workers who are less relaxed and thereby less likely to shirk on the job
c.X pays a higher cost than Y for providing additional informality
d.Y pays a higher cost than X for providing additional informality
Job Safety I1
I2 I3 P W a g e
读书破万卷下笔如有神 《劳动经济学》作业参考答案 一、单项选择题 1．劳动经济学的研究对象是（ D ） A．稀缺的信息资源配置问题 B．稀缺的技术资源配置问题 D．稀缺的土地资源配置问题．稀缺的劳动资源配置问题 C2．如果两类劳动力是总替代关系，则一类劳动力的工资率上升会引起另一类劳动力（ C ）A．供给的增加 B．供给的下降 D ．需求的下降 C．需求的增加3．引起劳动力需求量变动的根本原因是（ A ）A．工资率 B．生产技术 D．企业的性质 C．货币资本规模 4．在其他条件不变的情况下，由于对教育、培训有较高回报的预期，因此，人力资本投资 增加，将使（ A ） A．劳动供给增加 B．劳动供给减少 D．劳动需求增加C ．劳动需求减少 5．在工资率和收入水平较低的情况下，随着工资率提高，劳动者将增加劳动供给。造成这 种现象的原因是（ A ） A．收入效应 B．替代效应 D．收入效应大于替代效应 C．收入效应小于替代效应 6．如果某种劳动力供给弹性系数等于零，则该劳动力供给弹性为（ A ）A．无弹性 B．单位弹性 D ．富有弹性 C．缺乏弹性7．劳动力市场达到充分就业的条件是（ C ）A．劳动力市场上供给大于需求 B．劳动力市场上供给小于需求 C．市场工资率等于均衡工资率 D．市场工资率低于均衡工资率 ） B ．下列各项培训成本中，属于培训投资机会成本的是（8． 读书破万卷下笔如有神 A．雇员在接受培训期间的工资 B．接受培训的人员在培训期间对产量的影响C．租用培训场地的费用 D．培训教材费用 9．计件工资的适用范围是（ C ） A．机械化、自动化程度高的行业和企业 B．产品数量和质量不易准确确定的行业和企业 C．产品数量和质量能准确计算检验的行业和企业 D．产品、经营项目较多和生产条件多变的行业和企业 10．如果某劳动力市场存在地区或行业卖方垄断，则（ D ） A．其他地区或行业的就业量减少 B．该地区或行业工资率低于市场均衡工资率C．该地区或行业的就业量增加 D．该地区或行业的劳动力供给曲线左移11．下列关于货币工资和实际工资变动关系的正确表述是（ A ） A．若货币工资不变，当商品价格上升，则实际工资下降 B．若货币工资不变，当商品价格上升，则实际工资上升
xc1、单选（50题） 50分想知识点（结论和概念） 2、论述题（1题） 20分直截了当回答问题1、2、 3、 4、5…… 3、案例题（1题） 30分看清题干，就事论事，不用讲理论 绪论 1、劳动经济学研究什么——稀缺的劳动力市场资源配置问题 劳动经济学是以研究如何实现劳动（或者说劳动力）这一稀缺资源的最优配置为主要内容的。（分析和研究劳动力需求和供给的行为及其影响因素） 研究对象：市场和政府 2、劳动经济学作为独立学科的发展，标志是什么——布卢姆《劳动经济学》（第一本劳动经济学教科书） 3、实证、规范分析法 实证多：讲事实，无建议；规范少：有价值判断 第一章 1、失业率如何计算，什么是失业率，具体场景下的失业率如何计算 失业率是失业人员在劳动力人口（失业人口+就业人口）中所占的比率。 就业率是就业人口与潜在劳动力人口之间的比率。 就业率+失业率≠1
2、劳动参与率概念，为什么要有劳动参与率（其作用） 劳动参与率可以表示为（实际）劳动力人口在潜在劳动力人口之中的比率。 实际劳动力人口 = 就业人口 + 在积极找工作的失业人口 潜在劳动力人口 = 劳动年龄人口 - 因智力或身体原因丧失劳动能力的人 - 服刑人员。实际计算中，使用劳动年龄人口替代潜在劳动力人口。 劳动参与率>总人口参与率。 劳动参与率与总人口参与率差距大： 若劳动力储备导致总人口劳动参与率低——好； 若老龄化导致总人口劳动参与率低——危险。 3、总薪酬概念——总薪酬是含税的（图）
4、劳动力需求曲线、劳动力供给曲线——就业量、市场出清工资率在两曲线左右移动下的 变化（如劳动力需求曲线左移，此时就业量减少） 需求曲线右移（需求量增加），均衡工资率增加，就业量增加； 需求曲线左移（需求量减少），均衡工资率减少，就业量减少； 供给曲线右移（供给量增加），均衡工资率减少，就业量增加； 供给曲线左移（供给量减少），均衡工资率增加，就业量减少。
初级劳动经济学90分 1．第1题 人力资本的形成需要投资主体的多元化。有效的投资主体包括（）。 A.家庭 B.个人 C.企业 D.政府 E.国际有关基金组织 您的答案：A,B,C,D,E 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 2．第2题 产生磨擦性失业的原因有（）。 A.市场组织不完备 B.劳动力供求信息不灵 C.科学技术的进步，使得提高的劳动生产率取代一部分劳动力 D.季节变化 E.行业与企业发生调整或转移 您的答案：A,B,E 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 3．第3题 影响个人收入差距的最主要原因是（）。 A.歧视 B.在职培训 C.正规教育的数量和质量 D.家庭背景 E.社会关系 您的答案：A,B,C,D,E 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 4．第4题 社会保障的类型主要有（）。
A.传统型社会保障 B.福利型社会保障 C.储备金型社会保障 D.国家型社会保障 E.家庭个人型社会保障 您的答案：A,B,C,D 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 5．第5题 各国都将降低失业率作为一个极为重要的社会政策，其原因是( )。 A.失业的存在对经济效率的不良影响大 B.失业是对失业者本人的打击 C.失业使劳动者生活水平迅速下降 D.失业使劳动者丧失生活来源 E.失业能优化劳动力资源配置 您的答案：A,B,C,D 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 6．第6题 1劳动报酬业绩化表明（）。 A.A、谁年龄大、职务高、职称高、报酬也就高 B.B、谁工作时间越长，报酬就越高 C.C、知识含量高的劳动，其报酬就高 D.D、劳动报酬与劳动业绩成正比 E.E、岗位工资制被业绩工资制所取代 您的答案：C,D,E 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 7．第18题 46、下面属于雇主提供的重要福利项目有（）。 A.节假日支付的报酬 B.失业、养老、工伤、医疗等保险项目
(单选题)1: 企业对员工进行特殊培训所花费成本的补偿方式是（）。 A: 由受训员工直接承担所有培训成本 B: 由企业直接承担所有培训成本 C: 用低于员工的VMP水平支付员工工资 D: 用高于员工的VMP水平支付员工工资 正确答案: (单选题)2: 垄断企业的劳动力需求曲线的斜率（）。 A: 大于1 B: 等于1 C: 等于零 D: 为负值 正确答案: (单选题)3: 经济学中的均衡状态指的是（）。 A: 市场分析中假定各种力量都不变的状态 B: 经济运行中各种对立和变动的力量处于相当或稳定的状态 C: 经济运行中各种对立和变动的力量同时处于变动的状态 D: 运动着的物体受到的合力等于零时所处的相对静止状态 正确答案: (单选题)4: 在下列企业提供的培训中，属于一般培训的是（）。 A: 生产知识培训 B: 产品知识培训 C: 专业技能培训 D: 普通话培训 正确答案: (单选题)5: 劳动的边际产量是指（）。 A: 增加一个单位的劳动要素投入而增加的产量 B: 增加一个单位的劳动要素投入而增加的收入 C: 增加一个单位的劳动要素投入而增加的产品价值 D: 增加一个单位的劳动要素投入而增加的工资投入 正确答案: (单选题)6: 个人劳动力供给曲线与其他供给曲线存在明显区别，即“向后弯曲”。造成这种结果的主要原因是（）。 A: 收入效应大于替代效应 B: 收入效应小于替代效应 C: 总互补关系 D: 总替代关系 正确答案: (单选题)7: 等成本线的斜率取决于（）。
A: 劳动投入的数量 B: 资本投入的数量 C: 科技投入的数量 D: 劳动与资本要素的价格 正确答案: (单选题)8: 资本存量增加引起的生产效率提高对劳动力需求的影响取决于（）。A: 企业的生产规模 B: 企业的生产技术 C: 产品价格的高低 D: 产品需求弹性的大小 正确答案: (单选题)9: 衡量、测度人口参与社会劳动程度的指标是（）。 A: 就业率 B: 失业率 C: 劳动力供给弹性 D: 劳动力参与率 正确答案: (单选题)10: 由职业和收入的稳定性引起的工资差别是（）。 A: 人力资本投资的补偿性工资差别 B: 效用均等化的补偿性工资差别 C: 竞争性工资差别 D: 垄断性工资差别 正确答案: (单选题)11: 工会在集体谈判中，对其谈判能力约束最大的条件是（）。 A: 政府政策与法律 B: 工会组织规模大小 C: 劳动力需求的工资弹性 D: 用人单位与劳动者之间的劳动合同关系 正确答案: (单选题)12: 当员工接受了企业的特殊培训后，培训收益的确定原则是（）。A: 全部归企业享有 B: 全部归员工享有 C: 在企业与员工之间均等享有 D: 根据特殊培训的成本支付情况来确定归哪方享有 正确答案: (单选题)13: 一般来说，公共部门工资水平的实行原则是（）。 A: “比较工资”原则 B: “最高工资”原则
绝密 考试结束前 浙江省2017年4月高等教育自学考试 劳动经济学试题 课程代码:00164 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂二写在答题纸上三 选择题部分 注意事项: 1.答题前,考生务必将自己的考试课程名称二姓名二准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上三 2.每小题选出答案后,用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑三如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号三不能答在试题卷上三 一二单项选择题(本大题共20小题,每小题1分,共20分) 在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的,请将其选出并将 答题纸 的相应代码涂黑三错涂二多涂或未涂均无分三 1.劳动的边际产量是指 A.增加一个单位的劳动要素投入而增加的产量 B.增加一个单位的劳动要素投入而增加的收入 C.增加一个单位的劳动要素投入而增加的产品价值 D.增加一个单位的劳动要素投入而增加的工资投入 2.工资率变化对劳动力需求的影响可以归结为 A.规模效应和收入效应 B.替代效应和平移效应 C.规模效应和替代效应 D.替代效应和收入效应 3.某地区工资率不变,但教育培训成本下降,会导致该地区劳动力供给曲线 A.左移 B.右移 C.不变 D.不确定 4.若某城市法定劳动年龄人口的劳动参与率为85%,法定劳动年龄人口为60万,那么这个城 市的劳动力人口数量 A.45万 B.50万 C.51万 D.71万 5.雇员的工资部分取决于工作时间,部分取决于企业所获得的实际利润的制度称为 A.利润分享制度 B.无保障的纯分享型制度 保障工资的分享制度约定比例分享型制度
6.下列关于劳动力供给弹性的说法中错误??的是 A.劳动力供给弹性是指劳动力供给量变动对工资率变动的反应程度 B.供给富有弹性是工资率变动的百分比大于供给量变动的百分比 C.单位供给弹性的特征是工资率变动的百分比与供给量变动的百分比相同 D.供给具有无限弹性是工资率固定,劳动力供给变动的绝对值大于零 7.有关下图中向后弯曲的劳动供给曲线,以下说法正确的是 A.在阶段I中,替代效应小于收入效应 B.在阶段I I中,替代效应大于收入效应 C.在阶段I I中,替代效应小于收入效应 D.在阶段I中,替代效应大于收入效应 8.古典经济学中一般均衡分析方法的代表人物是 A.马歇尔 B.瓦尔拉 C.配第 D.凯恩斯 9.在劳动力市场动态均衡模型中,有关 发散型蛛网 的说法不正确 ???的是 A.劳动力供给弹性小于劳动力需求弹性 B.劳动力供给弹性大于劳动力需求弹性 C.工资率波动对劳动力供给量的影响会越来越大 D.工资率的变动对劳动力供给的影响大于对劳动力需求的影响 10.采用计件工资制的企业,其员工基本工资的高低取决于 A.一定时间内劳动产品的价值 B.一定时间内劳动产品的生产成本 C.一定时间内劳动产品的质量 D.一定时间内合格劳动产品的数量 11.一般来说,公共部门工资水平的实行原则是 A. 比较工资 原则 B. 最高工资 原则 C. 最低工资 原则 D. 社会平均工资 原则 12.下列不属于准固定成本范畴的是 教育培训费退职金交通津贴工资
广东省高等教育自学考试 《劳动经济学》试卷 一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分） 1、长期劳动力需求与短期劳动力需求中的长期，意指（） A.三年以后的时期 B.五年以后的时期 C.与时间长短无关，是根据资本要素可否调整为依据的 D.十年以后的时期 2、若劳动力需求弹性为E D=1，则表示工资率上升1%，劳动力需求量将（） A.增加1单位 B.减少1单位 C.增加1% D.减少1% 3、资本供给弹性越小，其价格的上升速率越快，则（） A. 资本对劳动的替代程度就越高，对劳动力需求影响越小 B. 资本对劳动的替代程度就越低，对劳动力需求影响越小 C. 资本对劳动的替代程度就越高，对劳动力需求影响越大 D. 资本对劳动的替代程度就越低，对劳动力需求影响越大 4、附加性劳动力假说认为，在经济总水平下降时期，有（） A.失业率上升，二级劳动力参与率提高 B.失业率上升，二级劳动力参与率下降 C.失业率下降，二级劳动力参与率提高 D.失业率下降，二级劳动力参与率下降 5、在劳动者的效用曲线中，通常得到满足时可有如下结论成立（） A.边际效用为正时，总效用递减 B.边际效用为负时，总效用停止变动 C.最大总效用出现在边际效用为0时 D.边际效用始终是递减的，从没有任何递增的阶段 6、无差异曲线的斜率即边际替代率。边际替代率递减的经济含义是保持主体效用不变的情况下（） A. 要增加一些闲暇，必须减少越来越多的劳动收入 B. 要增加一些闲暇，必须增加越来越多的劳动收入 C. 要减少一些闲暇，必须减少越来越多的劳动收入 D. 要减少一些闲暇，必须增加越来越多的劳动收入 7、考察单个市场，单个商品价格与供求关系的一种分析方法是（） A.局部均衡分析 B.一般均衡分析 C.静态分析 D.动态分析 8、某一时点受雇劳动者的人数和一定时间段内的总劳动时间分别是（） A.存量和流量 B.流量和存量 C.都是流量 D.都是存量 9、费尔德斯坦和弗莱明把劳动者人数和劳动时间当作不同的要素代入生产函数中，得到结论认为劳动时间对生产的影响比劳动者人数对生产的影响（） A.要大 B.要小 C.一样 D.不能确定谁大谁小 10、若劳动者根据期望总工资收入来决定是否流动，可以预期一般情况下（） A. 工资较高的单位员工流动率较低 B. 工资较低的单位员工流动率较高 C. 工资较高的单位员工流动率较高 D. 工资较低的单位员工流动率较低 11、在西方经济学家关于养育子女的经济性决策的理论中，他们将子女看做是父母的（） A.耐用消费品 B.投资品
劳动经济学作业参考 答案
《劳动经济学》作业参考答案 一、单项选择题 1．劳动经济学的研究对象是（ D ） A．稀缺的信息资源配置问题B．稀缺的技术资源配置问题 C．稀缺的土地资源配置问题D．稀缺的劳动资源配置问题 2．如果两类劳动力是总替代关系，则一类劳动力的工资率上升会引起另一类劳动力（ C ） A．供给的增加B．供给的下降 C．需求的增加D．需求的下降 3．引起劳动力需求量变动的根本原因是（ A ） A．工资率B．生产技术 C．货币资本规模D．企业的性质 4．在其他条件不变的情况下，由于对教育、培训有较高回报的预期，因此，人力资本投资 增加，将使（ A ） A．劳动供给增加B．劳动供给减少 C．劳动需求增加D．劳动需求减少 5．在工资率和收入水平较低的情况下，随着工资率提高，劳动者将增加劳动供给。造成这 种现象的原因是（ A ） A．收入效应B．替代效应 C．收入效应小于替代效应D．收入效应大于替代效应
6．如果某种劳动力供给弹性系数等于零，则该劳动力供给弹性为（ A ）A．无弹性B．单位弹性 C．缺乏弹性D．富有弹性 7．劳动力市场达到充分就业的条件是（ C ） A．劳动力市场上供给大于需求 B．劳动力市场上供给小于需求C．市场工资率等于均衡工资率 D．市场工资率低于均衡工资率8．下列各项培训成本中，属于培训投资机会成本的是（ B ） A．雇员在接受培训期间的工资 B．接受培训的人员在培训期间对产量的影响 C．租用培训场地的费用 D．培训教材费用 9．计件工资的适用范围是（ C ） A．机械化、自动化程度高的行业和企业 B．产品数量和质量不易准确确定的行业和企业 C．产品数量和质量能准确计算检验的行业和企业 D．产品、经营项目较多和生产条件多变的行业和企业 10．如果某劳动力市场存在地区或行业卖方垄断，则（ D ） A．其他地区或行业的就业量减少 B．该地区或行业工资率低于市场均衡工资率 C．该地区或行业的就业量增加 D．该地区或行业的劳动力供给曲线左移11．下列关于货币工资和实际工资变动关系的正确表述是（ A ） A．若货币工资不变，当商品价格上升，则实际工资下降 B．若货币工资不变，当商品价格上升，则实际工资上升
初级劳动经济学 一、填空题(每空1分，共5分) 请在每小题的空格中填上正确答案。错填、不填均无分。 1.不涉及价值判断，仅说明"是什么"的分析方法是_____________。 2.人口中处于劳动年龄的那一部分人口称为_____________。 3.劳动力需求是对劳动力的_____________与_____________的统一。 4是劳动经济学的研究对象是。 二、单项选择题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分) 在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。错选、多选或未选均无分。 1.从社会角度看，没有人遭受损失的交易称为（） A.互惠 B.互利 C.互益 D.互助 2.劳动供给曲线向左上方向移动，说明劳动力供给（） A.增加 B.减少 C.不变 D.难以判定 3.劳动力需求增加而劳动力供给不变时，均衡工资率（） A.上升 B.下降 C.不变 D.不确定 4 我国男子的法定劳动年龄上限是（） A 57岁 B 58岁 C 55岁 D 60岁 5 菲利浦斯曲线表明（ A ） A失业减少，工资增长快 B失业减少，工资增长慢 C失业增加，工资增长快 D失业与工资增长无关 6 配第－克拉克定理认为，随着社会经济发展，第三产业从业人员（） A越来越多 B 越来越少 C保持绝对稳定 D 第一产业从业人员全部转移到第三产业 7“十年树木，百年树人”说明了人力资本投资的（） A迟效性 B单一性 C 广泛性 D 多面性 8.人力资本理论的思想发端于（） A.亚当·斯密 B.大卫·李嘉图 C.西奥多·舒尔茨 D.加里·贝克尔 9.某地区劳动力总量为20万人，该年度有失业经历的人共 2.6万，每个失业者失业的平均长度为2周，则该年该地 区的失业率为（） A.0.26% B.0.5% C.1% D.5% 10.认为"失业问题可依靠市场的自我调节得到解决"的经 济学家是（） A.亚当·斯密 B.李嘉图 C.萨伊 D.凯恩斯 三、名词解释(本大题共5小题，每小题4分，共20分) 1.劳动力 2.人力资本投资 3.劳动力市场歧视 4奥肯定律 5就业弹性 四、问答题(本大题共3小题，每小题10分；共30分) 1何谓配第－克拉克定理？我国的就业结构与该定理的预测是否相符？ 2列举失业主要的类型并谈谈其治理办法。 3影响劳动力流动的因素有哪些？ 五、论述题(本大题共2小题，第1小题12分，第2小题 13分，共25分) 1.试述人力资本的特征 2论述劳动力市场的影响因素。 参考答案（仅供参考） 一填空题 1 规范分析; 2劳动年龄人口 3意愿，支付能力 4劳动力资源合理配置和有效利用 二选择题 1A 2B 3A 4D 5A 6A 7A 8C 9B 10C 三名词解释 1劳动力：人的劳动能力。 2人力资本投资：是指为提高人力资源的生产率而为其进行的一种投资。与其他投资一样，它也是在当前付出一 定的成本并期望在将来能够带来收益 3劳动力市场歧视：具有相同能力、教育、培训、和经历并最终表现出相同生产率的劳动者，由于一些非经济的 个人特征引起的在就业、职业选择、晋升、工资水平、 接受培训等方面受到的不公正待遇 4奥肯定律：美国经济学家奥肯(Okun)对美国经验数据进行的分析中,发现增长率与失业率变动之间存在规则性联系或数量关系： 1
劳动经济学案例作业 新生代农民工的问题浅析 一、现状分析 30年来,在农民工数量急剧增加的同时,农民工队伍的结构特征也已经悄然发生了很多变化。流动就业的农民工已经不再是一个高度同质性的群体,从性别年龄结构到受教育水平,从流动时间到流动距离,从就业领域到社会保障需求,农民工都已经产生了明显的分化。在这些变化中,一个新生的群体逐步进入人们的视野,那就是第二代农民工。 近年来,研究者对第二代农民工越来越重视,相关的研究也越来越多,这对于更好地了解这一群体、更好地解决他们的问题、更好地针对他们的需求开展服务,无疑都是非常有价值的。 1. 定义解析 新生代农民工:参考已有研究对第二代农民工的概念界定,同时根据本文所依据之2005年全国1%人口抽样调查数据资料本身的特点,我们将第二代农民工定义为1980年以后出生的新一代农民工,他们具有以下基本特性:第一,仍然保留农村户籍而不具有城市户口;第二,大部分时间已脱离农业生产,主要在城镇务工经商以赚取工资性收入。相比之下，将1980年以前出生的农民工称为第一代农民工。(摘自《人口研究》) 2. 现状特征 研究表明,第二代农民工在生活习惯、文化习俗、就业取向、价值目标等方面更接近于市民,尽管身份并没有得到彻底改变,但是他们比第一代农民工更多了自主和自觉意识,具有强烈的市民化意愿。更愿意成为市民。因此,在农民工市民化的进
程中,第二代农民工是市民化意愿最强、市民化过程最为迫切,同时也是比较容易融入城市被市民化的群体(刘传江、程建林,2007)。 另外，研究表明第二代农民工有如下各项主要特征: (1) 在第二代农民工中,女性比例较高;在女性农民工中,第二代农民工所占比例较大; (2) 绝大部分第二代农民工处于未婚状态,已婚比例低; (3) 第二代农民工受教育水平较高; (4) 第二代农民工就业层次仍然较低,但在行业上更加向制造业集中; (5) 第二代农民工的职业以生产、运输、设备操作人员及有关人员为主; (6) 第二代农民工进城务工时间尚短; (7) 第二代农民工更多地跨省流动; (8) 近八成跨省流动的二代农民工流入东部地区,其中半数流入广东省; (9) 第二代农民工社会保险参保率仍然很低。 二、问题提出 2005年全国1%人口抽样调查数据显示,我国第二代农民工已经占到全体农民工总数的 34. 6%。当前,城市发展对农村劳动力的需求仍在持续增加,农民工的总规模将继续扩大。更为重要的是,第二代农民工的规模增长速度将更快,他们在全部农民工中所占份额将越来越高。而对相关问题的研究便是对这类人群问题的聚睛。城市的发展离不开他们，而城市能否也相应的对他们进行回馈,占了农民工不可忽视的一部分，而且呈现增长趋势的新生代农民工，该何去何从, 三、问题分析 1 1. 劳动需求及供给 首先，从市场劳动需求上看，中国的城市化的进程还在前进，而城市化的过程离不开这些相对人力成本较低的劳动力。况且城市化是个很长的过程，这个过程
1．第1题 实行计件工资制，工人低生产率的风险主要由（）承担。 A.A．企业 B. B．工人 C.C．政府 D. D．社会 答案:B 标准答案：B 您的答案： 题目分数：1.0 此题得分：0.0 2．第2题 如果货币工资不变，物价上涨，实际工资（） A.上升 B.不变 C.难以确定 D.下降 答案:D 标准答案：D 您的答案： 题目分数：1.0 此题得分：0.0 3．第3题 新古典学派的（）提出了创立关于劳动力需求和供给的关键性理论概念。 A.马歇尔 B.舒尔茨 C.亚当·斯密 D.希克斯 答案:D 标准答案：D 您的答案： 题目分数：1.0 此题得分：0.0 4．第4题 我国实行的最低工资制度是（）。 A.统一数额的最低工资标准
B.不同行业中规定不同的最低工资标准 C.只在某些部门中实行最低工资标准 D.按地区规定不同的最低工资标准 答案:D 标准答案：D 您的答案： 题目分数：1.0 此题得分：0.0 5．第5题 劳动需求曲线向左下方向移动，说明劳动力需求（）。 A.增加 B.减少 C.不变 D.难以判定 答案:B 标准答案：B 您的答案： 题目分数：1.0 此题得分：0.0 6．第6题 如果劳动力的数量保持在自然更替的水平，质量保持不变，这种劳动力再生产是（） A.劳动力简单再生产 B.劳动力扩大再生产 C.劳动力缩小再生产 D.劳动力数量增加 答案:A 标准答案：A 您的答案： 题目分数：1.0 此题得分：0.0 7．第7题 人力资源中在业人口和正在求职的人口在总人口中所占百分比称为（）。 A.人力资源率 B. 劳动参与率 C.人力资源相对量 D.失业率 答案:B
xc1、单选（50题）50分想知识点（结论和概念） 2、论述题（1题）20分直截了当回答问题1、2、 3、 4、5…… 3、案例题（1题）30分看清题干，就事论事，不用讲理论 绪论 1、劳动经济学研究什么——稀缺的劳动力市场资源配置问题 劳动经济学是以研究如何实现劳动（或者说劳动力）这一稀缺资源的最优配置为主要内容的。（分析和研究劳动力需求和供给的行为及其影响因素） 研究对象：市场和政府 2、劳动经济学作为独立学科的发展，标志是什么——布卢姆《劳动经济学》（第一本劳动经济学教科书） 3、实证、规范分析法 实证多：讲事实，无建议；规范少：有价值判断 第一章 1、失业率如何计算，什么是失业率，具体场景下的失业率如何计算 失业率是失业人员在劳动力人口（失业人口+就业人口）中所占的比率。 就业率是就业人口与潜在劳动力人口之间的比率。 就业率+失业率≠1
2、劳动参与率概念，为什么要有劳动参与率（其作用） 劳动参与率可以表示为（实际）劳动力人口在潜在劳动力人口之中的比率。 实际劳动力人口= 就业人口+ 在积极找工作的失业人口 潜在劳动力人口= 劳动年龄人口- 因智力或身体原因丧失劳动能力的人- 服刑人员。实际计算中，使用劳动年龄人口替代潜在劳动力人口。 劳动参与率>总人口参与率。 劳动参与率与总人口参与率差距大： 若劳动力储备导致总人口劳动参与率低——好； 若老龄化导致总人口劳动参与率低——危险。
3、总薪酬概念——总薪酬是含税的（图） 4、劳动力需求曲线、劳动力供给曲线——就业量、市场出清工资率在两曲线左右移动下的 变化（如劳动力需求曲线左移，此时就业量减少） 需求曲线右移（需求量增加），均衡工资率增加，就业量增加； 需求曲线左移（需求量减少），均衡工资率减少，就业量减少； 供给曲线右移（供给量增加），均衡工资率减少，就业量增加； 供给曲线左移（供给量减少），均衡工资率增加，就业量减少。
1．第5题 我国实行的最低工资制度是( )。 A.统一数额的最低工资标准 B.不同行业中规定不同的最低工资标准 C.只在某些部门中实行最低工资标准 D.按地区规定不同的最低工资标准 答案:D 标准答案：D 您的答案： 题目分数：1.0 此题得分：0.0 2．第6题 下列关于货币工资和实际工资变动关系的正确表述是（） A.若货币工资不变，当商品价格上升，则实际工资下降 B.若货币工资不变，当商品价格上升，则实际工资上升 C.若商品价格不变，当货币工资上升，则实际工资不变 D.若商品价格不变，当货币工资上升，则实际工资下降 答案:A 标准答案：A 您的答案： 题目分数：1.0 此题得分：0.0 3．第8题 经济周期中劳动参与变动幅度较大的群体是( )劳动力。 A.一级劳动力 B.二级劳动力 C.高级劳动力 D.农民 答案:B 标准答案：B 您的答案： 题目分数：1.0 此题得分：0.0 4．第21题 劳动力需求增加，劳动力供给也增加，则均衡工资率( )。
A.减少 B.增加 C.不确定 D.不变 答案:C 标准答案：C 您的答案： 题目分数：1.0 此题得分：0.0 5．第27题 菲利浦斯曲线表明（） A.失业减少，工资增长快 B.失业减少，工资增长慢 C.失业增加，工资增长快 D.失业与工资增长无关 答案:A 标准答案：A 您的答案： 题目分数：1.0 此题得分：0.0 6．第28题 人力资本理论是在20世纪（）建立起来的。 A.50年代 B.60年代 C.70年代 D.40年代 答案:A 标准答案：A 您的答案： 题目分数：1.0 此题得分：0.0 7．第29题 人力资本是一个历史范畴，是人类社会发展到（）阶段后才产生的。 A.资本主义 B.封建主义 C.知识社会 D.社会主义社会 答案:A
17春《劳动经济学》作业_3 交卷时间：2017-08-29 10:13:20 一、单选题 1. (5分)源于经济总量失衡的失业是（） ? A. 摩擦性失业 ? B. 结构性失业 ? C. 周期性失业 ? D. 隐性失业 纠错 得分：5 知识点：7.2 失业类型与成因,7.就业与失业 2. (5分)反映工资率和劳动力需求量的劳动力需求曲线是一条什么样的曲线（） ? A. 从右下向左上倾斜的曲线 ? B. 水平线 ? C. 从左下向右上倾斜的曲线 ? D. 垂直线 纠错 得分：5
知识点：1.劳动力需求,1.1 劳动力与劳动力市场的概念 3. (5分)效率工资理论是劳动经济学最新的研究成果，其新的启示是（） ? A. 保持适度失业率是必要的 ? B. 市场上出现了真正的“待业者” ? C. 其可以为工资刚性理论提供另一个理论解释 ? D. 以上均是 纠错 得分：5 知识点：5.劳动力市场中的工资生成理论,5.2 政治经济学与西方经济学中的工资生成理论4. (5分)集体谈判工资理论认为，工资的决定取决于什么（） ? A. 劳动者的工作量 ? B. 企业的工资制度 ? C. 政府 ? D. 劳资双方在工资谈判中的力量对比 纠错 得分：5 知识点：5.劳动力市场中的工资生成理论,5.2 政治经济学与西方经济学中的工资生成理论5. (5分)工资形式是指计量劳动与支付相应报酬的具体方式和方法，指（）
? A. 基本工资 ? B. 计时工资与计件工资 ? C. 福利及利润分配制度 ? D. 以上均是 纠错 得分：5 知识点：5.劳动力市场中的工资生成理论,5.1 工资形式与工资职能 6. (5分)劳动力市场达到均衡、实现充分就业时的失业是什么（） ? A. 周期性失业 ? B. 隐性失业 ? C. 结构性失业 ? D. 摩擦性失业 纠错 得分：5 知识点：7.就业与失业,7.2 失业类型与成因 7. (5分)菲利普斯曲线说明，失业率与货币工资增长率之间的关系是什么（） ? A. 正相关 ? B. 负相关 ? C. 成正比
《劳动经济学》作业集--
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人力资源管理专业劳动和社会保障专业 劳动经济学习题集 （试用） 康锋编写 ???????????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ??????????? 北京劳动保障职业学院劳动经济管理系 二〇〇六年九月五日编写 二〇〇七年九月五日修订 二〇一〇年九月五日修订 二〇一一年十二月十日修订 班级：___________姓名:_________学号:_______
编写说明 1、本习题集是为了全国高等教育自学考试教材《劳动经济学》（中国劳动社会保障出版社2005版）课程的教学而编写的配套教学资料。 2、本习题集有两个用途：一是供学员作业之用，即通过本习题集的练习，达到消化课程内容，明确学习重点，保证教学效果之目的；二是为本课程的考试提供命题的基本范围和依据。 3、本习题集按教学单元顺序编写。教学中按知识单元布置作业，并按知识单元进行检查与考核。 第一章导论 1、劳动经济学是研究市场经济制度中的_________现象及________运行规律的科学。 2、劳动经济学的对象可以初步定义为研究稀缺的________配置的科学。 3、劳动经济学的主要任务是揭示_______、_________以及________和______决定机制对劳动力资源配置的作用原理。 4、在市场经济中，劳动资源稀缺性的本质表现是消费劳动资源的__________、_________的稀缺性，这是劳动资源闲置的根本原因。 5、劳动资源的稀缺性导致任何经济行为、任何经济决策都有机会成本。机会成本是指将稀缺的劳动资源用以满足_________需要和愿望而放弃的_______需要和愿望的满足。 6、在市场经济中，市场主体的经济行为都有着自己的目标，个人追求的目标是_________的最大化，企业追求的目标是________的最大化。 7、我们把劳动力市场理解为通过_________和_________的运动实现劳动资源配置的机制和形式。 8、在劳动力市场，通过劳动力供求双方的__________，按照一定的_________将劳动力配置于某种产品和劳务的生产的职业岗位上。 9、劳动力市场上劳动力_________的运动，同时决定一个经济社会的_________和获得的工资量。 10、劳动力具有的三个特点是什么？
四川大学 课程作业 姓 名： 丁 强 授课老师： 贾 爱 媛 课程名称： 劳 动 经 济 学 作业题目：解决未来中国老龄化社会下雇员 养老问题的房产反向抵押贷款寿险 所在学院： 公共管理学院 专 业： 劳动与社会保障专业 学 号： 1144013026 2013 年 4 月 5 日
解决未来中国老龄化社会下雇员 养老问题的房产反向抵押贷款寿险 丁强 1144013026 一中国的老龄化 （一）老龄化社会的含义 老龄社会是指老年人口占总人口达到或超过一定的比例的人口结构模型。 按照联合国的传统标准是一个地区60岁以上老人达到总人口的10%， 新标准是65岁老人占总人口的7%，即该地区视为进入老龄化社会。 （二）中国老龄化数据 1 从2000年到2007年，我国60岁以上的老年人口由1.26亿增长到1.53亿人， 占总人口的比例从10.2%提高到11.6%，占全球老年人口的21.4%，相当于欧洲 60岁以上老年人口的总和。 2 人口老龄化年均增长率高达3.2%，约为总人口增长速度的5倍。 3 预计2020年老年人口将达到2.4亿人，占总人口的17.17%；到2050年，老 年人口总量将超过4亿，老龄化水平推进到30%以上。 （三）中国老龄化社会的情况： 1 老龄化速度快于全国总人口增长速度 2 我国老龄化速度快于世界老龄化速度 3 呈现“未富先老”的特征 4 经济发达地区率先进入老龄化 5 老年人生活质量有所提高 （四）中国老龄化社会带来的问题：
1 老龄化速度过快、社会养老压力加大 2 城乡老人收入水平较低，增长慢 3 老人服务和养老方式面临挑战 4 医疗保险覆盖率低，农村缺医少药 （五）应对中国人口老龄化的对策方向： 1 老年人应分享社会发展成果 （1）目前已步入老龄阶段的人群，都是在60年代及以前参加工作的，他们 在解放战争和新中国建设事业中均做出了巨大贡献，而且长期以来在收入低、 劳动报酬没有全部到位，生活质量差的情况下，过度透支， （2）农村老人基本不享受社会保障，主要靠自己劳动和子女赡养，由于农民 整体收入水平低下，中西部贫困户还占较大比例，就决定了农村老人生活质量 更低于城镇老人
作业 1．第1题 我国男子的法定劳动年龄上限是（） A.55 B.60 C.50 D.65 答案:B 您的答案：B 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 2．第2题 新古典学派的（）提出了创立关于劳动力需求和供给的关键性理论概念。 A.马歇尔 B.舒尔茨 C.亚当·斯密 D.希克斯 答案:D 您的答案：D 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 3．第3题 很多用人单位招聘部门经理时，都要求在35岁以下，这是（） A.合理要求 B. 经验歧视 C. 年龄歧视 D.工龄歧视 答案:C 您的答案：C 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0
4．第4题 劳动资源的稀缺性，是( )。 A.相对的 B.绝对的 C.既不相对也不绝对的 D.既相对也绝对的 答案:A 您的答案：A 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 5．第5题 一般情况下，实际工资水平总是_______货币工资水平。 A.等于 B.低于 C.高于 D.无法确定 答案:B 您的答案：B 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 6．第6题 需要层次理论是由（）提出的。 A.马斯洛 B.贝弗里奇 C.马克思 D.马歇尔 答案:A 您的答案：A 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 7．第7题 人力资本理论是在20世纪（）建立起来的。
A.50年代 B.60年代 C.70年代 D.40年代 答案:A 您的答案：A 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 8．第8题 下列哪个不是人力资本的特点（）。 A.间接性 B. 同质性 C.迟效性 D.长期性 答案:B 您的答案：B 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 9．第9题 人力资源结构优化和充分利用是（）配置的目标。 A.人力资本 B.人力资源 C.劳动力 D.劳动岗位 答案:B 您的答案：B 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 10．第10题 劳动需求曲线向左下方向移动，说明劳动力需求( )
一、单项选择题。本大题共20个小题，每小题3.0 分，共60.0分。在每小题给出的选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的。 1.劳动经济学的研究对象是（） ( D ) A.稀缺的信息资源配置问题 B.稀缺的技术资源配置问题 C.稀缺的土地资源配置问题 D.稀缺的劳动资源配置问题 2.如果两类劳动力是总替代关系，则一类劳动力的工资率上升会引起另一类劳动力（） ( C ) A.供给的增加 B.供给的下降 C.需求的增加 D.需求的下降 3.引起劳动力需求量变动的根本原因是（） ( B ) A.工资率 B.生产技术 C.货币资本规模 D.企业的性质 4.在其他条件不变的情况下，由于对教育、培训有较高回报的预期，因此，人力资本投资增加，将使（） ( B ) A.劳动供给增加 B.劳动供给减少 C.劳动需求增加 D.劳动需求减少 5.在工资率和收入水平较低的情况下，随着工资率提高，劳动者将增加劳动供给。造成这种现象的原因是（） ( C ) A.收入效应 B.替代效应 C.收入效应小于替代效应 D.收入效应大于替代效应 6.如果某种劳动力供给弹性系数等于零，则该劳动力供给弹性为（） ( A ) A.无弹性
B.单位弹性 C.缺乏弹性 D.富有弹性 7.劳动力市场达到充分就业的条件是（） ( C ) A.劳动力市场上供给大于需求 B.劳动力市场上供给小于需求 C.市场工资率等于均衡工资率 D.市场工资率低于均衡工资率 8.劳动力流动成为人力资本投资方式之一的原因在于（） ( D ) A.劳动力流动费用直接形成人力资本存量 B.劳动力流动费用直接增加人力资本存量 C.劳动力流动费用直接抵消人力资本存量 D.劳动力流动是实现人力资本价值和增值的必要条件 9.下列各项培训成本中，属于培训投资机会成本的是（） ( A ) A.雇员在接受培训期间的工资 B.接受培训的人员在培训期间对产量的影响 C.租用培训场地的费用 D.培训教材费用 10.在动态均衡模型中，“收敛型蛛网”形成的前提条件是（） ( A ) A.劳动力供给弹性小于劳动力需求弹性 B.劳动力供给弹性等于劳动力需求弹性 C.劳动力供给弹性大于劳动力需求弹性 D.劳动力供给弹性大于工资弹性 11.在劳动力市场上，有利于实现劳动力资源最优分配的做法是（） ( A ) A.低生产率的行业吸纳更多的劳动者 B.高生产率的行业吸纳更多的劳动者 C.高生产率的行业支付更低的工资率 D.低生产率的行业支付更高的工资率 12.人力资本投资的补偿性工资差别产生的原因是（） ( C )
《劳动经济学》课后思考题 参考答案 第一章绪论 二、思考题 1．如何理解劳动经济学的价值 （1）劳动经济学研究的是社会经济问题。例如，民工荒、政府要求增加最低工资、劳动生产率下降、农民工工资急剧上升、工资增长不均等、工作培训、国有企业高管人员的高工资受到质疑、收入分配不平、农村移民增加、劳动力市场全球化扩大等等。 （2）数量上的重要性。在西方经济中，大部分国民收入并不是来源于资本收入（利润、租金和利息），而是来源于工资。绝大多数居民户的主要收入来源是提供劳务。从数量上看，劳动才是我们最重要的经济资源。 （3）独有的特性。劳动力市场的交易完全不同于产品市场的交易。劳动力市场是一个极有意义和复杂的场所。劳动力市场的复杂性意味着供给和需求概念在应用于劳动力市场时必须做出重大的修改和调整。在供给方面，劳动者“出售”给雇主的劳务与该劳动者不可分离。除了货币报酬，工人还关注工作的健康和安全性、工作难度、就业稳定性、培训和晋升机会等，这类非货币因素也许与直接收入同样重要。这样，工人的供给决策要比产品市场的供给概念复杂得多。 （4）收益的广泛性。无论是个人还是社会，都可以从劳动经济学中得到许多启示和教益。从劳动经济学得到的信息和分析工具有助于人们做出与劳动力市场有关的决策。从个人角度看。大量内容将直接与我们有关，如工作
搜寻、失业、歧视、工资、劳动力流动等。对于企业管理者来说，从对劳动经济学的理解中所得到的知识背景和分析方法，对做出有关雇用、解雇、培训和工人报酬等方面的管理决策也应该是十分有用的。从社会角度看，了解劳动经济学将使人们成为更有知识、更理智的公民。 2．劳动经济学的研究方法有哪些 首先要明确劳动经济学的基本假设。劳动经济学的假设主要表现在以下四个方面： （1）资源的相对稀缺性。如同商品和资本是稀缺的一样，劳动力资源也是有限的。时间、个人收入和社会资源的稀缺性构成了经济学分析的基本前提。 （2）效用最大化。由于劳动资源的稀缺性，人类社会进行生产经营活动时，必须研究劳动资源的合理配置和利用。而在市场经济条件下，市场运作的主体是企业和个人。它们都有自己的目标，都力争实现各自的效用最大化。当然，并不是说任何一个市场主体的每一种经济选择和经济决策行为都达到了效用最大化的目标，而是说主体的行为可以用效用最大化的观点加以分析和预测。 （3）行为的有目的性。稀缺性这一假设所隐含的重要命题是，人们对资源的使用存在着供求问题，存在着成本，特别是机会成本的问题。劳动力资源也是稀缺的。对劳动者个人而言，选择一种职业必须有所放弃，其本身不仅具有直接的成本和收益，还有因个人劳动力的有限而引起的放弃另外其它选择的成本和收益问题。用人单位的情况也是一样，招聘张三，也面临着放弃对王五的雇用。